英语词汇学习：分词（附练习题）
1．分词的性质：
具有形容词性质，可以在句中担任表语、定语、宾补、状语，现在分词表示主动，且动作在进行：过去分词表示被动，或动作已完成。
2．分词的形式：
例：write (vt) rise (vi)
主动语态被动语态主动过去分词
时态
现在时writing being written rising risen /
完成时having written having been written having risen /
3．分词的用法：
（1）定语分词置于被修饰名词前
分词短语于置于被修饰名词后
a sleeping baby = a baby who is sleeping
a running dog = a dog which is running
a broken glass = a glass which is broken
a beaten team = a team which is beaten（beaten 是被打败的意思）This is the problem discussed at the last meeting.
The problem being discussed is very important.
（2）表语：The book is interesting.
He is interested in the book.
The news is exciting.
学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考 English Lexicology(英语词汇学) 1.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.英语词汇学旨在调查和研究英语单词和单词的等价物的形态结构,其语义结构、关系、历史发展、形成和用法。 2.English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论）and lexicography(词典学) Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary 1.Word（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence 词语是语言最小的自由形式，拥有固定的声音和意义以及句法作用。 2.Sound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”词语是一个符号，代表着世界上其他的事物。每种世界文化已经赞成一定的读音将代表一定的人，事，地方，特性，过程，行动，当然是在语言系统之外。这种象征性的联系几乎总是主观的，并且“在代表事物和思想的声音和实际的事物和思想之间没有法定关系” 3.Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other内因是因为英语字母表采用罗马字母，罗马字母没有独立的字母代表每个读音，因此一些字母代表两个读音或者组合在一起发音。 （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years另一个原因是发音比拼写的变化快，在一些时候还拉开了距离。在最近五百年里，尽管口语发音已经出现了显著的变化，却没有相应的拼写变化。 （3）some of the difference were created by the early scribes第三个原因是一些早期的书写员发明了一些不同。（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary最后借词来了，这是丰富英语词汇的重要途径。 （5）printing印刷已经变得非常普及。它有助于固定单词的拼写、standardization标准化使得拼写不容改变。、dictionary字典在拼写终结中得到好处。 —Old English,The speech of the time was represented very much more faithfully in writing than it is today. 古代英语中的口语比今天更忠实的代表书面语 —The written form of English is an imperfect representation of the spoken form。英语的书写是发音形式不完善的代表 4.What is vocabulary？ （1）Total number of the words in a language一个语言的单词综合 （2）Words used in a particular historical period 特殊历史时期使用的单词 （3）All the words of a dialect，a book ，a discipline...某个方言，书籍，学科中的所有单词 5.Classification of English Words：英语词汇由所有种类的词汇组成。它们可以根据不同的标 准或者不同的目的进行分类。 By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabulary根据使用频率，单词可以分为基础词和非基础词。 By notion:content words&functional words可以根据概念分成实词和虚词
a t i m e a n d A l l t h 《英语词汇学》教学大纲 一、课程名称：英语词汇学 二、课程类别：英语专业限选课 三、教学时数与学分：本课程为34学时, 总学分为2分四、开课时间：本课程安排在第6学期进行五、教学对象：英语专业一年级学生六、教学目的： 通过学习，学生能够了解英语词汇学的基本理论知识，并能用所学的知识去独立思考、分析问题和解决问题。 七、教学内容： 教师授课与学生自学相结合。学生需在教师的指导下阅读有关词汇学书籍。检查学生的阅读质量主要采取由学生复述阅读内容，并对阅读内容中的思想和观点作出个人的评价。教师重点讲解学生在阅读中所遇到的重点和难点。 学生完成基础词汇学理论的学习后，应根据所学词汇学理论知识，在教师的指导下设计、完成自己的学期论文。 Chapter I A General Survey of English Vocabulary Chapter II Morphological Structure of English Words Chapter III Word-Formation (I)Chapter IV Word-Formation (II) Chapter V Word Meaning and Semantic Features Chapter VI Polysemy and Homonymy Chapter VII Sense Relations Between Words Chapter VIII Meaning and Context Chapter IX Changes in Word Meaning Chapter X English Idioms Chapter XI American English Chapter XII English Dictionaries and How to Use Them 八、时间安排：本学期6－13周进行课程的讲授，14周组织学生复习，15周考试。详见下表。 周次日期 星期/节次 讲授内容 备注 第一周月 日 第二周第三周第四周第五周第六周 10.1310.13周五.3.4周五.7.8General survey of English vocabulary; morphological structure of English words 第七周10.20周五.3.4Word-formation(I)第八周 10.2710.27 周五.3.4周五.7.8 Word-formation(II)
Unit 1 外资企业foreign enterprise 合资企业joint venture 合作企业cooperative enterprise 龙头企业 a locomotive 国有企业state-owned enterprise 私营企业privately-owned enterprise 荣誉企业honorable enterprise 优质企业qualified enterprise 一级企业class A enterprise 跨国公司multinational company 母公司parent company 子公司subsidiary company 总公司head office 分公司branch office 代表处representative offices 上市公司listed company 私人股份有限公司private limited company 拳头产品core product 环保产品environment-friendly product 专业生产经营specialize in, engage in, handle a range of business including… 占地面积cover an area of… 年产量with an annual output 具有自营进出口权being entitled to self-import and self-export rights 奉行坚持..原则；以..宗旨,在…方针指 导下 abide by the principles of …, adhere to the aims of…, based on the motto of the company 产品销往products have been distributed to 获得奖项rank the titles 通过ISO9000 质量认证 be granted the Certificate of ISO9000 International Quality System unit 2 ?