哈工大考博英语真题

General English Admission Test For Non-English Major Ph.D. program(Harbin Institute of Technology) 第一套

Part I Reading Comprehension (40 points)

Passage 1

Questions 1----5 are bashed on the following passage.

The planet’s last intact expanses of forest are under siege. Eight thousand years ago, forests covered more than 23 million square miles, or about 40 percent of Earth’s land surface. Today, almost half of those forests have fallen to the ax, the chain saw, the matchstick, or the bulldozer.

A map unveiled in March by the Washington-based World Resources Institute not only shows the locations of former forests, but also assesses the condition of today’s forests worldwide. Institute researchers developed the map with the help of the World Conservation Monitoring Center, the World Wildlife Fund, and 90 forest experts at a variety of universities, government organizations, and environmental groups.

Only one-fifth of the remaining forests are still ―frontier forests,‖ defined as relatively undistur bed natural forests large enough to support all of their native species. Frontier forests offer a number of benefits: They generate and maintain biodiversity, protect watersheds, prevent flooding and soil erosion, and stabilize climate.

Many large area s that have traditionally been classified as forest land don’t qualify as ―frontier‖ because of human influences such as fire suppression and a patchwork of logging. ―There’s surprisingly little intact forest left,‖ says research associate Dirk Bryant, the principal author of the report that accompanies the new map.

In the report, Bryant, Daniel Nielsen, and Laura Tangley divide the world into four groups:76 countries that have lost all of their frontier forest; 11 nations that are ―on the edge‖; 28 countries with ―not much time‖; and only eight----including Canada, Russia, and Brazil-----that still have a ―great opportunity‖ to keep most of their original forest. The United States is among the nations said to be running out of time: In the lower 48 stat es, says Bryant, ―great opportunity‖ to keep most of their original forest. The United States is among the nations said to be running out of time: In the lower48 states, says Bryant, ―only 1 percent of the forest that was once there as frontier forest qualifies today.‖

Logging poses the biggest single threat to remaining frontier forests. ―Our results suggest that 70 percent of frontier forests under threat are threatened by logging,‖ says Bryant. The practice of cutting timber also creates roads that cause erosion and open the forest to hunting, mining, firewood gathering, and land clearing for farms.

What can protect frontier forests? The researchers recommend combining preservation with sustainable land use practices such as tourism and selective timb er extraction. ―It’s possible to restore frontiers,‖ says Bryant, ―but the cost and time required to do so would suggest that the smart approach is to husband the remaining frontier forest before it’s gone.‖

1. What is the main idea of the passage?

A. The present situation of frontier forest on Earth.

B. The history of ecology.

C. The forest map in the past.

D. Beautiful forests in different parts of the world.

2. The word ―unveiled‖ in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to_.

A. evaluated

B. decorated

C. designed

D. made public

3. Frontier forests have which of the following benefits?

A. They keep climate stable.

B. They enhance timber industry.

C. They provide people with unique scenery.

D. They are of various types.

4. The phr ase ―on the edge‖ in Paragraph 5 probably means________.

A surrounded by frontier forest

B near frontier forest

C about to lose their frontier forest

D under pressure

5. According to the passage, roads created by timber-cutting make it possible for people to________.

A travel to other places through the short –cut

B exploit more forest land

C find directions easily

D protect former forests

Passage 2

Questions 6----10 are based on the following passage.（2005年9月PETS3真题）

To get a chocolate out of a box requires a considerable amount of unpacking: the box has to be taken out of the paper bag in which it arrived the cellophane wrapper has to be torn off, the lip opened and removed; the lid opened and the paper removed; the chocolate itself then has to be unwrapped from its own piece of paper. But this insane amount of wrapping is not confined to luxuries: it is now becoming increasingly difficult to buy anything that is not done up in cellophane, polythene, or paper.

The package itself is of no interest to the shopper, who usually throws it away immediately. Useless wrapping accounts for much of the refuse put our by the average London household each week. So why is it done? Some of it, like the cellophane on meat, is necessary, but most of the rest is simply competitive selling. This is absurd. Packaging is using up scarce energy and resources and messing up the environment.

Little research is being carried out on the costs of alternative types of packaging. Just how possible is it, for instance, for local authorities to salvage paper, pulp it, and recycle it as egg-boxes? Would it be cheaper to plant another forest? Paper is the material most used for packaging-----20 million paper bags are apparently used in Great Britain each day -----but very little is salvaged.

A machine has been developed that pulps paper, and then processes it into packaging, e.g. egg-boxes and cartons. This could be easily adapted for local authority use. It would mean that people would have to separate their refuse into paper and non-paper, with a different dustbin for each. Paper is, in fact, probably the material that can be most easily recycled; and now, with massive increases in paper prices, the time has come at which collection by local authorities could be profitable.

Recycling of this kind is already happening with milk bottles, which are returned to the dairies, and it has been estimated that if all the milk bottles necessary were made of plastic, then British dairies would be producing the equivalent of enough plastic tubing to encircle the earth every five or six days!

The trouble with plastic is that it does not rot. Some environmentalists argue that the only solution to the problem of ever growing mounds of plastic containers is to do away with plastic altogether in the shops, a suggestion unacceptable to many manufacturers who say there is no alternative to their handy plastic packs. It is evident that more research is needed into the recovery and reuse of various materials and into the cost of collecting and recycling containers as opposed to producing new ones. Unnecessary packaging, intended to be used just once, and making things look better so more people will buy them, is

clearly becoming increasingly absurd. But it is not so much a question of doing away with packaging as resources for what is, after all, a relatively unimportant function.

6. The sentence ―This insane amount of wrapping is not confined to luxuries‖ means that________.

A not enough wrapping is used for luxuries

B more wrapping is used for luxuries than for ordinary products

C it is not only for luxury products that too much wrapping is used

D the wrapping used for luxury products is unnecessary

7. The local authorities are_________.

A the Town Council

B the police

C the paper manufacturers

D the most influential citizens

8 If paper is to be recycled,________.

A more forests will have to be planted

B the use of paper bags will have to be restricted

C people will have to use different dustbins for their rubbish

D the local authorities will have to reduce the price of paper

9. British dairies are________.

A producing enough plastic tubing to go round the world in less than a week

B giving up the use of glass bottles

C increasing the production of plastic bottles

D reusing their old glass bottles

10. The environmentalists think that________.

A more plastic packaging should be used

B plastic is the most convenient form of packaging

C too much plastic is wasted

D shops should stop using plastic containers

Passage 3

Questions11-----18 are based on the following passage.（找到了出处）

The tragic impact of the modern city on the human being has killed his sense of aesthetics, the material benefits of an affluent society have diverted his attention from aesthetics, the material benefits of an affluent society have diverted his attention from his city and its cultural potentials to the products of science and technology: washing machines, central heating, automatic cookers, television sets, computers and fitted carpets, He is, at the moment, drunk with democracy, well-to-do, a car driver, and has never had it so good.

