本科毕业生外文文献翻译
学生姓名：史衍彬
指导教师：荣丽红
所在学院：信息技术学院
专
农业电气化与自动化
业
黑龍X八一農望大尋
中国?大庆
2010年4 月
SCM profile
In troduct ion of Programmable con trollers
From a simple heritage, these remarkable systems have evolved to not only replace electromecha nical devices, but to solve an ever- in creas ing array of con trol problems in both process and non process in dustries. By all in dicati ons, these microprocessor powered gia nts will continue to break new ground in the automated factory into the 1990s.
HISTORY
In the 1960s, electromecha ni cal devices were the order of the day ass far as con trol was concern ed. These devices, com monly known as relays, were being used by the thousa nds to con trol many seque ntial-type manu facturi ng processes and sta nd-al ong mach in es. Many of these relays were in use in the transportation industry, more specifically, the automotive in dustry. These relays used hun dreds of wires and their in terc onnections to effect a con trol soluti on. The performa nee of a relay was basically reliable - at least as a sin gle device. But the com mon applicati ons for relay pan els called for 300 to 500 or more relays, and the reliability and maintenance issues associated with support ing these pan els became a very great challe nge. Cost became ano ther issue, for in spite of the low cost of the relay itself, the in stalled cost of the panel could be quite high. The total cost in clud ing purchased parts, wiring, and installation labor, could range from $30~$50 per relay. To make matters worse, the con sta ntly cha nging n eeds of a process called for recurri ng modificati ons of a con trol pan el. With relays, this was a costly prospect, as it was accomplished by a major rewiri ng effort on the pan el. I n additi on these cha nges were sometimes poorly docume nted, caus ing a sec on d-shift maintenance ni ghtmare mon ths later. I n light of this, it was not un com mon to discard an entire control panel in favor of a new one with the appropriate components wired in a manner suited for the new process. Add to this the un predictable, and pote ntially high, cost of maintaining these systems as on high-volume motor vehicle product ion lin es, and it became clear that somethi ng was n eeded to improve the con trol process -to make it more reliable, easier to troubleshoot, and more adaptable to cha nging con trol n eeds.
That someth in g, in the late 1960s, was the first programmable con troller. This first
‘ revoluti onary ' system wan developed as a specific resp onse to the n eeds of the major automotive manufacturers in the Un ited States. These early con trollers, or programmable logic controllers (PLC), represented the first systems that 1 could be used on the factory floor, 2 could have there 'logic ' changed without extensive rewiring or component changes, and 3 were easy to diag nose and repair whe n problems occurred.
It is in teresti ng to observe the progress that has bee n made in the past 15 years in the programmable con troller area. The pion eer products of the late 1960s must have bee n confusing and frighte ning to a great nu mber of people. For example, what happe ned to the hardwired and electromecha ni cal devices that maintenance pers onnel were used to repairing with hand tools? They were replaced with ' computers ' disguised as electronics
desig ned to replace relays. Even the program ming tools were desig ned to appear as relay
equivale nt prese ntati ons. We have the opport un ity now to exam ine the promise, in retrospect, that the programmable con troller brought to manu facturi ng.
'll All programmable con trollers con sist of the basic functional bl ocks show n in Fig. 10. 1. We
exam ine each block to un dersta nd the relati on ship to the con trol system. First we look at the center, as it is the heart ( or at least the brain ) of the system. It consists of a microprocessor, logic memory for the storage of the actual con trol logic, storage or variable memory for use with data that will ordinarily change as a function power for the processor and memory. Next comes the I/O block. This fun ctio n takes the con trol level sig nals for the CPU and con verts them to voltage and curre nt levels suitable for connection with factory grade sen sors and actuators. The I/O type can range from digital (discrete or on / off), an alog (con ti nu ously variable), or a variety of special purpose ‘ smart ' I/O which are dedicaeetdito a c
applicati on task. The programmer is show n here, but it is no rmally used only to in itially con figure and program a system and is not required for the system to operate. It is also used in troubleshooti ng a system, and can prove to be a valuable tool in pinpoin ti ng the exact cause of a problem. The field devices show n here represe nt the various sen sors and actuators conn ected to the I/O. These are the arms, legs, eyes, and ears of the system, in cludi ng push butt on s, limit switches, proximity switches, photose nsors, thermocouples, RTDS, positi on sensing devices, and bar code reader as in put; and pilot lights, display devices, motor starters, DC and AC drives, sole no ids, and prin ters as outputs.