维持升幅to an increase sustain) ?到达最高点to reach a peak ?保持不变to remain constant/ stable ?降到最低点to bottom out ?正值…之际on the occasion of ?代表on the behalf of ?承蒙盛情邀请at the gracious invitation of ?年会annual meeting ?商界的朋友们friends from the business community ?marketing presentation营销报告会 ?sales representative 销售代表 ?sales record 销售记录 ?customers’satisfaction顾客满意度 ?manufacturer 生产商 ?retailer 零售商 ?merchant wholesaler 批发商 ?commission agent 佣金代理商 ?facilitating agent 服务代理商 ?经销渠道distribution channel ?营销目标marketing objective ?战略营销strategic marketing ?目标市场target market ?潜在的风险和potential threats and opportunities ?可控因素controllable components ?销售业绩sales performance Unit 3 1、Business relations and cooperation business connections business cooperation technological cooperation scope of cooperation mutually beneficial relations close relationship to cement / continue / enlarge / promote / improve / maintain / interrupt / restore / speed up / reactivate business relationship to reach an agreement to make a deal 2、Investment a heavy /a long-term/ a profitable/ a safe and sure investment foreign direct investment (FDI) portfolio investment investment environment investment intent/ partner exclusively foreign-owne enterprise joint venture cooperative enterprise equity joint venture contractual joint venture 3、Form of Trade merchandise exports and imports service exports and imports bilateral trade leasing trade processing with supplied material processing with imported materials processing with supplied sample assembling with supplied parts 4、Describing products genuine article imitation low-priced goods low quality goods inferior goods superior quality unfinished products top grade goods showy goods high-tech products durable consumer goods modern and elegant in fashion complete in specifications sophisticated technology attractive and durable skillful manufacture 5、Credit commercial credit trade reputation
全国2011年7月高等教育自学考试 英语词汇学试题 课程代码：00832 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30 %) 1. Grammarians insist that a word be a __________ form that can function in a sentence. ( ) A. small B. large C. fixed D. free 2. In the earliest stage of English, the written form of a word should ________ that of the oral form. ( ) A. agree with B. disagree with C. be the same as D. be different from 3. ____________consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicine, mathematics, etc. ( ) A. Terminology B. Jargon C. Slang D. Argot 4. Social, economic and political changes bring about such new words as the followings EXCEPT_________. ( ) A. fast food B. TV dinner C. Mao jackets D. Watergate 5. Reviving archaic words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance, “loan”, which was prevalent in the thirteenth century, was replaced by “ __________ ” in American English. ( ) A. own B. let C. rent D. lend 6. If we say that Old English was a language of __________ endings, Middle English was one of leveled endings. ( ) A. full B. short C. long D. paralleled 00832# 英语词汇学试卷第1页共6页
Introduction 绪论 0.1 The nature and Domain of English lexicology 英语词汇学的定义及研究范围 Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words. 词汇学是语言学的一个分支，研究词汇的起源和意义。 English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages. 英语词汇学研究英语词汇的形态结构、词的对应及其语义结构、词义关系、词的历史演变、词的构成及词的用法等。 English lexicology is a theoretically-oriented course. 英语词汇学是一门理论性课程。 It is chiefly concerned with the basic theories of words in general and of English words in particular. 该课程主要论述词汇学的基本理论，特别是英语词汇的理论知识。 However, it is a practical course as well, for in the discussion, we shall inevitably deal with copious stocks of words and idioms, and study a great many usage examples. 但是，英语词汇学也是一门实践性课程，在该书的论述中，我们将遇到大量的词汇和习语，学习大量词汇用法实例。 Naturally, there will be a large quantity of practice involved. 当然，同时还要接触到大量的词汇练习。 0.2 Its Relation to Other Disciplines 英语词汇学与其它学科的关系 English lexicology itself is a subbranch of linguistics. 英语词汇学是语言学的一个分支。 But it embraces other academic disciplines, such as morphology, semantics, etymology, stylistics, lexicography. 但它却与其他学科相关，如形态学、语义学、词源学、文体学和词典学等。 Each of them has been established as a discipline in its own right. 而这些学科都各成一门学科。 Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through the use of morpheme construct. 形态学是语法学的一个分支，主要通过运用词素（形位）结构研究词的结构或形式。 