He is reluctant to walk. Statistics reveal that the distance he is prepared to walk from his parking place to his shopping center is very short. As there are no adequate off-street parking facilities, the cities are littered with kerb-parked cars and parking meters rear themselves everywhere. Congestion has become the predominant factor in his environment, and statistics suggest that two cars per household system may soon make matters worse.

In the meantime, insult is added to injury by ―land value‖. The value of land results from its use: its income and its value increase. ―Putting land to its highest and best use‖ becomes the principal e conomic standard in urban growth. This speculative approach and the pressure of increasing population lead to the ―vertical‖ growth of cities with the result that people are forced to adjust themselves to congestion in order to maintain these relatively artificial land values. Paradoxically the remedy for removing congestion

is to create no re of it.

Partial decentralization, or rather, pseudo-decentralization, in the form of large development units away from the traditional town centers, only shifts the disease round the anatomy of the town, if it is not combined with remodeling of the town’s transportation system, it does not cure it. Here the engineering solutions are strongly affected by the necessity for complicated intersections, which in turn, are frustrated by the extravagant cost of land.

It is within our power to build better cities and revive the civic pride of their citizens, but we shall have to stop operating on the fringe of the problem. We shall have to radically to replan them to achieve a rational densities of population we have to provide in them what can be called minimum ―psychological elbow room‖. One of the ingredients of this will be proper transportation plans. These will have to be an integral part of the overall planning process which in itself is a scientific process where facts are essential. We must collect, in an organized manner, all and complete information about the city or the town, if we want to plan effectively.

The principal unit in this process is ―IM‖(one man). We m ust not forget that cities are built by people, and that their form and shape should be subject to the will of the people. Scientific methods of data collection and analysis will indicate trends, but they will not direct action. Scientific methods are only an instrument. The ―man-educated‖ man, the human, will have to set the target, and using the results obtained by science and his own engineering skill, take upon himself the final shaping of his environment. He will have to use his high moral sense of responsibility to the community and to future generations.

11. The main concern of this passage is with_______.

A city culture

Bland value in cities

C city congestion

D decentralization

12.It can be inferred from the first paragraph that people in old times_______.

A paid more attention to material benefits

B had a stronger sense of beauty

C were more desirous about the development of science and technology

D enjoyed more freedom and democracy

13.The highly-developed technology has made man________.

A increasingly industrious

B free from inconvenience

C excessively dependent on external aids

D able to save his physical strength

14 The drastic increase of land value in the city________.

A is the good result of economic development

B offers more opportunities to land dealers

C is annoyingly artificial and meaningless

D fortunately leads to the ―vertical‖ growth of cities

15. The expansion of big cities to the distant suburban areas may______.

A solve the problem of city congestion

B result in the remode ling of the town’s transportation system

C bring the same congestion to the suburban areas

D need less investment on land

16 the main purpose of the author is to_______. .

A point out a problem and criticize it

B advocate that all cities need to be re-planned and remodeled

C point out the significance of solving the problem

D criticize a problem and try to find a solution to it

17 the author suggests that the remodeling of cities must_______.

A put priority to the benefit of the future generations

B be focused on people rather than on economy.

C be economically profitable to land owners

D resort to scientific methods

18 who will probably like to read articles of this kind/

A businessmen

B economists

C urban people

D rural people

Passage 4

Questions 19----25 are based on the following passage.（GRE阅读）

The two claws of the mature American lobster are decidedly different from each other. The crusher claw is short and stout: the cutter claw is long and slender. Such bilateral asymmetry, in which the right side of the body is, in all other respects, a mirror image of the left side, is not unlike handedness in humans. But where the majority of humans are right-handed, in lobsters the crusher claw appears with equal probability on either the right or left side of the body.

Bilateral asymmetry of the claws comes about gradually. In the juvenile fourth and fifth stages of development, the paired claws are symmetrical and cutter-like. Asymmetry begins to appear in the juvenile sixth stage of development, and the paired claws further diverge toward well-defined cutter and crusher claws during succeeding stages. An intriguing aspect of this development was discovered by Victor Emmel. He found that if one of the paired claws is removed during the fourth of fifth stage, the intact claw invariably becomes a crusher, while the regenerated claw becomes a cutter. Removal of a claw during a later juvenile stage or during adulthood, when asymmetry is present, does not alter the asymmetry, the intact and the regenerated claws retain their original structures.

These observations indicate that the conditions tat trigger differentiation must operate in a random manner when the paired claws are intact but in a nonrandom manner when one of the claws is lost. One possible explanation is that differential use of the claws determine their asymmetry. Perhaps the claw that is used more becomes the crusher. This would explain why, when one of the claws is missing during the fourth or fifth stage, the intact claw always becomes a crusher. With two intact claws, initial use of one claw might prompt the animal to use it more than the other throughout the juvenile fourth and fifth stages, causing it to become a crusher.

To test this hypothesis, researchers raised lobsters in the juvenile fourth and fifth stages of development in a laboratory environment in which the lobsters could manipulate oyster chips. (Not coincidentally, at this stage of development lobsters typically change from a habitat where they drift passively to the ocean floor where they have the opportunity to be more active by burrowing in the substratum.) Under these conditions, the lobsters developed asymmetric slaws, half with crusher claws on the left, and half with crusher claws on the right. In contrast, when juvenile lobsters were reared in a smooth tank without the oyster chips, the majority developed two cutter claws. This unusual configuration of symmetrical cutter claws did not change when the lobsters were subsequently placed in a manipulatable environment or when they lost and regenerated one or both claws.

