护理专业英语试题题目与答案(2)
39. A patient has a nasogastric(鼻胃管) tube which is draining(引流) large amounts of fluid. To which of the following nursing diagnoses would a nurse give priority?
A.Diarrhea.
B.Risk for infection.
C.Ineffective thermoregulation.(体温调节无效)
D.Risk for fluid volume deficit.
40. To which of the following nursing diagnosis would a nurse give priority when caring for a patient in the immediate postoperative period following an ileostomy?(回肠造口术)
A.Fluid volume deficit.
B.Body image disturbance.
C.Pain.
D.Diarrhea(腹泻).
41. A patient who has a borderline personality disorder(边缘性人格障碍) asks the nurse on a psychiatric unit(精神科病房) if she may stay up beyond the designated bedtime(规定的就寝时间). When the nurse says no, the patient says, The nurse on duty(值班) last night let me stay up late. Which of the following responses by the nurse would be therapeutic?
A. You shouldn t have been given that privilege.(特权)
B. You can stay up for one more hour.
C. Why do you want to stay up?
D. Everyone is required to go to bed now.
42.The most appropriate approach for the staff to take with the client who demonstrates manipulative or aggressive behavior is to
A. allow the client s favorite nurse to be her primary counselor.
B. sedate(镇静剂) the client with medication at signs of aggression.
C. set clear limits on the client s behavior.
D. tell the client that his behavior is disruptive(捣乱的) to other clients.
护理专业英语试题：阅读理解
Airplane Hooligans (流氓)
Air rage is now a major concern following moves by airlines to draw up a passenger blacklist after a number of violent in-flight incidents. German flight attendants report that one thing is certain, with the growth in air travel the number of in-flight violent incidents is also increasing. Otto Ziegelmeier, Director of the Independent Flight Attendants Organisation (UFO) reports that the range of incidents by people described as unruly passengers varies from racist remarks all the way to fistfights on board.
A security expert for a pilots association agrees that it is a serious problem. British Airways registered 260 incidents in 1997, four times the figure of three years earlier. There are no statistics in Germany, but officials estimate that each year some 100,000 passengers on board German airplanes misbehave seriously.
While a number of foreign airlines are starting to take action against unruly passengers, the topic is not taken too seriously in Germany. Flight attendants and pilots groups feel that airlines, out of concern for their reputation, are covering up the problem. For example, Lufthansa officials speak only of some isolated incidents and say that so far there have been no serious cases reported. Compared to the total number of air travelers, unruly passengers remain a small minority. But then, a single passenger can become a
Lesson2 Exercises 1. Put the following into Chinese. （1）Ohm’s law states that the voltage across a resistor is directly proportional to the current flowing through the resistor. The constant of proportionality is the resistance value of the resistor in ohms. 流过电路里电阻的电流，与加在电阻两端的电压成正比，与电阻的阻值成反比。这就是欧姆定律。 （2）Many materials, however, closely approximate an ideal linear resistor over a desired operating region. 不过，许多材料在规定的工作范围内非常接近理想线性电阻。 （3）It should be noted that an ideal voltage source (dependent or independent ) will produce any current required to ensure that the terminal voltage is as stated, whereas an ideal current source will produce the necessary voltage to ensure the stated current flow. 应该注意：一个理想电压源（独立或受控）可向电路提供任意电流以保证其端电压为规定值，而电流源可向电路提供任意电压以保证其规定电流。 （4）A different class of relationship occurs because of the restriction that some specific type of network element places on the variables. Still another class of relationship is one between several variable of the same type which occurs as the result of the network configuration, i. e., the manner in which the various element of the network are interconnected. 一种不同类型的关系是由于网络元件的某种特定类型的连接对变量的约束。另一类关系由于网络结构，即网络的不同元件互相连接的方式所产生的相同形式的一些变量间的关系。 （5）The thermal conductivity of metals is as much as several hundred times that of glass. 金属的导热率比玻璃高几百倍。 （6）Magnetic line of force will，whenever passible, travel through iron or other magnetic materials. 磁力线只要有可能就会通过铁或其它磁性材料。 （7）Actually, 0 o C is indeed the lower limit to temperatures capable of being attained. 事实上绝对零度确是所能达到的温度的最低限度。 2. Translate the following into English. （1）电路元件吸收或释放的功率为元件两端的电压与流过该元件电流的乘积。 The power absorbed or supplied by a circuit element is the product of the voltage across the element and the current through it. （2）理想独立电源是一个有源元件，它所提供的电压或电流不依赖于电路中其他变量。 An ideal independent source is an active element that provides a specified voltage or current that is completely independent of other circuit variables. （3）受控电源是一个有源元件，它所提供的电压或电流受电路中某部分电压或电流控制。 An ideal dependent (or controlled) source is an active element in which the source quantity is controlled by another voltage or current. （4）叠加定理为：线性电路中，任一电压或电流都是电路中各个独立电源单独作用时，在该处产生的电压或电流的叠加。 The superposition principle states that the voltage across (or current through) an element in a linear circuit is the algebraic sum of the voltages across (or current through) that element due to each independent source acting alone. （5）计算机可分为模拟计算机和数字计算机两种。Computers may be classfied as analog and digital．（6）新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了三分之二。The switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened three times． （7）超导体在电气应用上的重要性不能被估计过高。The importance of superconductor in the uses of electricity cannot be overestimated.
