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欧盟香蕉案

欧盟香蕉案
欧盟香蕉案

欧盟香蕉案

Banana III : European Communities - Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas HEADNOTE

AB-1997-3, WT/DS27/AB/R, Adopted by Dispute Settlement Body, November 17 1997, Ecuador, European Communities, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico and the United States, Appellants; Ecuador, European Communities, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico and the United States, Appellees; Belize, Cameroon, Colombia, Costa Rica, C?te d'Ivoire, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ghana, Grenada, Jamaica, Japan, Nicaragua, Saint Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, Suriname and V enezuela, Third Participants; Division: Bacchus, Beeby and El-Naggar. Introduction

On 9 September 1997, the WTO Appellate Body (the “AB”) issued its report on the case European Communities- Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas1. This is only the last episode of a long battle and the practical result is still to come2. The EC insisted on separate panel reports for each complaining party. The panel accepted, but made identical sections for factual aspects and party’s arguments. Only the findings were different to the extent that the respective submissions differed3. The four panel reports appealed were circulated on 22 May 1997. In those reports, the Panel concluded that the EC import regime for bananas was inconsistent with obligations under Articles I:1, III: 4, and XIII GATT, Articles II and XVII GATS and some provisions of the Licensing Agreement. Both the complaining parties and the EC presented their claims on appeal. Numerous other Members filed their submissions as third participants, belonging to the ACP group4 or to the Members of the Framework Agreement5, as well as Japan. The number of participants and the length of the procedure and of the reports6 are an indication of the importance of the case. Several issues of both General and Trade International Law were

1WT/DS27/AB/R. The three members of the AB serving on this case are Mr. J. Bacchus (US) as president, Mr. C. Beeby (New Zealand) and Professor Said El-Nagar (Egypt). It is interesting to note that the president is a national of the US, a Member that has a great interest in the case. This will not be possible at the panel procedure, according to Article 8 DSU, unless the parties agreed.

2The EC has been granted a period to implement the ruling of the DSB ending on 1 January 1999.

3Therefore, the claims of Guatemala and Honduras were treated together, since those parties filed a joint first submission. This report does not discuss GATS issues, since their initial submission did not allege infringements

of GATS.

4ACP States are those African Caribbean and Pacific States which are parties to the Fourth ACP-EC Convention of Lomé (Lomé IV Convention) signed in Lomé, 15 December 1989, as revised by the Agreement signed in Mauritius on 4 November 1995.

5This Agreement was signed as a result of the second GATT panel initiated by Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua and Venezuela against the EC banana regime. Guatemala was not a member of the Agreement and therefore appears as a complainant in the present case.

6Normally, the AB procedure takes one month. In exceptionally complicated cases, this period may be extended to three months. This period was respected, since the notice of appeal was filed by the EC on 11 June 1997. Each report counts around 400 pages, while the AB report is more than 100.

examined and given innovative solutions. The AB is building on the WTO provisions to play its institutional role. The rulings of this initial period furnish the fundamental orientation and principles for the future functioning of the dispute settlement of the Organisation. The analysis is therefore separated in two parts, one relating to the issues of importance for International Law and the second one dealing with International Trade rules.

Conclusions

As a result of the AB it has been confirmed that main aspects of the EC import regime for bananas is inconsistent with WTO rules. The EC will be faced with the obligation of implementing the AB Report, while complying with its commitments under the LoméConvention, namely, giving traditional imports of ACP bananas treatment not less favourable than in the past. This ruling will also encourage the EC to negotiate the next Lomé Convention in a manner which will conform with WTO obligations, according to the different possibilities foreseen by the European Commission in its Green Paper7.

The EC regime as it stands today is inconsistent with non-discrimination obligations both under GA TT and under GATS, since it favours imports coming from some regions (EC, DOM and ACP countries and those parties to the Framework Agreement on Bananas) to the expense of other exporting countries. The Commission has proposed the following modifications: To maintain the present tariff quota for non-traditional ACP and third country bananas at 2.2 million tonnes at a duty of 75 ECU/tonne (in stead of 100 ECU/tonne). Additionally, a supplementary quota of 353.000 tonnes at a duty of 300 ECU/tonne would be established to take account of the enlargement.

The current licensing system would be dismantled by abolishing Category B licenses and export certificates for FAB countries. This will alter the market conditions. The existing licences are designed to allow cross-subsidies between }mporters of dollar bananas and those of traditional ACP and EC bananas, which are less efficient. To compensate the foreseeable income loss for ACP bananas, the Commission proposes a system of technical and financial assistance, defined for each ACP country8. Another effect is to abolish the FAB modifications to the EC Regime. As before those modifications, all Latin American bananas will be treated in the same way, with the difference that they will not be disadvantaged with respect to ACP bananas. Some of the features of the current system, which do not conflict with WTO obligations, such as the existence of tariff quotas, will be maintained.

The overall impact of the reform should benefit the European consumers. Dollar bananas will be available at a lower price and this will influence their choices. ACP bananas will still be accessible, since the quota for traditional imports will probably be maintained, at least until the next Loménegotiation. EC bananas will also maintain their quota.

