Urban tourism Edit Entry Comment(0)
For a long time, tourism was associated with centrifugal flows of urban residents going to the countryside or the seaside for a holiday or an excursion. The concept of urban tourism only entered the research agenda in the 1980s, when it became obvious that many cities were developing into important destination s. Business travel and city trips have always existed, but the leisure motives have become more important and the numbers of urban tourists have increased considerably.
The delay of interest in urban tourism can be explained by a neglect in urban studies to assess the importance of leisure, recreation and tourism in an urban environment. Further, there was a lack of understanding of the urban tourism system. The difficulty of separating this from non-tourism functions in the wide range of urban activities and the tendency to explore the issue of urban tourism in case studies rather than by conceptual studies have contributed to the slow progress of urban tourism research. Contrary to other destinations, where the product (the supply side) as well as the range of activities could be well described, in the multifunctional urban system the identification of the tourism function and the multipurpose character of many visits is far more complicated. Understanding urban tourism and the product life cycle of urban destinations implies an integrated approach in the analysis of forms and functions. Research into new methods to identify the role of tourism and tourists in the urban environment is now in full progress and is the objective of many comparative studies.
The recent popularity of publications on urban tourism covers aspects such as trends in demand, creating urban attractions and clusters, urban planning and policy issues, impact studies, product-place marketing and resource and visitor management. The concepts which were introduced to understand tourism as a system needed to be adapted to the urban context. Cities can be seen as a spatially concentrated spectrum of opportunities (the Tourist Opportunity Spectrum, also referred to as recreation opportunity spectrum) in which one can distinguish core elements and secondary elements. The first group refers to the mix of attractions which are unique and interesting and thus capable of attracting tourists to the place, whereas the second group includes the range of urban facilities which support the touristic experience, without being a first motive for the visit. The group of primary elements of the urban product
includes both the setting of the place (urban morphology, built heritage, green spaces, waterfronts) and the offer of facilities which allow for different activities, such as the cultural resources (museums, theatres, exhibition halls and so on), sport facilities, the amusement sector (such as casinos and theme parks) and the agenda of festivals and events. These core attractions are supported by facilities in the hospitality sector (hotels, restaurants, pubs) and in the retail trade, including shopping facilities and street markets. The latter group can be considered to be the added value to the urban tourist experience. In some cities, the shopping opportunities are becoming so attractive to the extent that they can be considered as a core product for the market of shopping tourism (the Mall of America in Minneapolis, USA, is quickly assuming this core position). In most cities the core products belong to the public domain, whereas the supporting facilities result from initiatives in the private sector. This interdependency partners is typical for the supply side of the urban tourism product.
Historic cities, in particular, hold many opportunities to develop tourism products based on cultural heritage resources. The trend towards tourismification of cultural heritage responds to a
growing market for cultural tourism. The markets for city trips and for cultural tourism and shopping tourism are growing and are strongly interrelated. Several surveys indicate in the ranking of motives of urban tourists, the predominant role of visiting a unique and interesting place. Visiting museums, discovering interesting architecture, learning about the history of a place and, above all, seeing the well-known landmarks have become important aspects in the experience. This type of behaviour is typical for city trips and short breaks and also penetrates in the market of business travel. However, distinguishing the market segments in urban tourism remains a difficult exercise because of the complexity of motives and behaviour patterns.
Seeing the high potentials of urban tourism and the wide range of facilities which benefit from such earnings, many cities are now exploring the possibilities of developing tourism as a lever to diversify and stimulate for the urban economy. This has become a key instrument in many urban revitalisation projects, in urban waterfront development plans, in the upgrading of cultural activities (such as festivals and events), in the conservation of historical
heritage and even an incentive to redesign urban shopping areas. The success of the urban product mix has even led to a stage of saturation in the product life cycle of several historic cities. The issue of carrying capacity and sustainable development has become a major concern in urban management policies. In addition, this market of urban destinations, particularly in Europe, is becoming highly competitive. The traditional top destinations such as London and Paris are now competing with numerous 'new' urban choices, such as Berlin, Barcelona, Munich, Prague and Dublin.
Gradually the focus of tourism research is moving from the place-marketing issues towards a discussion on resource and management strategies. The competitive advantage and, as such, the chances of the sustainability of the urban forms and function now lie in developing cultural tourism products with a strong local identity (sense of place capacity) and with the image of uniqueness and authenticity, despite the strong globalisation trends in the tourism market. The combination of sustainable development in which the physical and social impacts of tourism can be monitored and the economic benefits optimised requires a new approach in urban planning, a strategic marketing and management policy and a better understanding of the touristic experiences in the urban environment. Understanding the synergy between tourism activities and other urban functions is necessary in order to develop and sustain urban destinations of a high quality both for these temporary and permanent populations.
