英语语法篇之动词不定式
动词不定式用法灵活多样;尽管有些动词或短语后面既可以接to do 又可以接doing ，但只要用心观察，发现还是可以找到规律的。与其说是动词不定式，到还不如说是动词“定式”。因为我们可以大体上把它分为三类形式,即: do / to do / doing
动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句中不能独立作谓语,是非谓语形式的一种。但动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词特征，在句中可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、表语和状语等多种成分。另外，动词不定式具有动词特点，可以有自己的宾语和状语，组成动词不定式短语。动词不定式的基本（肯定）形式是to+do，有时可以不带to;
其否定形式是not to+do。
1.作主语可以直接作主语。
如：To see is to believe.
但在英语中，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语即动词不定式放在后面。
如：It's wrong to play tricks on other people.
It's our duty to keep our environment clean and tidy.
规律：动词不定式在句中作主语时，常放在It is +adj.(形容词)+to do sth.或It is +n.(名词)+to do sth.句型中，it仅作形式主语。
2.作宾语
常可接动词不定式作宾语的动词有：
agree(同意), hope(希望), decide(决定), need(需要), mean(打算), wish(希望), fail(失败), want(想要), begin(开始), would like(想要等。Ask(请求）, beg（乞求), leave, like, love, hate(讨厌）, prefer（宁愿）, order（命令）, teach, （教）tell,（告诉）believe（相信）, find,（找出）know,（知道）want,（想要）think,（认为）understand,（明白）
a.want，decide ，agree等动词后面跟并且只能跟不定式。
如：We agreed to start early. She wants to be a doctor.
b.love，like ，begin，start，hate ，prefer等词后面可以接不定式。
规律：上述动词后面除接不定式外，还可以接动名词，意思无很大区别。
贴士：like doing指经常性动作，而like to do指一次性的动作。
如：I like swimming，but I don't like to swim now.我喜欢游泳，但我现在不想游。
c.stop，forget，remember，go on ，try等词或短语后面可以接不定式。规律：上述动词后面接不定式和接动名词意思大不相同。
贴士：
1)stop to do sth.：停止一件事，去做另一件事。
2)stop doing sth.：停止正在做的事。
例句：When the teacher came in，the students stopped talking;when he came out，the students stopped to talk.
当老师走进来时，学生们停止说话;当老师走出去时，学生们又开始说话。自己思考：forget，remember，go on，try等词或短语后面接不定式和动名词用法的区别(后续详情见最后的“动名词与不定式的区别”)
remember to do 记住要做某事remember doing 记得曾经做过某事
forget to do忘记要做某事forget doing 忘记曾经做过某事
stop to do 停下来去做某事stop doing 停止做某事
go on to do 继续做另一件事go on doing 继续做原来在做的事d.在find/feel/think+it+adj.+to do sth.句型中，it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式。
如：The man downstairs found it difficult to get to sleep.
I feel it easy to recite the text.
规律：某些动词或短语后面既可以接动词不定式作宾语，又可接动名词作宾语，二者用法上的区别可以通过造句子加以区分，如上stop例句。
3.作宾语补足语
a.tell，ask，want，order，teach，invite，warn，wish，help，get等词后面常接不定式作宾补。
如：I tell him not to go there by bus .
Edison's mother taught him to read and write.
b.let，make，have，see，hear，feel，watch，notice后面接不带to的不定式作宾补。
如：The boss makes them work 16 hours a day.
I heard her sing in the next room.
贴士：若变成被动语态，在上述结构中，不定式符号to要加上。
如：They are made to work 16 hours a day by the boss.
She was heard to sing in the next room.
4.作定语：放在被修饰的名词、代词后面
如：I have a lot of work to do.
The doctor said he could do nothing to help the boy.
规律：动词不定式若在句中作定语，常放在被修饰的名词、代词之后。
贴士：如果动词不定式和前面所修饰的词构成动宾关系，若动词是不及物动词，切记不要忘掉介词。
如：I have a small bedroom to live in.
Have you got some pens to write with?
5.表语：放在连系动词be后面
例句：His wish is to become a scientist.
The first important thing is to save the soldiers'lives.
当务之急是抢救战士们的生命。
规律：动词不定式在句中作表语时，通常对连系动词前面的名词进行诠释说明。
6.作状语
a.目的状语：放在go，come，use，live，in order等词后面。
如：I come to see you.
He runs fast in order to get there in time.
b.原因状语：放在sorry，glad，surprised，disappointed，excited等词后面。
如：I am glad to see you here. I am sorry to trouble you.
c.作结果状语。
如：Some of the apples are hard to reach.
The room is large enough to hold 1000 people.
7.与what，who，whose，when，where，how等疑问词连用，作宾语、宾语补足语、主语等。
如：I don't know what to do next.(宾语)
He taught us how to use the computer.(宾语补足语)
It's still a question how to get there.(主语)
后面跟动词不定式的动词口诀有：
三个希望两答应（wish hope want promis agree)
两个要求莫拒绝（ask beg refuse )
想要明白跟知道（would like understand know )
教会告诉要相信（teach tell believe )
找出爱恨区别点（find love hate )
8、（1）“疑问词+ 动词不定式”结构可以作动词know、think、find out 等的宾语。
eg: I don’t know who to ask. 我真不知道该问谁。
（2）“疑问词+ 动词不定式”可以作动词show、teach、ask等后面的直接宾语。
eg: She told me where to find the earphone. 她告诉我什么地方可以找到耳机。
9、动词不定式可以作介词的宾语。
Autumn harvest is about to start. 秋收即将开始。
I’m worrying about what to do next. 我正愁下一步该怎么办。
10、不定式复合结构作主语时，需注意：
（1）It’s + 形容词+ for / of + sb + to do sth. 当上面的形容词指的是to do sth的性质时，用介词for。
It’s dangerous for children to swim in the river.