这篇文章开始提出了一个有趣的有待解释的现象，即“美洲龙虾的两螯大小不一样”。读者可以通过这点判断出全文为“解释针对问题”型文章。再往下看，文章的第二段的首句并没有进行转折，而是继续对这种奇怪现象的形成进行讲述，因为与第一段是顺承关系，所以第二段的首句即为该段的大意句。直

到文章的第三段，作者才给出了一个对这一现象的解释，标志性的词语是One possible explanation is that, 暗示着着将是一个作者给予正评价的解释，所以这句话是全文的中心句。最后，在文章的最后一段，作者用了一个试验证实了上文的解释是有效的。作者并没有给出其他的解释针对这一现象，所以可以肯定的是，这篇文章是属于“一个解释针对一个问题”。

19 the passage is primarily concerned with______.

A drawing an analogy between asymmetry in lobsters and handedness in humans

B developing a method for predicting whether crusher claws in lobsters will appear on the left or right side

C explaining differences between lobsters’ crusher claws and cutter claws

D discussing a possible explanation for the bilateral asymmetry in lobsters

20 each of the following statements about the development of a lobster’s crusher claw is supported by information in the passage except________.

A It can be stopped on one side and begin on the other after the juvenile sixth stage.

B It occurs gradually over a number of stages.

C It is initially apparent in the juvenile sixth stage.

D It can occur even when a prospective crusher claw is removed in the juvenile sixth stage.

21 which of the following experimental results, if observed, would most clearly contradict the findings of Victor Emmel?

A. A left cutter-like claw is removed in the fifth stage and a crusher claw develops on the right side.

B. A left cutter-like claw is removed in the sixth stage and a crusher claw develops on the right side.

C. A left cutter-like claws are removed in the fifth stage and a crusher claw develops on the lift side.

D. Both cutter-like claws are removed in the fifth stage and a crusher claw develops on the left side.

22 It can be inferred that of the two laboratory environments mentioned in the passage, the one with oyster ships was designed to_______.

A prove that the presence of oyster chips was not necessary for the development of a crusher claw

B prove that the relative length of time that the lobsters were exposed to the oyster-chip environment had little impact on the development of a crusher claw

C eliminate the environment as a possible influence in the development of a crusher claw

D simulate the conditions that lobsters encounter in their natural environment

23 It can be inferred from the passage that one difference between lobsters in the earlier stages of development and those in the juvenile fourth and fifth stages is that lobsters in the early stages are________.

A likely to be less active

B likely to be less symmetrical

C more likely to lose a claw

D more likely to regenerate a lost claw

24 which of the following conditions does the passage suggest is a possible cause for the failure of a lobster to develop a crusher claw?

A the loss of a claw during the third or earlier stage of development

B the loss of a claw during the fourth or fifth stage of development

C the loss of a claw during the sixth stage of development

D Development in an environment short of material that can be manipulated

25 the author regards the idea that differentiation is triggered randomly when paired claws remain intact as________.

A irrefutable considering the authoritative nature of Emmel’s observations

B likely in view of present evidence

C contradictory to conventional thinking on lobster-claw differentiation

D purely speculative because it is based on scattered research and experimentation

Passage 5

Questions 26----33 are based on the following passage.（未知）

It has always been difficult for the philosopher or scientist to fit time into his view of the universe. Prior to Einsteinian physics. However, even the Einsteinian formulation is not perhaps totally adequate to the job of fitting time into the proper relationship with the other dimensions, as they are called, of space. The primary problem arises in relationship to things which might be going faster than the speed of light ,or have other strange properties.

Examination of the Lorenta-Fitzgerald formulas yields the interesting speculation that if something did actually exceed the speed of light it would have its mass expressed as an imaginary number and would seem to be going backward in time. The barrier to exceeding the speed of light is the apparent need to have an infinite quantity of mass moved at exactly the speed of light. If this situation could be leaped over in a large quantum jump----which seems highly unlikely for masses that are large in normal circumstances-----then the other side may be achievable.

There have been, in fact, some observations of particle chambers which have led some scientists to speculate that a particle called the tachyon may exist with the trans-light properties we have just discussed.

One difficulty of imagining and coping with these potential implications of our mathematical models points out the importance of studying alternative methods of notation for advanced physics. Professor Zuckerkandl, in his book ―Sound and Symbol‖, hypothesizes that it might be better t o express the relationships found in quantum mechanics through the use of a notation derived from musical notations. To oversimplify greatly, he argues that music has always given time a special relationship to other factors or parameters or dimensions. Therefore, it might be a more useful language in which to express the relationships in physics where time again has a special role to play, and cannot be treated as just another dimension.

The point of this, or any other alternative to the current methods of describing basic

physical processes, is that time does not appear-----either by common experience or sophisticated scientific understanding----to be the same sort of dimension or parameter as physical dimensions, and is deserving of completely special treatment, in a system of notation designed to accomplish that goal.

One approach would be to consider time to be a field effect governed by the application of energy to mass----that is to say, by the interaction of different forms of energy, if you wish to keep in mind the equivalence of mass and energy. The movement of any normal sort of mass is bound to produce a field effect that we call positive time. An imaginary mass would produce a negative time field. This is not at variance with Einstein’s theories, since the ―faster’ a give mass moves the more the more energy was applied to it and the greater would be the field effect. The time effects predicted by Einstein and the greater would be the field effect. The time effects predicted by Einstein and confirmed by experience are, it seems, consonant with this concept.

26 the ―sound‖ in the title of professor Zukerkand1’s book probably refers to______.

A the music of the spheres

B music in the abstract

C musical notation

D the seemingly musical sounds produced by tachyons

27 The passage supports the inference that_______.

A. Einstein’s theory of relativity is wrong

B the Lorenta-Fitzgerald formulas contradict Einstein’s theories

C tachyons do not have the same sort of mass as any other particles

D it is impossible to travel at precisely the speed of light

28. The tone of the passage is________.

A critical but hopeful

B hopeful but suspicious

C suspicious but speculative

D speculative but hopeful

29 the central idea of the passage can be best described as which of the following?

A. Irregularities in theoretical physics notation permit intriguing hypotheses and indicate the need for refined notation of time dimension.