Concerning the operators in the European market, those who are benefiting of Category B licenses are going to loose their quota rent. Since most of them are European based companies, the European operators are the most harmed by this AB ruling. On the contrary, those operators traditionally importing dollar bananas, mainly big transnational companies, will benefit from an

7Green Paper on relations between the European Union and the ACP countries on the eve of the 21st century, European Commission, 1997. (http://europa.eu.int)

8The use of a system of production subsidies had already been pointed out by the doctrine to minimise the distortionary impact of the internal banana market. See READ R. “The EC Banana Market: The Issues and the Dilemma”, The World Economy, 2(1994), 219-235, at 234.

additional income due to the lower import tariff.

It remains to be seen whether the producers in the developing countries of the tropical areas will really gain from the reform to be undertaken or if the profit will stay in the trading companies.

It is widely acknowledged that the current WTO dispute settlement has moved towards a more rule-oriented system9. The Report in this case contains several innovative conclusions which have a meaning in the definition of the institutional role of the AB. The possibility for private lawyers to represent a Member’s delegation in the AB hearing represents some openness of a purely intergovernmental system. Private lawyers may give a more legally oriented reasoning than government officials. Furthermore, the way in which the AB modifies the reasoning of the Panel in certain points such as the interpretation of the Japan-Alcoholic Beverages case10 reveals a concern for clarity of the legal reasoning, towards a more predictable system. The call for a system of preliminary rulings goes certainly in the same direction. Their impact would depend much on whether they would be admitted as authoritative interpretation or not11.

The AB is building up its own identity. As a young institution, it has to provide in its early rulings with principles and guidance that will probably be followed in the future. As in other Reports12, the AB is contributing to the consolidation of the rule of law in the field of international trade.

9See YOUNG, M. “Dispute resolution in the Uruguay Round: Lawyers triumph over diplomats”, The International Lawyer, 2(1995) 29 389-409 and MONTA?à I MORA, “A GATT with teeth: Law wins over politics in the resolution of international trade disputes”, 31 Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 103 (1993), 128-136.

10See supra note 错误!未定义书签。.

11Up to now, only WTO Members may provide with an interpretation binding in all circumstances. To admit that the AB may also do so will enhance the importance and authority of this institution. Some Members may not be ready to admit such a strong control over their trade disputes.

12See SCOTT, N. “The WTO Appellate Body’s Report on Japan-Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages: Building the Foundation for International Trade Rules”, [1997] 2 International Trade Law and Regulation, 55-57.

哥伦比亚诉欧盟香蕉案

WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION WT/DS361/1 G/L/818 26 March 2007 (07-1254) Original: English EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES – REGIME FOR THE IMPORTATION OF BANANAS Request for Consultations by Colombia The following communication, dated 21 March 2007, from the delegation of Colombia to the delegation of the European Communities and to the Chairman of the Dispute Settlement Body, is circulated in accordance with Article 4.4 of the DSU. _______________ My authorities have instructed me to request the European Communities ("EC") to consult with Colombia pursuant to Article 4 of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes ("DSU"), Article XXIII:1 of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 ("GATT 1994"), and Paragraph 3 of the Understanding in Respect of Waivers of Obligations under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 on the regime for the importation of bananas that the EC has applied since 1 January 2006. Background to the consultations requested by Colombia In the dispute EC – Bananas III, certain aspects of the EC's previous banana import regime were found to be inconsistent with WTO law.1The EC reached Understandings with Ecuador 2and the United States3identifying means for the resolution of that dispute. According to these Understandings, the EC was to "introduce a Tariff Only regime for imports of bananas no later than 1 January 2006",4to rebind its import tariff on bananas, and to initiate "GATT Article XXVIII negotiations ... in good time t o that effect …"5 Both Understandings provided for the application of three tariff-rate quotas until 31 December 2005, including a zero duty tariff-rate quota for bananas originating in ACP States

