2013考研英语基础班讲义
主讲: 吴耀武
共同探讨英语人生量身定做学习计划紧紧把握考试脉搏传授英语应试策略
奠定良好心理基础培养进取人生态度
2012年3月
主讲教师简介
吴耀武：著名英语教学与测试专家；西安外国语大学国际学院院长；多次参加
国家、省、市命题和阅卷工作。先后在西安外国语大学（XISU）、香港岭南大学(HKLU)、上海外国语大学(SHISU)、美国洪堡州立大学（HSU）、美国北亚历桑那大学（NAU）学习、工作和访问过，先后出访美国、英国、法国、西班牙、比利时、韩国、泰国、香港等国家地区20余所国外合作院校。现已出版英语考研《考试专家》系列丛书（西工大出版社）、《21世纪考研英语》系列丛书（人民日报出版社）、大学英语四六级《考试专家》、《全攻略》系列丛书（西工大出版社）、英语专业四八级《TEM-4/8考试指南》系列丛书（世界图书出版社）和高考英语《考试专家》系列丛书（西安外语音像出版社）等30余部，逾1000万字。于2000年起在全国高校和各地中学作关于考研英语、雅思（IELTS）、高考英语等巡回讲座，在各地均引起巨大轰动，讲座场场爆满。并受到新浪、搜狐、中国考试网、都市快报、西安零距离、华商报、西安晚报、三秦都市报等多家媒体的关注和专访。他在英语培训领域提出了自己独特的教学理念
——努力改进学习方法、量身定做学习计划；
——紧紧把握考试脉搏，传授英语应试策略；
——奠定良好心理基础，培养进取人生态度。
这一理念在课堂上得以贯彻并为广大学员所认可。现在吴老师每年在北京、上海、西安、武汉、南京、成都、重庆、沈阳、石家庄、天津、乌鲁木齐等20多所
中心城市主讲考研英语、大学英语四六级和高考英语，经他直接培训的学员已逾12万人，听众更是不计其数。学员对他的评价是：
―――感情真挚，敬业专注；
―――才思敏捷，经典幽默；
――― 传授知识如春风化雨，润物无声；
―――谈应试技巧如数家珍，挥洒自如；
―――他的语言总是富有人生哲理，他的课堂永远充满着欢笑从容；他传播的不仅仅是英语知识，更是一种人生感悟！
吴耀武英语教学网欢迎大家交流学习：https://www.doczj.com/doc/7b6987499.html,
2013年考研学生注意：
西安外国语大学国际学院与美国洪堡州立大学、美国北亚历桑那大学和英国赫瑞瓦特大学强强联合共建英语专业（GE）和英语教学硕士（TESFL）培养项目面向全国2013届本科毕业生招生（本科专业不限，英语基础较好），详情请登陆西安外国语大学国际学院网站
https://www.doczj.com/doc/7b6987499.html,进入国际学院网站或直接进入
http://222.90.76.146/gjxy/浏览。
考研英语长难句解析
一、考研英语长难句之定语从句
一、定语从句
定语从句是英语中一种最常见的句型，它可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，即定语从句的关系词在文中修饰哪个词、短语或句子。在主句中不可缺少的定语从句称限定性定语从句。对主句起附加说明作用的定语从句称非限定性定语从句。此外，定语从句和主句之间还存在着状语关系，说明原因、目的、让步、假设等。
例1.The change met the technical requirement of the new age and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. (1996年真题)
例2. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.
例3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.
例4. The government promised to give preferential taxation policies and loans of low interest rate to those enterprises that could improve their structure of production and were willing to take in over 50 laid-off workers yearly.
例5. The local government introduced the snakes into this area hoping that they would control the number of mice, which finally became the threat needed to be controlled.
例6.The environmental protection should be given priority which means the economic development would be lowered to some extent in a developing country.
例7. She was confirmed to be infected with bird flu that calls for a quarantine and medical observation for weeks in the hospital.
例8.In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers,
magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.(2005年真题)
二、考研英语长难句之同位语从句
例1. The audience leraned form the internet the news that a serious explosion broke out in Xi’an a few days ago.
例2.The rumor that she eloped with her boyfriend just cannot hold water, for I saw her at home just now.
