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外文出处： Madiha shah procedia-social and
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附件1：外文资料翻译译文
管理信息系统(MIS)对学校的影响
-----文献报告
Madiha Shah Malaysia. Malaya大学马来西亚摘要
鉴于其快捷和有效性,教育管理信息技术的使用已迅速增加。
在其发展的初始阶段,管理信息系统(MIS)的主要目的和使用是改善学校办公室活动的效率。它是用于存储的学生和全体职工的数据。最重要的的是重要数据录入和整理,而不是在数据传输或分析。管理信息的价值当时被人们公认。
在集成阶段，全盘回顾文献，其强调积极影响学校管理和管理信息系统管理,包括更好的可访问性信息,更有效的管理,学校资源更高的利用率同时也减少了工作量,更好的时间管理,提高报告的质量。对于信息管理系统，大量的抑制剂的使用在文献中很明显,其中最重要的是缺乏时间,缺乏信心或能力,缺乏培训,缺乏高层管理人员的支持,缺乏技术支持等。管理信息系统可以提供所需的信息通知计划、决策和评估方面相关的管理员和教师。管理信息系统改变了学校管理领域的领导、决策、工作负载、人力资源管理、沟通、责任,规划等方方面面。这些系统可以帮助学校管理者在决定学校的目标,制定战略计划,分配资源,评估员工的绩效以及组织时更加顺利。
关键词: 管理信息系统、MIS 、学校管理、学校管理。
1、介绍
电脑被视为有潜力在教学、学习和学校的管理方面做出重大的贡献。信息和介绍通信技术(ICT)进入到学校包括硬件、软件、网络和员工发展的广泛的投资被认为是值得的前提。如果有证据表明,它使在学校的表现和产生相应的影响有效性(Condie et al .,2007)真实存在。利用信息技术在教育管理就会由于其效率和迅速增加有效性。学校管理人员花大量的时间用于解决复杂的分配问题(如人员分配、资源分配、时间安排)和监控学校的操作已经有了更好的选择旨运用发展该技术。
信息技术促进工作任务和他们的权力下放从而协调一个交互式实时通信网络。他们追求做的更好。
管理信息系统(MIS)正在使用由学校支持的一系列管理活动包括考勤监控、评估记录、报告、财务管理、资源和人员分配。管理信息系统为管理人员提供管理组织效率和所需的有效信息。这些系统有别于其他信息系统,因为它们被设计成用来分析和促进组织战略与经营活动。沃森描述了管理信息系统(MIS)是“一个组织提供的方法过去、现在和预测信息与内部业务和外部相关情报。它支持一个有组织的计划、控制和操作功能从而提供统一的信息在合适的时间框架来帮助决策者”。Telem(1999)定义了管理信息系统MIS的设计匹配的结构、管理任务,教学过程和特殊需要的学校”。brien(1999)称MIS为“一个学期的学科重点与目标和计算机系统的集成一个组织的目标”。基于上述定义,管理信息系统是指一个系统, 在运营中使用所需的信息组织各级的管理,战术和战略决策。它的主要目的是设计和实施程序、流程和系统,提供一个精确的合适的详细报告。管理信息系统在决策领域中起到了至关重要的作用,因为它可以监控系统本身的干扰,确定行动,采取行动去控制的系统。这也是在非程序有关的决定,因为它提供了支持通过提供信息搜索、分析、评估和选择和实施决策的过程。这些系统有能力提供其用户信息处理、分析模型、实时更新和协助他们的决定——假设的场景制作过程。本文将叙述的研究调查了在学校管理和管理信息系统的影响。其中的一些研究也强调了因素阻碍管理信息系统在学校的使用管理。
2、文献综述
最初始的学校管理计算机应用于1970年代末并且开始发展。在80年代初期,一些宽松的集成开发。但这些文书和行政应用程序管理支持的可能性无法分析数据之间的关系(维斯,1996a)。在初始阶段的主要目的是提高软件开发和使用学校办公室开展活动的效率。电脑的使用和技术主要在教育机构学生和人员数据存储(Carnoy,2004)。因此,许多项目在许多发达国家,是由政府发起的，提供相应激励使之进入一个更高的发展阶段。这些项目是为了制造更好的学校信息系统，这意味着增加学校的时效性。此时系统设计方法并不是普遍(维斯,1996)。在1990年代,着重使用ICT收集教育数据和改进教育管理系统在发展中国家的使用开始增加。维斯(1996)认为,管理信息系统可以为管理员和教师提供所需的信息帮助做出明智的
规划、决策和评估。Gurr(2000)声称,管理信息系统改变了学校管理领域的领导、决策、工作负载、人力资源管理、沟通、责任、和计划。这些系统可以帮助学校管理者在决定学校的目标,制定战略计划,分配资源,评估员工绩效以及组织任务更加方便、顺利。鲍勃(2001)表明,MIS的增长的趋势经过深思熟虑、远程规划。管理信息系统的实现源于学校社区内的坚定信念。这种系统允许更好的网站运行和地区管理。
高效、快速决策时可能会成为可能学校管理者获得准确和最新的信息的方式是通过MIS(克里斯托弗,2003)。一些调查近年来收集的信息在一定程度上提高了学校发展ICT融入学习,教学和管理流程的能力。一个稳定的增长计算机和其他技术的数量随着时间的推移,在文化领域的作用愈加明显,伴随大多数学校实现基线目标computer-to-pupil比率(Condie et al,2007)之时。这一发现,在某种程度上,阻碍了不可忽视变化内的跨学校定期获得可靠的技术和宽带连接(Condie et al,2007)。主要集中在管理信息系统的使用对学校管理的影响的能力。他们的研究在带来这些过程支持以及他们对未来的影响。然而,事实是,要考虑的一个重要特性是数据收集和整理,学校管理者需要在某些方面以完全不同形式的分析所需的教师。维斯、也生和冯(2001)汇集了来自各种国家的一系列研究,突出显示电脑学校信息管理系统的重要功能针对其实现的学校,这个实现的结果对未来的影响的进一步研究来发现问题。从管理的角度他们的研究提供了最广阔的观点ICT和学校管理方法。然而,很明显从他们的评论,大多数被关注数据录入和整理,而不是在数据传输或分析。3、结论