世界多边贸易论文--浅析WTO贸易争端解决机制

东北财经大学网络教育课程考试论文(案例)考核 世界多边贸易体制概论 作者 考试批次 学籍批次 考点 层次 专业 完成时间

浅析WTO争端解决机制 一、关于争端解决机制的几点说明 ㈠争端解决机制的发展 随着经济全球化的日益深入,国与国之间的竞争加剧,贸易摩擦也日益增多。为确保贸易能公平、公正的进行,需要一个有效的争端解决机制。从GATT的争端解决机制条款到WTO的争端解决机制,多边贸易体制日臻完善和成熟。当双边磋商难以达成协议时,争端的申诉方可将争端提请缔约方全体进行处理。 为了进一步强化GATT的争端解决机制,乌拉圭回合谈判较全面、彻底的对GATT争端解决机制和程序作了改进,并最终形成了《关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解书》).通过这样一个强化了的机制,WTO希望能更迅速、更有效地处理成员之间的贸易纠纷和摩擦、维护它们之间的权利与义务,督促各成员更好地履行各项协议的义务及其所作的承诺,“实现问题的满意解决”。 ㈡争端解决机制的基本程序 WTO的争端解决制度是保障WTO多边贸易体制的可靠性和可预见性的核心, DSU对争端解决的基本方法和程序作了极为详细的规定,其基本程序包括:磋商;斡旋,调解和调停;专家小组;上诉视察;对建议或裁定的监督执行;仲裁;补偿与减让的终止以及“交叉报复”。 WTO自1995年成立后,其争端解决机制在处理国际经贸纠纷方面取得了显著成绩,发挥着日益重要的作用。约有80%的争端在建立专家小组之前是通过磋商是争端双方达成一致的,这也表明了争端解决机制的权威性。 当然,WTO争端解决机制远不是完美的,年轻的WTO争端解决机制能不能经受真正的考验还有待时日,但是无疑,我们是有理由乐观的。 二、 WTO争端解决机制运作过程存在的不足——从一个经典案例看香蕉案 ㈠案情 这是一个被数次诉诸GATT和WTO纠纷解决机制的纠纷。欧盟市场的香蕉主要有三部分来源:一个是直接隶属于某些欧盟国家的海外领土,如加勒比海地区的英联邦成员,法国的海外省等;二是通过《洛美协定》同欧盟保持特惠经贸关系的(非洲、加勒比和太平洋地区的国家,ACP);三是中美和南美洲的国家。 欧洲香蕉共同市场组织成立,为国际香蕉市场带来了深刻的结构性变化,由于欧盟(欧共体)404/93规则确立了不同的配额体系,给予ACP国家特惠待遇,导致跨国香蕉企业逐步将投资、经营移出中南美地区,对其造成重大损失。基于此,厄瓜多尔、危地马拉、洪都拉斯和墨西哥以及美国联合申诉专家组技术机构基本接受了申请方五国的主要观点,并要求欧盟应最迟不晚于1999年1月1日修改香蕉进口、销售及分销体制,以同WTO的一般规则相符合。 欧盟接受了以上裁决,公布了1637/98号新决议。但是,申请方五国认为新规则仍然保留了原体制的歧视性,ACP国家继续超越“洛美弃权”的限制从欧盟倾斜的体制中获益,因而对质量更优和更具竞争性的“美元香蕉”将继续构成明显的歧视,于是,通过WTO与欧盟进行谈判,欧盟随后公布了2362/98号新规则,对1637/98号规则的某些执行细节作了修改。但美国对此仍不满意,以欧盟拟实施的新体制带有偏向色彩,不能符合世界贸易组织的要求为由,单方面公布了报复清单和制裁时间表;欧盟岂能相让,他们指出,欧盟不否认美国有权对新香蕉机制提出质询,但美国不应单方面以制裁相威胁,双方应在世界贸易组织的框架之内多边协商问题,并宣布新规则的如期实施。 美国于3月3日发动闪电报复,单方面对欧盟近20种产品征收100%的惩罚性关税,价值5.2亿美元,1999年4月,专家组和仲裁组的两份报告终于被先后正式作出,欧盟败诉,仲裁组认定美国的实际损失为1.914亿美元。总之至今,争端各方都没能找出各方都满意的解决方法。

近年国际贸易案例一览

1.中国稀土出口配额案例分析 2.欧美荷尔蒙牛肉案 3.中美汇率战 4.英特尔反垄断案 5.美对华薄棉纸反规避调查案 6.中国代工模式分析—满城风雨富士康 7.转基因产品引发的贸易争端 8.王致和商标侵权案 9.黑龙江省猪肉出口成功规避绿色壁垒案例 10.黑龙江省猪肉出口 11.WTO经典案例:欧盟强征IT产品税 12.委内瑞拉外汇管制案例 13.中国-欧盟打火机安全装置案 14.欧盟对我国鞋类产品反倾销调查的案例分析 15.中美清洁能源之争分析 16.中俄过贸易中有关“灰色清关”的案例分析 17.中美出版物市场准入案 18.中国间谍门——力拓案 19.中国首例农产品反补贴案——对美白羽肉鸡案 20.GATS第一案——美国赌博案 21.企业社会责任保护案-迪斯尼代工工厂被取消供应商资格案例 22.中国石蜡蜡烛反规避案 23.中美轮胎特保案例调查 24.中外技术贸易案例--玻璃技术引进中的问题 25.中国在WTO的第一起被诉案件---中国集成电路增值税案 26.ETS诉新东方侵权案 27.一场“三败俱伤”的纠纷案-中国劳务输出案例 28.美对华最大制裁案美对华最大制裁案 29.从“冻虾”事件看绿色壁垒 30.力拓间谍案与中国铁矿石贸易 31.中国出口贸易战——我国稀有金属路在何方? 32.我国技术引进案例---液晶面板引进热 33.欧盟进口香蕉案 34.中国钢管再遭调查案例 35.加拿大对我国烧烤架反补贴案 36.加拿大对华碳钢和不锈钢紧固件反补贴案例 37.中国彩电对美倾销案 38.美泰公司召回产品案 39.从外部规模经济视角解读义乌模式 40.美国对华铜版纸反倾销案例