No sin gle attempt could cover its rapidly cha nging scope, but three basic characteristics can be exam ined to give classify an in dustrial con trol device as a programmable con troller.
(1) Its basic in ternal operati on is to solve logic from the begi nning of memory to some specified point, such as end of memory or end of program. Once the end is reached, the operati on begi ns aga in at the begi nning of memory. This sca nning process con ti nues from the time power is supplied to the time it it removed.
(2) The program ming logic is a form of a relay ladder diagram. Normally ope n, no rmally closed con tacts, and relay coils are used within a format utilizi ng a left and a right vertical rail. Power flow (symbolic positive electro n flow) is used to determ ine which coil or outputs are en ergized or dee nergized.
(3) The mach ine is desig ned for the in dustrial environment from its basic con cept; this protect ion is not added at a later date. The in dustrial environment in cludes un reliable AC power, high temperatures (0 to 60 degree Celsius), extremes of humidity, vibrations, RF no ise, and other similar parameters.
Gen eral applicati on areas
The programmable controller is used in a wide variety of control applications today, many of which were not econo mically possible just a few years ago. This is true for two gen eral reas ons: 1 there cost effect iven ess (that is, the cost per I/O point) has improved dramatically with the falling prices of microprocessors and related components, and 2 the ability of the con troller to solve complex computati on and com muni cati on tasks has made it possible to use it where a dedicated computer was previously used.
Applicati ons for programmable con trollers can be categorized in a nu mber of differe nt ways, in cludi ng gen eral and in dustrial applicatio n categories. But it is importa nt to un dersta nd the framework in which controllers are presently understood and used so that the full scope of prese nt and future evolutio n can be exam in ed. It is through the power of applicati ons that controllers can be seen in their full light. Industrial applications include many in both discrete manu facturi ng and process in dustries. Automotive in dustry applicati ons, the gen esis of the programmable con troller, continue to provide the largest base of opport uni ty. Other industries, such as food processing and utilities, provide current development opportunities. There are five gen eral applicati on areas in which programmable con trollers are used. A typical installation
will use one or more of these integrated to the control system problem. The five gen eral areas are expla ined briefly below.
Descriptio n
The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performa nee CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manu factured using Atmel ' s higtle nsity non volatile memory tech no logy and is compatible with the in dustry-sta ndard MCS-51 in struct ion set and pino ut. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conven ti onal non volatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective soluti on to many embedded con trol applicati ons.
Function characteristic
The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lin es, two 16-bit timer/co un ters, a five vector two-level in terrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry .In additi on, the AT89C51 is desig ned with static logic for operati on dow n to zero freque ncy and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and in terrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-dow n Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabli ng all other chip functions un til the next hardware reset.
Pin Description
VCC : Supply voltage.
GND : Ground.
Port 0 :
Port 0 is an 8-bit ope n-drain bi-direct ional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL in puts. When 1s are writte n to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as highimpeda nce in puts.Port 0 may also be con figured to be the multiplexed loworder address/data bus duri ng accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pullups.Port 0 also receives the code bytes duri ng Flash program min g,a nd outputs the code bytes duri ng programverificati on. Exter nal pullups are required duri ng programverificati on.
Port 1 Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-direct ional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as in puts. As in puts,Port 1 pins that are exter nally being pulled low will source curre nt (IIL) because of the internal pullups.Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes duri ng Flash program ming and verificati on.
Port 2
Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-direct ional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as in puts. As in puts,Port 2 pins that are exter nally being pulled low will source curre nt, because of the internal pullups.Port 2 emits the high-order address byte duri ng fetches from exter nal program memory and duri ng accesses to exter nal data memory that use 16-bit addresses. In this applicati on, it uses strong internal pullupswhen emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses, Port 2
emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register.Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification. Port 3
Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-direct ional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as in puts. As in puts,Port 3 pins that are exter nally being pulled low will source curre nt (IIL) because of the pullups.Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51 as listed below:
Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.
RST
Reset in put. A high on this pin for two mach ine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. ALE/PROG
Address Latch En able output pulse for latch ing the low byte of the address duri ng accesses to exter nal memory. This pin is also the program pulse in put (PROG) duri ng Flash programming.ln normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped duri ng each access to exter nal Data Memory.