Further reading
Ashworth, GJ. and Dietvorst, A. (eds) (1995) Tourism and Spatial Transformations, Wallingford: CAB International. Cazes, G. and Potier, F. (1996) Le Tourisme Urbain,
Paris: Presses universitaires de France. Getz, D. (1991) Festivals, .Special Events and Tourism,
New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Hinch, T.D. (1996) 'Urban tourism : perspectives on sustainability', The Journal of Sustainable Tourism 4(2):
95-110.
Jansen-Verbeke, M. and van Rekom, J. (1996) 'Scanning museum visitors:
urban tourism marketing', Annals of Tourism Research 23(2): 364-75. Page, S. (1995) Urban Tourism, London: Routledge.
PCB专业术语（英语） PCB printed circuit board 印刷电路板，指空的线路板 PCBA printed circuit board assembly 印刷电路板组件，指完成元件焊接的线路板组件 PWA Printed Wire Assembly， Aperture list Editor：光圈表编辑器。 Aperture list windows：光圈表窗口。 Annular ring：焊环。 Array：拼版或陈列。 Acid trip：蚀刻死角。 Assemby：安装。 Bare Bxnel：光板，未进行插件工序的PCB板。 Bad Badsize：工作台，工作台有效尺寸。 Blind Buried via：盲孔，埋孔。 Chamfer：倒角。 Circuit：线路。 Circuit layer：线路层。 Clamshell tester：双面测试机。 Coordinates Area：坐标区域。 Copy-protect key：软件狗。 Coutour：轮廓。 Draw：一种圆形的光圈，但只是用于创建线路，不用于创建焊盘。
Drill Rack：铅头表。 Drill Rack Editor：铅头表编辑器。 Drill Rack window：铅头表窗口。 D Code：Gerber格式中用不着于表达光圈的代码。 Double-sided Biard：双面板。 End of Block character（EOB）：块结束符。 Extract Netlist：提取网络。 Firdacial：对位标记。 Flash：焊盘，来源于早期矢量光绘机，在矢量光绘机中，焊盘是光通过光圈“闪出”（Flash）而形成的。 Gerber Data：从PCB CAD系统到PCB生产过程中最常用的数据格式。Grid ：栅格。 Graphical Editor：图形编辑器。 Incremental Data：增量数据。 Land：接地层。 Layer list window：层列表窗口。 Layer setup Area：层设置窗口。 Multilayer Board：多层板。 Nets：网络。 Net End：网络端点。 Net List：网络表。 Pad：焊盘。 Pad shaving：焊盘缩小。
英语日常交际用语大全 一、祝愿、祝贺和应答（Good wishes, congratulations and responses） 1.- 很好完成了和对你的祝贺。 1.- Well done and congratulations to you. - 非常的。 - Thanks very much. 2.- 我希望你意志成功在每件事物中。 2.- I hope you'll succeed in everything. - 我也是。 - So do I. 3.- 我希望你成功。 3.- I wish you success. - 你。 - Thank you. 4.- 我们向你问好希望。 4.- We send you our best wishes. - 非常你。 - Thank you very much. 5.- 新年快乐! 5.- Happy new year ! - 新年快乐! (对你的一样.) - Happy new year! (The same to you.) 6.- 一圣诞快乐对你。 6.- A merry Christmas to you. - 你。 - Thank you. 7.- 我希望你将会有善行时间。 7.- I hope you'll have a good time. - 你。 - Thank you. 8.- 生日快乐! 8.- Happy birthday! - 你。 - Thank you. 二, 邀請和应答（邀请和反应）（Invitations and responses） 1.- 你会喜欢到达宴会吗? 1.- Would you like to come to the party? - 哦是的，你。 - Oh yes, thank you. 2.- 我希望你能来到那跳舞下一个星期六。2.- I hope you can come to the dance next - 对不起，但是我不能。 - I'm sorry, but I can't. 3.- 你能和我们去舞蹈吗? 3.- Will you go dancing with us? - 当然。我将高兴到。 Of course. I'll be glad to. 4.- 你能到达我们的英国人晚上吗? 4.- Will you come to our English Evening? - 是的，你。 - Yes, thank you. 5.- 你会请给予我们一谈话在英国人身上学问? 5.- Would you please give us a talk on English Learning? - 好。当? OK. When? 6.- 你和你的朋友一定过来我的房子而且见到 6.- You and your friends must come over to my house and see mooncakes。 - 好。非常你。 - OK. Thank you very much. 三, 表示同意和不同意（达成共识和不合）（Expressing agreement and disagreement） 1. - 我想商店是关闭在这次日子。 1. - I think the shop is closed at this time of day. - 不, 我认为它是公开。 - No, I think it's open. 2. - 我想外国语比科学更有趣。 2. - I think foreign languages are more interesting than science. - 我真的不能同意你。我偏爱科学 - I really can't agree with you. I prefer science. 3. - 我认为我将改为看一本书。 3. - I think I shall read a book instead. - 善行主意。那是加比较好的超过看一架坏的电视 - Good idea. That's much better than