例3. However, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.(2009年第3篇)
三、考研英语长难句之倒装句
倒装(inversion)是一种语法手段，用以表示一定句子结构的需要和强调某一句子成分的需要。英语的最基本的结构是主、谓结构，倒装就是将这种比较固定的词序加以颠倒。
倒装有两种。将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来，叫做完全倒装(complete inversion)。如Then began a bitter war between the two countries.于是两国之间开始了恶战。
只将助动词(包括情态动词)移至主语之前，叫做部分倒装(partial inversion)。如At no time was the entrance left unguarded.入口无时无人把守。
英语句子的倒装一是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装，二是由于修辞的需要而进行的倒装。前一种情况，倒装是必须的，否则就会出现语法错误，后一种情况，倒装是选择性的，倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的差异。
例1Among the advantages that future biochips, or “living computers”, would have over conventional semiconductor chips are that they are smaller, they do not generate as much heat, and they allow for the parallel processing of information, making them faster than today’s semiconductor devices.
例2This is the world out of which grows the hope, for the first time in history, of a society where there will be freedom from want and freedom from fear.
注意：调整语序，加强语气。
以There be引出的倒装句a. There seem to be many good candidates in the district.
b. There exist many problems among the present day students.
c. There appears to be a man in black in the distance.
以副词here, there, then, now, next引出的倒装句
a. Here come the rest of the party.
b. Now comes your turn.
c. Then followed the discovery of a new compoun
d.
d. Next came Edward with his wif
e.
以表地点的介词短语引出的倒装句
a. At the school gate stood a guard.
b. Under the tree are sitting some students.
c. On the bed lay a pretty kitten.
主语为代词时，不用倒装
Behind the counter he stood.
Behind the counter stood a man with glasses.
以表方位的副词引出的倒装句
a. Up went the arrow into the air.
b. Down fell a dozen apples.
c. Off went the horse.
not短语置于句首
a. Not until he went abroad did he know the truth of the fact.
b. Not a moment did she waste on campus.
c. Not only did I know her, but I was her best frien
d.
d. Not simple is this book interesting, but also instructiv
e.
no短语置于句首
a. By no means should he be left alone.
b. In no way are can we allow this to continue.
c. In no case are you to leave your post.
d. On no account should we follow blindly.
e. Under no circumstances can we create or destroy energy.
f. No longer are they staying with us.
g. No sooner had she finished the poem than the students began go ask her questions. only置于句首
a. Only by this means is it possible to explain his failure to act decisively.
b. Only after making investigation can we have the right to speak.
c. Only when one loses freedom does one know its value.
比较状语从句中的倒装
a. He ran as fast as did the person who came from England.
b. I spend less than do nine out of ten people in my position.
c. The greater the number of the free electrons in a material, the better is the
conductivity of the material.
让步状语从句中的倒装
a. Small as atoms, electrons are still smaller.
b. Complex as it may appear, the rocket, which was invented in China over 800 years
ago, is a relatively simple device.
c. Hard as I tried to explain it to him, he still didn’t understan
d.
d. Much as I disagree with you, I yet respect you.
e. Vague though its category (is), it is without doubt an essay.
f. Try as he would, he could not lift the rock.
四、考研英语长难句之被动语态
1.变为汉语的主动形式
e.g. In his attitude can be found seeds for art in the 20th century: the art of the primitive, of symbol, and of imagination.
e.g. It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset：it invites you to think that animals should be tested either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.
e.g. On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.
e.g. In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined.
2.被动结构的表语化，可译为：“是…的”，“由…的”等。
e.g. The movement to oppose racial discrimination was personally initiated and led by a famous Negro leader.
e.g. This picture was taken by my brother as he went to Yunnan.
3.译成具有被动意义的汉语结构。
e.g. For all the help this computer may provide, it should not be seen as a substitute for fundamental thinking and reasoning skills.
e.g. It should be made clear to entire citizens that whoever enjoys rights must undertake corresponding obligations.
e.g. Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors.
e.g. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.