信息技术在教育管理是一个相对较新的领域,不仅需要深入研究系统利用在学校和对学校的影响过程的可能结果(Bisaso &维斯,2005)。Demir(2006)进一步支持这个论点指出,虽然有很多研究信息系统类和教学的相互作用,一些研究已经完成在教育的使用它们管理及其对管理的影响。Passey(2002)指出,一个关键的优先领域在未来的研究是MIS协助调查有效的学校管理。在这一领域所使用技术的形式,和当下缺乏的技术可以使用户能够利用现有的数据。可能会有重大的研究作用来支持教育在这方面努力和实践。文学的整体评估表明这是一个非常积极的影响的信息通讯技术在教育领域去使用管理系统。校长和教师技能与ICT合作多年,取得了显著进展、他们使用ICT支持一系列管理活动提高了课堂和学校的水平。学校管理信
息系统在过去的二十年里有了很大的提高,他们中的大多数把几个重要的功能交由学校管理;然而,每个学校都有自己的具体需求。还需要进一步的研究来探索提高MIS的细节领域,因为大多数的这些系统根据实地不发达的现实需求。通常采用这些系统外,可能还需要根据实地进一步加强管理。Fulmer(1995)表明,为了一个管理信息系统的有效利用,它应通过设计一个归纳的过程,包括来自所有级别的涉众组织为了使教师掌握系统的所有权和实际使用它。研究管理信息系统也应该专注于寻找提高使用其的学校校长和管理员。适当的培训和有效的领导亦可提高MIS领域的学校管理。
附件2：外文原文
Impact of management information systems (MIS) on school
administration: What the literature says
------ Madiha Shah University of Malaya, Kuala Malaysia Abstract
The use of information technology in educational management has rapidly increased due to its efficiency and effectiveness.
In the initial stages of its development, management information systems (MIS) main purpose and usage was to improve the efficiency of school office activities. It was used to store student and personnel data. The most concern was being focused
on data entry and collation, rather than upon data transfer or analysis. The value of management information was recognized
during its integration stages. Overall review of literature highlighted positive impact of MIS on school administration and.management including better accessibility to information, more efficient administration, higher utilization of school.resources, reduction in workload, better time management, and improvement in the quality of reports. A number of.inhibitors to MIS use are evident in the literature; foremost among these are lack of time, lack of confidence or skills, lack of.training, lack of senior management support, and lack of technical support. MIS can provide administrators and teachers.with the information required for informed planning, policy-making, and evaluation. MIS have changed school management.in the areas of leadership, decision making, workload, human resource management, communication, responsibility, and planning. These systems can assist the school manager in determining the aims of the school, formulating strategic plans,distributing resources, and evaluating staff performance as well as organizational success.