欧共体与秘鲁沙丁鱼案

案例:欧共体与秘鲁沙丁鱼案 2002年5月29日,WTO争端解决机构发布专家组报告,裁定欧共体有关沙丁鱼描述的欧共体法规违反技术性贸易壁垒协议。 争端涉及的事项 本案涉及的产品是沙丁鱼。其实质是关于沙丁鱼类产品描述、命名的争端。沙丁鱼有很多种类,其中一类主要生活在北大西洋东部(西欧沿海和地中海地区),一类主要生活在太平洋东部(秘鲁和智利沿海)。但欧共体有关罐装沙丁鱼销售的法规,只允许用北大西洋东部的沙丁鱼制作的罐装沙丁鱼以“沙丁鱼”的名称销售。本案申诉方秘鲁向欧共体出口在秘鲁沿海捕获的沙丁鱼制作的罐装沙丁鱼,名叫东太平洋或秘鲁沙丁鱼。据欧共体法规,这样命名的秘鲁沙丁鱼被禁止在欧共体内销售。 针对上述措施,秘鲁向世界贸易组织争端解决机构提起申诉,认为欧共体的这一法规禁止“沙丁鱼”这一名称与生产国国名、捕获区域名称、沙丁鱼种类或销售国的产品惯常名称一起使用,违反了技术性贸易壁垒协议第2条第4款。秘鲁主张欧共体的这一法规没有按照该款的要求,以与沙丁鱼产品命名相关的国际标准为依据。 联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织食品规则委员会于1978年制定了有关罐装沙丁鱼和沙丁鱼类产品的标准,1995年进行了修订(与本案直接相关的是1995年的修订,以下简称联合国标准)。该标准规定了沙丁鱼产品的名称,相关产品可以用两种方式命名:“沙丁鱼”这一名称专用于北大西洋东部的沙丁鱼,“X X沙丁鱼”表示某国沙丁鱼、某一地理区域沙丁鱼、某一种类沙丁鱼或符合销售国法律和习惯的产品惯常名称沙丁鱼。依据联合国标准,秘鲁出口的沙丁鱼可以称为东太平洋或秘鲁沙丁鱼。 争议问题及其解决 1.争议措施是否是技术性贸易壁垒协议意义上的技术法规 欧共体原则上不否认欧共体法规是技术性贸易壁垒协议意义上的技术法规,但不接受秘鲁指控的争议措施(命名要求)是技术法规,因为技术性贸易壁垒协议意义上的技术法规涉及标签而不是命名要求。

WTO+DSB+欧共体香蕉案Ⅲ_summary

European Communities — Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas This summary has been prepared by the Secretariat under its own responsibility. The summary is for general information only and is not intended to affect the rights and obligations of Members. See also: > One-page summary of key findings of this dispute > The basics: how disputes are settled in WTO > Computer based training on dispute settlement > Text of the Dispute Settlement Understanding Other disputes involving: > Agricultural and Food > Bananas > Distribution > Ecuador > Guatemala > Honduras > Mexico > United States of America > European Union (formerly EC) > Agreement on Agriculture > General Agreement on Trade in Services > General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 > Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures > Agreement on Trade-Related Current status back to top Compliance proceedings completed with finding(s) of non-compliance on 11 December 2008 Key facts back to top Short title: EC — Bananas III Complainant: Ecuador; Guatemala; Honduras; Mexico; United States of America Respondent: European Communities Third Parties: Belize; Cameroon; Canada; Colombia; Costa Rica; Dominica; Dominican Republic; Ghana; Grenada; India; Jamaica; Japan; Nicaragua; Philippines; Saint Lucia; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Senegal; Suriname; Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of); C?te d’Ivoire; Brazil; Madagascar; Panama Agreements cited: (as cited in request for consultations) Import Licensing: Art. 1, 3 Agriculture: Art. 19 Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs): Art. 5, 2 Services (GATS): Art. II, IV, XVI, XVII GATT 1994: Art. I, II, III, X, XI, XIII Request for Consultations 5 February 1996

推荐-试析在中国东盟自由贸易区背景下浅谈对第三国服务提供者的保护 精品

试析在中国东盟自由贸易区背景下浅谈对第三国服务提供者的保护 摘要货物贸易和服务贸易属于不同的部门,但在实践中,货物贸易中往往涉及服务贸易,并且针对货物贸易的关境措施将同时影响服务和服务提供者,因此本文以中国东盟自贸区为例,从欧共体香蕉案出发,探讨在涉及服务贸易的货物贸易中,如何保护相关服务和服务贸易提供者的利益,促进中国东盟自贸区与第三国经贸关系的和谐发展。 关键词关境措施GATS 东盟非成员国 随着经济全球化进程的加深,跨国公司遍布世界各地,跨国公司的经营模式倾向于生产、销售一体化,通过在国外设立分公司和子公司、寻找代理商进行海外销售,这些产品的跨国流动既属于货物贸易但又不可避免的涉及服务贸易,因此进口国在货物贸易领域的贸易保护措施不仅对货物贸易而且对相关的服务贸易也可能产生不利影响,如何进口国的措施进行规制,保护第三国服务提供者的利益就是一个亟待解决的问题。本文将从欧共体香蕉案切入对这一问题进行探讨。 一、案件背景 欧共体香蕉进口、销售和分销体制案,其涉及主体主要有四方,一是作为一个整体的欧共体,二是通过《洛美协定》同欧共体保持特惠经贸关系的非洲、加勒比海和太平洋地区国家(简称“ACP国家”);三是拉丁美洲国家。四是美国,因为拉美香蕉的种植、收购、销售均依赖美国几家大的跨国公司的投资,因此欧共体的香蕉进口体制与美