孩子在这条河里游泳很危险。（游泳这件事情危险）
（2）当上面的形容词指的是sb的性质时，用介词of。
这些形容词往往修饰人：good, bad, polite, unkind, kind, nice, clever, right, wrong, careful, careless
It was careless of you to do that. 你这么做真粗心。（你这个人粗心）
11、感官动词hear, see, feel, watch, notice, look at, listen to后面直接跟动词原形, 即常见的形式为: hear sb do sth等
感官动词后既可跟动词原形作宾补，也可跟v-ing作宾补，前者表示动作的全部过程已结束；后者表示动作正在进行。
Many people like to watch others play games. 许多人喜欢看别人玩游戏.
I saw him come downstairs.我看见他下了楼。（说明他下楼了这件事）I saw him coming downstairs.我看见他在下楼。（说明他下楼时的情景）12、It takes sb some time to do sth.花费某人一段时间干某事.
eg: It took me half an hour to do my homework yesterday.
昨天我花了半小时做回家作业.
It took Jim an hour and a half to read the book.
吉姆花了一个半小时看这本书.
*用汉字表述上面的句型为:It + take + 人+ 一段时间+ to do sth.
一段时间形式往往为:fifteen minutes15分钟,an hour一个小时,
two days两天, half a month半个月,a year and a half一年半...等等
1) 现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。
Eg: He seems to know this.
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again.
我希望再见到你。
2) 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
Eg:I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.
He seems to have caught a cold.
3) 进行时：表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
Eg:He seems to be eating something.
4) 完成进行时：
Eg:She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.
动名词与不定式的区别：
动名词表达的是：状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的
不定式表达的是：目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的
接不定式或动名词，意义相同。动名词与不定式语义不同的有几组：
try to do try doing
interested to do interested doing
mean to do mean doing
begin/ start to do begin/ start doing
用作介词的to
to 有两种用法：一为不定式+动词原形；一为介词+名词/动名词, to 在下面的用法中是第二种，即to+ 名词/动名词：
admit to承认，confess to承认，
be accustomed to 习惯于be used to 习惯于，stick to 坚持，turn to开始，着手于，devote oneself to 献身于，be devoted to 致力于，look forward to 盼望，pay attention to 注意
不定式的特殊句型——too…to
1）too…to太…以至于…
He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了，说不出话来。
---- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗?
---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。
2) 如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定，too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意为"不太"。
It's never too late to mend.(谚语) 改过不嫌晚。
3)当too 前面有only, all, but时，意思是：非常…等于very。
I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高兴能帮助你。
He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。
不定式的特殊句型——so as to
1）表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.
汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。
2)so kind as to ---劳驾
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾，现在几点了。
不定式的特殊句型——Why not
"Why not +动词原形"表达向某人提出建议，翻译为："为什么不……?" "干吗不……?"
例如：Why not take a holiday? 干吗不去度假?
一般将来时
1、要求学生掌握一般将来时的用法、结构及句式的变化（肯定、否定、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句及相关的肯定、否定的回答）
2、能够应用will , be going to ,want to do 会话。
3、简述：Greeting:
(1).T: Are you happy today? Ss: I ……..
(2)T: What’s the weather like today? Ss: It’s sunny.
(3)What’s the weather like tomorrow? Will it be still sunny?
It’s will be sunny tomorrow.
*标志词： will、be going to
*主语+be going to +动词原形主语+will +动词原形
be going to与will的意义相同
Will的缩写形式：I will= I’ll I will not=I won’t
He will not= He won’t
一般将来时结构：主+will +动原句式：
陈述句：I will play football next week (引出特殊疑问句)
否定句：I won’t play football next week.
一般疑问句：Will you play football next week?
肯否回答：Yes, I will / No, I won’t.
特殊疑问句：What will you do next week?
知识点讲解
知识点1：一般将来时的概念：一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作，事情或存在的状态，也表示将来经常或反复发生的动作或事情。
如： Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗？
知识点2：一般将来时的时间状语：常与表示将来的时间状语
如：tomorrow, the day after tomorrow , next day（week，month，year…),this evening (weekend ..), in the future ,the day after tomorrow , By…， soon ，from now on ，in+一段时间，one day, someday（未来的）某天等连用。
如：I will pay a visit to Shanghai next week. 下周我要参观上海。 I hope you won’t be late next time. 我希望你下次不会迟到。
知识点3：一般将来时的基本结构结构
㈠ will / shall
肯定句：主语 + will / shall + 动词原形 + 其他成分.
否定句：主语 + will / shall + not + 动词原形 + 其他成分.
一般疑问句及答语：
Will / Shall + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他成分？
Yes, 主语+ will/shall ./No, 主语+ won’t/shan’t .
如: He will be back soon. I won’t go shopping with you this weekend.
---Will you come to my birthday party on Sunday?
---Yes, I will. / No, I won’t.