Keywords: Management information systems, MIS, school administration, school management.
1. Introduction
Computers are seen to have the potential to make a significant contribution to the teaching, learning, and.administration in schools. An extensive amount of investment that has gone into introducing information https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c418450.html,munication technology (ICT) into schools including hardware, software, networking, and staff development will.be considered worthwhile if there is evidence that it has made a commensurate impact on school performance andeffectiveness (Condie et al., 2007). The use of information technology in educational management has rapidly increased due to its efficiency and.effectiveness. School managers who used to spend large amount of time in solving complex allocation problems,(e.g., staff allocation, resource allocation, timetabling) and monitoring the school operations have now better options.due to enhanced technology. Information technologies facilitate the decentralization of work tasks and their.coordination in an interactive network of communication in real time (Castells, 1996). They allow for greater
Management information systems (MIS) are being used by schools to support a range of administrative activities.including attendance monitoring, assessment records, reporting, financial
management, and resource and staff.allocation. MIS provide managers with the information required to manage organizations efficiently and.effectively. These systems are distinct from other information systems in that they are designed to be used to analyze and facilitate strategic and operational activities in the organization (O’Brien, 1999)..Waston et al. (1987) describes management information system (MIS) as ‘an organizational method of providing.past, present and projected information related to internal operations and external intelligence. It supports the. planning, control and operation functions of an organization by furnishing uniform information in the proper time.frame to assist the decision makers’. Telem (1999) defines MIS as ‘a management information system designed to. match the structure, management task, instructional processes, and special needs of the school’. O’Brien (1999).referred MIS as ‘a term given to the discipline focused on the integration of computer systems with the aims and objectives of an organization’. Based on the foregoing definitions, MIS refers to a system that uses the information required by the organization’s management at every level in making operational, tactical, and strategic decisions. Its main objective is to design and implement procedures, processes, and routines that provide suitably detailed reports in an accurate,consistent, and timely manner.MIS plays a vital role in the area of decision making as it can monitor by itself disturbances in a system, determine a course of action and take action to get the system in control. It is also relevant in non-programmed.decisions as it provides support by supplying information for the search, the analysis, the evaluation and the choice.and implementation process of decision making (Obi, 2003). These systems have the ability to provide its users the processed information, analytical models, real-time updates and hypothetical scenarios to assist their decision-making process.This paper will give an account of the studies that have examined the impact of MIS on school administration and management. Some of these studies have also highlighted the factors that hinder MIS usage in school ,administration.
2. Literature review
The most initial school administrative computer applications started its development in the late 1970s. In the early1980s, several loose, non-integrated clerical and administrative applications were developed but these,applications limited the possibilities for management support as the relationships among data could not be analyzed (Visscher, 1996a). During the initial stages the main purpose of software development and usage was to improve the efficiency of school office activities. The use of computers and technologies in educational institutes was mainly to store student and personnel data (Carnoy, 2004). The value of management information was recognized during the integration stages. As a result, many projects were initiated by the governments in many developed countries that provided the stimulus to enter a higher development stage. These projects were directed toward the production of better school information systems which meant increased school efficiency and effectiveness. The focus was the development of a standard system for as many schools as possible with maximum flexibility. The professional approach to systems design was not widespread at this time (Visscher, 1996a). In the 1990s, the emphasis on using. ICT to collect educational data and to improve the administration of educational systems began to increase in the developing countries.. Visscher (1996b) believes that MIS can provide administrators and teachers with the information required for informed planning, policy-making, and evaluation. Gurr (2000) claimed that MIS have changed school management in the areas of leadership, decision making, workload, human resource management, communication, responsibility,and planning. These systems can assist the school
manager in determining the aims of the school, formulating strategic plans, distributing resources, and evaluating staff performance as well as organizational success (Telem & Buvitski, 1995; Telem, 1999). Bober (2001) indicates that the growing interest in MIS’s and the trend toward .thoughtful, long-range planning for MIS implementation stem from the belief within the school community that such systems allow for better site and district management. Efficient and quick decisions could be made possible when school managers get accurate and up-to-date information by MIS (Christopher, 2003).Several surveys have been designed in recent years to gather information on the extent to which schools are developing the capacity to integrate ICT into learning, teaching, and management processes. A steady increase in the number of computers and other technologies over time has been evident in the literature, with most schools .achieving the baseline targets for computer-to-pupil ratios (Condie et al., 2007). This finding, to a degree, masks considerable variation within and across schools with regard to regular access to reliable technologies and broadband connectivity (Condie et al., 2007). North et al. (2000) have focused on the impact of MIS usage on school management abilities. Their study looked at the role of support in bringing about such processes as well as their implications for the future. However, it was clear that an important feature to consider was the relationship of data collection and collation to data use, since school managers needed quite different forms of analysis in some respect to those that were needed by teachers. Visscher, Wild, and Fung (2001) brought together a series of studies from a range of countries that highlighted important features of computerized school information and management systems, their implementation in a range of schools, the outcomes of this implementation, and implications for the future in terms of further research. Their studies offer the widest view of ICT and school management from the perspective of MIS. However, it was clear from their review that most concern was being focused on data entry and collation, rather than upon data transfer or analysis.