国跨国公司的利益息息相关。欧共体香蕉案曾经三次提交到WTO争端解决机制,历时十年多,在第三次提交到WTO争端解决机制后,1997年5月22日专家组做出了如下裁决:欧共体的香蕉进口体制违反了GATT第1条第1款、第3条第4款、第10条第3款以及第13条第1款,违反了《进口许可程序协议》第1条第3款以及GATS的第2条和第17条。1997年6月11日,欧共体就专家组报告提出上诉。上诉机构维持了专家组报告中的大部分结论。 在本案中欧共体提出上诉的主要原因在于香蕉进口本是货物贸易,适用《关税与贸易总协定》(以下简称GATT)及相关货物贸易的多边协定无可厚非,但认定欧共体的关境措施违反了《服务贸易总协定》(以下简称GATS)是没有根据的。欧共体的理由是:该案主要是货物贸易,但是否涉及GATS所认定的服务贸易尚没有根据;第二,GATS适用的前提是成员国的措施对GATS认定的服务贸易产生了影响,本案中欧共体的关境措施是否已经达到了影响相关服务和提供者的利益需要GA TS的规制,这是有疑问的。在香蕉案中美国以及拉美国家能否使用GATS的规定,保护其在欧洲的香蕉经销商的利益,针对欧共体的抗辩,我们首先要对“服务的提供”、“服务贸易”、“措施”和“影响服务贸易的措施”这几个概念加以界定。 二、相关概念的界定 (一)服务与服务的提供 服务和货物是两个不同的概念,“服务”根据辞海的解释是指提供活劳动的形式来满足他人的某种需要,并取得商业报酬的行为,但

浅析WTO贸易争端解决机制

浅析WTO贸易争端解决机制

浅 析 W T O 争 端 解 决 机 制 姓名: 班级: 学号:

上课时间: 关键词:WTO、争端、社会机制、规则体系、运作过程、贸易争端、世界贸易组织 摘要:WTO争端解决机制是多边贸易体制中具有核心作用的机制,它通过定权止纷功能的实现对整个WT O的顺利运行起到了重要的保障作用,已被公认为是“WTO最独特的贡献”。作为WTO 新成员的中国,能否在WTO框架内获得其依据WTO协议应享有的权利,有效运用WTO争端解决机制,妥善处理和解决与WTO成员间发生的贸易摩擦和纠纷,不仅取决于机制自身的发展和完善,而且有赖于我国有关法律、政策及机构的必要改革与调整。前后绵延多年的香蕉案堪称世界贸易组织自成立以来运用多边争端解决机制处理得最为重要和最具影响力的案件之一,本案对于南北关系、欧美关系、贸易和发展,以及欧盟对外贸易制度所将带来的影响仍有待各界学人的共同探讨,本文的着眼点,是放在其对实际组织争端解决机制的影响上。

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美欧香蕉大战

美欧香蕉战升级美宣布惩罚欧盟 据新华社华盛顿12月21日电(记者袁炳忠)美国贸易代表巴尔舍夫斯基21日宣布,鉴于欧盟未能执行世界贸易组织关于美欧香蕉贸易争端的裁决,美国将对来自欧盟的商品征收数亿美元的惩罚性关税。 巴尔舍夫斯基说,这些惩罚措施将从明年2月2日或最迟在3月3日之前开始生效。美国将对一系列来自欧盟国家的产品征收百分之百的关税,这 些产品包括奶酪、甜饼干、蜡烛、手袋、毡纸、贺卡、开司米毛衣、纯棉 床罩、纸板箱、电动交通工具的电池、咖啡壶和吊灯等。这些消费品在美 国市场上的零售价将大幅上涨。 巴尔舍夫斯基说,6年来欧盟一直未执行世贸组织及其前身关税及贸易 总协定关于美欧香蕉贸易争端的裁决,欧盟委员会副主席布里坦与美国总 统克林顿在最近的一次会谈中也未能解决这一争端,因此美国采取上述制 裁措施,以抵销欧盟歧视性香蕉政策给美造成的损失。 美取消对欧盟惩罚性关税八年香蕉战告一段落 【据新华社华盛顿7月1日电】美国贸易代表策利克1日宣布,根据美国和欧盟4月份达成的协议,欧盟从本月1日开始实行新的香蕉进口制度,因此,美国于当天取消了对来自欧盟的1.91亿美元商品征收的100%的惩罚性关税。 策利克在一份声明中说,香蕉贸易争端的解决表明美欧双方是按照相互尊重、谅解以及采取建设性行动的精神来解决相互之间的分歧的。 欧盟于1993年实行新的香蕉进口配额制度。美国认为这损害了在拉美地区经营香蕉种植园的美国跨国公司的利益。为此,美国向世界贸易组织提起了诉讼并获得胜诉。 在世贸组织的授权下,美国于1999年3月开始对来自欧盟的价值1.91亿美元的商品征收100%的关税作为报复。 此后,美国与欧盟围绕这一问题举行了多次磋商,终于在今年4月11日达成协议。 根据协议,欧盟从今年7月1日起逐步增加拉美香蕉的进口配额,到2006年1月1日将完全取消配额制度。 欧盟和拉美国家结束历时15年的香蕉战