注意：will可以用于所有人称，而shall用于第一人称I和we；You and I 为主语时，要用will。
㈡ be going to（此时be动词只能是从am / is / are中选取）
肯定句：主语 + be going to + 动词原形 + 其他成分.
否定句：主语 + be + not + going to + 动词原形 + 其他成分.
一般疑问句及答语：
Be + 主语 + going to + 动词原形 + 其他成分？
Yes, 主语+ be ./No, 主语+be not .
如: I am going to fly to Hong Kong next Monday.
He is not going to play basketball at three.
---Are you going to clime the Wu Tong Mountain this weekend?
---Yes, I am. / No, I am not. 注意：
1）一般疑问句：be或will提到句首，some改any, and改or，第一二人称互换
We are going to go on an outing this weekend. Are you going to go on an o uting this weekend?
2）will 常简略为 'll，并与主语连写在一起
如：I'll，he'll，it'll，we'll，you'll，they'll；will not 常缩写成won’t，shall not 缩写成 shan't
知识点4：come来，go去，leave离开，start开始，begin开始，arrive到达，depart离开，stay逗留，等动词在口语中用―现在进行时‖表示主语计划将要作的动作。所用的动词必须是动作而不是状态，主语必须是人。如：They are leaving for New York tomorrow. 明天他们将要动身前往纽约。 Is your brother departing soon? 你的兄弟很快就要启程吗？
知识点5：come，go等动词的用法比较
come，go等动词用―一般现在时‖表示按规定、计划或时间表将要发生的事。（较为严格，正式；主语可以是人，也可以是交通工具、会议、戏剧或电影。） come，go等动词在口语中用―现在进行时‖表示主语计划将要作的动作。（较为宽松，主语必须是人。）
如：The train leaves the station at 11:20. 火车将在11点20分离站。
We are leaving for Boston next week. 我们将在下周前往波士顿
What time does the film begin? 电影几点开映？
He starts next week. 他下周出发。
知识点6：1）祈使句+ and / or + 句子，and / or后面的句子要用一般将来时。如：Hurry up, or you will miss the bus.
Work hard and you will succeed.
2）在祈使句中，如： ---Don’t forget to do sth.
---Sorry, I won’t. (will not)
3）There be句型中，如： There will be…或There is/are going to be…
易错点1：will和be going to 区别
在下列情况下用will :
1、根据说话者的见解和观点对未来做出预言时。
如：I think Smiley will make a good footballer .
Smith will beat Petter in the ping-pong match .
2、在说话时突然做出的决定是，一般用will .
如：―Kate is in hospital.
―Oh, really, I didn’t know. I will go and see her at once.
凯特在住院。―哦，是吗？我都不知道呢。我得马上去看她。
3、当动词表示内心活动时，表示猜测的句子必须用―will如：
I think she will like the cake I made for her. 我想她会喜欢我为她做的蛋糕。
4、表示意图、提议、许诺、自愿做某事或坚持谋事时。
如：There’s the door-bell . - I’ll go.
I will stop smoking __I really will !
5、表示请求和邀请时
如：Will you give me a hand ? Will you come in and have a drink ?
6、表示命令或威胁时如：You will start work at six o’clock .
7、表示习惯和规律时
如：She will greet me when she meets me . Man will die .
8、表示不以人的意志为转移，自然发展的未来的事，只用will 如：
I will be 14-year- old next year. Tomorrow will be Sunday.
9、在if 引导的条件状语从句、when ,after , before , as soon as引导的时间状语从句中用Will, 不用 be going to .
如：If it doesn’t rain, we will go for a picnic. 如果天不下雨，我们就去野餐。
I will go to visit my friend as soon as I get to Beijing . 我一到北京，就去拜访我的朋友。
10、常和一般将来时连用的时间状语，表示将要发生的动作。
如：Perhaps I shall (will) pay a visit to France this winter. 我可能在今年冬天到法国观光。 We shan't (won’t) be free tomorrow. 我们明天没空。
Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点你会在家吗？ The agreement will come into force next spring. 协议将在明年春天生效。常用于此类情况的时间状语有：
1.表示未来的时间状语：tomorrow明天，next year明年，from now on
从现在起，in a month一个月之后，in the future将来，等。
today今天，this evening今天晚上，this week这个星期，this month这个月，this year今年，等。
在下列情况下用be going to：
根据现在所见，预计不久肯定会发生的事情时
如：Look at the clouds. It’s going to rain. 你看天上的云。快下雨了。 My God! We are going to crash. 天哪！我们快撞车了。
2、谈及打算或事先决定了的事情时如：What are you going to be when you grow up ? ____Why have you torn t he paper into pieces ? ____I am going to rewrite it .
3、―be going to +不定式‖多用于口语中，表示打算、将要发生的事。如: What are you going to do tomorrow？明天你要干什么？ Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云，暴风雨快来了。
4、原先作好的打算用―be going to 如：―Kate is in hospital.
―Yes, I know. I am going to see her this afternoon.―凯特在住院。是的，我知道。我下午要去看她。
5、在没有迹象表明的情况下进行的猜测用―will，be going to‖皆可。如：
I think the weather will be nice. I think the weather is going to be nice. 我
想天会晴朗。 Do you think the car will start?
【例题1】He ________ there at ten tomorrow morning.
A. will
B. is
C. will be
D. be
【答案】C.