If desired, ALE operatio n can be disabled by sett ing bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external executi on mode.
PSEN
Program Store En able is the read strobe to exter nal program memory.Whe n the AT89C51 is executi ng code from exter nal program memory, PSEN is activated twice each mach ine cycle, except that two PSEN activati ons are skipped duri ng each access to exter nal data memory.
EA/VPP
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from exter nal program memory locati ons start ing at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset.EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executio ns.This pin also receives the 12-volt program ming en able voltage(VPP) duri ng Flash program ming, for parts that require12-volt VPP.
XTAL1
In put to the inverting oscillator amplifier and in put to the internal clock operati ng circuit. XTAL2
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
Oscillator Characteristics
XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the in put and output, respectively,of an in vert ing amplifier which can be con figured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as show n in Figure 1.Either a quartz crystal or ceramic reson ator may be used. To drive the device from an exter nal clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconn ected while XTAL1 is drive n as show n in Figure 2.There are no requireme nts on the duty cycle of the external clock sig nal, si nce the in put to the in ternal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum
and maximum voltage high and low time specificati ons must be observed.
Figure 1. Oscillator Connections Figure 2. External Clock Drive Configuration
Idle Mode
In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the on chip peripherals rema in active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions registers rema in un cha nged duri ng this mode. The idle mode can be term in ated by any en abled in terrupt or by a hardware reset.It should be no ted that whe n idle is term in ated by a hard ware reset, the device no rmally resumes program executi on,from where it left off, up to two mach ine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes con trol. On-chip hardware in hibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins is not in hibited. To elim in ate the possibility of an un expected write to a port pin whe n Idle is term in ated by reset, the in struct ion follow ing the one that in vokes Idle should not be one that writes to a port pin or to exter nal memory.
Power-dow n Mode
In the power-dow n mode, the oscillator is stopped, and the in struct ion that in vokes power-dow n is the last in structi on executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Fun cti on Registers retain their values until the power-down mode is terminated. The only exit from power-dow n is a hardware reset. Reset redefi nes the SFRs but does not cha nge the on-chip RAM. The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its no rmal operat ing level and must be held active long eno ugh to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize.
Program Memory Lock Bits
On the chip are three lock bits which can be left unprogrammed (U) or can be programmed (P) to obta in the additi onal features listed in the table below.
When lock bit 1 is programmed, the logic level at the EA pin is sampled and latched duri ng reset. If the device is powered up without a reset, the latch in itializes to a ran dom value, and holds that value un til reset is activated. It is n ecessary that the latched value of EA be in agreement with the current logic level at that pin in order for the device to function properly
单片机简介
从一个简单的遗产，这些了不起的系统已进化到不仅替代机电设备，但解决日益增加的数组的控制过程，通过所有的迹象，这些微处理器供电的巨人将继续有新局面,到20世纪90年代的自动化工厂。
历史