世界贸易组织争端解决机制程序

世界贸易争端解决机制的程序 世界贸易组织争端解决机制主要包括作为WTO协议附件2的《关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解》及其附件。此外,《关于实施与审议〈关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解〉决定》、《关于按照〈履行1994年关税与贸易总协定第六条的协定〉或〈补贴与反补贴措施协定〉第五部分处理争端的宣言》以及世界贸易组织各项协定及配套或附属协议中有关争端解决的条款都是世界贸易组织争端解决机制的有机组成部分。 《关于争端解决规则和程序的谅解》是WTO争端解决机制的基本文件,共有27条和4个附件,其主要目的在于为多边贸易体制提供安全性和可预测性,保障各有关协议成员方的权利义务。 WTO争端解决包括下列基本阶段:磋商、专家组程序、上诉机构程序、争端解决机构决定及其监督实施、制裁等阶段,还包括斡旋、调解和调停、仲裁等选择性争端解决程序。有些阶段基本上是GATT1947争端解决相应程序的重述,有些则是WTO的创新。 一、磋商 磋商是争端解决的第一个程序阶段,是指两个或两个以上成员为使相互间的争议问题得到解决或达成谅解而进行国际交涉的一种方式。由于磋商解决争端问题是争端各当事方在协商一致的基础上达成一致意见,有利于所达成协议的执行,因此这一阶段是争端解决的必经阶段,也是世界贸易组织所提供的争端解决方式。 《争端解决谅解》第4条规定,某一成员方认为另一成员方在其境内采取的措施影响了世界贸易组织所管辖协议的实施,并损害了该成员方的利益,可提出要求磋商的请求,另一成员方应对此请求给予同情的考虑,并提供充分的磋商机会。从该条规定可以看出,任一成员方在被提起磋商请求时,有提供磋商机会的义务。 《争端解决谅解》第4条还规定了磋商的具体程序和各个阶段的具体时限: 1、某一成员方提出磋商请求后,接到请求的成员方应白收到请求的10

欧盟香蕉案

欧盟香蕉案 Banana III : European Communities - Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas HEADNOTE AB-1997-3, WT/DS27/AB/R, Adopted by Dispute Settlement Body, November 17 1997, Ecuador, European Communities, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico and the United States, Appellants; Ecuador, European Communities, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico and the United States, Appellees; Belize, Cameroon, Colombia, Costa Rica, C?te d'Ivoire, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ghana, Grenada, Jamaica, Japan, Nicaragua, Saint Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, Suriname and V enezuela, Third Participants; Division: Bacchus, Beeby and El-Naggar. Introduction On 9 September 1997, the WTO Appellate Body (the “AB”) issued its report on the case European Communities- Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas1. This is only the last episode of a long battle and the practical result is still to come2. The EC insisted on separate panel reports for each complaining party. The panel accepted, but made identical sections for factual aspects and party’s arguments. Only the findings were different to the extent that the respective submissions differed3. The four panel reports appealed were circulated on 22 May 1997. In those reports, the Panel concluded that the EC import regime for bananas was inconsistent with obligations under Articles I:1, III: 4, and XIII GATT, Articles II and XVII GATS and some provisions of the Licensing Agreement. Both the complaining parties and the EC presented their claims on appeal. Numerous other Members filed their submissions as third participants, belonging to the ACP group4 or to the Members of the Framework Agreement5, as well as Japan. The number of participants and the length of the procedure and of the reports6 are an indication of the importance of the case. Several issues of both General and Trade International Law were 1WT/DS27/AB/R. The three members of the AB serving on this case are Mr. J. Bacchus (US) as president, Mr. C. Beeby (New Zealand) and Professor Said El-Nagar (Egypt). It is interesting to note that the president is a national of the US, a Member that has a great interest in the case. This will not be possible at the panel procedure, according to Article 8 DSU, unless the parties agreed. 2The EC has been granted a period to implement the ruling of the DSB ending on 1 January 1999. 3Therefore, the claims of Guatemala and Honduras were treated together, since those parties filed a joint first submission. This report does not discuss GATS issues, since their initial submission did not allege infringements of GATS. 4ACP States are those African Caribbean and Pacific States which are parties to the Fourth ACP-EC Convention of Lomé (Lomé IV Convention) signed in Lomé, 15 December 1989, as revised by the Agreement signed in Mauritius on 4 November 1995. 5This Agreement was signed as a result of the second GATT panel initiated by Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua and Venezuela against the EC banana regime. Guatemala was not a member of the Agreement and therefore appears as a complainant in the present case. 6Normally, the AB procedure takes one month. In exceptionally complicated cases, this period may be extended to three months. This period was respected, since the notice of appeal was filed by the EC on 11 June 1997. Each report counts around 400 pages, while the AB report is more than 100.