3. Conclusion
Information technology in educational management is a relatively new field that not only needs in-depth studies on systems utilization in schools but also on their effects on the school processes and maybe outcomes (Bisaso & Visscher, 2005). Demir (2006) further supports this argument stating that although there are many studies on the role of information systems on class and teaching, few studies have been done on the use of them in educational management and their effects on the managers. Passey (2002) states that one of the key priority areas for future research is the investigation of MIS assistance in effective school management. There are issues in this area both with the forms of technology being used, and with the lack of techniques available to enable users to make use of data currently available. Research could have a major role to play in supporting educational endeavour and practice in this area.The overall review of literature indicates a very positive impact of ICT use in the area of educational management. Principals and teachers’skills in working with ICT have developed significantly over the years and they are using ICT to support a range of administrative activities at both class and school level. School management information systems have greatly improved over the last two decades and most of them incorporate several important functions required by school administration; however, every school has its own specific needs. Further studies are needed to explore the areas of improvement in MIS as most of these systems are not developed according to the site-based needs. These systems are usually adopted from outside and may need further enhancement according to the site-based management. As Fulmer (1995)
suggests that in order for an MIS to be utilized effectively, it should be designed through an inductive process that includes stakeholders from all levels of the organization in order that faculty will take ownership of the system and actually use it. Studies on MIS should also focus on finding ways of enhancing its use by school principals and administrators. Appropriate training and effective leadership could escalate the benefits of MIS in the area of school management.
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
数据库管理系统的介绍 Raghu Ramakrishnan1 数据库（database,有时拼作data base）又称为电子数据库，是专门组织起来的一组数据或信息，其目的是为了便于计算机快速查询及检索。数据库的结构是专门设计的，在各种数据处理操作命令的支持下，可以简化数据的存储，检索，修改和删除。数据库可以存储在磁盘，磁带，光盘或其他辅助存储设备上。 数据库由一个或一套文件组成，其中的信息可以分解为记录，每一记录又包含一个或多个字段（或称为域）。字段是数据存取的基本单位。数据库用于描述实体，其中的一个字段通常表示与实体的某一属性相关的信息。通过关键字以及各种分类（排序）命令，用户可以对多条记录的字段进行查询，重新整理，分组或选择，以实体对某一类数据的检索，也可以生成报表。 所有数据库（最简单的除外）中都有复杂的数据关系及其链接。处理与创建，访问以及维护数据库记录有关的复杂任务的系统软件包叫做数据库管理系统（DBMS）。DBMS软件包中的程序在数据库与其用户间建立接口。（这些用户可以是应用程序员，管理员及其他需要信息的人员和各种操作系统程序）。 DBMS可组织，处理和表示从数据库中选出的数据元。该功能使决策者能搜索，探查和查询数据库的内容，从而对在正规报告中没有的，不再出现的且无法预料的问题做出回答。这些问题最初可能是模糊的并且（或者）是定义不恰当的，但是人们可以浏览数据库直到获得所需的信息。简言之，DBMS将“管理”存储的数据项，并从公共数据库中汇集所需的数据项以回答非程序员的询问。 DBMS由3个主要部分组成：（1）存储子系统，用来存储和检索文件中的数据；（2）建模和操作子系统，提供组织数据以及添加，删除，维护，更新数据的方法；（3）用户和DBMS之间的接口。在提高数据库管理系统的价值和有效性方面正在展现以下一些重要发展趋势； 1.管理人员需要最新的信息以做出有效的决策。 2.客户需要越来越复杂的信息服务以及更多的有关其订单，发票和账号的当前信息。 3.用户发现他们可以使用传统的程序设计语言，在很短的一段时间内用数据1Database Management Systems( 3th Edition ),Wiley ,2004, 5-12
管理信息系统外文翻译-标准化文件发布号：（9456-EUATWK-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DDQTY-KII
英文文献翻译 二〇年月日