商务英语翻译技能等级考试英汉词汇表 （以英语字母顺序排序） 翻译员（五级）所要掌握的词汇为5 高级翻译员（四级）所要掌握的词汇为5+4 助理翻译师（三级）所要掌握的词汇为5+4+3 翻译师（二级）所要掌握的词汇为5+4+3+2 A 4 权力委托 5 旷工，旷职 2 绝对配额 3 绝对值 5 吸收，减轻（冲击、困难等）作用或影响 3 吸收游资 5 ; 摘要 2 承兑费 2 不记名承兑 3 承兑信用证 3 抽样认可 4 ; 承兑银行 4 进入市场（的机会） 5 意外事故 3 无法控制的意外事故 3 意外事故保险 4 意外损坏 4 设施；住宿；欠单 3 顺民意；合民情 5 会计帐目 4 账户结金 5 账本（账册、账簿） 3 客户经理（常指广告公司） 5 解释；说明 4 账目编号；账户号码 2 结欠清单 5 账户名称 5 会计工作；会计行业 5 会计 5 会计长 5 会计学 3 会计档案 5 往来帐目 2 账目不清
3 应付账 4 应收账 2 ; ; 应付费用 4 累计资本 3 资本积累 2 累计佣金 5 收购 5 行动计划 2 盘活基础设施存量资产 5 畅销 3 出口加工贸易 5 成交活跃的股票 3 ; 贸易顺差 5 业务类型 3 实际成本 4 实际交货 4 时价；实际价格；实价 4 实际全损 2 ( ) 从价税 3 ; 附加费用 4 额外投资 2 附加保险费 2 追加税 2 ; 防范和化解金融风险2 充分需求 4 核算 3 海损理算书 5 ; 实施，经营，行政 4 行政预算；管理预算 2 行政开支；办公费 4 行政保护 5 预付费用 2 a 预付定金 4 预计货样 5 预付工资 4 预收货款 4 规模经营优势 3 贸易逆差 5 公布；做广告 5 广告业 3 通知行 3 信用证转让通知 3 吁请团，游说团体
1.素质教育：Quality Education 2. EQ：分两种，一种为教育商数Educational quotient，另一种情感商数Emotional quotient 3. 保险业：the insurance industry 4. 保证重点指出：ensure funding for priority areas 5. 补发拖欠的养老金：clear up pension payments in arrears 6. 不良贷款：non-performing loan 7. 层层转包和违法分包：mutlti-level contracting and illegal subcontracting 8. 城乡信用社：credit cooperative in both urban and rural areas 9. 城镇居民最低生活保障：a minimum standard of living for city residents 10. 城镇职工医疗保障制度：the system of medical insurance for urban workers 11. 出口信贷：export credit 12. 贷款质量：loan quality 13. 贷款质量五级分类办法：the five-category assets classification for bank loans 14. 防范和化解金融风险：take precautions against and reduce financial risks 15. 防洪工程：flood-prevention project 16. 非法外汇交易：illegal foreign exchange transaction 17. 非贸易收汇：foreign exchange earnings through nontrade channels 18. 非银行金融机构：non-bank financial institutions 19. 费改税：transform administrative fees into taxes 20. 跟踪审计：foolow-up auditing 21. 工程监理制度：the monitoring system for projects 22. 国有资产安全：the safety of state-owned assets 23. 过度开垦：excess reclamation 24. 合同管理制度：the contract system for governing projects 25. 积极的财政政策：pro-active fiscal policy 26. 基本生活费：basic allowance 27. 解除劳动关系：sever labor relation 28. 金融监管责任制：the responsibility system for financial supervision 29. 经济安全：economic security 30. 靠扩大财政赤字搞建设：to increase the deficit to spend more on development 31. 扩大国内需求：the expansion of domestic demand 32. 拉动经济增长：fuel economic growth 33. 粮食仓库：grain depot 34. 粮食收购企业：grain collection and storage enterprise 35. 粮食收购资金实行封闭运行：closed operation of grain purchase funds 36. 粮食销售市场：grain sales market 37. 劣质工程：shoddy engineering
初中英语常用交际用语归纳 交际用语 ※打招呼与告别用语（Greeting and Saying Good-bye） 1.－How are you ? －I’m fine, thanks. 2. －Nice to meet you. －Nice to meet you, too. ※谈论颜色（Talking about colour） 1. －What colour is it? －It’s red. 2. －What’s you favourite colour, Jenny? －My favourite colour is blue. 3. －How many colours do you like? －Three. ※谈论高度（Talking about height） 1. －Are you short or tall? －I’m short／tall. 2. －How tall am I, Mr Wood? －You’re 1.6 metres tall. ※看病用语（Seeing a doctor） 1. －What’s the matter? －I cut my knee. It hurts. ※就餐用语（Having meals） 1. －Would you like some dumpling? －No, thanks.／Yes please. 2. I’d like porridge for breakfast. 