WTO案例 香蕉案解析

香蕉案解析

You have selected to view all the disputes about Bananas 9 case(s) match the criteria you selected. 22June 2007 European Communities —Regime for the Importation of Bananas (Complainant: Panama)DS36421March 2007European Communities —Regime for the Importation of Bananas (Complainant: Colombia) DS36131August 2001Turkey —Certain Import Procedures for Fresh Fruit (Complainant: Ecuador) DS2374March 1999United States —Import Measures on Certain Products from the European Communities (Complainant: European Communities) DS16520January 1999European Communities —Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas (Complainants: Guatemala; Honduras; Mexico; Panama; United States) DS15825November 1998United States —Sections 301–310 of the Trade Act 1974 (Complainant: European Communities) DS15224October 1997European Communities —Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas (Complainant: Panama) DS1055February 1996European Communities —Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas (Complainants: Ecuador; Guatemala; Honduras; Mexico; United States) DS2728September 1995European Communities —Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas (Complainants: Guatemala; Honduras; Mexico; United States) DS16

技术性贸易壁垒-----欧盟香蕉案

WTO-TBT案例-欧盟香蕉案 [2001-01-01] 目前最能代表新的争端解决机制特点的当属拉美五国(厄瓜多尔、危地马拉、洪都拉斯、墨西哥及后来参加进来的巴拿马)和美国联合投诉非加太(ACP)国家及日本、印度等作为第三方参加的欧盟香蕉进口机制争端案。该案涉及范围更广,提出了许多新问题,目前,该案己进入实施阶段。本节将对这一案例展开分析。 欧盟香蕉进口机制争端的背景 起因: 对欧盟香蕉进口机制的争议由来已久。原因是1975年以来欧盟和传统的贸易合作伙伴ACP国家签订了几次洛美协定,其中有一个关于香蕉的协议(现行协议为PROTOCAL5)。1988年以来,美元区的香蕉生产国一直对此抗议,欧盟一再修订这一机制,但始终不能彻底解决这一问题。1993年2月,欧盟通过了在香蕉领域的共同市场规则,这一机制允许ACP国家出口到欧盟的香蕉的数量保持与传统上一致的水平,而给美元区国家和非传统ACP 国家设定了配额,配额内进口的香蕉按100ECU/吨来征税,配额以外的,按850ECU/吨征税。在此配额中,非传统生产国的香蕉可免税进口9万吨,但国家间的分配将由下一步的欧盟规则决定。而且,进口香蕉不论来源于何处,都要受各种进口程序的约束。1994年和1995年,欧盟在抗议声中不得不将配额分别提到10万吨、20万吨。 GATT洛美豁免: 考虑到洛美协定的因素,1994年12月,缔约国全体免除了欧盟在洛美协定到期日2000年2月29日前GATTl947/1.1下的义务,允许欧盟为从ACP国家进口的产品提供优惠关税待遇。此外,乌拉圭回合中,哥伦比亚、哥斯达黎加、尼加拉瓜、委内瑞拉作为香蕉框架协议(BFA)的缔约方亦享受优惠安排。 GATT时期的争端解决: 1992年9月,拉美五个香蕉生产国向GATT申诉,要求解决欧盟在香蕉进口上采取的歧视性措施。1992年成立的专家组认为,欧盟的措施不是为了同时限制国内生产,也不是强制性法律规定,显然不符合GATT第11条第1款;洛美协定不是GATT第24条所指的自由贸易协定或关税同盟,因为欧盟对部分国家的优惠是单向的,虽然这一措施对发展中国家是有利的,但GATT第四部分的规定不能违背第一部分的原则。经过理事会多次讨论,直到1994年年底,专家组的报告仍未通过。 1993年2月13日,拉美五国对欧盟新的香蕉进口法令再次向GATT申诉。拉美五国诉称欧盟的关税配额措施违背了GATT第1、2、3、5、8、11、13、24条和第四部分。欧盟辩解说,这一法令是为了履行GATT和洛美协定的双重义务。1993年6月成立的专家组认为,