在20世纪60年代,机电设备是驴子到控制有关。这些设备,俗称继电器,被用于成千上万的生产工艺及控制机器。许多这些继电器被用于运输产业，更确切地说，是汽车工业。这些继电器使用成百上千的电线和连接到一个控制方案效果。公司业绩传递基本上是可靠的，至少是一个单一的设备。但是普通申请继电器面板呼吁的3到5倍或更多的可靠性和继电器和维护相关的问题和支持这些面板变得非常大的挑战。成为一个问题，对成本的低成本的传递本身，安装成本的面板可能相当高。总成本包括采购零部件、配线和安装的劳动，可以从$ 30 ~ 50美元的传递。更糟的是,这个不断变化的需求，这个过程叫做复发的控制面板修改。用继电器，这是一个昂贵的前景，因为它是由一个重大重组努力在面板上。此外，这些变化引起了记录。然而,对此，它是不常见到报废整个控制面板中有适当的元件接线方式适合于新工艺。如果再加上不可预知的，和潜在的高、成本高维持这些系统在汽车生产线，显然是需要改进的控制过程，使它更可靠、更容易解决，更加适应变化控制的需要。
那东西,在20世纪60年代后期，是第一个可编程控制器。这首“革命”系统研制出作为一种具体的主要汽车制造商在美国。这些早期的控制器，或可编程逻辑控制器（PLC）,代表了第一个系统，可被用于工厂、2个可能的逻辑的改变而改变，重组或组件广泛，三是容易诊断和维修时出现的问题。
有趣的是观察已经取得了进步，在过去的15年的可编程控制器。在20世纪60 年代末先锋的产品一定是很可怕的混乱，大量的人。例如，发生了什么事，既和机电设备维修人员被用来修复与手工具吗？他们用的电脑被伪装成电子设计来取代继电器。即使编程工具是用来出现如继电器等效演示。我们有机会去检查的承诺，现在回想起来,这可编程控制器带到制造。
所有的可编程控制器的基本功能块组成。我们将检查每个街区去理解的控制系统之间的关系。我们先看看中心，因为它是心（或至少是大脑）系统。它由微处理器、
逻辑记忆存放实际控制逻辑、储存或变量内存使用数据通常改变为一个函数权力的处理器和记忆。接下来的I / 0块。这个函数采取控制信号给CPU和转换成电压和电流的水平与工厂级适合感应器与驱动器。I / 0 型的范围可以从数字（离散或开/ 关），模拟（连续变量）,或者其他各种特殊用途的聪明的I / 0 专门某个特定应用的任务。程序员图示，但是它通常用于系统配置和程序开始，不是所需的操作系统。它也被用于故障诊断系统，并不能证明是一个有用的工具在找到确切的原因，有问题。这里显示装置的现场代表不同的传感器与执行器连接到I / 0。这些是胳膊、腿、
眼睛、耳朵的系统，包括按钮、开关、接近开关、热电偶、功率、位置传感装置、条形码阅读器作为输入，飞行员灯，显示设备、电机起动器、直流和交流驱动、螺线管、打印机作为输出。
没有一种单一的企图可能包括它的快速变化的范围，但可分为三种基本特征进行分类，由工业控制设备提供作为一种可编程控制器。
（1）,其基本的内部运作是解决逻辑从一开始的记忆，比如一些特定点的记忆和结束的程序。一旦结束时，这个操作将再一次开始之初的记忆。该扫描过程持续时间从电力供应到它把它除掉。
文献信息： 文献标题：The Existing Approaches to Sexuality Education Targeting Children: A Review Article（针对儿童的性教育的现有方法：综述文章）国外作者：Ganji J, Emamian M H, Maasoumi R, et al 文献出处：《Iranian Journal of Public Health》,2017 , 46 (7) :890-898 字数统计：英文2177单词，12737字符；中文3949汉字 外文文献： The Existing Approaches to Sexuality Education Targeting Children: A Review Article Abstract Background:We aimed to assess what is already known about sexuality education (SE)-related policy or practical issues using review methods to search and critically appraise the existing SE approaches targeting children under age 12 yr. Methods: We completed the data collection by an extensive search of the English and Persian published and unpublished literature, evidence from experts in the topic, and by searching citations. The MeSH-terms were sexuality and training, sexuality education and programs or approaches, sexuality and children, sexuality education and parents, sex or sexuality education, sex education and parents or caregivers. A systematic search of medical and health-related databases, the Cochrane Library and Web of Science was undertaken for the years 1970–2015 together with citation searching, reference list checking and recommendations from stakeholders to identify evidence for SE. Results: According to the inclusion criteria, 20 documents were identified. They were synthesized into three main categories as sexuality-related knowledge, attitudes, and parents' skills to manage children's sexual behavior and related education. Employed approaches to children's sexuality were reported to be effective in
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
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数据库管理系统的介绍 Raghu Ramakrishnan1 数据库（database,有时拼作data base）又称为电子数据库，是专门组织起来的一组数据或信息，其目的是为了便于计算机快速查询及检索。数据库的结构是专门设计的，在各种数据处理操作命令的支持下，可以简化数据的存储，检索，修改和删除。数据库可以存储在磁盘，磁带，光盘或其他辅助存储设备上。 数据库由一个或一套文件组成，其中的信息可以分解为记录，每一记录又包含一个或多个字段（或称为域）。字段是数据存取的基本单位。数据库用于描述实体，其中的一个字段通常表示与实体的某一属性相关的信息。通过关键字以及各种分类（排序）命令，用户可以对多条记录的字段进行查询，重新整理，分组或选择，以实体对某一类数据的检索，也可以生成报表。 所有数据库（最简单的除外）中都有复杂的数据关系及其链接。处理与创建，访问以及维护数据库记录有关的复杂任务的系统软件包叫做数据库管理系统（DBMS）。DBMS软件包中的程序在数据库与其用户间建立接口。（这些用户可以是应用程序员，管理员及其他需要信息的人员和各种操作系统程序）。 DBMS可组织，处理和表示从数据库中选出的数据元。该功能使决策者能搜索，探查和查询数据库的内容，从而对在正规报告中没有的，不再出现的且无法预料的问题做出回答。这些问题最初可能是模糊的并且（或者）是定义不恰当的，但是人们可以浏览数据库直到获得所需的信息。简言之，DBMS将“管理”存储的数据项，并从公共数据库中汇集所需的数据项以回答非程序员的询问。 DBMS由3个主要部分组成：（1）存储子系统，用来存储和检索文件中的数据；（2）建模和操作子系统，提供组织数据以及添加，删除，维护，更新数据的方法；（3）用户和DBMS之间的接口。在提高数据库管理系统的价值和有效性方面正在展现以下一些重要发展趋势； 1.管理人员需要最新的信息以做出有效的决策。 2.客户需要越来越复杂的信息服务以及更多的有关其订单，发票和账号的当前信息。 3.用户发现他们可以使用传统的程序设计语言，在很短的一段时间内用数据1Database Management Systems( 3th Edition ),Wiley ,2004, 5-12
