英语中的否定
一、否定概念1．否定的基本特征：含有否定词（语）。例如：⑴ not, never, seldom, hardly, nor,
⑵ no, few, , neither,
⑶ none, nothing, nobody,
⑷ without, but, except 含有否定词缀的词，也是一种否定意义的表达手段。但不属于否定结构或
否定句。
2．否定范围否定范围指否定意义在句中涉及的范围。一般讲，从否定词开始到句末，或到表示停
顿的标点为止。在口语中，句末用升调，表示修饰形状语在否定范围之内，反之则在范围之外。下列句子的划线部分是否定范围：
（1）I didn 'st ee Jack in the cinema yesterday.
（2）None of them passed the exam.
（3）I didn 'got there because I was afraid of him.
（4）I didn 'got there, because I was afraid of him. （我没去那儿，因为我怕他。）句（3）在书面语中意义不明确：可能是“我没去那儿，因为我怕他”；也可能是“我
去那儿并不是因为怕他” 。所以最好避免，或改写成句（4）和句（5）两个意思不同但明确的句子。
（5）I did go there not because I was afraid of him.
3. 否定转移
从结构上看，not 通常用于否定动词。但实际意义上讲，not 真正要否定的焦点可能是否
定范围中的其他成分。这种情况称为否定转移。例如：
（6）Shut up. I didn 'tt oc olimst e n to your stupid excuse.
= （7） I came here not to listen to your excuse.
（8） I don ' t think it will rain tomorrow.
= （9） I think it will not rain tomorrow.
（10） I do not go to school by bike everyday.
=（11） I go to school by bike at times, but not everyday.
二、常见的否定手法
1．全句否定和局部否定（也称“一般否定和特指否定” ）
1．1 全句否定（g eneral negation）：结构上not, never 否定谓语或no否定名词。（12）They are not interested in these subject.
（13） You can ' t take these books out of the readi-nrogom.
（14） There is no time to be lost.
1． 2 局部否定（special negation）：not 置于某个特定对象之前。
（15）You must always remember not to become conceited.
(16)The moon gives no light of its own. 局部否定用得很少，通常采用全句否定形式。但可以通过否定转移来达到局部否定的目的。例如，句( 17)比句( 18)更自然：
(17)I won't stay here for long：.
(18)I will stay here but not for long. 但有时用全句否定会产生歧义：
(19)It didn 't rain all the month.
句末用升调，表示否定转移至状语：是下雨了，但没有整整下一个月。句末用降调时，not 否定rain ：整整一个月没下雨。
如果将状语置于句首，原句改为All the month it didn '，t r则ainall the month 处于否定范围之
外，not 只能否定rain，意思也就明确了。采用局部否定也可避免类似的歧义。例如：
(20)It rained not all the month but for part of the month. 有时全句否定和局部否定意义全然不同：( 21)He didn 't try to mention it to Tom. 他不想对Tom 提起这件事情。
(22) He tried not to mention it to Tom. 他尽量不对Tom 提这件事。
△ 否定的前缀、后缀也是一种局部否定，但从结构上讲，不属于否定句结构。因此，在含有这类词的句子后，附加疑问句中用否定。如：It is unimportant, isn ' t it?
2．全体否定和部分否定2． 1 全体否定(absolute negation)
含有no, none 以及neither, never 等否定词，或every, all 与带有否定词缀的词连用时，均为全体否定：
(23) No one can do it.
(24) Neither of the sisters is good-looking.
(25) All these stars are invisible to naked eyes.
(26) Every plan he has made in impossible to carry out.
(27) I looked everywhere for the cell phone, but it could be found nowhere. 2． 2 部分否定(partial negation)
not 与下列词语连用时，具有部分否定意义：both, all, every, every-, always, entirely, wholly 等。例如：
(28) I don ' t wholly agree with you.
_(29) All that glitters is not gold.
(30) Both of his parents are at home.
(31) Not everything he says is right. 但这些词语否定的前缀连用时，意为全部否定。如：
( 32)All this is unnecessary.
3．双重否定和重复否定
3．1双重否定 ( double negation ) 双重否定时止，同一结构中用一个否定词否定另一个否定词(也包括否定前缀词) 。两个否定词互相抵消。双重否定通常强调一个肯定的意思。
( 33)He doesn't lend his books to nobody.
(34) I did ' t do it for no reason.
(35) We are not unprepared for the outcome of the conference.
(36) He never came without asking for money.
(37) I can not but admire his courage.
(38) They couldn ' t help laughing a jot kthee.
3．2重复否定(repeated negation) 重复否定是指用两个(以上)的否定词连续否定一个意思，所以就加强了否定的意义。其一般形式是：否定的谓语+否定的宾语；否定的主语+ 否定的谓语：
(39) I don 't know nothing about the matter.= (I don 't know anything about it.)