科技文章摘译 Definition of a Management Information System There is no consensus of the definition of the term "management information system". Some writers prefer alternative terminology such as "information processing system", "information and decision system", "organizational information system", or simply "information system" to refer to the computer-based information processing system which supports the operations, management, and decision-making functions of an organization. This text uses “MIS” because it is descriptive and generally understood; it also frequently uses “information system” instead of “MIS” to refer to an organizational information system. A definition of a management information system, as the term is generally understood, is an integrated, user-machine system for providing information to support operations, management, and decision-making functions in an organization. The system utilizes computer hardware and software; manual procedures; models for analysis planning, control and decision making; and a database. The fact that it is an integrated system does not mean that it is a single, monolithic structure; rather, it means that the parts fit into an overall design. The elements of the definition are highlighted below. 1 Computer-based user-machine system Conceptually, management information can exist without computer, but it is the power of the computer which makes MIS feasible. The question is not whether computers should be used in management information system, but the extent to which information use should be computerized. The concept of a user-machine system implies that some tasks are best performed by humans, while others are best done by machine. The user of an MIS is any person responsible for entering input data, instructing the system, or utilizing the information output of the system. For many problems, the user and the computer form a combined system with results obtained through a set of interactions between the computer and the user. User-machine interaction is facilitated by operation in which the user’s input-output device (usually a visual display terminal) is connected to the computer. The computer can be a personal computer serving only one user or a large computer that
农村社会养老保险的现状、问题与对策研究社会保障对国家安定和经济发展具有重要作用，“城乡二元经济”现象日益凸现，农村社会保障问题客观上成为社会保障体系中极为重要的部分。建立和完善农村社会保障制度关系到农村乃至整个社会的经济发展，并且对我国和谐社会的构建至关重要。我国农村社会保障制度尚不完善，因此有必要加强对农村独立社会保障制度的构建，尤其对农村养老制度的改革，建立健全我国社会保障体系。从户籍制度上看，我国居民养老问题可分为城市居民养老和农村居民养老两部分。对于城市居民我国政府已有比较充足的政策与资金投人，使他们在物质和精神方面都能得到较好地照顾，基本实现了社会化养老。而农村居民的养老问题却日益突出，成为摆在我国政府面前的一个紧迫而又棘手的问题。 一、我国农村社会养老保险的现状 关于农村养老，许多地区还没有建立农村社会养老体系，已建立的地区也存在很多缺陷，运行中出现了很多问题，所以完善农村社会养老保险体系的必要性与紧迫性日益体现出来。 （一）人口老龄化加快 随着城市化步伐的加快和农村劳动力的输出，越来越多的农村青壮年人口进入城市，年龄结构出现“两头大，中间小”的局面。中国农村进入老龄社会的步伐日渐加快。第五次人口普查显示：中国65岁以上的人中农村为5938万，占老龄总人口的67.4%.在这种严峻的现实面前，农村社会养老保险的徘徊显得极其不协调。 （二）农村社会养老保险覆盖面太小 中国拥有世界上数量最多的老年人口，且大多在农村。据统计，未纳入社会保障的农村人口还很多，截止2000年底，全国7400多万农村居民参加了保险，占全部农村居民的11.18%，占成年农村居民的11.59%.另外，据国家统计局统计，我国进城务工者已从改革开放之初的不到200万人增加到2003年的1.14亿人。而基本方案中没有体现出对留在农村的农民和进城务工的农民给予区别对待。进城务工的农民既没被纳入到农村养老保险体系中，也没被纳入到城市养老保险体系中，处于法律保护的空白地带。所以很有必要考虑这个特殊群体的养老保险问题。
Enterprise Human Resources Management System Design And Implementation Abstract: Human resource management system is the core content of modern enterprise management. With the rapid development of the computer information technology and unprecedented prevalence of electronic commerce mode，the competition between enterprises is turning from visible economic markets to the network. Developing the human resource management system supported by computer technology，network technology and information technology can not only improve the skill of human resource management and the efficiency of the enterprises but also make human resource management modern and decision sciencefic,Modern human resource management uses B/S mode to avoid C/S modes short coming of difficult in maintdning and reusing.According to the functional requirements of the actual project,this