4.增添“人们”、“大家”等适当的词做汉语译文的主语。
e.g. With the new technique, measurement was claimed to be much more precise.
e.g. And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.
e.g. During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
综合例题：Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.（2007年真题）
五、考研英语长难句之形式主语（宾语）结构
1. It is + adjective/ noun + clause
注意：先翻从句部分，再翻形容词/名词部分。
a. So it is quite sad when divorces come with small provocations, when parents and
children give up on one another, when friendships falter at the first injury, for thus we forfeit a great work of art——the long love.
b. It is thus no exaggeration that Americans have taken to mechanical cooling avidly
and greedily.
c. As a result of such contradictory evidence, it is uncertain whether those suffering
seriously as a result of labor market problems number in the hundreds of thousands or the tens of millions. 2. It is + adjective + infinitive to
注意：先翻不定式部分，再翻形容词部分。
a. It is extremely wasteful to give years of training at public expense only to have the
qualified teacher or nurse marry after a year of two and be lost forever to her profession.
b. It is essential for modern men to master one or two foreign languages.
c. It is difficult for us to over-praise the book.
3. It is + past participle + that-clause
注意：先翻过去分词部分，再翻从句部分。
a. It is reported that Sadam Hussein was betrayed by his janissary.
b. It is said that
c. It is believed that
d. It is rumored that
e. It is estimated that
f. It is known that
g. It is argued that
六、考研英语长难句之强调句型
例1.Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
七、考研英语长难句之并列平行结构
英语常用并列连词，如：and, but, so, yet, for, nor, or, not only:..but also, either …or
或neither…nor等连接两个或几个同等成分，这种结构称为并列结构。连接的同等成分可以是动词的宾语、介词短语或名词的定语等。
例1In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined. (1995年真题)
例2Astrophysicists working with ground based detectors at the South Pole and balloon borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.(1998年真题)
例3It is not that (不是)the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner ofworking; but that (而是) the latter (后者) is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former (前者)。(1993年真题)
八、考研英语长难句之省略句型
例1. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.
九、考研英语长难句之否定结构
A: 部分否定partial negation
常用词有代词或副词：all, both, every, everybody, every day, everyone, many,
everything, entirely, altogether, absolutely, wholly, completely, weathered, always, often等和not搭配时，表示部分否定，意为“并非都是，不是每个都是”
Both of them are not my brothers. C.f. “Neither of them is my brother.”
All is not gold that glitters = not all is gold that glitters.
Every man cannot do it = not every man can do it
I don’t remember all these formulas.
This kind of tree is not found everywhere.
The rich are not always happy.
Every couple is not a pair.
B: 转移否定
a. 否定主语，但否定词not在形式上往往否定谓语
Everybody cannot enjoy pop music. (not everyone)
b. 否定表语和宾语，但否定词not在形式上往往否定谓语
The cloth does not feel very soft. = The cloth feels not very soft.
I don’t agr ee with all of you. (some of you)
I don’t like both of the books. (I like not both of them.)
c. 否定状语，但否定词not在形式上往往否定谓语
He has not come to the decision quickly. (not quickly)
I did not do it for myself. (I did it not for myself.)
The students did not sit there listening to the teacher.
d. 在not…and 结构中，否定的往往是and 后的部分，但否定词not往往否定
谓语。
The house is not big and comfortable.
The house is not big, but comfortable.
The house is not big or comfortable.
He doesn’t speak Russian and French.
D on’t drink and drive.
We can’t put on airs and make people like us.
正确理解和区分部分否定和全部否定很重要，稍一疏忽，就会铸成译文上的大错。
a. I don’t know anything about her.（一无所知）
I don’t know everything about her.（并不全知道）
b. None of the answers are right.（都不正确）
All the answers are not right. (并非都正确)
c. I don’t know any of them.（全不认识）
I don’t know all of them.（并非都认识）
C: 双重否定，意义肯定
双重否定指同一句子里出现两个否定词,即否定之否定,双重否定句表达的意思是肯定的，通常比肯定句的语气要重些,译成汉语就译成肯定形式,也可以保持双重否定的形式。
No one can command others who can’t comm and himself.
There was never a great genius without a tincture of madness.
There are no roses without thorns.
Y ou can’t make something out of nothing.
W hat’s done can’t be undone.
Nothing is nothing at all.
Hardly a day passed without our learning anything new.
※可用于表示双重否定的词有
no…not,no (not)…without, no...but, cannot but + v, cannot help + v-ing, without doubt, without fail, cannot help + v, without exception, nothing less but, (正是) none but （除…外，…别无）no one but (除了…外，没有别人) none too（一点也不）have no alternative /choice but to do (除...，别无选择), There is no doubt that…, There is no denying that…, There is no question that..., not seldom, not infrequently, not unlike, not displeased
※We cannot but read books to enrich ourselves.