3. It’s ／Thery’re delicious. 4. What would you like for supper? 5. －Are you ready to order? －Yes, please. I’d like……. ※谈论天气（Talking about weather） 1 －How is the weather today?／What’s the weather like today? －It’sunny rainy snowy windy. 2. －Is it snowy? －No , it’s hot today. 3. －what’s the temperature? －It’s 0 degrees. 4. －Is it rainy? －Yes, it’s rainy. 5 It’s warm and windy in spring. 6. －How’s the weather today, Steven? －It’s cold and snowy. 7.－What’s the temperature outside, Kim? －It’s minus fifteen degrees. 8.What’s the temperature today? Is it warm or hot? 9.It’s very cold\ hot today, isn’t it? 10. It ‘s a cold day! 11. what a cold day! 12. It’s getting warmer. ※谈论时间和日期（Talking about time and date） 1. －What time is it?／What’s the time? －It’s 7:00 a quarter to seven ten past seven. 2. －What day is it? －It’s Tuesday. 3. －What’s the date? －It’s October 30. ※谈论年龄（Talking about age） 1. －How old are you? What’s your age? －I’m fourteen years old. 2. She is very young. ※谈论购物（Talking about shopping ） 1.－May I help you ?／What can I do for you? －I would like／want to buy a pencil,
专业术语翻译 1.Offer 发盘enquiry 询盘counter offer 还盘 2.实际交货(physical delivery) 象征性交货(symbolic delivery) 3.原样(original sample)——留样(keep sample)、复样(duplicate sample) 4.标准样品(type sample)——参考样品（Sample for Reference） 5.对等样品（Counter Sample) 6.上好可销品质（Good Merchantable Quality, G.M.Q.）良好平均品质（Fair Average Quality, F.A.Q.） 7.溢短装条款，More or Less Clause 8.跟单信用证统一惯例600号UCP600 2010年国际贸易术语解释通则 INCOTERMS2010 9.Liner Transport 10.Voyage Charter 11.Free In and Out 12.Container Transport 13.TEU 14.FCL 15.LCL 16.CY to CY 17.Partial Shipment 18.B/L 19.Port Of Loading 20.Original B/L 21.Order B/L 22.Shipping Marks 23.Sea Waybill 24.单独海损（Particular Average）共同海损的分摊General Average 25.平安险（Free from Particular Average）水渍险（With Particular Average），一 切险（All Risk）简称“A.R”
常用英语交际：问路指路常用语 Can I help you? Could I help you? 我能帮你吗? Do you need any help? 需要协助吗? What can I do for you? Is there anything I can do for you?我能够为你做点什么? What’s wrong with you? 你怎么了? How can I go to Wal Mart. 怎么才能到沃尔玛? Where is the nearest Wal Mart? 距这里最近的沃尔玛在什么地方? You can take No.10 bus. 你能够坐10路公交车. Turn left/right. 左/右转. Go straight. 直走. You can get on here and change [ ] at International [ ]Trade Center. 从这儿上车,在国贸转车. It’s on your left/right. 在你的左/右边. It’s up the road. 顺着这条路走. Please follow me. 请跟我走. Go down this street for a while until you hit the first traffic light. 沿着这条路一直走,直到你看到第一个红绿灯. It’s on the second floor. 在二楼. This way, please. 请这边走. Show the Way 指路
Dialogue 1 A： Excuse me, could you tell where the post office is? B： Sure, if you go down this road and turn left at the second intersection [ ], you’ll see it on your right-hand side. A： Thank you so much for your assistance [ ]. B：You’re welcome. A：打扰,你能告诉我邮局在哪吗? B：好的,你沿着这条路走,在第二个十字路口左转,你能够看到它在你的右手边. A：非常感谢你的协助. B：不客气. Dialogue 2 A：Excuse me. I’m looking for the Railway Station. B：Railway Station… let me see. It’s on the corner of Bridge Street. A： Shall I take a bus? B： Sure. Walk to the corner and take No.11. Get off at the fifth stop. The Railway Station is on a short walk from there. A： Thanks a lot. B： Welcome. A：打扰,我要去火车站.