软件工程专业BIOS资料外文翻译文献 What is the Basic Input Output System (BIOS)? BIOS is an acronym for Basic Input Output System. It is the program that stores configuration details about your computer hardware and enables your computer to boot up. Every time your computer is switched on the BIOS loads configuration data into main memory, performs a routine diagnostic test on your hardware, then loads the operating system. The BIOS resides in a ROM (Read-Only memory) chip, which is mounted on the motherboard, usually in a socket so it is removable. To the right is an example of what a BIOS chip may look like in your motherboard. This is a PLCC 32 pin type BIOS chip. It is a very common type. Every computer has BIOS. There are many types but the most common type of BIOS 's come from: AMI, Award and Phoenix. Motherboard manufacturers buy or lease the BIOS source code from these companies. The BIOS tells the operating system in your computer how to boot up, where to load everything, what to load, what memory and CPU are present and much more. A good comparison to further understand the
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
管理信息系统外文翻译-标准化文件发布号：（9456-EUATWK-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DDQTY-KII
英文文献翻译 二〇年月日
科技文章摘译 Definition of a Management Information System There is no consensus of the definition of the term "management information system". Some writers prefer alternative terminology such as "information processing system", "information and decision system", "organizational information system", or simply "information system" to refer to the computer-based information processing system which supports the operations, management, and decision-making functions of an organization. This text uses “MIS” because it is descriptive and generally understood; it also frequently uses “information system” instead of “MIS” to refer to an organizational information system. A definition of a management information system, as the term is generally understood, is an integrated, user-machine system for providing information to support operations, management, and decision-making functions in an organization. The system utilizes computer hardware and software; manual procedures; models for analysis planning, control and decision making; and a database. The fact that it is an integrated system does not mean that it is a single, monolithic structure; rather, it means that the parts fit into an overall design. The elements of the definition are highlighted below. 1 Computer-based user-machine system Conceptually, management information can exist without computer, but it is the power of the computer which makes MIS feasible. The question is not whether computers should be used in management information system, but the extent to which information use should be computerized. The concept of a user-machine system implies that some tasks are best performed by humans, while others are best done by machine. The user of an MIS is any person responsible for entering input data, instructing the system, or utilizing the information output of the system. For many problems, the user and the computer form a combined system with results obtained through a set of interactions between the computer and the user. User-machine interaction is facilitated by operation in which the user’s input-output device (usually a visual display terminal) is connected to the computer. The computer can be a personal computer serving only one user or a large computer that