(40) We won ' t lose nothing by i=t. W( e won' t lose anything)
(41) Nobody hardly took notice of him. (=Nobody took notice of him) 重复否定在早期英语里很普遍，因为词的重复是正常的修辞手段。在现代英语里，不是标准语言。但在口语中仍不少。尤
其是教育程度不高的人群中。
4．延续否定( resumptive negation )
△ 用not ?not /neither / nor
(42) I ' ll not do such a thing, not 同I. 一( 主语)
(43) You cannot do it, nor can I, nor can anyone else. (不同主语)
(44) But Oliver did not come that day; nor the next day,; nor the next after that; nor for many ,many days after. (连续否定多个状语)
(45) It was not surprise, nor disappointment, nor anger, not any of the expressions that Della had been prepared for.
△ 用to say nothing of, not to mention, not to speak of, let alone, still less, much less + 名词( 后三个短语也可接动词)，表示“(连?都不?，)更别说?了。”
(46) He doesn ' t like music, still less dancing.
(47) He does not speak English well, to say nothing of German or French.
(48) She can't afford to buy a bicycle, let alone a car. (CIDE )
(49) "Are you getting a new car this year?" "You must be joking! I can't afford to pay my bills, let alone buy a new car!" (CIDE)
(50) At the age of fourteen I had never even been on a train, much/still less an aircraft.
5．半否定(semi-negation)
用hardly, seldom, rarely, scarcely, few, little, almost not / no;
(51) He seldom went out on Sundays.
(52) It is hardly possible, is it?
(53) Few believed it, did they?
(54) He is interested in almost nothing except computer games.
6. 排除否定(excluded negation)
用all ?but, every ?but, anything等b。ut
(55) All the people at the meeting agreed but Jack.
(56) I ‘ d like to do everything except housework.
(57) He is anything but a good teacher.
在否定句中用 but/except 则成了肯定的意思： Nobody except Bill can do it.
7. 强势否定 ( emphatic negation ) 强势否定实际上就是加强否定的语气。
7． 1 使用副词： certainly, simply, just, absolutely 等用于否定结构之前。
You just don't listen, do you? I told you you'd burn yourself if you touched that pan, didn't I? No one wants to buy these toys - we just can't sell them.
Look here, my (dear) boy, this simply won't do.
It is absolutely impossible to finish the work within a week.
7． 2 使用介词短语： in no way, by no means, at no time 等。
It is by no means certain that we will be able to move to our new office in June.
I would like to point out that I am in no way connected with them.
At no time and under no circumstance will China be the first to use nuclear weapons.
7． 3 在 not 后使用 single, at all, a bit, in the least, the slightest 等表示“微量”的词语。 He didn
' t have a single word about it.
I am not in the least tired.
If an accident happens to him I will not surprised at all.
7.4 用 the last 表示“最不 ?”。
He is the last person to do such a thing. 他是最不可能做这种事情的人。 Housework is the last thing that I want to do.
Bill was the last person that Kate wanted to see.
三、否定结构中的用词问题
1． 非肯定词 英语中有些词义相近的词语，有的只用于肯定结构，称为“肯定词( assertive
words )”；
有些只用于非肯定结构，称为“非肯定词 (non-assertive words) ”。如：
注： ⑴ 非肯定结构指：否定，疑问，条件。
⑵ ever 可用在以下的肯定意义中： This is the most beautiful city that I have ever been to. ⑶ 非肯定词用于含有 not, never, hardly 等词的否定句时，不可置于否定词之前。以下是误 句：（葛著 DEU ）
Either of them is not a doctor. ( 应改为： Neither of them is a doctor.) Anybody cannot do it. ( 应改为： Nobody can do it. )
2．情态动词 may, can, must 这三个词用于否定句时，意思大相径庭。
He may not come this afternoon. （他可能不来）
He cannot come this afternoon. （他不可能来）
非肯定词 any, any-, yet, either, at all, ever
He mustn't come this afternoon. （不准他来）3．almost 和nearly
almost 后可接nobody, nothing 等否定词，nearly 则不行；可以说not nearly （远非），但almost 前不能用否定词。
There was almost nothing in the fridge.
There is almost no possibility of our winning the lottery.
There's not nearly enough （= There is much too little） food for all these people!
She's not nearly as beautiful as you said she was. 4．在非肯定句中用long，在肯定句中用
（for）a long time
Have you been waiting long?
I waited （for） a long time.
She seldom stay out long.
He didn 't speak for long. （PEU）
It takes a long time to get to her house.
一个疑问：在否定句中，for long 与long 是否等同? PEU 的例句似乎表明等同，但叙述
时似乎并没有等同的态度。
△ 注意以下特殊情况⑴ long 与too, enough, so, as 等词连用时，可用于肯定句：
I have been working here too long.
You can stay as long as you like / want.
⑵ 在否定句中如果用for a long time, 意思就有了区别：
She didn't speak for a long time. 她好久没讲话。= For a long time she didn 't speak.
She didn't speak long. 她的讲话不长。5．在非肯定句中用far ，在肯定句中用 a long way How far did you walk?
We walked a long way. 与too, enough, as, so 搭配时，far 用于肯定句。
6．在否定句中，besides与except, but 意思相同：
Mark Twain had no other ties besides / but / except this one. 7．still, yet; ever
still 要用于否定词之前，因为它是个肯定词须用在否定范围之外；yet 和ever 是非肯定词，须用于非肯定结构中。
She still didn 't know the result of the discussion.