Unit1 Warm-up Tasks Task 1: True or False Statements 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. T 6. F 7. F Task 2: Sentence Completion 1. primary care specialists 2. choosing to become specialists 3. alleviate those problems 4. remain a team effort 5. fewer and fewer new doctors ?Study & Practice I. Reading Comprehension Questions 1. B 2. D 3. B 4. D 5. A II. Words to Practice 1. unique 6. sterile 2. unitary 7. established 3. adaptive 8. vary 4. expands 9. distinct from 5. prescribe 10. supervise III. Translation A. Translate the following sentences into Chinese. 1.高级临床专科护士是接受了高等教育和培训的注册护士，大部分都有护理硕士 或博士学位。她们在不同的场所工作，包括医院、疗养院、企业、私人诊所、学校以及社区中心。有些高级临床专科护士自己开业，但大部分都是与医生合作开业。许多高级临床专科护士有开具处方的权利。 2.护理的初衷是保持人们健康以及为病人提供舒适、照顾和保障。虽然护理的总 体目标历经几个世纪基本未变，但科学的进步和社会需求的变化对护理实践产生了巨大的影响。护理逐渐发展成一门现代职业。 B. Translate the following sentences into English. 1. The doctor prescribed some antibiotics for a patient with pneumonia. 2. In China, graduates from whatever nursing programs cannot enter into clinical practice until they get licensures. 3. The demand for nurses has been increasing in European and American countries in recent years. 4. In the past, the major role and functions of nurses were to provide care and comfort for the clients. 5. With the development of science and technology as well as the improvement of people’s living standards, nursing practice scopes will be expanding gradually. IV. Audio Tasks Task 1: Short -answer Questions 1. Cough and children’s ear infections. 2. Rash and anaphylactic shock.
医学专业英语 I.Choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D (40points) 1.Which of the following suffixes does not mean “pertaining to”? A. -ic B. -al C. -ar D. -our 2.Which of the following combining forms means cell? A. -cyte B. cyt/o C. cel/o D. both a and b 3.Which of the following forms means tissue? A. erythr/o B. immun/o C.hist/o D. vascul/o 4.A- means _____ . A. up B. down C. apart D. without 5.The suffix -itis means _____ . A. infammation B.inflammation C.inflammazed D. instrument 6.The combining form of radi/o means _________ . A. radar B. x-ray C. radio D. both B and C 7.The instrument for viewing is –scope whereas the instrument for cutting is ______ . A. –scopy B. –tome C. –meter D. –graph 8.Which of the following forms refers to “surgical incision o f ?” A. –tomy B. -stomy C. –tome D. –ectomy 9. A record of electric wave occurring in the brain is called _______ . A. electroencephogram B. electromyogram C. electrocardiogram D. electroencephalogram 10.Stethalgia means the pain of chest, which can also be expressed in ____ . A. stethodynia B. thoracalgia C. thoracodynia D. all of the above 11.Which of the following forms means fungus? A. my/o B. myel/o C. myc/o D. none of the above 12.The combining form meaning “the skin” is _______ . A. dem/o B. derm/o C. dermat/o D. both B and C 13.Which of the following combining forms means blood vessels ? A. vascul/o B. angi/o C. chromat/o D. Both A and B 14.The term meaning “pertaining to secretion” is _______ . A. crinogenic B. endocrine C. crinologic D. endocardial 15.The disease of having too many white blood cells is referred to as ________ . A. leukocyte B. leukemia C. leukogenesis D. erythrocyte 16.Inflammation of liver is known in English as ________ . A. bronchitis B. pneumonitis C. gastritis D. hepatitis 17.-plasm means ______ . A. treatment B. knowledge C. diagnosis D. growth 18.Mammo/o refers to ______ . A. mother B. thymus gland C. thyroid gland D. breast 19.Which of the following does not mean “within or in”? A. en- B. endo- C. intra- D. none of the above 20._____ means surgical repair of an organ. A. phag/o B. –plasm C. –plasty D. –pathy