科技英语中专业术语的 翻译 集团文件版本号：（M928-T898-M248-WU2669-I2896-DQ586-M1988）
科技英语中专业术语的翻译 1.意译：根据科技术语的含义，将其翻译成汉语里和它完全对等的名词就叫意译。对单个词语来说，意译也就是直译。意译法是最常用的翻译方法，它能使读者直接了解术语的含义。例子如下： ①firewall ．．．．．．．． ：防火墙 ②data mining ．．．．．．．．．． ：数据挖掘 ③automatic program control ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． ：自动程序控制 2.形译：英语中有些科技术语的前半部分是表示该术语形象的字母或单词，翻译成汉语时可把这一部分翻译成表示具体形象的词，或保留原来的字母，这就叫形译。例子如下： I ．-．bar ．．． 工字钢、工字条；O ．-．ring ．．．． 环形圈；twist ．．．．．-．drill ．．．．．麻花钻；X ．-．Ray ．．．X 光；α．-．brass ．．．．． α黄铜[1] 3.音译：根据英语发音翻译成汉语里相应的词。科技英语中某些有专业名词构成的术语、单位名称、新型材料的名称等，在翻译时都可采用音译法。例子如下： gene ．．．． 基因；quark ．．．．． 夸克；Pentium ．．．．．．． 奔腾 celluloid ．．．．．．．．． 赛璐璐；nylon ．．．．． 尼龙 Hertz ．．．．．（Hz ）赫兹（频率单位）；lumen ．．．．．流明（光通量单位） 4.缩写词：英语首字母缩写词在科技新词中占很大比重，这类词如果译成汉语，就显得拖沓冗长，因此很多情况下干脆不翻译。例子如下： CPU ．．．：．C ．entral Processing Unit ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．(中央处理器) ASCII ．．．．．：．American S ．．．．．．．．．tandard ．．．．．．． C ．ode ．．． for ．．． I ．nformation ．．．．．．．．．． I ．nterchange ．．．．．．．．．． (美国信息交换标准码) ATM ．．．：．A ．synchronous ．．．．．．．．．．． T ．ransfer ．．．．．．． M ．ode ．．． (异步传输方式) 一些国际组织的缩写也常采用这种办法。例子如下： WTO ．．．(国际贸易组织)；UNESCO ．．．．．．(联合国教科文组织)；WHO ．．．(世界卫生组织)；IOC ．．． (国际奥委会)
日常交际用语基础单词 一、颜色（colours） 二、red红 blue蓝 yellow黄 green绿 white白 black黑 pink粉红 purple紫 orange橙 brown棕 二、交通工具 (vehicles) bike自行车 bus公共汽车 train火车 boat小船subway 地铁 ship轮船 van小货车； 三、气象（weather） cold寒冷的 warm温暖的 cool凉爽的 snowy下雪的 sunny晴朗的 hot炎热的 rainy下雨的 windy有风的 cloudy多云的 weather report天气预报 rain雨 cloud云sun太阳 mountain山 sky天空 rainbow彩虹 wind风 air空气 moon月亮 四、星期（week） Monday星期一 Tuesday星期二 Wednesday星期三 Thursday星期四 Friday星期五 Saturday星期六 Sunday星期天 weekend周末 五、月份（months） Jan. (January)一月 Feb.（February）二月 Mar.(March)三月 April四月 11
May五月 June六月 July七月 Aug.(August)八月 Sept.(September)九月 Oct.(October)十月 Nov.(November)十一月 Dec.(December)十二月 六、季节（seasons） spring春 summer夏 fall/autumn秋 winter冬 七、方位（directions） south南 north北 east东 west西 left 左边 right右边 八、患病（illness） have a fever发烧 hurt疼痛 have a cold感冒 have a toothache牙疼 have a headache头疼 have a sore throat喉咙疼 九、数词（numbers） ten十 twenty二十 thirty三十 forty四十 fifty五十 sixty六十 seventy七十eighty八十 ninety九十 hundred百 forty-two四十二 one/a hundred and thirty-six一百三十六 22