article specificly state the analysis of system,the general desigin of the system,the detail design of system and the practice of the system. The development of the system is the practice of MVC design ideas, maing using the Jsp+Servlet+JavaBean form of development.Jsp is the practice of MVC design ideas’view,in charge of receiving/responding the request of the customer.Servlet mainly responsible for the core business control of the whole system is the practice of the vontroller of MVC design idea to take charge of the statistics and rules of the whole system. In the practice of the system, somr open-source projrcts,such as the Ajax technique,JfreChart statements,fileupload technology,has been used. Using the modern human resource management theropy and analysising the actual situation, comparing the current situation of human resource management system, a huaman resource contents of management system basied on the Internet/Intranet has been designed. The main management,attendance management training more efficient statistics. Keywords:human resource management; B/S mode; Open-source projects; MVC mode. 摘要 人力资源管理系统是现代企业管理的核心内容。随着计算机信息技术的高速发展，电子商务模式的空前盛行，企业之间的竞争也从有形的经济市场转向了网络。开发以计算机技术、网络技术、信息技术支持的现代人力资源管理系统，既能提高企业人力资源管理的技术含量和企业的办事效率，也能使人力资源管理能够进入现代化、决策科学化的进程。现代人力资源管理系统采用了B/S模式，可以避免C/S模式的重用性差、维护难度高的缺点和
本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译 译文： ASP ASP介绍 你是否对静态HTML网页感到厌倦呢？你是否想要创建动态网页呢？你是否想 要你的网页能够数据库存储呢？如果你回答：“是”，ASP可能会帮你解决。在2002年5月，微软预计世界上的ASP开发者将超过80万。你可能会有一个疑问什么是ASP。不用着急，等你读完这些，你讲会知道ASP是什么，ASP如何工作以及它能为我们做 什么。你准备好了吗？让我们一起去了解ASP。 什么是ASP? ASP为动态服务器网页。微软在1996年12月推出动态服务器网页,版本是3.0。微软公司的正式定义为:“动态服务器网页是一个开放的、编辑自由的应用环境,你可以将HTML、脚本、可重用的元件来创建动态的以及强大的网络基础业务方案。动态服务器网页服务器端脚本,IIS能够以支持Jscript和VBScript。”(2)。换句话说,ASP是微软技术开发的,能使您可以通过脚本如VBScript Jscript的帮助创建动态网站。微软的网站服务器都支持ASP技术并且是免费的。如果你有Window NT4.0服务器安装,你可以下载IIS（互联网信息服务器）3.0或4.0。如果你正在使用的Windows2000,IIS 5.0是它的一个免费的组件。如果你是Windows95/98,你可以下载(个人网络服务器(PWS),这是比IIS小的一个版本，可以从Windows95/98CD中安装，你也可以从微软的网站上免费下载这些产品。 好了，您已经学会了什么是ASP技术，接下来，您将学习ASP文件。它和HTML文 件相同吗？让我们开始研究它吧。 什么是ASP文件？ 一个ASP文件和一个HTML文件非常相似，它包含文本，HTML标签以及脚本，这些都在服务器中，广泛用在ASP网页上的脚本语言有2种，分别是VBScript和Jscript，VBScript与Visual Basic非常相似，而Jscript是微软JavaScript的版本。尽管如此，VBScript是ASP默认的脚本语言。另外，这两种脚本语言，只要你安装了ActiveX脚本引擎，你可以使用任意一个，例如PerlScript。 HTML文件和ASP文件的不同点是ASP文件有“.Asp”扩展名。此外，HTML标签和ASP代码的脚本分隔符也不同。一个脚本分隔符,标志着一个单位的开始和结束。HTML标签以小于号(<)开始(>)结束，而ASP以<%开始，%>结束，两者之间是服务端脚本。
餐饮管理系统外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 英文： 1、China food industry development prospects analysis The catering industry in China as the tertiary industry is a traditional service industries, experienced reforming and opening starts, quantitative expansion, scale chain development and brand promotion strategy of 4phase, made make a spurt of progress in the development of. At present, the country has4 millions catering outlets. 2005/2006annual Chinese top 100 catering enterprises with total assets of about thirty-two billion yuan, total profit of about six billion yuan, employees about eight hundred thousand people, respectively, over the same period last year increased40.38%,28.84% and33.33% higher than that of the whole society, the catering industry average growth level. China's reform and opening up has gone through ups and downs in the30year, in the30 years of reforming and opening of China's catering industry along with the tide of reform has undergone three leap type development. In the past 30 years, China has experienced from fast food restaurants grabs beach China market to SARS impact, then to food safety ( tonyred event, apple events ), Chinese food and beverage industry in the impact, achieve sales growth.