【解析】从时间状语at ten tomorrow morning 知道，需要一般将来时，其结构为 will + 动词原形，故选A。
_______ your brother ________ a magazine from the library?
A. Are; going to borrow
B. Is; going to borrow
C. Will; borrows
D. Are; going to borrows 【答案】B.
【解析】根据将来时的结构：will + 动词原形，be going to + 动词原形，排除C 和D, 主语your brother 为“三单”，因此选B
It ________ the year of the sheep next year.
A. is going to be
B. is going to
C. will be
D. will is 【答案】C.
【解析】根据句意，“明年将是羊年”是规律，用will + 动词原形，故选C.
The Greens ________ at 11.
A. going to arrive
B. will be arrive
C. is going to
D. are arriving
【答案】D.
【解析】答案A、B、C用法错误排除，D进行时表示将来，主语the Greens“格林一家人”为复数，故选D
课堂运用
【基础】
1. There __________ a meeting tomorrow afternoon.
A. will be going to
B. will going to be
C. is going to be
D. will go to be
2. Charlie ________ here next month.
A. isn’t working
B. doesn’t working
C. isn’t going to working
D. won’t work
3. He ________ very busy this week, he ________ free next we ek.
A. will be; is
B. is; is
C. will be; will be
D. is; will be
4. There ________ a dolphin show in the zoo tomorrow eveni ng.
A. was
B. is going to have
C. will have
D. is going to be
5. ________ you ________ free tomorrow?
– No. I ________ free the day after tomorrow.
A. Are; going to; will
B. Are; going to be; will
C. Are; going to; will be
D. Are; going to be; will be
【拔高】
15. We ________ the work this way next time.
A. do
B. will do
C. going to do
D. will doing 【答案】
1、C. 根据there be 句型的将来时结构 : ―There will + be 动词原形 ......‖或者―There is/are going to + be动词原形......‖, 故选C .
2、D. 根据答案结构B、C属于用法错误，排除B、C; A答案为进行时，但动词应为come , go等
位置移动的动词；又根据next week,故选D.
3、D. 根据时间状语，一空要用现在时，二空要用一般将来时，故选
D. 4、D. 根据“There be”句型结构将来时，要选择D.
5、D. 根据be动词的将来时句型结构:“will be”或者“am/is/are going to be‖, 故选D.
15、B. 根据 next time , 需将来时，故选B.
动词不定式的语法功能 一、作宾语 1) 动词+ 不定式 afford. aim. appear. agree. arrange . ask . be . decide. bother . care . choose . come. dare. demand. desire. determine . expect. elect . endeavor .hope. fail . happen . help . hesitate .learn . long . mean. manage . offer . ought. plan . prepare. pretend . promise. refuse. seem. tend. wait . wish. undertake. 举例： The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。 I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。 2）动词+不定式；动词+宾语+不定式 ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish… I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。 I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你使每件东西都保持整洁。 I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。 I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。 3）动词+疑问词+ to decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。 There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。 注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。 The question is how to put it into practice. 问题是怎样把它付诸实施。 4)以下动词后，只能跟不定式作宾语。 如： agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail ,help,hope,lean,long,manage,offer,pla n,prepare, pretend,promise,refuse,wish 等，这些词大部分可接th at引导的从句。如： I decided to ask for my money back. I decided that I would ask for my money back. When our visit to the farm was over,we expected to startback on foot. When our visit to the farm was over, we expected that wewould start back on foot. 5)当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，先用形式宾语it代替不定式，把不定式置于补语之后，即：主语＋动词＋it＋补语＋to do句式。如： We think it quite important for us to learn a foreignlanguage well. He feels it his duty to help the poor. 二、作补语 1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do) advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like
英语语法归纳之非谓语动词（动名词） 敬告： 以下内容，不参加高考等有语法题（语法单选、语法填空、短文改错等）考试的应用类学员无须深究，知道该语法结构的存在，及其充当的句子成分和功能即可，应多花时间练习听说读写，否则就背离了语言学习真正目的。应试类学员有时间可以比较分析，基本搞懂。 过去分词长什么样？规则的情况下与动词过去式相同，当然有不规则的情况；过去分词可以充当定语、状语、补语、定语，不可能充当主语、宾语； 过去分词不像现在分词有多种体现时态和语态的形式，只有一种形式done表示。 1、过去分词可以充当主谓宾补句型中的宾语补语；它与宾语是被动关系，或者说它与宾语是动宾关系。 (1) We found the fish eaten by our cat. (2) I can’t make myself understood because of my poor English. 2、过去分词可以充当定语；充当定语当然是修饰主语、宾语等名性的结构；表达过去分词的动作是被动的或完成，或即被动又完成的。 (1) The party had last night (which was had last night) was very cheerful. (2) USA is a developed country (a country which has been developed). (3) A great number of students questioned (who had been questioned) said they were forced to practice the piano. 3、过分词可以充当状语，它与主句主语是被动关系，或者说它与主句的主语是动宾关系； 过去分词一般只强调被动动作而不强调时间，多用于条件和原因状语；(1) Taken in time, the medicine will turn out to be very effective. If the medicine is taken in time, it will turn out to be very effective. (2) Offered an important role in a new movie, Andy has a chance to become famous.