中英文对照外文翻译 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) Application Fundamentals Android applications are written in the Java programming language. The compiled Java code — along with any data and resource files required by the application — is bundled by the aapt tool into an Android package, an archive file marked by an .apk suffix. This file is the vehicle for distributing the application and installing it on mobile devices; it's the file users download to their devices. All the code in a single .apk file is considered to be one application. In many ways, each Android application lives in its own world: 1. By default, every application runs in its own Linux process. Android starts the process when any of the application's code needs to be executed, and shuts down the process when it's no longer needed and system resources are required by other applications. 2. Each process has its own virtual machine (VM), so application code runs in isolation from the code of all other applications. 3. By default, each application is assigned a unique Linux user ID. Permissions are set so that the application's files are visible only to that user and only to the application itself — although there are ways to export them to other applications as well. It's possible to arrange for two applications to share the same user ID, in which case they will be able to see each other's files. To conserve system resources, applications with the same ID can also arrange to run in the same Linux process, sharing the same
本科毕业设计 外文文献及译文 文献、资料题目：Designing Against Fire Of Building 文献、资料来源：国道数据库 文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2008.3.25 院（部）：土木工程学院 专业：土木工程 班级：土木辅修091 姓名：武建伟 学号：2008121008 指导教师：周学军、李相云 翻译日期： 20012.6.1
外文文献: Designing Against Fire Of Buliding John Lynch ABSTRACT: This paper considers the design of buildings for fire safety. It is found that fire and the associ- ated effects on buildings is significantly different to other forms of loading such as gravity live loads, wind and earthquakes and their respective effects on the building structure. Fire events are derived from the human activities within buildings or from the malfunction of mechanical and electrical equipment provided within buildings to achieve a serviceable environment. It is therefore possible to directly influence the rate of fire starts within buildings by changing human behaviour, improved maintenance and improved design of mechanical and electrical systems. Furthermore, should a fire develops, it is possible to directly influence the resulting fire severity by the incorporation of fire safety systems such as sprinklers and to provide measures within the building to enable safer egress from the building. The ability to influence the rate of fire starts and the resulting fire severity is unique to the consideration of fire within buildings since other loads such as wind and earthquakes are directly a function of nature. The possible approaches for designing a building for fire safety are presented using an example of a multi-storey building constructed over a railway line. The design of both the transfer structure supporting the building over the railway and the levels above the transfer structure are considered in the context of current regulatory requirements. The principles and assumptions associ- ated with various approaches are discussed. 1 INTRODUCTION Other papers presented in this series consider the design of buildings for gravity loads, wind and earthquakes.The design of buildings against such load effects is to a large extent covered by engineering based standards referenced by the building regulations. This is not the case, to nearly the same extent, in the
《文献检索》课程教学设计 目录 绪论：文献（信息）检索的意义及基础 (2) 项目一科技文献检索方法和图书馆的科学利用 (8) 项目二常见化学化工科技论文的写作 (11) 项目三美国化学文摘的使用 (14) 项目四专利文献的查询 (17) 项目五标准文献的查询 (20) 项目六计算机信息检索的应用 (23) 项目七信息检索策略综合应用训练 (26)
徐州工业职业技术学院教学设计（讲稿）