Real-time interactive optical micromanipulation of a mixture of high- and low-index particles Peter John Rodrigo, Vincent Ricardo Daria and Jesper Glückstad Optics and Plasma Research Department, Ris? National Laboratory, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark jesper.gluckstad@risoe.dk http://www.risoe.dk/ofd/competence/ppo.htm Abstract: We demonstrate real-time interactive optical micromanipulation of a colloidal mixture consisting of particles with both lower (n L < n0) and higher (n H > n0) refractive indices than that of the suspending medium (n0). Spherical high- and low-index particles are trapped in the transverse plane by an array of confining optical potentials created by trapping beams with top-hat and annular cross-sectional intensity profiles, respectively. The applied method offers extensive reconfigurability in the spatial distribution and individual geometry of the optical traps. We experimentally demonstrate this unique feature by simultaneously trapping and independently manipulating various sizes of spherical soda lime micro- shells (n L≈ 1.2) and polystyrene micro-beads (n H = 1.57) suspended in water (n0 = 1.33). ?2004 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (140.7010) Trapping, (170.4520) Optical confinement and manipulation and (230.6120) Spatial Light Modulators. References and links 1. A. Ashkin, “Optical trapping and manipulation of neutral particles using lasers,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 4853-4860 (1997). 2. K. Svoboda and S. M. Block, “Biological applications of optical forces,” Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 23, 247-285 (1994). 3. D. G. Grier, “A revolution in optical manipulation,” Nature 424, 810-816 (2003). 4. M. P. MacDonald, G. C. Spalding and K. Dholakia, “Microfluidic sorting in an optical lattice,” Nature 426, 421-424 (2003). 5. J. Glückstad, “Microfluidics: Sorting particles with light,” Nature Materials 3, 9-10 (2004). 6. A. Ashkin, “Acceleration and trapping of particles by radiation-pressure,”Phys. Rev. Lett. 24, 156-159 (1970). 7. A. Ashkin, J. M. Dziedzic, J. E. Bjorkholm and S. Chu, “Observation of a single-beam gradient force optical trap for dielectric particles,” Opt. Lett. 11, 288-290 (1986). 8. K. Sasaki, M. Koshioka, H. Misawa, N. Kitamura, and H. Masuhara, “Optical trapping of a metal particle and a water droplet by a scanning laser beam,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 807-809 (1992). 9. K. T. Gahagan and G. A. Swartzlander, “Trapping of low-index microparticles in an optical vortex,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 15, 524-533 (1998). 10. K. T. Gahagan and G. A. Swartzlander, “Simultaneous trapping of low-index and high-index microparticles observed with an optical-vortex trap,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 16, 533 (1999). 11. M. P. MacDonald, L. Paterson, W. Sibbett, K. Dholakia, P. Bryant, “Trapping and manipulation of low-index particles in a two-dimensional interferometric optical trap,” Opt. Lett. 26, 863-865 (2001). 12. R. L. Eriksen, V. R. Daria and J. Glückstad, “Fully dynamic multiple-beam optical tweezers,” Opt. Express 10, 597-602 (2002), https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c418450.html,/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-10-14-597. 13. P. J. Rodrigo, R. L. Eriksen, V. R. Daria and J. Glückstad, “Interactive light-driven and parallel manipulation of inhomogeneous particles,” Opt. Express 10, 1550-1556 (2002), https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c418450.html,/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-10-26-1550. 14. V. Daria, P. J. Rodrigo and J. Glückstad, “Dynamic array of dark optical traps,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 323-325 (2004). 15. J. Glückstad and P. C. Mogensen, “Optimal phase contrast in common-path interferometry,” Appl. Opt. 40, 268-282 (2001). 16. S. Maruo, K. Ikuta and H. Korogi, “Submicron manipulation tools driven by light in a liquid,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 133-135 (2003). #3781 - $15.00 US Received 4 February 2004; revised 29 March 2004; accepted 29 March 2004 (C) 2004 OSA 5 April 2004 / Vol. 12, No. 7 / OPTICS EXPRESS 1417
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译设计(论文)题目图书管理系统 院系计算机工程系 专业计算机科学与技术 年级 学生学号1040520007 学生姓名bianhaiwei 外文出处CHINA-USA Business Review