This is one of the major concerns of lexicology, for we shall discuss the inflections of words and word-formation and examine how morphemes are combined to form words and words to form sentences. 这是词汇学研究的主要内容之一，因为研究词汇就必需讨论的屈折变化和构词法，考察词素如何构成词、词如何构成句子。 Etymology is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words. 词源学研究词的形式和意义的起源及其历史变化。 Modern English is derived from the languages of early Germanic tribes with a fairly small vocabulary. 现代英语源于词汇量颇小的古日尔曼语。 We shall study how this small vocabulary has grown into a huge modern English vocabulary and explain the changes that have taken place in the forms and meanings of words. 我们将研究这门词汇量很小的语言是如何发展成为词汇量庞大的现代英语，并解释英语词汇的形式和意义是如何变化的。 Stylistics is the study of style. 文体学研究文体。 It is concerned with the user’s choices of linguistic elements in a particular context for special effects. 主要对语用者在特定语境中如何选择语言要素（即如何选择用词、句型等）以达到特定的表达效果进行观察研究。 Among the areas of study: lexis, phonology, syntax, graphology, we shall concentrate on lexis, exploring the stylistic values of words. 在文体学所研究的词汇、音系学、句法学和书写法范围中，我们主要研究词汇，探讨词汇的文体价值。Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form, meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a pragmatic difference. 词典学和词汇学探讨同样的问题：词汇的形式、意义、词汇的起源及用法，但两者在语用上还有差异。 A lexicographer’s task is to record the language as it is used so as to present the genuine picture of words to the reader, providing authoritative reference, whereas the student of lexicology is to acquire the knowledge and information of lexis so as to increase their lexical awareness and capacity of language use. 词典学家的任务是实录词汇的用法并把词汇用法的真实情形呈现给读者，为其提供权威性的参考；而词汇学家则是研究词汇的知识和信息，以增强读者对词汇的了解和语言的使用能力。 Though English lexicology has a wide coverage of academic areas, our task is definite and consistent. 英语词汇学的研究范围很大，但我们的任务是明确而系统的。 That is to study English words in different aspects and from different angles. 即从不同角度研究英语词汇的各个方面。0.3 Method of Study 英语词汇学的研究方法 There are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and diachronic. 一般来说，词汇研究有两种
《英语词汇学》教学大纲 课程名称：英语词汇学 课程编号： 课程类型、学时数及学分：专业必修课，第7期，32学时，2学分 教材名称及作者、出版社、出版时间及书号：《现代英语词汇学概论》张韵斐著，北京师范大学出版社，2004，ISBN: 978-7-303-00143-9 本大纲制定时间：2013年11月 本大纲审定人： 一、课程性质、目的和任务 本课程属于专业限选课，授课对象为本科专业高年级学生。本课程的教学目的在于帮助学生系统地总结英语词汇知识, 从而更科学地学习英语词汇,运用词汇学中所学到的基本知识和理论来分析和理解英语词汇, 正确地使用英语词汇。其次，本课程还有助于培养学生在英语学习中对所观察到的语言现象加以分析和总结的技能和习惯，从而培养学生语言的理解、欣赏和分析能力。 二、课程教学的基本要求 本课程的教学要求是通过学习现代英语词汇学的基础理论，使学生了解词的来源、词的形态、词的构成方式、词的语义特征、各种词汇之间的相互关系和变化、词的联想与搭配等内容，观察美语和英语词汇的区别，掌握常用词汇知识在语言实践中的运用方法与技能，鼓励学生积极参与课堂讨论。 课程的重点：词的构成方式，语义特征，语义变化，词汇衔接和语篇连贯。 课程的难点：词汇衔接和语篇连贯。 三、课程教学基本内容和学时分配 本课程总的学时为32学时。每课为2-4个课时完成。教学内容如下： Chapter 1 A General Survey of English vocabulary 1.The development of English vocabulary 2.Classifications of English words according to different criteria 本章节讲授重点： What is the definition of English words? What are the three phases of English vocabulary? How can we classify English vocabulary? Chapter 2 Morphological Structure of English words
2012年4月全国自考《英语词汇学：00832》试题和答案
全国2012年4月高等教育自学考试 《英语词汇学》试题和答案 课程代码：00832 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%) 1. Words of the basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us. Which of the following words is related to the natural phenomena? A. Father B. Fire C. Evil D. Old 2. The differences between sound and form are due to the following EXCEPT . A. the fact of more phonemes than letters in English B. stabilization of spelling by printing C. influence of the work of scribes D. innovations made by linguists 3. There are functional words in the following sentence: It is fun to play with children. A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6 4. The surviving language fall into eight principal groups. Blato-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armenian and Albanian belong to the-------- set. A. Eastern B. Southern C. Western D. Northern 5. With the growth of------, British tentacles began stretching out to every corner of the globe, thus enabling English to absorb words from all major language of the world. A. civilization B. revolution C. colonization D. industrialization 6. Which of the following statements is NOT true? A. English is more closely related to German than French B. Scandinavian languages refer to Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish and Swedish.