We cannot help admiring his courage.
I ca n’t help but feel sorry for her.
D: 几乎否定
几乎否定表示整个句子的意思接近于否定，常用的词有：
little, few, barely, hardly, rarely, scarcely, seldom,
This problem has been little studied.
He little realized the danger he was in.
She is barely right.
I seldom got any sleep last night.
Scarcely anything remains to be said.
E: 形式否定，意义肯定
英语中有些形式上，否定而内容含义上都是肯定的结构，译成汉语时不能拘泥
于原文的表层结构的否定，要忠实于原文的含义。
a. cannot …to o，越…..越…, 无论怎样…..也不过分
(I t’s impossible to overdo it. The more..., the more…)
在此结构中，cannot可改为can hardly, scarcely, never, too也可改为over + v, enough, sufficient 等
You cannot be too cautious.
You can hardly praise him too much.
A man can never have too many friends.
Ne wton’s contribution to modern science can scarcely be overrated.
He can’t see you quickly enough.
(He desires to see you as soon as possible.)
※cannot wait to do (eager to do)
I cannot wait to read your new book.
I cannot wait to see her.
b. no（nobody）… but 都，没有….不，只有….才
There is no man but has his faults.
There is no rule but has exception.
Nobody reads the book but will be moved.
There exists no man but has an enemy.
这种结构中的but起关系代词的作用，相当于that, which, who does/ will/ have not. ※注意句子结构
No one believes that he will succeed.
No one believes but he will succeed.
There is no one who knows him.
There is no one but knows him.
There is no man that errs.
There is no man but errs.
You will not find the answer but (that) you study it thoroughly.
But 为否定含义
c. never (not)…. but (that) 每当…总是…, 没有哪次不是……
I never see you but think of my mother.
It never rains but it pours.
Never a day passed but brought us good news.
He will not be angry but that he is offended.
d. nothing but, none but 仅仅，只，只有…才
nothing but 后接非指人的名词，none but 后接指人的名词，与nothing other than同义意为“仅仅，只有…才”
We can see nothing but water.
We found none but an old man in the room.
None but me knew what happened.
None but a fool would do such a thing.
You can find that sort of bird nowhere but in Australia.
e. noting else than(仅仅，完全)
His failure was due to noting else than his own carelessness.
f. no (none)other than正是, 仅仅是,
This is no other than the book we want to buy.
She is none other than my adviser.
g. more often than not, as often as not常常, 往往
During foggy weather, planes are late more often than not.
As often as not, he gets up late.
※as likely as not=很有可能
She will forget all about it as likely as not.
h. 否定词+ 比较级（相当于最高级）
I cannot agree with you more.
C.f. I cannot agree with you any more.
He could not feel better.
The film cannot be better.
He wants nothing more than time.
Nothing is more precious than health.
i. 否定词+ without
There is no smoke without fire.
He believed，not without reason, that the project will be a success.
j. no otherwise than 只是，仅仅
He is no otherwise afraid than of his father. (nobody but….)
He does no otherwise than fool around all day. (do nothing but)
在有些句子结构中，谓语动词肯/否，句意不变。
I wonder if he can（not）help you in your work.
I don’t know whether he has (no) friends here (or not).
F: 形式肯定，意义否定
a. more than…can =cannot 简直不、无法，难以
The beauty of the park is more than words can describe.
This is more than I can tell.
b. more than one can help 尽量不，绝对不
This is more than I can help.
c. more A than B, 是A不是B，与其说是B，不如说是A。
在此结构中，A和B 必须是同一比较的对象。
c.f. He is taller than his sister. (比较级)
He is more brave than wise.
He is more a scientist than a writer.
d. anything but, 绝对不，根本不是，一点也不
The draw bridge is anything but safe.
He is anything but a scholar.
e. may/ might as well 这不如（最好）
I t’s still raining hard outside; we may as well stay here over the night.
f. 动词或动词短语引起的否定意义
miss, deny, lack, refuse, escape, resist, reject, decline, doubt, wonder, give up, to say nothing of, not to mention, turn a deaf ear to, lose sight of, let alone, leave alone,
g. 形容词引起的否定
far from, free from/of, safe from, short of, ignorant of, wanting of, reluctant to, immune to, exempt from,
h. 介词，介词短语
past, above, beyond, without, instead of, in vain, in the dark, at a loss, but for, in spite of
i. 副词短语引起的否定
much less, still less, let alone, by no means, in no way, no longer, no more, on no account, under no circumstances, in vain, not …at a ll, not …in the least
※before 可以表示否定含义
The bird flew away before he shot.