高考语法复习系列动词不定式 动词不定式 1. 动词不定时的时态和语态 不定时有进行体和完成体，也有被动语态。 主动形式 to do 被动形式 to be done 在高中英语里面主要还是不定式的普通情况的考查，所以后面的不定式结构只做了解，不用特别掌握： 完成式to have done to have been done 进行式to being doing 完成进行式to have been done 比如 I pretend to have finished the homework 我假装已经完成了作业。 He seems to be reading in the library. 他好像正在图书馆读书。 2. 不定式的句法作用 由于动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，所以它在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语。
1作主语 To help poor people is our duty。 注意：不定式做主语，往往会用it来代替，it也叫做形式主语。 比如上面这个句子，通常情况我们都会写成：It is our duty to help poor people. 不定式做主语，衍生出来两个非常重要的句型： It is adj for sb to do sth It is adj of sb to do sth 孩子们一定要区分这两个句型的差别： 如果要说明动作是谁做的，可以在不定式前加for引起的短语，即for+名词。形式上说是不定式的主语，即不定式的逻辑主语，以区别于语法上的主语。 It is good for us to take part in physical labor。 某些表示认得品行的形容词（如kind，good，nice，wrong，careless，wise，foolish，polite，clever，right，unwise，stupid，impolite等）作表语时，不定式前常可用of引起的短语，即be+形容词+of+名词+不定式。
大学英语语法精解——情态动词 首先让我们分析以下近几年情态动词的考题： 1) This box is too heavy, _________give me a hand?(1998.1) A .would you mind B. would you please C. will you like to D. will you please to 2) Research findings show we spend about two hours dreaming every night , no matter what we ____ during the day.(1999.1) A. should have done B. would have done C. may have done D. must have done 3)It was very kind of you to do the washing-up,but you____ it.(1998.6) A. mustn't have done B. wouldn't have done C. mightn't have done D. didn't have to do 4) If you don't like to swim, you ___ stay at home.(1995.1) A. should as well B. may as well C. can as well D. would as well 5) You ____ him so closely;you should have kept your distance.(2000.6) A. shouldn't follow B. mustn't follow C. couldn't have been following D. shouldn't have been following 6) You ___her in her office last Friday; she's been out of town for two weeks.(1996.1) A. needn't have seen B. must have seen C. might have seen D. can't have seen 7) The room is in a terrible mess; it ____ cleaned.(1996.6) A. can't have been B. shouldn't have been C. mustn't have been D. wouldn't have been 参考答案 1) B 2) C 3) D 4) B 5) D 6) C 7) A 2．情态动词的测试要点 从以上例题可以看出，四级语法对情态动词的测试大体有以下几点。 1）情态动词的基本用法，如①④⑤。 2）情态动词+ 动词的完成形式的用法，如③⑥。 3）情态动词的推测性用法,如⑦。
【冲击2011年中考英语精品复习资料】语法基础-7 动词不定式是一种非谓语动词的形式 非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词，形容词或副词作用的动词形式，而不是作谓语的动词形式。动词的非谓语形式分为动名词，分词，动词不定式。 Climbing mountain is a good exercise. (Climbing..., 动名词起名词作用） 爬山是一项好运动。 Do you know the man wearing a white shirt. （wearing ... 分词起形容词作用） 你认识那个穿白衬衣的人吗？ He gets up early to catch the first bus. (to catch .... 不定式起副词作用） 他早早起床是为了赶上第一班汽车。 谓语动词和非谓语动词的区别：
1) 谓语动词在句中可单独作谓语，而非谓语动词不能单独作谓语。 Miss Mary teaches us English. 玛丽教我们英语。（teaches 动词作谓语） Mr.Victor came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week. 维克托先生上周来到了我们教室和我们谈话。（to have a talk.... 不定式作状语） 2) 谓语动词受主语的人称和数的限制，而非谓语动词形式没有这种限制。 Larke likes the pop music. 拉克喜欢流行音乐。（动词用单数第三人称形式） Larke has nothing to do today. 拉克今天没什么事要做。（do 用原形）
一、选择题 1．—Let's think about _______ A Bite of China tonight? —That sounds good! A．watch B．watching C．to watch D．watches 2．—Do you prefer basketball with me? 一No,I’d rather at home and watch TV. A．play;stay B．to play;to stay C．play;to stay D．to play;stay 3．If you really don’t know _______ at the party, you can come to me. A．who will you talk with B．who to talk C．who to talk to D．who you will talk 4．—You don’t know what great difficulty I had ________ to get the two tickets. —But the film is really worth _________ twice. A．managing; seeing B．to manage; seeing C．managing; being seen D．managed; to see 5．Our parents won't allow us _____ in the river alone. A．swim B．to swim C．swimming D．swam 6．—It’s time _____ lunch. —OK. Let’s _____. A．for; go B．for; going C．to; going D．to; go 7．— Mr. Wang, I have trouble __________ the text. — Remember __________ it three times at least. A．to understand；reading B．understanding；to read C．understanding；reading D．to understand；to read 8．Dan shows an interest in musical instruments and is often heard _____ the guitar. A．play B．played C．playing D．to play 9．The snow makes them______ cold, so they want to make a fire_______ warm. A．feel , to keep B．to feel, keep C．feel, keep D．to feel ,to keep 10．It usually takes him half an hour ________ the homework. A．finish B．finishing C．to finish 11．The journey made them ________very tired. A．to feel B．feeling C．feel 12．I don’t know how________there. I need to look at the map.