全国高等教育自学考试 英语词汇学试题 课程代码：00832 Ⅰ．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket.（30%）1．According to semanticists, a word is a unit of ______.（） A．meaning B．Sound C．combination of sounds D．Group 2．The pronunciation has changed ______ spelling over the years.（） A．more slowly than B．As quickly as C．more rapidly than D．Not so quickly as 3．Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by ______.（）A．use frequency B．notion C．origin D．sound 4．Rapid growth of science and technology breeds such new words as the following EXCEPT______.（） A．green revolution B．fast food C．moon walk D．space shuttle 5．Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new ______ to meet the new need. （）A．form B．meaning C．look D．pronunciation 6．Reviving archaic words also contribute to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance, in American English “fall” means ______ in British English.（） A．four B．fell C．for D．autumn 7．The plural morpheme “-s” is realized by /s/after the following sounds EXCEPT ______. （）A．/t/ B．/g/ C．/p/ D．/k/ 英语词汇学试卷第 1 页共9 页
自考英语词汇学翻译精华整理
English Lexicology(英语词汇学) 1.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.英语词汇学旨在调查和研究英语单词和单词的等价物的形态结构,其语义结构、关系、历史发展、形成和用法。 2.English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics （文体论）and lexicography(词典学) Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary 1.Word（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence 词语是语言最小的自由形式，拥有固定的声音和意义以及句法作用。 2.Sound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”词语是一个符号，代表着世界上其他的事物。每种世界文化已经赞成一定的读音将代表一定的人，事，地方，特性，过程，行动，当然是在语言系统之外。这种象征性的联系几乎总是主观的，并且“在代表事物和思想的声音和实际的事物和思想之间没有法定关系” 3.Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other内因是因为英语字母表采用罗马字母，罗马字母没有独立的字母代表每个读音，因此一些字母代表两个读音或者组合在一起发音。
Terminology Translations on lexicology 英语词汇学术语翻译 A acronym首字母拼音词acronymy首字母拼音法 addition增词 adjective compound复合形容词 affective meaning感情意义 affix词缀 affixation词缀法 Albanian阿尔巴尼亚语（族）aliens非同化词alliteration头韵（法）allomorph词素（形位）变体ambiguity歧义 amelioration of meamng词义的升华analogy类推 analytic language分析性语言antithsis对偶 antonym反义词 antonymy反义关系 appreciative term褒义词 archaic word古词 archaism古词语
argot隐语（黑话）Armenian亚美尼亚语（族）Associated transfer联想转移association联想 associative meanings关联意义 B back－formation逆生法 back clipping词尾截短 Balto－Slavic波罗斯拉夫语（族）bilinguall双语的 basic word stock基本词汇 blend拼缀词 blending拼缀法 borrowed word借词 bound form粘着形式 bound morpheme粘着语素（形位）bound root粘着词根 C casual style随便文体 catchPhrase时髦语 Celtic凯尔特语（族）central meaning中心意义 Clipping截短法 collocability搭配能力