Have you finished the work yet?
I have not ever been to Beijing. （not ever=never） 8．含有not 和含有never 的固定短语not to mention 更不必说
believe it or not 信不信由你not to say 简直
It would be unwise, not to say stupid, to leave your first job after only six months.
never mind
never say die 永不言败小学二（2）班班规
一、安全方面
1、每天课间不能追逐打闹。
2、中午和下午放学要结伴回家。
3、公路上走路要沿右边走，过马路要注意交通安全。
4、不能在上学路上玩耍、逗留。
二、学习方面
1、每天到校后，不允许在走廊玩耍打闹，要进教室读书。
2、每节课铃声一响，要快速坐好，安静地等老师来上课。
3、课堂上不做小动作，不与同桌说悄悄话，认真思考，积极回答问题。
4、养成学前预习、学后复习的好习惯。每天按时完成作业，保证字迹工整，卷面整洁。
5、考试时做到认真审题，不交头接耳，不抄袭，独立完成答卷。
三、升旗排队和两操方面
1、升旗时，要快速出教室排好队，做到快、静、齐，安静整齐地排
队走出课室门，班长负责监督。
2、上午第二节后，快速坐好，按要求做好眼保健操
3、下午预
备铃声一响，在座位上做眼保健操。
四、卫生方面
1、每组值日生早晨7：35 到校做值日。
2、要求各负其责，打扫要迅速彻底，打扫完毕劳动工具要摆放整齐。
3、卫生监督员（剑锋，锶妍，炜薪）要按时到岗，除负责自己的值日工作外，还要做好记录。
五、一日常规
1、每天学生到齐后，班长要检查红领巾。
2、劳动委员组织检查卫生。
3、每天负责领读的学生要督促学生学习。
4、上课前需唱一首歌，由文娱委员负责。
5、做好两操。
6、放学后，先做作业，然后帮助家长至少做一件家务事。
7、如果有人违反班规，要到老师处说明原因。
班训：
坐如钟站如松快如风静无声
班规：
课堂听讲坐如钟，精神集中认真听；
排队升旗站如松，做操到位展雄风；
做事迅速快如风，样样事情记得清；自习课上静无声，
浅析英语中的否定 编讲：田老师在教学中不难看出，影响学生英语理解和阅读的除了有单词和主从句（长难句）外，还有一些否定句子困扰学生,严重影响了学习兴趣。现在就英语中的否定作统一的浅析以便教和学更轻松。 第一篇：否定转移和不转移问题 否定转移的主句动词在语义上可分： A:表示看法的动词: ｂe supｐosed to, bｅｌieｖｅ, eｘpｅcｔ, imaｇine, sｕｐｐosｅ, think， fancy,guess,ｓhouｌｄ say等表示主观意见和猜想的动词在句中作谓语时,按习惯其宾语从句的否定通常转移到主句。如: １. I didn’ｔ think I have ｓｅen you beｆｏre. ２. Shｅ dｉdｎ’t imagine tｈat we ｗoｕld say anything. Ｂ:表示感觉的动词： 在seｅm，fｅｅl，ｔaste,sound，appｅar,lｏok like, ｆeel aｓ if, looｋ aｓ iｆ, ｓou ｎｄ as if作联系动词的句子中，特别是seｅm,按习惯以它的否定来代替其他部分的否定。例如: 1. Ｔhe ｂaby dｏeｓn’ｔ apｐeaｒ to be awａke. 2. Iｔ dｏesn’t loｏｋ（看起来）ｌｉke it’s （天不会）going to raｉn. 3.Eｎgliｓh ｄｏｅsn't seem ｅaｓｙ tｏ leaｒｎ. 英语好像不容易学。
４．Ｉt diｄn't seem durｉng ｔhose ｙears that ｔherｅｃouｌd be anyone else ｗho ｍigｈt ｓharｅ my own peculiar tasｔes. 在那些年月里，似乎没有人会有我这样的特殊情趣。 C类似的情况还有半助动词ｈaｐpｅn。 例如:Ｈe dｉdn't ｈappen ｔo be at homｅ. 他碰巧不在家。 D将seem, apｐｅar 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。 It doeｓn'ｔ seem tｈ at they know wｈeｒｅ to gｏ．看来他们不知道往哪去。 Ｉt ｄoeｓn't appear that we＇ll haｖｅ a sunny day ｔｏmorrｏw. 看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。 Ｅ有时将动名词,介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。 I dｏｎ＇ t remember hａving ｅｖｅr seeｎ suｃh a maｎ． 我记得从未见过这样一个人。 (not否定动名词短语ｈａving…) It's not a plaｃe ｗhere ａnyｏne woｕld exｐｅｃt to sｅe strange cｈarａctｅrs on tｈe street. 在这里,人们不会想到在街上会碰上陌生的人。 (anyｏne 作主语时，从句中的谓语动词不能用否定形式。) F 状语和状语从句的否定转移 The ant is ｎot gatherｉｎｇ this for ｉｔself ａloｎe. (否定状语) 蚂蚁不只是为自己采食。 Hｅ was ｎot ｒeａdｙ to ｂeliｅve someｔｈiｎg juｓt bｅcauｓe Aristｏｔle sａｉｄｓo. (否定ｂecａｕｓe状语) 他并不因亚里斯多德说过如何,就轻信此事。