English语法之不定式及名词后加动词不定式 在English语法中，动词不定式是动词的一种不带词形变化从而不指示人称、数量、时态的形式。基本形式是to+动词原形，部分词和词组不带to也表达不定式。之所以叫做不定式，是因为动词不被限定、或者说不被词形变化所局限。不定式属于非谓语动词，即不能单独作谓语。但它毕竟是动词，所以有动词的属性，也可以理解此类动词形式为不定式状态的动词。动词不定式及其短语有自己的宾语、状语，虽然动词不定式在语法上没有表面上的直接主语，但它表达的意义是动作，这一动作一定由使动者发出,这一使动者称之为逻辑主语。 动词不定式可以作多种句子成分。 在外语学习的课程中，"动不式"的一般现在时被称作“词典用词”，因为它一般被用作词典中该动词的词头。 对于英语来说接不定式的单词多为“打算”“计划”“希望”“将要”等表示未来的动词。同样与不定时表示不同的动词不定式表示正在进行，一般性或经常发生性的行为。 A.不带to的不定式有四种情况： 1、1、let, make, have等使役动词后。 例如： Let us go!出发 The boss made the child labors work the whole night.老板逼迫童工整夜 劳作 注意：这些情况在被动语态中，不可省to. 例如：The child labors were made to work the whole night. 2、would rather, had better后。
例如：You had better stay at home.你最好呆在家 3、w hy…/w hy not…后。 例如：Why not have a happy rest on Sunday? 不定式的否定式是not to do.. / never to do..，不带to的不定式的否定式是not do.../ never do.. 例如：His parents tell him never to drive after drinking.他的父母告诉他酒后严禁驾驶 4.感官动词see, watch, look at, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find，notice等后作宾语补足语。 例如: I saw her dance.我看到她在舞 除以上四种情况之外，都不得省略to B. 动词不定式的复合结构 动词不定式的复合结构是“for sb. to do sth. / of sb. to do sth.” for / of引出不定式动作的逻辑主语。这种结构在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。不定式复合结构的介词用for还是of，主要决定于前面形容词的性质。一般说来，of前面的形容词是careful, clever, foolish, good, kind, nice, wise等，既说明人的特性，又说明不定式动作的特性。for前面的形容词是dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, heavy, important, interesting, necessary等，一般说明不定式动作的特性，不说明人的特性。 例如：
一、选择题 1．— Must I go home? — No, you ________. A．can’t B．mustn’t C．don’t D．needn’t 2．-Listen! A wolf is crying! -It _______ be a wolf, because a wolf never comes out at this time. A．mustn’t B．needn’t C．can’t D．don’t 3．A: Is Jim coming by train? B: I’m not sure. He _______ drive his car. A．must B．may C．need D．should 4．From March 23rd, 2013, anyone under the age of 14 ________ go into Disneyland alone. A．couldn’t B．mustn’t C．needn’t D．mightn’t 5．—______ you please tell me something about the life in Canada or America?—Sorry, I______. I don’t know either. I’m from Australia. A．Could; couldn’t B．Can; couldn’t C．Could; can’t D．Can; mustn’t 6．—Jenny, we buy Mom presents. We can clean the house from top to bottom.—Good idea! It’s a special present for Mother’s Day. A．can’t B．mustn’t C．shouldn’t D．needn’t 7．— May I have some wine? — No, you . You have to drive home later. A．shouldn't B．needn't C．mustn't D．may not 8．—Jack must be in his office, I think. —No, he be in the office. He flew to Canada this morning. A．needn't B．shouldn't C．can't D．mustn't 9．Since the road is muddy,it ________last night, ________? A．must be rained; wasn’t it B．must have rained; didn’t it C．must rained; didn’t it D．must have rained; wasn’t it 10．—Have you heard about the temperature of the earth will rise to 59℃ in 2020?—Don’t worry! The news _______ be true. A．must not B．may not C．needn’t D．will not 11．-_________ you help me with my homework? -Of course if I __________. A．Could; could B．Can't; can C．Could; can D．Can; could 12．—Must we finish the work right now? —No, you ________. You can do it tomorrow. A．needn’t B．shouldn’t C．mustn’t D．can’t 13．— Will Jim come to Yangzhou for a holiday? — He ________come, it depends on how much homework he will have.