B. New observations require the development of new theories and new methods of describing the theories.

C. Einsteinian physics can be much improved on in its treatment of tachyons.

D. Zuckerkandl’s theories of tachyon formulation are preferable to Einstein’s.

30 According to the author, it is too soon to_______.

A adopt proposals such as Zuckerkan d1’s

B plan for time travel

C study particle chambers for tachyon traces

D attempt to improve current notation

31 it can be inferred that the author sees Zuckerkand1 as believing that mathematics

is a_______.

A language

B musical notation

C great hindrance to full understanding of physics

D difficult field of study

32 in the first sentence, the author refers to ―philosopher‖ as well as to ―scientist‖ because________.

A he wants to show his respect for them

B philosophers study all things in the world

C the study of the methods of any field is both a philosophical and scientific question

D the nature of time is a basic question in philosophy as well as physics

33 when the passage says the ―particle called the tachyon may exist‖, the reader may infer that_________.

A the tachyon was named before it existed

B tachyons are imaginary in existence as well as mass

C the tachyon was probably named when its existence was predicted by theory but its existence was not yet known.

D many scientific ideas may not exist in fact.

Passage 6

Questions 34-----40 are based on the following passage.

The term ―remote sensing’’ refers to the techniques of measurement and interpretation of phenomena from a distance. Prior to the mid-1960s the interpretation of film images was the primary means for remote sensing of the earth’s geologic features. With the development of the optomechanical scanner,

scientists began to construct digital multispectral images using data beyond the sensitivity range of visible light photography. These images are constructed by mechanically aligning pictorial representations of such phenomena as the reflection of light waves outside the visible spectrum, the refraction of radio waves, and the daily changes in temperature in areas on the Earth’s surface. Digital multispectral imaging has now become the basic tool in geologic remote sensing from satellites.

The advantage of digital over photographic imaging is evident: the resulting numerical data are precisely known, and digital data are not subject to the vagaries of difficult-to-control chemical processing. With digital processing, it is possible to combine a large number of spectral images. The acquisition of the first mutispectral digital dada set from the multispectral scanner(MSS)aboard the satellite Landsat in 1972 consequently attracted the attention of the entire geologic community. Landsat MSS data are now being applied to a variety of geologic problems that are difficult to solve by conventional methods alone. These include specific problems in mineral and energy resource exploration and the charting of glaciers and shallow seas.

A more fundamental application of remote sensing is to augment conventional methods for geologic mapping of large areas. Regional maps present compositional, structural, and chronological information for reconstructing geologic revolution. Such reconstructions have important practical applications because the conditions under which rock units and other structural features are formed influence the occurrence of ore and petroleum deposits and affect the thickness and integrity of the geologic media in which the deposits are found.

Geological maps incorporate a large, varied body of specific field and laboratory measurements, but the maps must be interpretative because field measurements are always limited by rock exposure, accessibility, and labor resources. With remote-sensing techniques, it is possible to obtain much geologic information more efficiently than it can be obtained on the ground. These techniques also facilitate overall interpretation. Since detailed geologic mapping is generally conducted in small areas, the continuity of regional features that had intermittent and variable expressions is often not recognized, but in the comprehensive views of Landsat images these continuities are apparent. However, some critical information cannot be obtained through remote sensing, and several characteristics of the Landsat MSS impose limitations on the acquisition of diagnostic data. Some of these limitations can be overcome by designing satellite systems specially for geologic purposes; but, to be most effective, remote sensing data must still be combined with data from field surveys, laboratory tests, and the techniques of the earlier twentieth century.

34 which of the following can be measured by the optomechanical scanner but not by visible light photography?

A. The amount of visible light reflected from oceans.

B. Daily temperature changes of areas on the Earth’s surface.

C. The degree of radioactivity emitted by ex posed rocks on the earth’s surface.

D. Atmospheric conditions over large landmasses.

35 A major disadvantage of photographic imaging in geologic mapping is that such photography_________.

A cannot be used at night

B cannot focus on the details of a geologic area

C must be chemically processed

D is always enhanced by digital reconstruction

36 Landsat images differ from conventional geologic maps in that the former_______.

A reveal the exact size of petroleum deposits and ore deposits

B indicate the continuity of features that might not otherwise be interpreted as continuous

C predict the movements of glaciers

D provide highly accurate data about the occurrence of mineral deposits

37.the passage provides information about all of the following topics except.

A the principle method of geologic remote sensing prior to the mid-1960s

B some phenomena measured by digital multispectral images in remote sensing

C some of the practical uses of regional geologic maps

D problems that are difficult to solve solely through conventional methods of geologic mapping

38 what does the author mention about ―the conventional methods‖?

A. They consist primarily of field surveys and laboratory measurements.

B. They are not useful in providing information necessary for reconstructing

C They have rarely been used by geologists since 1972

D They are used primarily to gather compositional information about geologic.

39 By using the word ―interpretative‖ in Paragraph 4 , the author indicates .

A. some maps are based more on data from aerial photography than on data from field operations.

B some maps are used almost exclusively on laboratory measurements

C some maps are based on incomplete data from field observations

D some maps show only large geologic features

40 According to the author,________.

A geologic mapping is basically an art and not a science

B geologic mapping has not changed significantly since the early 1960s

C geologic mapping will have limited practical applications until remote-sensing systems are perfected

D a developmental milestone in geologic mapping was reached in 1972

Translate the following passages into Chinese

Passage 1

Highly successful scientists depend on special talents, like in arts, music, and so on. Nature produces them only very slowly, parsimoniously, and at a constant rate, one has to do more with both natural gifts and formal, extensive academic training. Their number cannot be increased under command; they develop spontaneously whenever the scientific training of community is adequate to provide the basic training they need -----which is today the case in several nations over the world, including many of the developing countries. The second element is the ―collectivity effect‖. Scientific progress is greatly enhanced by a nonlinear effect. Progress is much faster when many and different types of scientists interact closely together. This is particularly active at the ―interface‖ between disciplines; for instance, a chemistry idea applied to biology, a mathematical concept applied to physics, and so on.

Passage 2

The phrase ―A Law of Nature‖ is probably rarer in modem scientific writing than was the case some generations ago. This is partly due to a very natural objection to the use of the word law in two different senses. Human societies have laws. In primitive societies there is not distinction between law and custom. Some things are done; others are not. This is regarded as part of the nature of things, and generally as an unalterable fact. If customs change, the change is too slow to be observed, later on kings and prophets could proclaim new laws, but there was no way of withdrawing old ones. The Greek democracies made the great and revolutionary discovery that a community could consciously make new laws and repeal old ones. So for us a human law is something which is valid only over a certain number of people for a certain period of time.