教学内容与设计 绪论：文献（信息）检索的意义及基础 自我介绍 提问一：你会检索吗？ 如果会，那么会用检索以下毕业专题的相关资料吗？ ?杜仲叶中绿原酸的提取分离 ?有机废水处理工艺设计 ?蚕丝蛋白制备工艺研究 ?铁矿石含铁量测定方法新工艺 ?基因工程干扰素生产工艺研究 提问的目的：突出检索技术直接是为毕业专题服务，这是一门技术。提问二：信息检索课是什么？ 学生如是说： 文献检索课程是井底之蛙的升降机，是雄鹰的翅膀，是横跨天堑的桥梁。 针对某一课题，通过电子检索查阅有关资料，才知道知识的浩瀚，才知道世界的宽广，才知道“山外青山，楼外楼”。 它是我在大学期间所学的最重要，最有用的课程之一，有了它，我们将会受益终生。教会我们一种方法，一种主动 了解外界，提高自己，放眼世界的方法。 检索不仅是我们学习的制胜法宝，更是一条贯穿我们生活的红线。正因为有了这门课的学习，现在大脑的检索意识 就比较强烈，越搜越快！前几天，问同学借自行车，他告 诉我车子大致地点，是永久牌，有车栏，略有一点蓝。到 了现场，脑海中一下就有了先找有栏的，再找蓝颜色的， 最后确定是不是永久的，很快就找到了。 我爱检索，就像爱自己的生命一样。 最后我想说，我们是幸运的！我们学到了一门真正有用的课，它对我的影响和帮助将是伴随我一身的。 提问三：借鉴与创新的关系？ 科学研究是“站在前人肩膀上”的事业，而创新又是科学研究的灵魂，即要求“前无古人”。 时间分配 2min 引导学生回答 8min 10min 通过往届学生对信息检索课的评价能够激起学生学习这门课的兴趣，也可以突出这门课对个人的作用。 10min 通过提问让学生
外文文献及其翻译电子政务信息 1.政府信息化的含义？ 政府信息化是指：政府有效利用现代信息和通信技术，通过不同的信息服务设施，对政府的业务流程、组织结构、人员素质等诸方面进行优化、改造的过程。 2.广义和狭义的电子政务的定义？ 广义的电子政务是指：运用信息技术和通信技术实现党委、人大、政协、政府、司法机关、军队系统和企事业单位的行政管理活动。（电子党务、电子人大、电子政协） 狭义的电子政务是指：政府在其管理和服务职能中运用现代信息和通信技术，实现政府组织结构和工作流程的重组优化，超越时间、空间和部门分隔的制约，全方位的向社会提供优质规范、透明的服务，是政府管理手段的变革。 3.电子政务的组成部分？ ①：政府部门内部办公职能的电子化和网络化； ②：政府职能部门之间通过计算机网络实现有权限的实时互通的信息共享； ③：政府部门通过网络与公众和企业间开展双向的信息交流与策； 4．理解电子政务的发展动力？ ①：信息技术的快速发展； ②：政府自身改革与发展的需要； ③：信息化、民主化的社会需求的推动； 5.电子政务的应用模式？
模式有：1.政府对公务员的电子政务（G2E）； 2.政府间的电子政务（G2G）； 3.政府对企业的电子政务（G2B）； 4.政府对公众的电子政务（G2C）； 6.电子政务的功能？ ①：提高工作效率，降低办公成本； ②：加快部门整合，堵塞监管漏洞； ③：提高服务水平，便于公众的监督； ④：带动社会信息化发展； 7.我国电子政务发展存在的主要问题？ ①：政府公务员与社会公众对电子政务的认识不足； ②：电子政务发展缺乏整体规划和统一性标准； ③：电子政务管理体制改革远未到位； ④：电子政务整体应用水平还较低； ⑤：政府公务员的素质有待提高； ⑥：电子政务立法滞后； ⑦：对电子政务安全问题缺乏正确认识； 8.政府创新的含义和内容？ 含义：是指各级政府为适应公共管理与行政环境的需要，与时俱进的转变观念与职能，探索新的行政方法与途径，形成新的组织结
附录 Software Engineering-A PRACTITIONER’S APPROACH Written by Roger S. Pressman, Ph.D. （P.340-P.343） 13.3DESIGN PRINCIPLES Software design is both a process and a model. The design process is a sequence ofsteps that enable the designer to describe all aspects of the software to be built. It is important to note, however, that the design process is not simply a cookbook. Creative skill, past experience, a sense of what makes “good” software, and an overallcommitment to quality are critical success factors for a competent design. The design model is the equivalent of an architect’s plans for a house. It begins by representing the totality of the thing to be built (e.g., a three-dimensional renderingof the house) and slowly refines the thing to provide guidance for constructing eachdetail (e.g., the plumbing layout). Similarly, the design model that is created for softwareprovides a variety of different views of the computer software. Basic design principles enable the software engineer to navigate the design process.Davis suggests a setof principles for software design, which have beenadapted and extended in the following list: ? The design process should not suffer from “tunnel vision.” A gooddesigner should consider alternative approaches, judging each based on therequirements of the the resources available to do the job, and thedesign concepts presented in Section ? The design should be traceable to the analysis model. Because a singleelement of the design model often traces to multiple requirements, it is necessaryto have a means for tracking how requirements have been satisfied bythe design model. ? The design should not reinvent the wheel. Systems are constructed usinga set of design patterns, many of which have likely been encountered before.These patterns should always be chosen as an alternative to reinvention.Time is short and resources are limited! Design time should be invested inrepresenting truly new ideas and integrating those patterns that already exist. ? The design should “minimize the intellectual distance” between the software and the problem as it exists in the real world.That is, the structure of the software design should (whenever possible)mimic the structure of the problem domain.
（ 二 〇 一 二 年 六 月 外文文献及翻译 题 目： About Buiding on the Structure Design 学生姓名： 学 院：土木工程学院 系 别：建筑工程系 专 业：土木工程(建筑工程方向) 班 级：土木08-4班 指导教师：
英文原文： Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processing Abstract The crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure. Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processing Foreword Concrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the