语法精讲及练习| 动词不定式 今天我们学习动词不定式的相关内容，一起来看！ 小简老师已为大家备好电子打印版，文末附电子打印版免费领取方式，想要获取电子打印版请拉到文末。 1 概念引入 1. 动词不定式名言：（1）动词不定式作表语To lose is to learn. 失败就是学习。（2）动词不定式作主语It is better to give than to take. 给予比接受更好。（3）不定式作宾语Expect to be treated as you have treated others.你怎样待别人，就指望别人怎样待你。（4）不定式作宾补Adversity causes some men to break，others to break records.逆境使一些人崩溃，也使一些人破记录。（5）不定式作定语There is a time to talk and a time to act.该说的时候说，该做的时候做。（6）不定式作目的状语To find the exact answer，one must first ask the exact question.要找到确切的答案，首先必须提出确切的问题。 2. 动词不定式定义：动词不定式是一种非谓语形式（不能作谓语），基本形式是to do形式(to是不定式符号的标志，无意义，可以不翻译)肯定式：to + 动词原形否定式：not to + 动词原形 2 用法讲解 1.动词不定式的特征动词不定动式是一种非谓语动词形式，它没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能作谓语，但可以作除谓语之外的其它任何句子成分（主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语）；动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，同时还保持动词的某些特点，既可以有自己的宾语和状语，动词不定式和它的宾语和状语构成不定式短语。 2. 动词不定式在句子中的作用动词不定式是由to+动词原形构成，在句中起名词，形容词和副词的作用，可以担任除谓语以外的其它任何成分。（1）动词不定式作主语。例如：To master a language is not an easy thing.掌握一门语言不是一件
高中英语语法讲解【非谓语动词】【专题要点】 非谓语动词和独立主格结构主要用法如下： 1.动名词和动词不定式作主语、宾语； 2.只跟动名词作宾语的动词或动词短语； 3.只跟动词不定式作宾语的常见动词； 4.既可以跟动名词又可以跟动词不定式作宾语，且意义不同的动词或短语； 5.不定式、现在分词、过去分词作宾语补足语的区别； 6.不定式、现在分词、过去分词作定语时的区别； 7.不定式、现在分词、过去分词作状语时的区别； 8.动名词的复合结构在句中作状语； 9.there be 结构的两种非谓语形式； 10.独立主格结构在句中作状语； 11.with复合结构在句中作状语或定语。 【教法指引】 非谓语动词包括不定式、v-ing形式和过去分词，是高中英语学习的难点，也是高考考查的重点。高中英语非谓语动词是一个重要考点，教师在引导学生复习备考中要注意重点突出、训练得当，尤其是对以下要点的复习： 1.不定式、现在分词与过去分词的用法区别； 2.非谓语动词的主动式与被动式； 3.非谓语动词完成式的用法； 4.非谓语动词用作伴随状语； 5.非谓语动词用作目的状语； 6.非谓语动词用作结果状语； 7.非谓语动词用作宾语补足语；
8.非谓语动词的逻辑主语问题； 9.非谓语动词用作主语的问题； 10.“（be+）过去分词+介词”结构； 11.动名词的复合结构和there be结构的非谓语动词形式。 对于独立主格结构的复习，教师必须要讲清它的构成方式和在句子中的作用以及与with复合结构和分词之间的辨析的关系。 【知识网络】 非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。 1．不定式和动名词作主语的区别 （1）动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。 Smoking is prohibited（禁止）here．这里禁止抽烟。（抽象） It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。（具体）（2）动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。 不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。 Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。（经验） Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。（经验） （3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。 It took me only five minutes to finish the job.我只花了五分钟的时间来完成这项工作。 2．不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别 （1）不定式作表语 1）不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。 To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做两件事等于未做。 What I would suggest is to start work at once. 我的建议是立刻开始干。
---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ 英语语法专项：动词不定式用法归纳及练习答案 动词不定式用法归纳动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句中不能独立作谓语。 但动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词特征，在句中可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、表语和状语等多种成分。 另外，动词不定式具有动词特点，可以有自己的宾语和状语，组成动词不定式短语。 动词不定式的肯定形式是 to＋do；其否定形式是 not to＋do。 1．作主语可以直接作主语。 如： To see is to believe．但在英语中，常用 it 作形式主语，真正的主语即动词不定式放在后面。 如： It's wrong to play tricks on other people． It's our duty to keep our environment clean and tidy．（Lesson 10）．点击规律：动词不定式在句中作主语时，常放在 It is ＋adj．（形容词）＋to do sth．或 It is ＋ n．（名词）＋to do sth．句型中，it 仅作形式主语。 2．作宾语 a.以下动词只能 to do 作宾语。 attempt 企图 enable 能够 neglect 忽视 afford 负担得起demand 要求 long 渴望 arrange 安排 mean 意欲，打算 begin 开始 expect 期望 appear 似乎，显得 determine 决定 manage 设法 cease 停止 hate 憎恨，厌恶 pretend 假装 ask 问 need 需要 1/ 7
语法深度分析：动词不定式短语讲解 文章来源：跨考教育 1.动词不定式短语的结构： 动词不定式短语的主干是由 to + 动词原形构成，动词不定式短语内部的动词可以跟自己的宾语、状语、表语等成分。动词不定式短语整体上在句中起名词，形容词和副词的作用，可以担任除谓语以外的其它任何成分。 2.动词不定式短语在句子中的作用 （1）动词不定式短语做主语： To master a language is not an easy thing. 掌握一门语言不是一件容易的事情。 It's my pleasure to help you. 帮助你是我的乐趣。 动词不定式做主语时可以放在后面，而用 it 作形式主语放在原主语的位置上。 It's necessary to find the witness. 有必要找到目击者。 （2）动词不定式短语作宾语： I like to help others as much as possible. 如果有可能的话，我喜欢帮助别人。 动词不定式短语作宾语补语：表示不定式的动作是由宾语发出。 We expect you to be with us. 我们希望你和我们在一起。 （3）动词+宾语+不带to的不定式作宾语补足语：感官动词：see, watch, notice, look at，hear；使役动词：make, let, have(使得)，help(可带to, 也可不带to) The teacher has his students write a composition every other week. 老师让同学们每隔一周写一篇作文。 Many things【make people think artists are weird】. 很多事情使人们觉得艺术家们很奇怪。 （5）动词不定式短语作表语： The most urgent thing is to take legal measures immediately.当务之急是马上采取法律措施。 （6）动词不定式短语作定语： There are many ways to solve the problem. 有许多方法能解决这个问题。 （7）动词不定式短语作状语：经常表示目的。