平凉机电工程学校 二○一○——二○一一学年第二学期期末考试 09 级各专业《英语》试题（卷） 一．语音（10分）找出与其它三个单词划线部分读音不同的选项。 1. A. hate B. brave C.have D.escape 2. A. warm B. waring C. quarter D. regular 3. A. fever B. hero C. zero D. period 4. A. wear B. earth C. research D. heard 5. A. foolish B. blood C. choose D. shoot 6. A. picture B. future C. failure D. temperature 7. A. excellent B. exact C. example D. exist 8. A. nation B. station C. education D. question 9. A. expression B. television C. decision D. conclusion 10. A. knocked B. helped C. laughed D. planned 二．单项选择。（30分） 11. Do you mind my smoking here? A. No, thanks. B. No, good idea. C. Yes, please D. Yes, better not 12. What a beautiful picture you’ve drawn! A. Not at all B. Thank you C. You’re great D. I’m proud of you 13. How about going to the cinema? A. Good idea. B. It’s too small C. No problem D. With pleasure 14. If you need any help, just let me know. I will. A. Thank you B. Not at all C. All right D. Excuse me 15.（）The more you practice, better you draw. A. the B. / C. then D. and 16.Lily is 8—year—old girl. A. / B. a C. an D. the 17.I bought my mother some flowers on Mother’s Day. A. a B. an C. the D. / 18.What’s matter with you ? A. a B. an C. the D. / 19.There is U and S in word BUS. A. an; a; the B.a; an; the C. an; an; the D.the; the; the 20.We often go for walk after supper. A.a; the B.a; / C./; / D./; the 21.It’s very nice _________ invite me. A. that you B. for you to C. of you to D. by you to
护理专业英语课后答案习题(3) 1. lots of time and even some support 2. the first six months of life 3. before the baby is born 4. 10 or 12 times 5. aids in milk transfer Study Practice I. Reading Comprehension 1. B 2. B 3. C 4. A 5. D II. Words to Practice 1. manifest 6. inferiority 2. cognitive 7. apathetic 3. Cohesion 8. Mutilation 4. somatic 9. catheter 5. rationalization 10. detachment III.Translation A. Translate the following sentences into Chinese. 1. 护士应提供启发式的合理解释来应对儿童不切实际的恐惧，并进行干预，从使恐惧造成的损伤降到最小(比如可在操作中鼓励父母陪伴，或尽可能让儿童自己作决定)。 2. 治疗性游戏应该在无威胁的环境中进行,时间也应该有所保证。指导游戏的工作人员应该接受儿童游戏中的行为,避免表示赞成或不赞成。 B. Translate the following sentences into English. 1. Superficial phlebitis is a common complication of continuous intravenous injection. 2. Without communication, the nurse is unable to determine whether implementation of nursing intervention is successful. 3. Even in his irritability he was gentle, for his wife was pregnant. 4. Please do not drink hot tea after eating fruit to avoid diarrhea. 5. Contracture of muscle or scar tissues may result in distortion or deformity, especially in joints of the body. IV. Audio Tasks
2009 —2010学年第一学期 化学与材料学院（系）07级应用化学专业 《专业英语》期末试卷 1.Write the structural formula or Chinese name for each of the following (2% for each answer): （1）barium ion: （2）chlorate ion: （3）potassium ion: （4）carbonic acid: （5）ammonium ion: （6）pyrrole:（吡咯） （7）polystyrene: (聚苯乙烯) （8）p-hydroxybenzoic acid:(对羟基苯甲酸)（9）benzonitrile (苄腈) （10）critical pressure: （临界压力）（11）methanal: （甲醛）（12）buffer solution :（缓冲溶液）（13）alkali burette:（碱式滴定管）（14）extract ：(萃取)（15）tetrasulfur dinitride: （S4N2）（16）aldose:（醛醣）（17）sodium dihydrogenphosphate (磷酸二氢钠) （18）zinc oxide: （19）6-ethyl-4-methyldecane: （20）quantitative analysis: （定量分析） 2.Write the English name for each of the following(2% for each answer): （1）IBr: （2）天平（balance）（3）阴离子(anion) （4）H2SO3 （5）滴液漏斗: （dropping funnel）（6）CuNO3: （7）AgF: （8）滴定（n.）:(titrate)（9）Ca(MnO4)2: （10）辛醇: （11）十三烷： （12）(CH3CH2)2Hg: (diethylmercury) （13） CH3CHCH CH2 3: （14） CH3CH2CHCOOH CH3: （15）