关于部分否定和全部否定 1.not all+名词,all...not,not...all表示部分否定 2.no+名词表示全部否定 Not all birds can fly. 讲解:本句=All birds can not fly=Some birds can’t fly=不是所有的鸟都 会飞 那么所有的鸟都不会飞如何表达? No birds can fly.=Birds can’t fly.----全部否定 大家清楚了吗?当然我上面犯了个错误,同学门看出来了吗?呵呵,鸟怎么能不会 飞呢?是bird就会飞.那什么鸟不会飞呢?ostrich[鸵鸟],这个单词难记吗?我来 教你记住它.先从后往前拆了它,rich+st+o,然后把rich联想成富人,st想成street,o想成一个项圈,最后开始造句,只有有钱人才会在大街上溜鸵鸟.记住 了吗?呵呵,鸵鸟肉很好吃,无奈本人不rich.好了,扯远了,给大家几个句子体会 一下部分否定. 例句: 1.Not all men can swim.=All men can not swim. 2.Not all Chinese people like beef.=All Chinese people don’t like be ef. 3.I don’t kown all of them,言外之意,I only know some of them,not all. 特别说明:前两个句子等号右边的部分同学们很容易理解成全部否定,其实不然. 但这里我要说明的是,这样的表达在现代英语里并不常见,所以在写作中大家最 好用等号左边的表达. 全部否定比较简单,我再举一个 No men can fly.[这个不是病句,是真理,没人反对吧,本人水平有限,太难的句 子怕写错了] 中学英语教材中，英语的否定句是一个语法的重点，同时又是一个难点。在教学 中发现有不少学生对英语句子的全部否定和部分否定翻译时不够准确，大部分学 生是按照字面翻译。英汉互译时，遣词不准，不注重英汉语言的习惯表达法。这 样既影响了学生对文章中的语句理解的准确性，又影响了学生运用英语的能力。 笔者就中学英语的否定句类型浅谈全部否定和部分否定句的英汉互译。 英语中的否定句，就其否定的范围来说，可分为全部否定(complete negation)和部分否定(partial negation)。表示全部否定时，常用含“绝无” 意义的否定词(如：none／no／neither／nobody／nothing／never／nowhere等)加上肯定式谓语。例如：None of the answers are correct．全部答案都不正确。 Neither of the films is interesting. 这两部电影都无趣味。 Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.
关于英语中的否定句 1) 一般否定句 I don‘t know this. No news is good news. There is no person /not a person/not any person in the house. 2)特指否定 He went to his office, not to see him. I am sorry for not coming on time. I don‘t think/believe/suppose/feel/imagine you are ri ght. 3)部分否定 I don‘t know all of them. I can‘t see everybody/everything. All the answers are not right.（并非所有答案都对。） All is not gold that glitters. （闪光的不一定都是金子。） Both of them are not right.（并非两人都对。） 4)全体否定 None of my friends smoke. I can see nothing/nobody. Nothing can be so simple as this. Neither of them is right. 5) 延续否定 You didn‘t see him, neither/nor did I. You don‘t know, I don‘t know either. He doesn‘t know English, let alone/to say nothing of/not to speak of French. 6) 半否定句 We seldom/hardly/scarcely/barely hear such fine singing. I know little English. I saw few people. 7) 双重否定 You can‘t make something out of nothing. What‘s done cannot be undone. There is no sweet without sweat. No gain without pains. I can‘t help /keep/ laughing whenever I hear it. No man is so old but (that) he can learn. 8)排除否定 Everyone is ready except you. He did nothing but play.