He got up before the moon set down.
He would die before he betrayed his county.
Another week passed before he knew it.
She was handcuffed before she knew it.
十、考研英语英译汉难句分类辨析之比较结构more than
not more than
no more than
no less than
as much as
not so much as
hardly more than
hardly less than
hardly any more than
hardly any less than
例.Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed-and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as is the recent events in Europe.
—、木构建筑的特点： 1、优点：収材方便、适应性强、有较强的抗震性能、施工速度快、便于修缮、搬迁 缺点：木材越来越稀少，生态环境恶化、木架建筑易遭火灾、虫蛀、木材受潮后易于朽坏、难以满足更人、更复杂的空间需求 2、穿斗式：用穿桥把柱子串联起来，形成-棍棍的房架，擦条直接搁置在柱头上;在沿擦条方向用斗桁把柱子串联起來 3、抬梁式：柱上搁置梁头,梁头上搁置橡条，梁上再用矮柱支起较短的梁，如此层社而上。 4、井干式: 特点：穿斗式木构架用料小，整体性强，但柱了排列密，只有当室内空间尺度不大时才能使用；抬梁式木构架可釆川跨度较人的梁，以减少柱子的数量，取得室内较人的空间，适用于宫殿，庙宇等 5、生起：当心间柱高不动，次间、稍间、尽间柱头相对当心间柱头依次升高2寸，使檐口形成一条缓和的曲线 二、屋顶级别： 高一低：庇殿顶一歇山顶一悬山顶一硬山顶 三、工官制度是中国古代中央集权与官本位体质的产物。明代徐杲、蒯祥 四、原始社会建筑： 具有代表性的房屋遗址：干阑式建筑——由巢居发展而来，长江流域多水地区（地势低洼潮湿多虫蛇） 木骨泥墙房屋——rti穴居发展而来，黄河流域（地势高，广阔而丰厚的黄土层，土质均匀，含有石灰质，有壁立不易倒塌的特点，便于挖做洞穴） 我国已知最早采用樺卯技术构筑房屋。中国最早的木构建筑遗址——浙江余姚河姆渡村（干阑式） 黄河屮游原始社会晚期的文化： 1、仰韶文化——母系氏族：陕西临潼姜寨村落——居住区住房分五组，每组以一栋大房子为核心，其他较小房屋围绕中间空地与大房子作环形布置。陕西西安半坡村——南面屈住区, 北面墓葬区，东面制陶窑场 2、龙山文化——父系氏族（住房已有家庭私有的痕迹，双室相连的套间式半穴居，吕字形平而）：土坯砖 山西襄汾陶寺村——出现了白灰墙面上刻画的图案，我国已知最古老的屈室装饰。 外室设有窖穴，供家庭贮藏，与仰韶吋期窖穴设在室外的布置方式不同 仰韶晩期遗址中已有在室内地血和墙上采用白灰抹血，普遍采用是龙山时期
考研英语不同复习阶段图书推荐 第一阶段以考研英语为主，我在这个阶段英语单词过了3遍（星火单词），阅读题做了一本人大版《考研英语新教程》，一本《考研英语阅读技巧标准全书》。新教程是本不错的书，考研各题型都有，可以让刚接触考研英语的同学有个大概的题型概念，阅读题的难度也比较适中，适合刚入手的同学。标准全书主要是讲做考研阅读题的技巧，里面有的技巧是比较实用的，不过貌似09年的考题变化特别大，一些投机取巧的小技巧好像不大好用了。 强调一下背单词：重要的不是你看得多细，当时记得多牢，是你看了有多少遍！整个考研阶段至少要把自己的单词书翻看6遍以上，每一遍不要超过一个月且越到后面速度越要加快。背单词的过程在整个考研过程都不能中断，单词书有大本也有便携本的，要充分利用食堂排队、等人、等车这样的零碎时间来背单词，这样比整天集中花一两个小时背单词效果好得多。 第二阶段的复习建议，英语复习照样不放松。英语到了这个时候我对大部分单词已经比较熟悉了，我嫌星火单词太繁琐，从这个时候起我背单词都用的是吴耀武考研英语单词（电子版的，我打印出来了，很简略的一个单词表，不过把所有的核心词难词和生僻意思都列出来了，很适合中后期用）。英语阅读用的是人大版的《阅读200篇》和高教版新编考研英语阅读理解150篇（上册）（张剑曾鸣）。《200篇》主要是做了第一部分的阅读题，感觉文章难度要大一些，题的难度一般。 第三阶段复习建议，英语这个阶段主要内容是10年真题与单词。真题要选一本解释比较详尽并有归纳重点词汇、句型的。我当时买星火的，由于没做也不知道怎么样。真题至少要看三遍。第一遍先做，做完之后归纳总结错题的原因。第二遍主要精读文章解决单词句子翻译。第三遍前两遍的内容都要看。到考前10天左右可以适量做模拟题，要计算好时间，做整套题，尽量排除干扰模拟考场环境。