b--吡啶pyridine 巴比妥酸:barbituric acid比电导conductance 不规则的:irregular 崩解剂disintegrant c--萃取extraction 成团:agglomeration 测量仪measurement 肠液:intestinal fluid d--胆固醇cholestero 对映体:enantiomer 电极electrode 代谢:metabolism f--反相渗透reverse osmosis 分布:disposition g--构象:conformation 固化:solidize j--甲苯toluene 静脉注:intravenous injection 挤压:compress 聚集:aggregate 胶囊capsule l--粒子:particle 立体选择性:stereoselectivity 利用率:availability m--灭菌产品sterile products n--粘合剂adhesive p--偏振光:polarized light 片剂tablet 配剂elixir 排泄:excretion q--起始原料starting materials(raw materials) q醛aldehyde r--溶解度:solubility 乳剂emulsion 润滑剂lubricant s--释放:release 渗液solution 生物膜:biologic membrane 生物碱alkaloid, t---糖浆syrup 甜味剂sweetener w--丸剂pill 微生物microorganism 胃液:gastric fluid 稳定态:steady-state x--旋光异构现象:optical isomerism 悬浮液suspension 香味剂flavor 稀释剂diluent 形状:shape 吸收:absorption 消除:elimination y--胰岛素insulin 压片:tablet compression z--中间体intermediate 重结晶recrystallization 左旋:levorotation 蒸馏distillation 组织tissue a--asymmetric carbon不对称碳absorption吸收action动作adhesive粘合剂c--contamination污染chirality:手性compress压缩composite合成的compressibility:可压缩性compaction:压紧contamination specialize特殊污染conductivity电导率control:控制clinical:临床的 d--design:设计dry:干燥delivery:传送 e-- extend:延长epoxide:环氧化物 f-- formulation:制剂fluidity:流动性f unction:功能 g--geometric isomerism:几何异构 h-- hormone激素hydrolysis diastereoisomer:水解非对映异构体 heterogeneous catalyst多相催化剂， i--irrigating冲洗 m-- metabolite代谢物medication药物治疗medicine内服药mill:研磨measure尺寸mix:混合microorganisms微生物 o--ophthalmic眼药 p-- polysaccharide多糖peptide肽plasma血浆penicillin青霉素，precursor:前体partition coefficient:狭义分配系数pharmaceutical制药的parenteral注射药物pycogens热源procedure:程序 q-- quality性质quantity数量 s-- steroid甾类steric effect:空间效应stereoselectivity:立体选择性screening:过筛sustain :维持 t-- treat治疗therapy:治疗 u--uniformity目标v--vaccine疫苗
江南大学英语语言文学宾题冋忆版基础英语，词汇部分，有不是专八单词的部分，有点难，修辞， 今年貌似没书上原题，比较简单，改错，专八难度，无选项填空考的是一篇关于命令下达方式的不 太难。阅读，题量很大，3篇10问，不太能真接找到答案，要总结，作文给了马克吐温的一句话写自己的看法。翻译写作，英翻汉两篇，第一篇关于哲学，第二篇叙事，不太难，个别单词比较难。 汉翻英，考了荷塘月色，还有屮国经济可持续发展，发展方式之类的，没有考参考书上的。总Z时 间很紧。南京大学英语语言学2013考研真题冋忆 第一题，与去年相同，依然是术语区分l.fricative vs. affricate 2.meronymy vs. hyponymy 3.positive face vs. negative face 4.sense vs. reference 相比Z下，今年该题偏简单，第一个不清楚，后三个都是很基木的概念，平时复习注意总结，结 合例了用自己的语言表达出来即可。 第二题，依然是二分法 1.inter natio nalizati on 2.The weather in Chicago today is no good for watching cridket. 第三题，选择，要求找出四个选项屮与其他三个选项不同的那个选项，并用一句话解释，共10道题，每题3分，该题大部分部是刘新仁那木语言学第二、第三章的内容，语音，重读，因索，词 类，构词法基本齐一题。另外还考了一道semantic relation,这个基木近儿年每年都考，这个是重 点，也容易理解，这几分一定得拿到手，因为基木上没人失分。最后一道是语用学里的，Speech act theory. 第四题，简答题，给了5个新闻标题，要我们分析，what rules are there when we write elliptical English newspaper headlines? (1) 3 Arrested in New Orleans Hospital (2)Blast Kills 53 in Iraq Holy city (3)Missio n Applauded as Shuttle Returns (4)U.S. at odds with Allies on Mideast Conflicts (5)0ptimism on Both Sides of Gay-marriage Debate 然后再为今夭的考试 写一个新闻标题 第五题，简答题。irre呂ulat verbs n go""come" ,their past-tense are "went""came".再举出两个这样 的例了，然后总结它们的共同特征。并从这些特征研究英语构词法。 第六题,简答题。两种动词，drive, finish.,其中drive可以跟for+ time, finish跟in+time,反Z 不对，分析这两种动词，并用这两个词造两个复杂的句了。 第七题，两个笑话，要用语言学术语分析它们为什么可笑。(1)baby pig -—piglet 然示baby toy 应该是？------- toilet 这个应该是overgeneralization (2)A : William has asked me for a loan of five pouds. Should I be doing right in len ding it to him? B: Certai nly. A: Why? B: Because otherwise he would try to borrow it from me. 这个我实在。。。。 第丿I题，Charterizing learners' English peoficiercy often calls for a meticulous an alysis of their output, writte n or spoke n, in terms of accuracy, complexity, fluency, and idiomaticity. How can the four items be measured spec讦ically?