英语中的部分否定（即不完全否定）有如下一些表示方法： 一、all 的否定式： not all…（或：all…not）表示“并非都……”、“不是所有的都……”例如： Not all men can be masters. (= All men cannot be masters.) 并非人人都能当头头。Not all bamboo grows tall. 并非所有的竹子都会长得很高。 二、both 的否定式： not…both (或：both… not) “并非两个……都……”例如： I don't want both the books. 我不是两本书都要。 Both (the) windows are not open. 两扇窗子并不都开着。 三、every…的否定式：“不是每……都……”例如： Not every book is educative. (或：Every book is not educative.) 不是每本书都有教育意义的。 Not everyone likes this book. 并非人人都喜欢这本书。 This flower is not seen everywhere. 这花并不是随处可见的。 四、always的否定式：“并非总是（并非一直）……”例如： He is not always so sad. 他并不是一直都这样悲伤。 五、entirely, altogether, completely 和quite 的否定式：“不完全……”，“并非完全……”例如： The businessman is never to be entirely trusted. 不能够完全信任商人。 He felt not altogether satisfied. 他并不完全满意。 I don't agree completely. 我并不完全同意。 What he did was not quite proper. 他做的不十分妥当。 六、all the time 的否定式：“并非一直……”、“未必老是……”例如： A foolish man doesn't make a mistake all the time. 笨人未必老是犯错误。
英语中的否定 第一部分：重点讲解 I. 否定的种类： 否定句是英语中的常用基本句型之一,它用来表示对所表达情况的否认.英语的否定结构形式多种多样,无论在思路上,还是在表达方式上,都与汉语有许多差异.如果只按字面意思翻译,有时会造成误解.因此,在做英译汉和汉译英练习时,一定要认真体会其中的含义,不要望文生义,以防陷入这个可怕的迷宫. 按意义分,英语中的否定多种多样.有全部否定、部分否定、多重否定(双重否定). 1）全部否定 no, not, never, none, nobody, nothing, nowhere, neither... nor,结构均表示强烈意味的完全否定, 在汉语中体现为"绝对不","没有","远不(非)......","一点也不","根本不......","无论如何也没有......"等. 2）部分否定 英语中一些含有总括含义的代词、形容词或副词,当用于否定句中时,只否定一部分,
而不是完全否定.如all, everybody(everyone), everything, anyone(anybody), anything, anywhere, everywhere, always, quite, both, entirely, altogether等词与not连用时,在汉语中译为"......不全是......","不都是......","并非全都是......","不总是......"等,而不是按照字面理解为"所有......都不是". All that glitters is not gold. 闪闪发光的东西不一定都是金子.(误:所有闪闪发光的都不是金子.) All of us don’t want to go. 照字面看来好像是“我们大家都不想去”，而实际上是“并非大家都不想去”，即有人想去，有人不想去。“None of us wants to go”才是“大家都不想去” 因此，“All……not……”应解释为“一切……并不都……”或“并非一切……都……”。例如： All knowledge and techniques of modern medicine cannot bring him back to life.
关于英语中的否定句 1)一般否定 这是一般意义上的否定句。否定句是指谓语部分使用了否定表达的形式。 I don’t know this. No news is good news. There is no person /not a person/not any person in the house. 2)特指否定 这是指否定句子中的某一成份，例如下面例句是对状语的否定。 He went to his office, not to see him. I am sorry for not coming on time. I don’t think/believe/suppose/feel/imagine you are right. 3)部分否定 这是指对主语或宾语中所提到的人或事物，进行部分的否定，而不是全部提到的人或事物。句中使用了not all, not everybody, not both 一类的句式。 I don’t know all of the boys over there. I can’t see everybody in the meeting room. All is not gold that glitters. （闪光的不一定都是金子。） Both of them are not right.（并非两人都对。） 4)全体否定 这是指对主语或宾语中所提到的人或事物，进行全部的否定，即每个人或事都不是的。句子主要使用了有全部否定含义的词语，如none, nothing, neither 等。 None of my friends were involved in this case. I can see nobody in the deserted street. Nothing can be so simple as this. Neither of them is to blame for being late. 5) 延续否定 用两个简短的否定句，进一步表达否定的意思。 You didn't see him last night, neither/nor did I. You don't know about it, I don't know either. He doesn't know English, let alone/to say nothing of/not to speak of French. 6) 半否定句 这是由英语中特定的词语所决定的，与上面所说的部分否定有相似之处，这些词语是seldom, hardly, little, few 等，表示全部否定中还有一点点是肯定的。 We seldom/hardly/scarcely/barely hear such fine singing. I saw few people at the bus station at midnight. 7) 双重否定 双重否定即否定之否定，用两个否定来表示肯定，在语气上要强烈得多。 You can't make something out of nothing. What's done cannot be undone. There is no sweet without sweat. No gains without pains. I can't help /keep/ laughing whenever I hear it. No man is so old but (that) he can learn. 8)排除否定 也是一种部分否定，句子使用了表示排除的介词，如except, but, but for 等。介词后面的部