英语口语常用日常交际用语 Absolutely impossible! 绝对不可能的！ All I have to do is learn English. 我所要做的就是学英语。Are you free tomorrow? 你明天有空吗？ Are you married? 你结婚了吗？ Are you used to the food here? 你习惯吃这儿的饭菜吗？ Be careful. 小心、注意。 Be my guest. 请便、别客气。 Better late than never. 迟到总比不做好。 Better luck next time. 祝你下一次好运。 Better safe than sorry. 小心不出大错。 Can I have a day off? 我能请一天假吗？ Can I help? 要我帮忙吗？ Can I take a message? 要我传话吗？ Can I take a rain check? 你能改天再请我吗？ Can I take your order? 您要点菜吗？ Can you give me a wake-up call? 你能打电话叫醒我吗？Can you give me some feedback? 你能给我一些建议吗？Can you make it? 你能来吗？ Can I have a word with you? 我能跟你谈一谈吗？ Catch me later. 过会儿再来找我。 Cheer up! 高兴起来!振作起来! Come in and make yourself at home. 请进，别客户。 Could I have the bill, please? 请把账单给我好吗？ Could you drop me off at the airport? 你能载我到飞机场吗？Could you speak slower? 你能说得慢一点 Could you take a picture for me? 你能帮我拍照吗？ Did you enjoy your flight? 你的飞行旅途愉快吗？ Did you have a good day today? 你今天过得好吗？ Did you have a nice holiday? 你假期过得愉快吗？ Did you have fun? 你玩得开心吗？ Dinner is on me. 晚饭我请客。 Do you have a room available? 你们有空房间吗？ Do you have any hobbies? 你有什么爱好吗？ Do you have some change? 你有零钱吗？ Do you mind my smoking? 你介意我抽烟吗？ Do you often work out? 你经常锻炼身体吗？ Do you speak English? 你会说英语吗？ Dont be so modest. 别这么谦虚。 Dont bother. 不用麻烦了。 Dont get me wrong. 别误会我。 Dont give up. 别放弃。 Dont jump to conclusions. 不要急于下结论。
Between..and…在..之间 Country of origin and manufacture生产国别和制造厂商 Time of shipment装运期限 Port of shipment）装运口岸 Port of destination 到货口岸 Be liable for 对…负责 On account of由于 Attribute to 造成 Take measures采取措施 Shipping mark唛头 Gross weight毛重 Net weight净重 Do not stack up side down此端向上 Handle with care小心轻放 Keep away from moisture切勿受潮 Terms of payment付款条件 Payment by L/C信用证付款 Payment by collection信托付款 Payment by M/T信汇付款 In case of在情况下，以某种方式 Freight to collect运费到付 Insurance policy/certificate保险单/证明 War risk兵险 Breakage and leakage破碎渗漏 In the event of在发生情况下if Upon arrival of在到达之时 Invoice of quintuplicate发票5份 Packing list in duplicate装箱单2份 Certificate of quality质量证明 Technical document技术资料 Foundation drawings基础图 Wiring instructions布线说明 Terms of shipment装运条款 Shipping agent装运代理人 In the matter of如有。。if Be free from defects不存在缺陷 For a period of 2 years from the date of purchase自购买之日起两年内Warranty 保修期 Batch number批号 Forwarder 代运人 Shipment date装运日期 Design specification设计规格 Risk assessment风险评估
这里汇聚了中西医学行业的大部分英语词汇和详细解说，如果要查询相关词汇，你可以点此word 文档工具栏的“编辑”，找到“查找”，然后点开输入你要查询的词汇就可以查询了。 西医篇： 1、医院部门及科室名称 2、医务人员名称 3、诊断和治疗常用词汇 4、常见疾病名称 5、常见手术名称 6、常用药物名称 7、常用护理术语 8、常用临床医学术语 9、医疗器材 10、医学英语快速记忆－后缀 11、主要人体系统名称 12、医院类型名称 13、医学词汇 14、医学常用字首与字根 1.医院部门及科室名称 out-patient department 门诊部 In-patient department 住院部 Nursing department 护理部 Admission office 住院处 Discharge office 出院处 Registration office 挂号处 Reception room, waiting room 侯诊室 Consultation room 诊察室 Isolation room 隔离室 Delivery room 分娩室 Emergency room 急诊室 Ward 病房室 Department of internal medicine 内科 Department of surgery 外科 Department of pediatrics 儿科 Department of obstetrics and gynecology 妇科 Department of neurology 神经科 Department of ophtalmology 眼科 E.N.T.department 耳鼻喉科 Department of stomatology 口腔科 Department of urology 泌尿科 Department of orthopedic 骨科 Department of traumatology 创伤科 Department of endocrinology 内分泌科