Passage 3

Private enterprise will become the driving force behind space launches, the futurists say. Commercial space activities will probably g row beyond the government’s civilian space program in the coming decades, remarks Charles Eldred of the National Aeronautics and space Administration. Businesses will launch their own space shuttles to create weightless factories in space. Uses could include manufacturing pharmaceutical drugs, making ball bearings and growing crystals for computer chips. There is even talk of eventually sending tourists on shuttle flight---though the airfare would be exorbitant. Scientists say that government construction of a multibillion-dollar, permanent space station will aid in detecting natural disasters on earth in advance, conducting medical research and collecting solar energy to transmit back. Pentagon officials hope to be able to send off rays from a space station to hit missiles fired from earth. The space station may be used as well to stage long –distance flights to the moon, mars and planets beyond.

Passage 4

Laws and regulations are never to be forgotten in the development of the information superhighway although market forces will help keep the new technology affordable, we need laws to protect consumers when competition fails and because several companies will operate the superhighways, each must be required to interconnect with the others. Likewise, the new computers that will give access to the superhighway should be built according to commonly accepted standards. Also even an open competitive market will leave out organizations with limited resources such as schools and libraries. T o compensate for market oversights, we must enforce regulations to ensure that money-----whether through government support or a tax on the companies that will control the superhighway---is made available to these institutions, and will be used and operated accordingly

Section Two Translation from Chinese into English (20 points)

Passage 1

当前人类文明对全球环境的威胁给我们提供了一系列问题。真正的解决办法要从重新设计以及最终弥合文明与地球的关系中去寻找。要完成这一点需重新仔细估量导致这种关系在较近时期内发生剧烈变化的所有各种因素。改变我们与地球关系的途径当然涉及到新技术的发明和应用，但关键的变化将与这种关系本身的新思路有关。

Passage 2

对于现代科学活动的规模，利用最佳的思想和提供适宜的―熔炉‖，已经可以在国际上很好地得以实现。但应该说明的是，长期以来，科学国际化过程一直在以隐蔽的形式发展着，而我们今天所要落实到实处的，只是有必使原有的这一过程变为一种更加完善、更加系统的制度。

答案是：

1.A

2.D

3.A

4.C

5.B

6.C

7.C

8.C

9.D 10.D

11.A 12.B 13.C 14.C 15.C 16.D 17.B 18.C 19.D 20.A

21.C 22.D 23.A 24.D 25.B 26A 27 C 28D 29 B 30 B

31A 32D 33C 34.B 35C 36.B 37B 38.A 39.C 40.D

The current threat of human being to global environment offers a series of problems whose real solutions have to be found from a re-design and final reconciliation of the relation between civilization and the earth. To realize this, we need to re-evaluate all the factors causing the recent radical changes to the relation. The approach to changing our relation to the earth of course involves the invention and application of new technologies, but the key change is related with a new insight into the relation.

By employing the optimal thought and proper melting pot, it is possible to conduct large scale scientific research internationally. It should be noted the internationalization of the scientific research has been

developing secretly for a long time. What we should do now is to make this process more perfect and systematic.

General English Admission Test For Non-English Major Ph.D. program (Harbin Institute of Technology) 第二套

Passage One

Questions 1-7 are based on the following passage:（GMAT）

According to a recent theory, Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems were formed over two billion years ago from magmatic fluids that originated from molten granitelike bodies deep beneath the surface of the Earth. This theory is contrary to the widely held view that the systems were deposited from metamorphic fluids, that is, from fluids that formed during the dehydration of wet sedimentary rocks. The recently developed theory has considerable practical importance. Most of the gold deposits discovered during the original gold rushes were exposed at the Earth’s surface and were found because they had shed trails of alluvial gold that were easily traced by simple prospecting methods. Although these same methods still leas to an occasional discovery, most deposits not yet discovered have gone undetected because they are buried and have no surface expression.

The challenge in exploration is therefore to unravel the subsurface geology of an area and pinpoint the position of buried minerals. Methods widely used today include analysis of aerial images that yield a broad geological overview, geophysical techniques that provide data on the magnetic, electrical, and mineralogical properties of the rocks being investigated, and sensitive chemical tests that are able to detect : the subtle chemical halos that often envelop mineralization. However, none of these high-technology methods are of any value if the sites to which they are applied have never mineralized, and to maximize the chances of discovery the explorer must therefore pay particular attention to selecting the ground formations most likely to be mineralized. Such ground selection relies to varying degrees on conceptual models, which take into account theoretical studies of relevant factors.

These models are constructed primarily from empirical observations of known mineral deposits and from theories of ore-forming processes. The explorer uses the models to identify those geological features that are critical to the formation of the mineralization being modeled, and then tries to select areas for exploration that exhibit as many of the critical features as possible.

1. The author is primarily concerned with .

A. advocating a return to an older methodology.

B. explaining the importance of a recent theory.

C. enumerating differences between two widely used methods

D. describing events leading to a discovery

2. According to passage, the widely held view of Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems is that such systems

A were formed from metamorphic fluids.

B originated in molten granitelike bodies

C were formed from alluvial deposits

D generally have surface expression

3. The passage implies that which of the following steps would be the first performed by explorers who wish to maximize their chances of discovering gold?

A Surveying several sites known to have been formed more than two billion years ago.

B Limiting exploration to sites known to have been formed form metamorphic fluid.

C Using an appropriate conceptual model to select a site for further exploration.

D Using geophysical methods to analyze rocks over a broad area.

4. Which of the following statements about discoveries of gold deposits is supported by information in the passage?

A The number of gold discover made annually has increased between the time of the original gold rushes and the present

B New discoveries of gold deposits are likely to be the result of exploration techniques designed to locate buried mineralization

C It is unlikely that newly discovered gold deposits will ever yield as much as did those deposits discovered during the original gold rushes.

D Modern explorers are divided on the question of the utility of simple prospecting methods as a source of new discoveries of gold deposits.

5. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is easiest to detect?

A A gold-quartz vein system originating in magma tic fluids.

B A gold-quartz vein system originating in metamorphic fluids.