英语中的部分否定与全部否定 在英语里有一些用来表示“全体”或“完全”意义的总括词，如all, every(及everybody, everything等)，both, always, quite, wholly, entirely, altogether, completely等，凡含有这些词的否定句并非表示全部否定。如： 1. Not all the ants go out for the food. 并非所有的蚂蚁都出外觅食。 2. Money is not everything. 金钱并非万能。 从上面例子中可以看出部分否定有下列两种形式： 一、直接把否定词not 放在被否定词之前。如： 3. Not all birds can fly. 并不是所有的鸟都会飞。 4. Not both children are clever. 两个孩子并不都聪明。 5. He doesn’t quite understand. 他并非全部理解。 6. We are not altogether interested. 我们并不完全感兴趣。 二、用not 来否定谓语。如： 7. I can’t catch everything in the book. 我没有完全掌握书中的内容。 8. All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的未必都是金子。 除了上述两种常见的形式外，部分否定还有其它表现形式。如： 9. She can’t sing and dance. (not...and... ) 她并非既会唱歌又会跳舞。 10. It was not for nothing that she spent two years studying skies. (not for nothing) 她花了两年时间研究天体并非毫无收获。 还有含有seldom, hardly, little 等词的句子也有表示部分否定的情况。 11. He seldom asks for leave. 他很少请假。 12. It hardly ever snows in Guangdong. 广东极少下雪。 13. We know few of them. 他们当中我们不认识几个人。
英文中常用否定前缀总结 anti-表示，相反的，相对的antibody 抗体 non-表示“非”nonhuman 非人类 英语中大部分否定前缀构词法： 1> dis 加在形容词前 -- agreeable（adj.使人愉快的）→ disagreeable（adj.不愉快的） -- content（adj.满意的 vt.使满足）→ discontent（adj.不满的 vt.令人不满 n.不满） -- graceful（adj.优美的）→ disgraceful（adj.使失体面的, 耻辱的）-- honest（adj.诚实的, 正直的）→ dishonest（adj.不诚实的） -- satisfactory（adj.满意的）→ dissatisfactory（adj.不满意的） 加在名词前 -- agreement（n.同意）→ disagreement（n.意见不同） -- honesty（n.诚实, 正直）→ dishonesty（n.不诚实, 不老实） -- ability（n.能力, 才干）→ disability（n.无力, 无能） -- grace（n.优美, 雅致）→ disgrace（n.耻辱） -- comfort（n.舒适 vt.安慰）→ discomfort（n.不舒适 vt.使不舒适）可以加在动词前 -- agree（v.同意）→ disagree（v.不同意） -- appear（vi.出现）→ disappear（vi.消失, 不见） -- believe（相信, 信任）→ disbelieve（v.不信, 怀疑） 在名词前加dis得到动词, 表示除去、解除。 -- courage（n.勇气, 精神）→ discourage（vt.使气馁） -- root（n.根, 根部）→ disroot / unroot（vt.连根拔除）
中考英语- 最易混淆的完全否定与部分否定 一. 完全否定 英语中的完全否定可以用not, no, never, none, nobody, nothing, neither...nor, nowhere 等表示。如： 1. Nothing is difficult for him. 没什么难得到他。 2. Mary never has beef. 玛丽从来不吃牛肉。 3. Neither answer is correct. 两种答案都不对。 二.部分否定 英语中表示“全体”意义的代词, 形容词或副词。如：all, both, altogether, always, completely, every day, everyone, everything, everywhere, every, everybody, many, often 等与not 搭配时，通常表示部分否定，意思是“并非都是” “不完全是” “不是每个都是”等。例如： 1. Not everyone was amused by these April Fool's jokes.
并不是每个人都觉得这些玩笑有趣。 2. Food likes and dislikes do not always seem related to nutrition. 对食物 的好恶似乎并不总与营养有关。 比较： Nothing makes him happy. （全部否定）没有哪一件事情让他开心。 Not everything makes him happy. （部分否定）并不是每一件事都让他开心。 None of the students went to visit the science museum last week. （完全 否定）上周没有一个学生去参观科技博物馆。 Not all of the students went to visit the science museum last week. （部分 否定）上周并不是所有的学生都去参观了科技博物馆。 三.几乎否定 一些半否定词表否定之意。他们不可再与否定词连用，他们与谓语肯定式连用，构成几乎否定句。如：hardly, scarcely, seldom, little, few 等词。例如： 1.I could hardly hear what he said.
英语中部分否定的几种表示方法 英语中的部分否定（即不完全否定）有如下一些表示方法： 一、all 的否定式：not all…（或：all…not）表示"并非都……"、"不是所有的都……"例如：Not all bamboo grows tall. 并非所有的竹子都会长得很高。 Not all men can be masters. (= All men cannot be masters.) 并非人人都能当头头。 二、both 的否定式：not…both (或：both… not) "并非两个……都……" 例如： I don't w ant both the books. 我不是两本书都要。 Both (the) windows are not open. 两扇窗子并不都开着。 三、every…的否定式："不是每……都……" 例如： Not every book is educative. (或：Every book is not educative.) 不是每本书都有教育意义的。 Not everyone likes this book. 并非人人都喜欢这本书。 This flower is not seen everywhere. 这花并不是随处可见的。 四、always的否定式："并非总是（并非一直）……" 例如： He is not always so sad. 他并不是一直都这样悲伤。 五、entirely, altogether, completely 和quite 的否定式："不完全……"，"并非完全……" 例如：He felt not altogether satisfied. 他并不完全满意。 The businessman is never to be entirely trusted. 不可以完全信任商人。
英语中否定形式的表达 专家指导：英语中否定形式的表达在英语中经常用到否定形式，除了not, no之外，英语中还有其他的形式也可表达否定形式，下面是笔者对这面是笔者对这些形式的总结。1)用no和not No smoking is allowed here. Not a man was seen. He has no brothers. He is no fool. 2)用形容词far from, short of, free from, different from, last, poor, absent, It is far from the truth. I am short of money. This is the last thing I‘‘d like to do. 3)用副词hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom, never, no longer, not... any longer (more), not ... at all, nowhere, I can hardly bear it. 4)动词fail, neglect, miss, deny, ignore, refuse, keep from, protect from, dislike, prevent from, exclude, forbid, wonder, lack, stop, Parents keep their children from smoking. 5)用连词unless，would rather...than, other than, neither...nor, before, except that, or, otherwise, I would rather die than give in. The truth is quite other than what you think. I thanked him before he said anything. 6)用不定代词none, little, few, neither, nobody, nothing, no one Seize today, with little trust in tomorrow. Money lost little lost, time lost all lost. 7)用介词without, instead of, in place of,