Combining JSP and Servlets The technology of JSP and Servlet is the most important technology which use Java technology to exploit request of server, and it is also the standard which exploit business application .Java developers prefer to use it for a variety of reasons, one of which is already familiar with the Java language for the development of this technology are easy to learn Java to the other is "a preparation, run everywhere" to bring the concept of Web applications, To achieve a "one-prepared everywhere realized." And more importantly, if followed some of the principles of good design, it can be said of separating and content to create high-quality, reusable, easy to maintain and modify the application. For example, if the document in HTML embedded Java code too much (script), will lead the developed application is extremely complex, difficult to read, it is not easy reuse, but also for future maintenance and modification will also cause difficulties. In fact, CSDN the JSP / Servlet forum, can often see some questions, the code is very long, can logic is not very clear, a large number of HTML and Java code mixed together. This is the random development of the defects. Early dynamic pages mainly CGI (Common Gateway Interface, public Gateway Interface) technology, you can use different languages of the CGI programs, such as VB, C / C + + or Delphi, and so on. Though the technology of CGI is developed and powerful, because of difficulties in programming, and low efficiency, modify complex shortcomings,
本科毕业论文文献综述的写作要求 为了促使学生熟悉更多的专业文献资料，进一步强化学生搜集文献资料的能力，提高对文献资料的归纳、分析、综合运用能力及独立开展科研活动的能力，现对本科学生的毕业设计（论文）提出文献综述的写作要求，具体要求如下： 一、文献综述的概念 文献综述是针对某一研究领域或专题搜集大量文献资料的基础上，就国内外在该领域或专题的主要研究成果、最新进展、研究动态、前沿问题等进行综合分析而写成的、能较全面地反映相关领域或专题历史背景、前人工作、争论焦点、研究现状和发展前景等内容的综述性文章。“综”是要求对文献资料进行综合分析、归纳整理，使材料更精练明确、更有逻辑层次；“述”就是要求对综合整理后的文献进行比较专门的、全面的、深入的、系统的评述。 二、撰写文献综述的基本要求 文献综述主要介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以上方面的评述。其撰写格式一般包含以下内容：即题目、前言、主题、总结和参考文献。撰写文献综述时可按照以上几部分内容拟写提纲，再根据提纲进行撰写工作（忌用前言、主题、总结字样作为综述开篇语）。 前言部分，主要是说明写作的目的，介绍有关的概念及定义以及综述的范围，简明扼要地说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点，使读者对全文要叙述的问题有一个初步的轮廓。 主题部分，是综述的主体，其写法多样，没有固定的格式。可按年代顺序综述，也可按不同的问题进行综述，还可按不同的观点进行比较综述，不管用那一种格式综述，都要将所搜集到的文献资料进行归纳、整理及分析比较，阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向，以及对这些问题的评述。主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述。 总结部分，将全文主题进行总结，提出自己的见解并对进一步的发展方向做出预测。 参考文献，它不仅表示对被引用文献作者的尊重及引用文献的依据，而且也为评审者审查提供查找线索。参考文献的编排应条目清楚，查找方便，内容准确无误。参考文献的书写格式与毕业论文要求相同。 三、撰写文献综述的基本注意事项 1.在文献综述时，应系统地查阅与自己的研究方向直接相关的国内外文献。搜集文献
Introduction to database information management system The database is stored together a collection of the relevant data, the data is structured, non-harmful or unnecessary redundancy, and for a variety of application services, data storage independent of the use of its procedures; insert new data on the database , revised, and the original data can be retrieved by a common and can be controlled manner. When a system in the structure of a number of entirely separate from the database, the system includes a "database collection." Database management system (database management system) is a manipulation and large-scale database management software is being used to set up, use and maintenance of the database, or dbms. Its unified database management and control so as to ensure database security and integrity. Dbms users access data in the database, the database administrator through dbms database maintenance work. It provides a variety of functions, allows multiple applications and users use different methods at the same time or different time to build, modify, and asked whether the database. It allows users to easily manipulate data definition and maintenance of data security and integrity, as well as the multi-user concurrency control and the restoration of the database. Using the database can bring many benefits: such as reducing data redundancy, thus saving the data storage space; to achieve full sharing of data resources, and so on. In addition, the database technology also provides users with a very simple means to enable users to easily use the preparation of the database applications. Especially in recent years introduced micro-computer relational database management system dBASELL, intuitive operation, the use of flexible, convenient programming environment to extensive (generally 16 machine, such as IBM / PC / XT, China Great Wall 0520, and other species can run software), data-processing capacity strong. Database in our country are being more and more widely used, will be a powerful tool of economic management. The database is through the database management system (DBMS-DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM) software for data storage, management and use of dBASELL is a database management system software. Information management system is the use of data acquisition and transmission technology, computer network technology, database construction, multimedia