护理多采用WHO对健康的定义：“健康不仅是没有疾病或虚弱，它是一种生理、心理、社会适应的完全良好状态。” Nurses agree the definition from WHO, that is “health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. 疾病是健康连续过程的中断，通过机体各部分、器官和系统的异常和紊乱表现出来Disease is an interruption in the continuous process of health, manifested by abnormalities or disturbance in the structure and function of body parts, organs or systems. 健康促进是一个促使更好的控制和改善其健康状况的过程，其主要目的在于挖掘健康潜力，维持身体的平衡。 Positive health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their own health, aimed primarily at improving health potential and maintaining health balance. 护理程序是组织护理活动的一种方法，包括脑力和体力的活动 The nursing process is a method for organizing nursing actions involving both intellectual and physical activities. 护理程度具有系统性，要求护士具备解决问题、批判性思维、决策制定的能力，以及识别病人健康状况的基本的护理知识。 The n2ursing process is a systematic process and requires problem solving, critical thinking and decision-making , and a substantial knowledge basis to identify the status of client. 护理诊断是陈述护士确立的并有能力解决的有关病人现存的或潜在的健康问题 Nursing diagnosis is a statement of an actual or potential health problem that a nurse is licensed and competent to treat. 病人的健康状况会随着时间的变化而有所变化。所以护理计划和护理措施也必须进行相应的调整 The client’s health status may change with time. So it is necessary to revise the nursing plan and nursing intervention accordingly. 健康的定义既包含了健康定性的方面有包含了其定量的方面；即健康既可以用数字测量，又可用生活满意度、希望、个人和社会目标等因素进行测量 This definition of health is both qualitative and quantitative; health is measured both in numbers and by factors such as satisfaction with life, hope, and personal and social goals. 健康教育是一个集知识、心理和社会各方面因素为一体的过程，通过一系列的活动，以提高人们做出有利于个人、家庭和社区健康有关活动的决策能力。 Health education is a holistic process with intellectual, psychological, and social dimensions relating to activities that increase the abilities of people to make informed decisions that affect their personal, family, and community well-being. 健康教育的目的是实现许多健康目标，包括个体及家庭的发展、康复、知情同意、应对和自我护理。 The purposes of health education are to reach a number of health goals, including individual and family development, rehabilitation, informed consent, coping, and self-care. 康复是一个动态过程，它有计划地适应生活方式的改变，是对疾病或外伤事故所致的意外改变的反应 Rehabilitation is a dynamic process of adaptive change in lifestyle in response to unplanned change imposed on the individual by disease or traumatic incident. 影响压力源强度的因素有：压力源本身的强度、压力源的持续时间、个体应对压力的经验、个体对压力源重要性的感知，已经十分还存在其他的压力。
Key to Exercise Unit 1 Chemical Industries 1.the Industrial Revolution https://www.doczj.com/doc/7a14171461.html,anic chemicals 3.the contact process 4.the Haber process 5.synthetic polymers 6.intermediates 7.artificial fertilizers 8.pesticides (crop protection chemicals) 9.synthetic fibers 10.pharmaceutical 11.research and development 12.petrochemical https://www.doczj.com/doc/7a14171461.html,puters(automatic control equipment) 14.capital intensive Some Chemicals Used In Our Daily Life Unit 2 Research and Development 1.R&D 2.ideas and knowledge 3.process and products 4.fundamental 5.applied 6.product development 7.existing product 8.pilot plant 9.profitbility 10.environmental impact 11.energy cost 12.technical support 13.process improvement 14.effluent treatment 15.pharmaceutical 16.sufficiently pure 17.Reaction 18.unreacted material 19.by-products 20.the product specification 21.Product storage