C A gold deposit that is mixed with granite.

D A gold deposit that has shed alluvial gold.

6. The theory mentioned in line I relates to the conceptual models discussed in the passage in which of the following ways?

A It may furnish a valid account of ore-forming processes, and hence, can support conceptual models that have great practical significance.

B It suggests that certain geological formations, long believed to be mineralized, are in fact mineralized thus confirming current conceptual models.

C. It suggests that there may not be enough similarity across Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems to warrant the formulation of conceptual models.

D It corrects existing theories about the chemical halos of gold deposits, and thus provides a basis for correcting current conceptual models.

7. According to the passage methods of exploring for gold that are widely used today are based on which of the following facts?

A Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are still molten.

B Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are exposed at the surface.

C Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are buried and have no surface expression

D Only one type of gold deposit warrants exploration. since the other types of gold deposits are found in regions difficult to reach

Passage Two

Questions 8-15 are based on the following passage:(GMAT)

In choosing a method for determining climatic conditions that existed in the past, paleoclimatologists

invoke four principal criteria. First, the material—rocks, lakes, vegetation, etc.—on which the method relies must be widespread enough to provide plenty of information, since analysis of material that is rarely encountered will not permit correlation with other regions or with other periods of geological history. Second in the process of formation, the material must have received an environmental signal that reflects a change in climate and that can be deciphered by modern physical or chemical means. Third, at least some of the material must have retained the signal unaffected by subsequent changes in the environment. Fourth, it must be possible to determine the time at which the inferred climatic conditions held. This last criterion is more easily met in dating marine sediments, because dating of only a small number of layers in a marine sequence allows the age of other layers to be estimated fairly reliably by extrapolation and interpolation. By contrast, because sedimentation is much less continuous in continental regions, estimating the age of a continental bed from the known ages of beds above and below is more risky.

One very old method used in the investigation of past climatic conditions involves the measurement of water levels in ancient lakes. In temperate regions, there are enough lakes for correlations between them to give us a tenable picture. In arid and semiarid regions, on the other hand, the small number of lakes and the great distances between them reduce the possibilities for correlation. Moreover, since lake levels are controlled by rates of evaporation as well as by precipitation, the interpretation of such levels is ambiguous. For instance, the fact that lake levels in the semiarid southwestern United States appear to have been higher during the last ice age than they are now was at one time attributed to increased precipitation. On the basis of snowline elevations, however, it has been concluded that the climate then was not necessarily wetter than it is now, but rather that both summers and winters were cooler, resulting in reduced evaporation

Another problematic method is to reconstruct former climates on the basis of pollen profiles. The type of vegetation in a specific region is determined by identifying and counting the various pollen grains found there. Although the relationship between vegetation and climate is not as direct as the relationship between climate and lake levels, the method often works well in the temperate zones. In arid and semiarid regions in which there is not much vegetation, however, small changes in one or a few plant types can change the picture traumatically, making accurate correlations between neighboring areas difficult to obtain.

8. Which of the following statements about the difference between marine and continental sedimentation is supported by information in the passage?

A. Data provided by dating marine sedimentation is more consistent with researchers’ findings in other disciplines than is data provided by dating continental sedimentation.

B. It is easier to estimate the age of a layer in a sequence of continental sedimentation than it is to estimate the age of a layer in a sequence of marine sedimentation.

C. Marine sedimentation is much less widespread than continental sedimentation

D. Marine sedimentation is much more continuous than is continental sedimentation.

9. Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the passage as a whole?

A. The author describes a method for determining past climatic conditions and then offers specific examples of situations in which it has been used.

B. The author discusses the method of dating marine and continental sequences and then explains how dating is more difficult with lake levels than with pollen profiles.

C. The author describes the common requirements of methods for determining past climatic conditions and then discusses examples of such methods.

D. The author describes various ways of choosing a material for determining past climatic conditions and then discusses how two such methods have yielded contradictory data.

10. It can be inferred from the passage that paleoclimatologists have concluded which of the following on the basis of their study of snow-line elevations in the southwest6ern United States?

A. There is usually more precipitation during an ice age because of increased amounts of evaporation

B. There was less precipitation during the last ice age than there is today.

C. Lake levels in the semiarid southwestern United States were lower during the last ice age than they are today.

D. The high lake levels during the last ice age may have been a result of less evapo9ration rather than more precipitation.

11. Which of the following would be the most likely topic for a paragraph that logically continues the passage?

A. The kinds of plants normally found in arid regions.

B. The effect of variation in lake levels on pollen distribution.

C. The material best suited to preserving signal of climatic changes.

D. A third method fro investigating past climatic conditions.

12. the author discusses lake levels in the southwestern United States in order to

A. illustrate the mechanics of the relationship between lake level, evaporation, and precipitation

B. provide an example of the uncertainty involved in interpreting lake levels.

C. Prove that there are not enough ancient lakes with which to make accurate correlations

D. Explain the effects of increased rates of evaporation on levels of precipitation.

13. It can be inferred from the passage that an environmental signal found in geological material would no be useful to paleoclimatologists if it .

A. had to be interpreted by modern chemical means

B. reflected a change in climate rather than a long-term climatic condition

C. was incorporated into a material as the material was forming

D. also reflected subsequent environmental changes.

14. According to the passage the material used to determine past climatic conditions must be widespread for which of the following reasons?

Ⅰ .Paleoclimatologists need to make comparisons between periods of geological history.

Ⅱ. Paleoclimatologists need to compare materials that have supported a wide variety of vegetation Ⅲ. Paleoclimatologists need to make comparisons with data collected in other regions.

A. I only

B. Ⅱonly

C. I and Ⅱonly

D. I and Ⅲonly

15. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the study of past climates in arid and semiarid regions?

A. It is sometimes more difficult to determine past climatic conditions in arid and semiarid regions than in temperate regions

B. Although in the past more research has been done on temperate regions, paleoclimatologists have recently turned their attention to arid and semiarid regions.

C. Although more information about past climates can be gathered in arid and semiarid than in temperate regions, dating this information is more difficult.

D. It is difficult to study the climatic history of arid and semiarid regions because their climates have tended to vary more than those of temperate regions.