北医李睿医考集训营依托于北大医学部强大的师资团队，专注于中国医学名校考研全日制辅导，为考研学子实现名校梦想保驾护航。 屠浩民老师，北京师范大学英语语言美文学硕士。屠老师有着丰富的教学经验。屠老师的课堂气氛活跃，知识性和趣味性相互结合，通过整体框架式教学模式，采用引导式、推理式教学理念，遵循结合式教学，渗入考试要点和融入基础知识紧密结合，培养学生能力。 刘建波老师，主讲考研英语阅读、考研英语作文，中国政法大学外国语学院教师兼任外国语学院大学英语教研室副主任，硕士生导师，考研英语阅读组成员，考研英语名师。一线教学老师，长期从事考研英语的研究与教学，具有丰富的教学辅导经验，独特的教学方法，卓有成效，学生成绩卓越。 赵南望老师，考研英语全程规划专家，长期从事英语教学考研工作，有丰富的复习指导经验，负责学员英语全程规划、阶段复习规划、提升式测评、精品课教研。 蔡桂娟老师，中国人民大学硕士，考研政治全程辅导资深教师，中国人民大学出版社考研政治系列丛书主编。具有多年辅导经验，对考研政治有着独到见解。教学注重高屋建瓴，整体框架讲解和知识讲解齐头并进，是考生可以胸有成竹。逻辑清晰，思路敏捷，对重难点与考试要点把握精准，能够一针见血，保证考生可以用最少的时间取得最优异的成绩。 陆卫明老师，西安交通大学人文学院教授，硕士生导师。多年来，在全国十几个大城市辅导考研政治辅导课，认真负责，经验丰富，授课简洁明了，风趣幽默，直接命中率极高，深受广大考生的欢迎。 阮晔老师，马克思主义原理学博士，四位一体教学法创始人，考研政治资深辅导教师。至今拥有20余年考研政治辅导历程，讲课方式言简意赅，独创新颖的教学体系，深受广大学子的喜爱。参与编写了《考研哲学经济学被考核心课程》、《考研政治真题讲解》和《考研政治理论基础要点》，独创教学体系直击试题陷阱，让考生轻松得高分，深受全国考研学子的赞誉和业界同仁的高度评价。
刘晓艳英语阅读课堂笔记：1、原句重复出现，200%错。正确的都是有改动的，即同意替换。 2、文章是按顺序出题的。你要觉得不是，就是你做错了。 3、选项中意思完全相反的2个选项，其中之一是对的（要有这个意识）。 4、就一般而言，some people ，表作者不认同的观点。few people ，表作者的观点。 5、用文章里举例的句子来作为选项，直接排除。200%错。（要有能辨别这个选项是不是文章中例子的能力）。 6、某某人说的话，或者是带引号的，一定要高度重视。尤其是在段落的后半部分。很有可能就是某个问题的同意替换。即题眼。 7、有的时候，一句话可以设2 个问题。不过这种情况很少出现了，非常少。 8、文章基本以5 段为主（也有6 段、7 段的），要把握每段之间的关系。一般来说，一段一个题，只是一般来说喔。 9、一篇文章总会有5、6+个长难句，且总会在这里设问题。所以，长难句必须要拿下! 10、每段的第一句很重要。尤其总分结构的段。有的时候第一句话就是题眼。考研英语，总分结构或者总分总的段落很多。 11、若文章首段以why 为开头的，这里若设题的话，选项里有because 的，往往就是正确选项。不过这种类型的题，很少见了。 12、有时候每段的第一句话，仅仅是一个表述。而在第2 或3 句以后，会出现对比或者转折。一般来说，转折后面的是作者的态度。你要注意的是，作者对什么进行了转折。那个关键词你要找出来。 13、在应该出现答案的地方，没有答案，接着往下读。答案可能会在下一段的开头部分。因为文章都是接着说的。要有连贯性。这和7选5的技巧有些相似。不过这种情况并不多见。 14、一个长句看不懂，接着往下看，下一句可能是这个长句的解释说明。是
XX年考研英语(一)大纲原文 英语(一)考试是为高等学校和科研院所招收硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一入学考试科目，其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生对英语语言的运用能力，评价的标准是高等学校非英语专业本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平，并有利于各高等学校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。 考试形式为笔试。考试时间为180分钟。满分为100分。 试卷包括试题册和答题卡。答题卡分为答题卡1和答题卡2。考生应将1~45题的答案按要求填涂在答题卡1上，将46~52题的答案写在答题卡2上。 试题分三部分，共52题，包括英语知识运用、阅读理解和写作。 该部分不仅考查考生对不同语境中规范的语言要素(包括词汇、表达方式和结构)的掌握程度，而且还考查考生对语段特征(如连贯性和一致性等)的辨识能力等。共20小题，每小题0.5分，共10分。 在一篇240~280词的文章中留出20个空白，要求考生从每题给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案，使补全后的文章意思通顺、前后连贯、结构完整。考生在答题卡1上作答。 该部分由A、B、C三节组成，考查考生理解书面英语的能力。共30小题，每小题2分，共60分。 A节(20小题)：主要考查考生理解主旨要义、具体信息、概念性含义，进行有关的判断、推理和引申，根据上下文推测生词的词义