英语的部分否定与全部否定 ■崔长平河南省遂平县第一高级中学（463100） ●部分否定就是使用否定词not或never等来否定表示全部概念的词（如：all， both，every以及由every合成的不定词，always， whole， entire等）。其意义均为“不都……”，“并非……都……”。需要说明的是：not或never否定这些词时，并非总是放在它们前面，不少时候否定词也可置于这些词之后。 All that glisters is not gold. Every man can not be a poet. You can not fool all the people all the time. He is not always so sad. This is not found everywhere. Not all bamboo grows tall. Not everybody can do the same. Both methods are not practical. He has not paid the whole money. They are never to be entirely trusted. ■部分否定参照表 ●全部否定是指句子使用了表示全部否定的词，这些词都表示绝对没人（事，物，时间，地点等）。 比较下面四句话的含义： I know both of them. 他们两个我都认识。 I don′t know both of them. 他们两个我不都认识。 I don′t know either of them. 他们两个我一个也不认识。 I know neither of them. 他们两个我都不认识。 全部否定句例如： There is nobody in the reading-room. None of that money on the table is mine. My ball-pen is nowhere to be seen. Neither of them can sing very well. He has not paid any of the money. He is never here in the morning. ■全部否定参照表：
英语中的否定 一、否定概念 1．否定的基本特征：含有否定词（语）。例如： ⑴not, never, seldom, hardly, nor, ⑵no, few, , neither, ⑶none, nothing, nobody, ⑷without, but, except 含有否定词缀的词，也是一种否定意义的表达手段。但不属于否定结构或否定句。2．否定范围 否定范围指否定意义在句中涉及的范围。一般讲，从否定词开始到句末，或到表示停顿的标点为止。在口语中，句末用升调，表示修饰形状语在否定范围之内，反之则在范围之外。下列句子的划线部分是否定范围： < （1）I didn’t see Jack in the cinema yesterday. （2）None of them passed the exam. （3）I didn’t go there because I was afraid of him. （4）I didn’t go there, because I was afraid of him. （我没去那儿，因为我怕他。）句（3）在书面语中意义不明确：可能是“我没去那儿，因为我怕他”；也可能是“我去那儿并不是因为怕他”。所以最好避免，或改写成句（4）和句（5）两个意思不同但明确的句子。 （5）I did go there not because I was afraid of him. 3. 否定转移 从结构上看，not通常用于否定动词。但实际意义上讲，not真正要否定的焦点可能是否定范围中的其他成分。这种情况称为否定转移。例如： （6）Shut up. I didn’t com e to listen to your stupid excuse. =(7) I came here not to listen to your excuse. ， (8) I don’t think it will rain tomorrow. =(9) I think it will not rain tomorrow. (10) I do not go to school by bike everyday. =(11) I go to school by bike at times, but not everyday. 二、常见的否定手法 1．全句否定和局部否定（也称“一般否定和特指否定”） 1．1 全句否定(general negation)：结构上not, never否定谓语或no否定名词。 （12）They are not interested in these subject. (13) You can’t take these books out of the reading-room. 《
英语中的否定 一、否定概念1．否定的基本特征：含有否定词（语）。例如：⑴ not, never, seldom, hardly, nor, ⑵ no, few, , neither, ⑶ none, nothing, nobody, ⑷ without, but, except 含有否定词缀的词，也是一种否定意义的表达手段。但不属于否定结构或 否定句。 2．否定范围否定范围指否定意义在句中涉及的范围。一般讲，从否定词开始到句末，或到表示停 顿的标点为止。在口语中，句末用升调，表示修饰形状语在否定范围之内，反之则在范围之外。下列句子的划线部分是否定范围： （1）I didn 'st ee Jack in the cinema yesterday. （2）None of them passed the exam. （3）I didn 'got there because I was afraid of him. （4）I didn 'got there, because I was afraid of him. （我没去那儿，因为我怕他。）句（3）在书面语中意义不明确：可能是“我没去那儿，因为我怕他”；也可能是“我 去那儿并不是因为怕他” 。所以最好避免，或改写成句（4）和句（5）两个意思不同但明确的句子。 （5）I did go there not because I was afraid of him. 3. 否定转移 从结构上看，not 通常用于否定动词。但实际意义上讲，not 真正要否定的焦点可能是否 定范围中的其他成分。这种情况称为否定转移。例如： （6）Shut up. I didn 'tt oc olimst e n to your stupid excuse. = （7） I came here not to listen to your excuse. （8） I don ' t think it will rain tomorrow. = （9） I think it will not rain tomorrow. （10） I do not go to school by bike everyday. =（11） I go to school by bike at times, but not everyday. 二、常见的否定手法 1．全句否定和局部否定（也称“一般否定和特指否定” ） 1．1 全句否定（g eneral negation）：结构上not, never 否定谓语或no否定名词。（12）They are not interested in these subject. （13） You can ' t take these books out of the readi-nrogom. （14） There is no time to be lost. 1． 2 局部否定（special negation）：not 置于某个特定对象之前。 （15）You must always remember not to become conceited.