Passage Three

Questions 16-22 are based on the following passage:(GMAT)

While there is no blueprint for transforming a largely government-controlled economy into a free one, the experience of the United Kingdom since 1979 clearly shows one approach that works: privatization, in which state-owned industries are sold to private companies. By 1979, the total borrowings and losses of state-owned industries were running at about ￡3 billion a year. By selling many of these industries, the government has decreased these borrowings and losses, gained over ￡34 billion from the sales, and now receives tax revenues from the newly privatized companies. Along with a dramatically improved overall economy, the government has been able to repay 12.5 percent of the net national debt over a two-year period.

In fact privatization has not only rescued individual industries and a whole economy headed for disaster, but has also raised the level of performance in every area. At British Airways and British Gas, for example, productivity per employee has risen by 20 percent. At associated British Ports. labor disruptions common in the 1970’s and early 1980’s h ave now virtually disappeared. At British Telecom, there is no longer a waiting list—as there always was before privatization—to have a telephone installed. Part of this improved productivity has come about because the employees of privatized industries were given the opportunity to buy shares in their own companies. They responded enthusiastically to the offer of shares; at British Aerospace 89 percent of the eligible work force bought shares; at Associated British Ports 90 percent; and at British Telecom 92 percent. When people have a personal stake in something, they think about it, care about it, work to make it prosper. At the National Freight Consortium, the new employee-owners grew so concerned about their company’s profits that during wage negotiatio ns they actually pressed their union to lower its wage demands. Some economists have suggested that giving away free shares would provide a needed acceleration of the privatization process. Yet they miss Thomas Paine’s point that ―what we obtain too cheap we esteem too lightly‖ In order for the far-ranging benefits of individual ownership to be achieved by owners, companies, and countries, employees and other individuals must make their own decisions to buy, and they must commit some of their own resources to the choice.

16. According to the passage all of the following were benefits of privatizing state owned industries in the United Kingdom EXCEPT

A. Privatized industries paid taxes to the government

B. The government gained revenue from selling state-owned industries

C. The government repaid some of its national debt

D. Profits from industries that were still state-owned increased

17. According to the passage, which of the following resulted in increased productivity in companies that have been privatized?

A. A large number of employees chose to purchase shares in their companies.

B. Free shares were widely distributed to individual shareholders.

C. The government ceased to regulate major industries.

D. Unions conducted wage negotiations fro employees.

18. It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers labor disruptions to be

A. an inevitable problem in a weak national economy

B. a positive sign of employee concern about a company

C. a predictor of employee reactions to a company’s offer to sell shares to them

D. a deterrence to high performance levels in an industry.

19. The passage supports which of the following statements about employees buying shares in their won companies?

A. At three different companies, approximately nine out ten of the workers were eligible to buy shares in their companies.

B. Approximately 90%of the eligible workers at three different companies chose to buy shares in their companies.

C. The opportunity to buy shares was discouraged by at least some labor unions.

D. Companies that demonstrated the highest productivity were the first to allow their employees the opportunity to buy shares.

20. Which of the following statements is most consistent with the principle described in L25-26?

A. A democratic government that decides it is inappropriate to own a particular industry has in no way abdicated its responsibilities as guardian of the public interest.

B. The ideal way for a government to protect employee interests is to force companies to maintain their share of a competitive market without government subsidies.

C. The failure to harness the power of self-interest is an important reason that state-owned industries perform poorly

D. Governments that want to implement privatization programs must try to eliminate all resistance to the free-market system.

21. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the privatization process in the United Kingdom?

A. It depends to a potentially dangerous degree on individual ownership of shares.

B. It conforms in its most general outlines to Thomas Paine’s prescription for business ownersh ip.

C. It was originally conceived to include some giving away of free shares.

D. It is taking place more slowly than some economists suggest is necessary.

22. The quotation in L32-33 is most probably used to .

A. counter a position that the author of the passage believes is incorrect.

B. State a solution to a problem described in the previous sentence.

C. Show how opponents of the viewpoint of the author of the passage have supported their arguments.

D. point out a paradox contained in a controversial viewpoint.

Passage Four

Questions 23-30 are based on the following passage(GMAT)

Historians of women’s labor in the United States at first largely disregarded the story of female s ervice workers—women earning wages in occupations such as salesclerk, domestic servant, and office secretary. These historians focused instead on factory work, primarily because it seemed so different from traditional, unpaid ―women’s work ‖in the home, an d because the underlying economic forces of industrialism were presumed to be gender-blind and hence emancipation in effect. Unfortunately, emancipation has been less profound than expected, for not even industrial wage labor has escaped continued sex segregation in the workplace.

To explain this unfinished revolution in the status of women, historians have recently begun to emphasize the way a prevailing definition of femininity often determines the kinds of work allocated to women, even when such allocation is inappropriate to new conditions. For instance, early textile-mill entrepreneurs, in justifying women’s employment in wage labor, made much of the assumption that women were by nature skillful at detailed tasks and patient in carrying out repetitive chores; the mill owners thus imported into the new industrial order hoary stereotypes associated with the homemaking activities they presumed to have been the purview of women. Because women accepted the more unattractive new industrial tasks more readily than did men, such jobs came to be regarded as female

jobs. And employers, who assumed that women’s ―real‖ aspirations were for marriage and family life, declined to pay women wages commensurate with those of men. Thus many lower-skilled, lower-paid, less s ecure jobs came to be perceived as ―female.‖

More remarkable than the origin has been the persistence of such sex segregation in twentieth-century industry. Once an occupation came to be perceived as ―female‖, employers showed surprisingly little interest in changing that perception, even when higher profits beckoned. And despite the urgent need of the United States during the Second World War to mobilize its human resources fully, job segregation by sex characterized even he most important war industries. Moreover, once the war ended, employers quickly returned to men most of the ―male‖ jobs that women had been permitted to master.

23. According to the passage, job segregation by sex in the United States was .

A. greatly diminlated by labor mobilization during the Second World War.

B. perpetuated by those textile-mill owners who argued in favor of women’s employment in wage labor

C. one means by which women achieved greater job security

D. reluctantly challenged by employers except when the economic advantages were obvious

24. According to the passage, historians of women’s labor focused on factory work as a more promising area of research than service-sector work because factory work

A. involved the payment of higher wages

B. required skill in detailed tasks

C. was assumed to be less characterized by sex segregation

D. was more readily accepted by women than by men

25. It can be inferred from the passage the early historians of wome n’s labor in the United States paid little attention to women’s employment in the service sector of the economy because

A. fewer women found employment in the service sector than in factory work

B. the wages paid to workers in the service sector were much more short-term than in factory work

C. women’s employment in the service sector tended to be much more short-term than in factory work

D. employment in the service sector seemed to have much in common with the unpaid work associated with homemaking

26. The passage supports which of the following statements about the early mill owners mentioned in the second paragraph?