、 小学英语日常交际用语 一、日常问候和答语 1. Hello/ Hi你好。 3. Good morning/ afternoon/evening. 早上/下午/晚上好。 4. How are you(this morning/afternoon/evening)? 你今天早晨/下午/晚上好吗？ 5. Fine, thank you/ thanks. 我很好，谢谢。 6. Not bad, thank you. 不错，谢谢。 7. How do you do? 你好。 8. Nice to meet /see you. 很高兴认识/见到你。 二、告别、祝福和答语 1. Goodbye/Bye . 再见 2. See you! (See you later!)再见，回头见。 3. Good night. 晚安。 4. Happy birthday! 生日快乐！Thank you!谢谢！ 5. Happy New Year! 新年快乐！Happy New Year!/ The same to you!(大家共同的节日) 6. Happy Children’s Day!Happy Wome n’s Day! 7.Merry Christmas! 圣诞快乐！ 三、介绍和谈论人物 1. My name is…/ I’m… 我的名字是…/ 我名叫… 2. This is Miss/ Mr/ Mrs… 这位是…小姐/先生/女士。 3. This is my friend. 这是我的朋友。
4. He/ She is …他是/她是… 四、询问 人：1)姓名 1. What’s your name, please? 你的名字是什么? My name is … 2. What’s his/her/its name? 她/他/它叫什么名字？Her/His/Its name is …2）年龄 1.How old are you? 你多大了？I’m… 2. How old is he/she/it? 她/他/它多大？She /He/ It is … 3) 生日 1．When is your /his/her birthday? It’s July 1st. 4) 出处 1. Where is/ are ….from?She is from American. 她来自美国。 2. Wh ere do/does… come from?She is from American. 她来自美国。 5) 人物 1. Who is he ? He is my brother. 他是我弟弟。 6）职业 1. What is he? He is a doctor. 他是医生。 2. What does he do? He is a doctor. 3. What’s his job?He is a doctor. 7）外貌 1. What is he like? He is short and thin. 他很矮很瘦。 8) 喜好 1. What do/does he like? He likes English. 2. Do/does …like English?Yes, he does/ No, he doesn’t. 9) 事情 1. What’s the matter with you? 你怎么啦？I have a cold.我感冒了。
英语日常交际用语 1.问候Greetings (1)Good morning(afternoon,evening)早上好(或:下午、晚上)好 Hello.你好(或:喂) Hi.你好(或:嗨) --How are you?你好吗 --Fine,thank you,and you?(very well,thank you.)好,谢谢,你也好吧?或:很好,谢谢你(2)Best wishes(regards) to sb.问候汤姆好 Please give my regards(best wishes,love) to Tom.请代我向汤姆致以问候 Please remember me to Tom.请代我向汤姆问候 Say hello to Tom.向汤姆问好 (3)Glad(Pleased) to meet you here(again).很高兴在这里(或:又)见到你 2.介绍Introductions (1)This is Mr(Mrs,Miss,Ms) Green.这位是格林先生(或:夫人、小姐、女士) This is Comrade Li Ning. 这位是李宁同志 May I introduce you to my friends?我来把您介绍给我的好朋友好吗? I'd like you to meet Mr Green.我想请您见见格林先生 (2)--How do you do?(初次见面时用)您好 --How do you do?您好 Nice(Glad,Pleased) to meet(see) you.见到您我很高兴 Nice meeting you,Mr Green.(多用于分手时)格林先生,我真高兴能认识您 (3)My name is Li Ning.我名叫李宁 I'm a teacher.我是老师 I'm Chinese.