1.two-terminal element 二端口元件 2.associated reference direction 关联参考方向 3.Ohm’s Law 欧姆定律 4.electric field 电场 5.displacement current 转移电流 6.short circuit 短路 7.magnetic field 磁场 8.conduction current 传导电流 1.capacitance 2.capacitor 3.resistance 4.resistor 5.Inductance 6.Inductor We can make two important observations here.在此，我们可以得到两条重要的结论：第一，如果电流是常数，理想电感器的端电压为0，这样电感器在恒量或直流中可以当作短路；第二，在电感器中电流不能瞬时变化，也就是说，在0时间内电流不能以有限量改变。 2 1.能量转换energy conversion 2.正极positive terminal 3串联电路series circuit 4.电路化简方法circuit simplification technique 5.电路分析方法circuit analysis technique 6.阻性电路resistive circuit 7.戴维南和诺顿等效电路Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuit 8.节点电压法node-voltage method 9.网孔电流法mesh-current method 10.参考节点reference node We can use those approaches for all circuits,对于所有的电路都可以使用这些方法，但是当电路结构更复杂、引入更多元件的时候，这种直接求解的方法很快就变得麻烦了。此时，可以使用两种常规的分析方法。 3 1. amplify current 放大电流 2. electronic component 电子元器件 3. complex circuit 复杂电路 4. vacuum tube 真空管 5. hand-held calculator便携式计算机 6. integrated circuit chip集成电路芯片 7. semiconductor material 半导体材料 8. microprocessor 微处理器 Bardeen和Brattain认为问题在于液体，所以他们用本质是锗锈的氧化锗来代替液体。Gibney准备了一块特殊的锗片，锗片的一面上有一层绿色的氧化层。12月12日Brattain开始插入接触点。
1.Why are cast metal sheet ingots hot-rolled first instead of being cold-rolled? Because of cold rolling is to use hot rolled steel coils as the raw material, after acid pickling to remove oxide skin for cold rolling, the finished product is hard roll, because of cold work hardening caused by deformation of continuous cold rolling hard roll strength, increase hardness, toughness and plastic index decreased, so the stamping performance will deteriorate, can only be used for simple deformation of the parts 2.What type of heat treatment is given to the rolled metal sheet after hot and “warm” rolling? What is its purpose? 轧钢的热处理的类型？轧钢热处理的目的？ Heat treatment of the main types are annealing, normalizing, quenching and tempering, solution treatment and aging treatment, cold treatment, chemical treatment, etc. Annealing： The steel is heated to a certain temperature and heat preservation for a period of time, and then make it slowly cooling, called annealing. Steel annealing is a heat the steel to the phase change or part of the phase change temperature, slow cooling after heat preservation heat treatment method. The purpose of annealing is to eliminate tissue defects, improve the organization make composition uniformity and fine grains, increase mechanical properties of the steel, reduce residual stress; Can decrease the hardness at the same time, improve the plasticity and toughness, improve machinability. So before annealing in order to eliminate and improve both the legacy of tissue defects and internal stress, and to prepare for the follow-up process, so the annealing is belong to the intermediate heat treatment, also called heat treatment in advance Normalizing： Normalizing is heated to above the critical temperature of steel, to all into homogeneous austenitic steel, heat treatment and natural cooling in air. It can eliminate hypereutectoid steel mesh cementite, for hyposteel normalizing can refine crystal lattice, improve comprehensive mechanical properties, low requirements for the parts use the normalized instead of the annealing process is more economic. Quenching: Quenching is the steel is heated to above the critical temperature, heat preservation for a period of time, then quickly into the quenching medium, the temperature plummeted, rapid cooling at greater than the critical cooling rate of speed, which is mainly composed of martensite and unbalanced heat treatment method of the organization. Can increase strength and hardness of the steel quenching, but to reduce its plasticity. That is commonly used in quenching hardening agent are: water, oil, caustic soda, and salt solution, etc