A. They hoped that by creating relatively unattractive ―female‖ jobs they would discourage wo men from losing interest in marriage and family life.

B. They sought to increase the size of the available labor force as a means to keep men’s wages low.

C. They argued that women were inherently suited to do well in particular kinds of factory work

D. They felt guilty about disturbing the traditional division of labor in family.

27.It can be inferred from the passage that the ―unfinished revolution‖ the author mentions in L11 refers to the

A. entry of women into the industrial labor market.

B. Development of a new definition of femininity unrelated to the economic forces of industrialism

C. Introduction of equal pay for equal work in all professions

D. Emancipation of women wage earners from gender-determined job allocation

28. The passage supports which of the following statements about hiring policies in the United States?

A. After a crisis many formerly ―male ‖jobs are reclassified as ―female‖ jobs.

B. Industrial employers generally prefer to hire women with previous experience as homemakers

C. Post-Second World War hiring policies caused women to lose many of their wartime gains in employment opportunity.

D. Even war industries during the Second World War were reluctant to hire women for factory work.

29. Which of the following words best expresses the opinion of the author of the passage concerning the notion that women are more skillful than men in carrying out details tasks?

A. ―patient‖ (line17)

B. ―repetitive‖ (line18)

C. ―hoary‖ (line19)

D. ―homemaking‖ (line19)

30. Which of the following best describes the relationship of the final paragraph to the passage as a whole?

A. The central idea is reinforced by the citation of evidence drawn from twentieth-century history.

B. The central idea is restated in such a way as to form a transition to a new topic for discussion

C. The central idea is restated and juxtaposed with evidence that might appear to contradict it.

D. A partial exception to the generalizations of the central idea is dismissed unimportant.

Passage Five

Questions 31-36 are based on the following passage:(GMAT)

Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf of women’s emancipation in Wester n societies. Arguments in what could be called the ―relational‖ feminist tradition maintain the doctrine of ―equality in difference‖, or equity as distinct for equality. They posit that biological distinctions between the sexes result in a necessary sexual division of labor in the family and throughout society and that women’s procreative labor is currently undervalued by society, to the disadvantage of women. By contrast, the individualist feminist tradition emphasizes individual human rights and celebrate s women’s quest for personal autonomy, while downplaying the importance of gender roles and minimizing discussion of childbearing and its attendant responsibilities.

Before the late nineteenth century, these views coexisted within the feminist movement, often within the writings of the same individual. Between 1890and 1920, however, relational feminism, which had been the dominant strain in feminist thought, and which still predominates among European and non-western feminists, lost ground in England and the United States. Because the concept of individual rights was already well established in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition, individualist feminism came to predominate in England-speaking countries. At the same time, the goals of the two approaches began to seem increasingly irreconcilable. Individualist feminists began to advocate a totally gender-blind system with equal educational and economic opportunities outside the home should be available for all women, continued to emphasize women’s spe cial contributions to society as homemakers and mothers; they demanded special treatment including protective legislation for women workers. State-sponsored maternity benefits, and paid compensation for housework.

Relational arguments have a major pitfall: because they underline women’s physiological and psychological distinctiveness, they are often appropriated by political adversaries and used to endorse male privilege. But the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, denying the significance of physiological difference, and condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the family roles important to many women. If the individualist framework, with its claim for women’s autonomy, could be harmonized with the family-oriented concerns of relational feminists, a more fruitful model for contemporary feminist politics could emerge.

31. The author of the passage alludes to the well-established nature of the concept of individual rights

in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition in order to

A. illustrate the influence of individualist feminist thought on more general intellectual trends in English history.

B. Argue that feminism was already a part of the larger Anglo-Saxon intellectual tradition, even though this has often gone unnoticed by critics of women’s emancipation

C. Explain the decline in individualist thinking among feminists in non-English-speaking countries.

D. Help account for an increasing shift toward individualist feminism among feminists in English-speaking countries.

32. The passage suggests that the author of the passage believes which of the following?

A. The predominance of individualist feminism in English-speaking countries is a historical phenomenon, the causes of which have not yet been investigated.

B. The individualist and relational feminist views are irreconcilable, given their theoretical differences concerning the foundations of society.

C. A consensus concerning the direction of future feminist politics will probably soon emerge, given the awareness among feminists of the need for cooperation among women.

D. Political adversaries of feminism often misuse arguments predicated on differences between the sexes to argue that the existing social system should be maintained.

33. It can be inferred from the passage that the individualist feminist tradition denies the validity of which of the following causal statements?

A. A division of labor in a social group can result in increased efficiency with regard to the performance of group tasks.

B. A division of labor in a social group causes in the distribution of opportunities and benefits among group members.

C. A division of labor on the basis of gender in a social group is necessitated by the existence of sex-linked biological differences between male and female members of the group.

D. Culturally determined distinctions based on gender in a social group foster the existence of differing attitudes and opinions among group members.

34. According to the passage, relational feminists and individualist feminists agree that

A. individual human rights take precedence over most other social claims

B. the gender-based division of labor in society should be eliminated

C. laws guaranteeing equal treatment for all citizens regardless of gender should be passed

D. the same educational and economic opportunities should be available to both sexes.

35. According to the author, which of the following was true of feminist thought in Western societies before 1890?

A. Individualist feminist arguments were not found in the thought or writing of non-English-speaking feminists.

B. Individualist feminism was a strain in feminist thought, but another strain, relational feminism, predominated.

C. Relational and individualist approaches were equally prevalent in feminist thought and writing.

D. The predominant view among feminists held that the welfare of women was ultimately less important than the welfare of children.

36. The author implies that which of the following was true of most feminist thinkers in England and the United States after 1920?

A. They were less concerned with politics than with intellectual issues.

B. They began to reach a broader audience and their programs began to be adopted by mainstream political parties.

2018考博英语翻译练习题及答案【十篇】

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