英语部分否定的表示方法 英语中的部分否定（即不完全否定）有如下一些表示方法： 一、all 的否定式：not all…（或：all…not）表示“并非都……”、“不是所有的都……”例如： Not all men can be masters.（= All men cannot be masters.）并非人人都能当头头。 Not all bamboo grows tall.并非所有的竹子都会长得很高。 二、both 的否定式：not…both （或：both… not）“并非两个……都……” 例如： I don’t want both the books.我不是两本书都要。 Both （the）windows are not open.两扇窗子并不都开着。 三、every…的否定式：“不是每……都……” 例如： Not every book is educative.（或：Every book is not educative.）不是每本书都有教育意义的。 Not everyone likes this book.并非人人都喜欢这本书。 This flower is not seen everywhere.这花并不是随处可见的。 四、always的否定式：“并非总是（并非一直）……” 例如： He is not always so sad.他并不是一直都这样悲伤。 五、entirely1，altogether，completely2和quite 的否定式：“不完全……”，“并非完全……” 例如： The businessman is never to be entirely trusted.不可以完全信任商人。 He felt not altogether satisfied3.他并不完全满意。 I don’t agree completely.我并不完全同意。 What he did was not quite proper.他做的不十分妥当。 六、all the time 的否定式：“并非一直……”、“未必老是……” 例如： A foolish man doesn’t make a mistake all the time.笨人未必老是犯错误。 七、not…and…的否定式，被否定的往往是and后面的那一部分。例如： He did not speak clearly and correctly.他讲得清楚但不正确。 This film is not interesting and instructive.这部电影有趣但无教育意义。 She cannot sing and dance.她会唱歌但不会跳舞。 如果将and 换成or，not 对其后面的两部分就全盘否定了。 He did not speak clearly or correctly.他讲的既不清楚也不正确。 如要对上述的all，both，every，always，以及entirely，altogether，completely，quite 和all the time 等词作完全否定，那就分别要用与之相对应的全否定词，如no，none，neither，no one，never，not （never）… at all 等。例如：All of them can do it.—— None of them can do it. Both are good.——Neither is good. Everybody likes it.——Nobody likes it. He is always late.—— He is never late. We don’t trust them entirely.—— We never trust them at all. He was here all the time.—— He was never here.
恒星英语学习网https://www.doczj.com/doc/7910362055.html, 英语中的部分否定（即不完全否定）有如下一些表示方法： 英语中部分否定的几种表示方法 一、all 的否定式：not all…（或：all…not）表示"并非都……"、"不是所有的都……"例如：Not all men can be masters. (= All men cannot be masters.) 并非人人都能当头头。 Not all bamboo grows tall. 并非所有的竹子都会长得很高。 二、both 的否定式：not…both (或：both…not) "并非两个……都……" 例如： I don't want both the books. 我不是两本书都要。 Both (the) windows are not open. 两扇窗子并不都开着。 三、every…的否定式："不是每……都……" 例如： Not every book is educative. (或：Every book is not educative.) 不是每本书都有教育意义的。Not everyone likes this book. 并非人人都喜欢这本书。 This flower is not seen everywhere. 这花并不是随处可见的。 四、always的否定式："并非总是（并非一直）……" 例如： He is not always so sad. 他并不是一直都这样悲伤。 五、entirely, altogether, completely 和quite 的否定式："不完全……"，"并非完全……" 例如： The businessman is never to be entirely trusted. 不可以完全信任商人。 He felt not altogether satisfied. 他并不完全满意。 I don't agree completely. 我并不完全同意。 What he did was not quite proper. 他做的不十分妥当。 六、all the time 的否定式："并非一直……"、"未必老是……" 例如： A foolish man doesn't make a mistake all the time. 笨人未必老是犯错误。 七、not…and…的否定式，被否定的往往是and后面的那一部分。例如： He did not speak clearly and correctly. 他讲得清楚但不正确。 This film is not interesting and instructive. 这部电影有趣但无教育意义。 She cannot sing and dance. 她会唱歌但不会跳舞。 如果将and 换成or，not 对其后面的两部分就全盘否定了。 He did not speak clearly or correctly. 他讲的既不清楚也不正确。 如要对上述的all, both, every, always, 以及entirely, altogether, completely, quite 和all the time 等词作完全否定，那就分别要用与之相对应的全否定词，如no, none, neither, no one, never, not (never)…at all 等。例如： All of them can do it.--- None of them can do it. Both are good.---Neither is good. Everybody likes it. ---Nobody likes it. He is always late. --- He is never late. We don't trust them entirely. --- We never trust them at all. He was here all the time. --- He was never here.