英语词汇学 (English Lexicology) 课程编号：05100290课程性质：专业选修课 总学分：2 总学时：36 一课程目的及要求： 英语语言文学专业必修课或选修课。英语词汇学是一门以当代语言学多种理论为指导，全面深入研究英语词汇的专业课程。英语词汇学课程重在揭示现代英语词汇的普遍规律，侧重分析研究现代英语词汇现象，兼顾英语词汇的纵向演变和发展。 本课程旨在帮助英语专业高年级学习者强化英语词汇知识，系统地了解现代英语词汇的过去和现状，把握英语词汇学习与使用的规则和特点。既要培养学生理解语言现象和分析语言问题的理论水平，又要提高学生运用英语的实际能力。二、课程主要内容： 英语词汇学导言（词汇学的性质、重要性、学习方法） 词的基本知识（词和词汇的定义与区别，声音与意义和拼写之间的关系，词汇划分的基本原则及各类词的主要特点） 英语词汇的形成与发展（英语的亲属关系，英语词汇形成和发展的三个时期及其特点，现代英语词汇发展的趋势和方式） 英语构词法I （词的个构成成分，各成分之间的区别，对词进行结构分析）英语构词法II （现代英语主要构词法，这些构词法在英语词汇发展中的地位） 词的意义（了解“意义”的不同含义，词义的理据，几种常见意义） 语义关系和语义场（词与词之间的几种主要语义关系，它们的概念和特点）词义的演变（词义变化的必然性，词义变化的主要方式，词义变化的原因）词义与语境（两种不同的语境，语境对词义的重要作用） 英语习语（英语习语的概念、范畴、特点及其分类原则，习语的作用） 英语词典（不同类型词典的形式、内容、范围及特点） 三、教学方式 以讲解为主，在教学过程中采用研究型教学方式，在讲授基本的词汇学概念和原理之后引导学生进行课堂讨论，课后查阅资料，收集语料，描写语言和分析语言等活动，同时指定阅读材料并作课堂汇报。 四、主要教学参考书： 教材：自编 参考书目： 1. 陆国强：《现代英语词汇学》，上海外语教育出版社，1999 2. 汪榕培、卢晓娟：《英语词汇学教程》，上海外语教育出版社，1997 3. 张维友：《英语词汇学》，外语教学与研究出版社，2000 4. 张韵斐，周锡卿：《现代英语词汇学概论》，北京师范大学出版社，1988 5. 张永言，《词汇学简论》，华中工学院出版社，1982 6．拉耶芙斯卡娅，《英语词汇学引论》，商务印书馆，1960
英语词汇学讲义 第一章英语词汇学简介(A Brief Introduction to English Lexicology) 教学目的： ●了解英语词汇学研究的现状及地位 ●掌握及分类 ●了解英语词汇学的研究范围和研究方法 ●了解学习英语词汇学的目的及意义 教学重点： ●英语词汇学的定义 ●英语词汇学的研究范围 教学难点： ●英语词汇学研究滞后的原因 ●英语词汇学的定义及研究范围 教学方法：理论讲解为主，课堂讨论为辅 教学步骤： 课程导入：(10 分钟) Discussion: What do you think lexicology mainly studies? 教学讲练内容：(80分钟) 1.1英语词汇学研究的现状及地位 1828 Noah Webster “lexicology”第一次出现 20c初没有受到足够的重视 1980s以前前苏联和中国有所研究 1980s中期以后西方语言学家开始重视英语词汇学研究，专著陆续问世，并开始把词汇研究与其它学科的研究联系到一起 词汇学研究没有受到重视的原因： 醉汉找钱的故事(David Crystal 为Jean Tournier 的英语词汇学概论写的序言中提及)，说明西方语言学家避重就轻，因为在语言的三个要素中，语音体系和语法体系比较简单，易于归纳，便于研究，容易出成果；而词汇体系比较庞杂，不易归纳和研究，也不容易出成果。实际课堂教学中，很少有教师会系统地讲授词汇学的理论(因为词汇学理论本身就是滞后的)，而学生在外语学习中最大的难点之一就在于如何学习和掌握词汇。从实际需要的角度出发，词汇学研究引起西方语言学家重视也是迟早的事情。此外，电脑应用的发展和普及以及语料库的形成为分析词汇的特征和总结词汇的规律性的原则创造了有利条件，在词汇体系的研究方面出现新的突破是指日可待的事情。 现在词汇学被看作是语言分析的一个层面。语言分析的五分法(词汇学lexicology、音位学phonemics、形态学morphology、句法学syntax和语义学semantics)与传统的三分法(音位学、句法学和语义学)相比，最大的不同在于重视了词汇的作用，充分肯定了词汇学的地位。当然，我们在使用语言的时候，总是不由自主地同时涉及所有的层面，所以，语言分析的五个层面虽然可以分别进行，但是不能忽视它们的相互联系和相互作用。 1.2词汇学的定义及分类 Routledge Dictionary of Language and linguistics by Hadumod bussmann 承认了词汇学在语言学中的地位，但是把侧重点放在词汇的语义学上面。 The Oxford Companion to the English Language by Tom McArthur