争端解决机制运作中存在的不足

【争端解决】WTO争端解决机制运作过程存在的不足——从一个经典案例看香蕉案 [提要]本文介绍了WTO争端解决机制运作过程存在的不足——从一个经典案例看香蕉案.,一个被数次诉诸GATT和WTO纠纷解决机制的纠纷。欧盟市场的香蕉主要有三部分来源:一个是直接隶属于某些欧盟国家的海外领土,如加勒比海地区的英联邦成员,法国的海外省等;二并提供专业律师进行免费法律咨询... 【争端解决】WTO争端解决机制运作过程存在的不足——从一个经典案例看香蕉案 2.1案情 这是一个被数次诉诸GATT和WTO纠纷解决机制的纠纷。欧盟市场的香蕉主要有三部分来源:一个是直接隶属于某些欧盟国家的海外领土,如加勒比海地区的英联邦成员,法国的海外省等;二是通过《洛美协定》(Lome convention)同欧盟保持特惠经贸关系的(非洲、加勒比和太平洋地区的国家,ACP);三是中美和南美洲的国家。 欧洲香蕉共同市场组织(CMO common Market Organization)成立,为国际香蕉市场带来了深刻的结构性变化,由于欧盟(欧共体)404/93规则确立了不同的配额体系,给予ACP国家特惠待遇,导致跨国香蕉企业逐步将投资、经营移出中南美地区,对其造成重大损失。基于此,厄瓜多尔、危地马拉、洪都拉斯和墨西哥以及美国联合申诉(香蕉案1 ,1996-1997) 专家组技术机构基本接受了申请方五国的主要观点,并要求欧盟应最迟不晚于1999年1月1日修改香蕉进口、销售及分销体制,以同WTO的一般规则相符合。 欧盟接受了以上裁决,公布了1637/98号新决议。但是,申请方五国认为新规则仍然保留了原体制的歧视性,ACP国家继续超越“洛美弃权”的限制从欧盟倾斜的体制中获益,因而对质量更优和更具竞争性的“美元香蕉”将继续构成明显的歧视,于是,通过WTO与欧盟进行谈判,欧盟随后公布了2362/98号新规则,对1637/98号规则的某些执行细节作了修改。但美国对此仍不满意,以欧盟拟实施的新体制带有偏向色彩,不能符合世界贸易组织的要求为由,单方面公布了报复清单和制裁时间表;欧盟岂能相让,他们指出,欧盟不否认美国有权对新香蕉机制提出质询,但美国不应单方面以制裁相威胁,双方应在世界贸易组织的框架之内多边协商问题,并宣布新规则的如期实施。美国则坚持立场,认为欧盟只不过是在利用争端解决机制中存在的程序漏洞故意拖延时间。

WTO透明度原则在海关法领域的适用——以欧共体特定海关事项案为例

发表于《海关法评论》第1卷(2010年) WTO透明度原则在海关法领域的适用 ——以欧共体特定海关事项案为例 黄文旭* (华东政法大学,上海 200042;上海中企泰律师事务所,上海 200122 ) WTO《海关估价协议》是WTO多边货物贸易协议之一,当然对所有WTO成员有约束力,对WTO成员的海关法有直接影响。然而,WTO规则对成员海关法的影响不限于此,如《原产地规则协议》、《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》也与WTO成员的海关法密切相关。此外,WTO的透明度原则要求各成员将其普遍适用的与海关有关的法律、规则、司法决定和行政裁决予以公布,以便各成员国政府和贸易经营者了解。欧共体特定海关事项案是WTO争端解决机构处理的有关海关法律的少有案例之一,其争议的焦点是欧共体海关法律的执行是否违反WTO透明度原则。 一、WTO透明度原则 在WTO法律框架内,透明度原则是指任何成员对本国制定和实施的与国际贸易有关的法律法规、司法判决、行政决定以及贸易政策都应当予以及时公布,以便其他缔约方政府及贸易商能够及时了解和熟悉它们。1透明度原则成为WTO的基础原则之一,是因为其可以使所有成员方在国际经贸交往中,保持贸易法律、法规和政策的统一性、公正性和合理性。 WTO关于透明度原则的核心条文是GA TT1994第10条,该条的标题为“贸易法规的公布和实施”。该条第1款是透明度原则的核心内容,“任何成员方实施的关于下列内容的普遍适用的法律、法规、司法判决和行政裁定应迅速公布,使各国政府和贸易商能够知晓:产品的海关归类或海关估价;关税税率、国内税税率和其他费用;有关进出口产品或其支付转账、或影响其销售、分销、运输、保险、仓储检验、展览、加工、混合或其他用途的要求、限制或禁止。任何成员方政府或政府机构与另一成员方政府或政府机构之间实施的影响国际贸易政策的协定也应予公布。”欧共体特定海关事项案所涉及到的条款为GATT1994第10条第3款。 二、欧共体特定海关事项案简介 2004年9月12日,美国就欧共体特定海关事项提请与欧共体进行磋商。美国与欧共体于2004年11月16日在日内瓦进行了磋商,但未能解决争端。2005年1月,美国要求WTO 争端解决机构成立专家组,争端解决机构于3月21日成立专家组处理该争端。2006年6月16日,专家组报告公布。2006年8月,美国和欧共体均对专家组报告提出上诉。2006年11月13日,WTO争端解决机构公布了欧共体特定海关事项案的上诉机构报告。 美国在设立专家组请求书中提出的指控为: 第一,美国控诉欧共体对GA TT1994第10条第1款所指的法律、规章、判决和裁决的执行方式是不统一、不公正或不合理的,因而违反了GA TT1994第10条第3款a项。美国在设立专家组请求书中指出,这些法律文件包括《欧共体海关法典》、《欧共体海关法典实施规定》、《共同海关税则》、《欧共体统一关税税率》(TARIC)以及以上法律文件的修订和其他有关措施。美国还提交了欧共体海关法律执行不统一的不同事例,以证明欧共体海关执行制度整体违反了GATT1994第10条第3款a项的统一执行要求,这些事例包括海关归类和海关估价、海关归类和海关估价的程序、商品通关放行的程序、商品进入自由流通领域后的 *作者简介:黄文旭(1982—),男,湖南邵阳人,上海中企泰律师事务所律师,华东政法大学国际法学专业博士研究生,研究方向:国际经济法。

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