我是中国人 Excuse me,what's your (full) name,please?请问你贵姓(您尊姓大名) (4)I have often heard about you.我常常听人谈起你 I have often wanted to meet you.我一直想认识你 Excuse my introducting myself.恕我冒昧地自我介绍一下 Do you know my father?你认识我父亲吗? I don't think you have met my father.我想你还没有见过我父亲吧 Allow(let) me introduce Mr Green to you.请允许(或让)我给你介绍一下格林先生3.告别Farewells (1)I'm afraid I must be leaving(must be off,have to go) now.恐怕我得走了 I think it's time for us to leave now.我想我们该走了 It's time I met Tom(did my homework). I have to go now.(注意从句要用虚拟语气)我该去见汤姆(或:去做作业了).现在我得走了 (2)Good-bye!/Bye-bye!/Bye!再见! See you later(tomorrow).回头见(或:明天见)
商务英语翻译之词汇翻译 I.词义的选择 （一）根据汉语的表达习惯确定词义 1. a low figure 小数目 2. workers on low incomes 低收入工人 3. The simplest way to succeed in business is to buy low and sell high. 生意成功最简单的途径就是贱买贵卖。 4. The value of the pound has fallen to a new low against the dollar. 英镑兑换美元的比值已跌到新的（最）低点。 5.We sell cheap quality goods. 我们销售物美价廉商品。 6.We have made you an offer at a very competitive price. 我方已按很低的价格向贵方报盘。 7.You will find our prices for these goods very popular. 贵方将会看出我方此批货物的价格是很便宜的。 （一）根据汉语的表达习惯确定词义 1.Please make us your lowest quotation for bikes. 请报自行车最低价。 2.If you feel interested in our business proposal, please send us the samples together with your best terms and conditions. 如对我方业务建议有兴趣，请寄样品，并告最惠条款。 3.As we have quoted you our rock-bottom price, we can’t give you any more discount. 如对我方业务建议有兴趣，请寄样品，并告最惠条款。 （二）根据词性确定词义 1. He gets a 10% commission on everything he sells. 他每卖一件商品得百分之十的佣金。 2. Party B is commissioned by the manufacturers to buy steel plates. 乙方受制造厂家的委托购买钢板。
ＰCＢ专业术语（英语） PCＢｐrｉnted circuiｔbｏard 印刷电路板,指空得线路板 PＣBA printｅd cirｃuｉt boａrｄaｓsｅｍbly印刷电路板组件,指完成元件焊接得线路板组件 PＷA PrintｅdＷiｒe Ａssembly, Apeｒturｅlist Editｏr:光圈表编辑器。 Ａpeｒturｅlisｔwiｎdoｗs：光圈表窗口. Anｎulａr ring：焊环。 Ａrｒay：拼版或陈列. Acｉd trip：蚀刻死角。 Asseｍｂy：安装. Ｂare Ｂxneｌ：光板，未进行插件工序得ＰCB板。 Bad Badｓize：工作台,工作台有效尺寸. BlinｄBuｒiｅd viａ：盲孔，埋孔。 Chamfｅｒ:倒角。 Ciｒcｕｉt：线路。 Ｃｉrcuiｔｌａyer：线路层。 Claｍshｅll tester：双面测试机. Cｏoｒｄinatｅs Ａrea：坐标区域. Cｏpy—pｒotect key：软件狗。 Ｃｏｕｔoｕｒ：轮廓。 Drａｗ：一种圆形得光圈,但只就是用于创建线路，不用于创建焊盘。 Drill Ｒack：铅头表。 Drill Ｒack Eｄitor：铅头表编辑器。 DrｉlｌRaｃｋwindｏｗ：铅头表窗口。 DＣode:Ｇerber格式中用不着于表达光圈得代码。 Ｄoublｅ—siｄｅd Biarｄ：双面板。 Eｎｄof Bｌock charaｃtｅr（EOＢ）:块结束符。 Eｘｔract Nｅｔliｓt：提取网络. Firdａcｉal:对位标记. Flash：焊盘，来源于早期矢量光绘机，在矢量光绘机中,焊盘就是光通过光圈“闪出”（Fla ｓｈ)而形成得。 Gerber Daｔa：从ＰＣＢCAＤ系统到PCB生产过程中最常用得数据格式. Griｄ:栅格。 ＧraphicａｌEdｉｔor：图形编辑器. Incrementａl Ｄaｔa：增量数据。 Lanｄ：接地层。 Layer list ｗiｎdoｗ：层列表窗口. Lａyer seｔup Arｅａ：层设置窗口. Multilａyｅr Boaｒd：多层板。 Neｔs:网络。 NeｔEｎd:网络端点。 Nｅt Liｓｔ：网络表。 Pａd：焊盘。 Pad shａving：焊盘缩小。