一、表格的用法 1.doing 的用法 （1）在要求动词后（作宾语）：avoid避免appreciate 感激/欣赏acknowledge承认/自认 admit 承认advocate提倡/主张consider 考虑 can't help不禁 can't stand受不了contemplate细想complete完成confess坦白 dislike不喜欢，讨厌deserve值得 delay 延迟 deny否认 dread可怕defer拖延detest嫌恶 enjoy享有/喜爱envy嫉妒endure忍受excuse借口escape逃跑/逃避finish完成forgive原谅 fancy幻想/爱好favor 造成/偏爱figure描绘/计算hate讨厌 imagine设想involve卷入/包含keep保持miss错过mention说到/讲到mind 介意pardon原谅/饶恕permit允许 postpone推迟practice 实行/实践prevent阻止quit放弃停止risk冒险recall回想resist抵抗/阻止 resume恢复repent悔悟resent怨恨stand坚持/忍受suggest建议save营救/储蓄tolerate忍受
worth值得 You should try to avoid making mistakes. The book is worth reading. The book deserves reading. （2）表进行 Walking on the grassland, I saw a snake.=When I was walking on the grassland, I saw a snake. The man speaking English is Tom. = The man who is speaking English is Tom. （3）表主动 The man speaking English is Tom = The man who speaks English is Tom. = The man who spoke English is Tom. Nobody dinks boiling water but boiled water.= Nobody dinks water that is boiling but the water that has boiled. （4）表伴随 I stand outside waiting for Mr. Chen. I lie in bed reading a novel. （5）表性质；特点 The film is very moving. She is understanding, so you had better discuss your business with her.
动词不定式专题复习 动词不定式的形式： 动词不定式的用法 1.不定式作主语 ⑴原则上，可用动词不定式直接作句子的主语，通常用it作句子的形式主语，而把不定式移到后面，形成“It + 谓语… + 动词不定式…”的句型。如： To catch the 5：00 bus early in the morning is not a good idea. It is not a good idea to catch the 5：00 bus early in the morning. To learn a foreign language well takes painstaking efforts. It takes painstaking efforts to learn a foreign language well. ⑵若要说明不定式的动作的执行者，可以在不定式前面加上“for + 名词或代词”结构，或是“of + 名词或代词”结构。 It is a great pleasure for me to talk with him. It is very kind of you to help me . ⑶可用于“of + 名词/代词 + 动词不定式”结构中作主语补足语的形容词是指那些可以表示人或事物的性质或品质的好坏的形容词。这些词如：careful， cruel， foolish， bold， brave， good， honest， kind， rude，polite， nice，stupid， selfish， silly， wicked， wise， thoughtful， wrong等。 2.不定式作宾语 不定式作宾语有两种情况：一是及物动词后直接跟带to的不定式，二是“动词+疑问词+带to的不定式”。 ⑴“动词+带to的不定式”结构：常见的以不定式作宾语的动词有afford， appear， agree， ask， believe，decide， demand， desire， fail， hope， intend，learn， mean， offer， promise，refuse， wish等。如： I can‘t afford to buy a house. ⑵“动词+疑问代（副）词+不定式”结构：常见的这类动词有advise， decide， forget， know， learn， remember，see， tell， think， teach， wonder，discover， understand， guess， explain等。这类疑问代（副）词what， when， which， where， how， whether等（不包含why）。如： She does not know how to go there. He will tell you how to deal with it. ⑶在不定式作宾语时，有时我们会使用it作形式宾语，而把不定式放到后面。如： They consider it inappropriate to have classes in the evening. （4）可以作形容词的宾语。这一类形容词有glad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious等。例如： I”m determined to give up smoking. He is willing to help us. （5）在tell, advise, allow, forbid, learn, show, decide等词的后面常用“连接词+不定式”作宾语。例如： We must decide whether to go or stay. I don”t know how to get in touch with him.
be+不定式动词 be+不定式动词”在不同情况下，可以表示很多种不同的语义。下面便是其中九种： 一、表示坚决的命令。例如： 1. This naughty boy is to stay here until the class is over. 2. No one is to enter this building without the permission of the security guard. 二、表示计划”或安排的事项”例如： 3. Betty is to be married soon. 4. An in sura nee age nt is to meet us this after noon. 三、表示可能性”例如： 5. Are you to pay the debt for your wife? 6. The lovely puppy is no where to be found. 四、表示意图”或打算”例如： 7. If you are to be there on time, you had better hurry. 8. If all of us are to rema in frie ndly, we must be sin cere with one ano ther. 五、表示应该”例如： 9. You have done so well. You are to be rewarded. 10. Such n asty questi ons are to be avoided. 六、表示不可避免”例如： 11. Anne was won deri ng what was to become of her boy frie nd. Tommy. 12. The murderer was senten ced to life impris onment and was n ever to see his family aga in. 七、表示假设”例如： 13. If I were to do it, I would do it well. 14. Even if you were to take a taxi now, you would not be able to arrive at your destination on time. 八、有期待将来”的含意。例如： 15. The actual usef uln ess of the n ewly inven ted equipme nt is still to be