等能力。要求考生根据所提供的4篇(总长度约为1 600词)文章的内容，从每题所给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案。考生在答题卡1上作答。 B节(5小题)：主要考查考生对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征以及文章结构的理解。本部分有3种备选题型。每次考试从这3种备选题型中选择一种进行考查。考生在答题卡1上作答。 1)本部分的内容是一篇总长度为500~600词的文章，其中有5段空白，文章后有6~7段文字。要求考生根据文章内容从这6~7段文字中选择能分别放进文章中5个空白处的5段。 2)在一篇长度约500~600词的文章中，各段落的原有顺序已被打乱。要求考生根据文章的内容和结构将所列段落(7~8个)重新排序，其中有2~3个段落在文章中的位置已经给出。 3)在一篇长度约500词的文章前或后有6~7段文字或6~7个概括句或小标题。这些文字或标题分别是对文章中某一部分的概括、阐述或举例。要求考生根据文章内容，从这6~7个选项中选出最恰当的5段文字或5个标题填入文章的空白处。 该部分由A、B两节组成，主要考查考生的书面表达能力。共30分。 考生根据所给情景写出约100词(标点符号不计算在内)的应用性短文，包括私人和公务信函、 __、报告等。 考生在答题卡2上作答。共10分。
2013考研英语基础班讲义 考研英语长难句解析 一、考研英语长难句之定语从句 一、定语从句 定语从句是英语中一种最常见的句型，它可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，即定语从句的关系词在文中修饰哪个词、短语或句子。在主句中不可缺少的定语从句称限定性定语从句。对主句起附加说明作用的定语从句称非限定性定语从句。此外，定语从句和主句之间还存在着状语关系，说明原因、目的、让步、假设等。 例1.The change met the technical requirement of the new age and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. (1996年真题) 例2.The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. 【只有一个指示代词those，一个管后面的两个词，所以goods and services是整体的，所以后面的that指代的是它们的整体】若在se前加these 会修饰se 例3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. 例4. The government promised to give preferential taxation policies and loans of low interest rate to those enterprises that could improve their structure of production and were willing to take in over 50 laid-off workers yearly. 条件（转翻译） 例5. The local government introduced the snakes into this area hoping that they would control the number of mice, which然而，不料finally became the threat needed to be controlled.（逻辑） 例6.The environmental protection should be given priority which means the economic development would be lowered to some extent in a developing country. 例7. She was confirmed to be infected with bird flu that calls for a quarantine and medical observation for weeks in the hospital. 例8.In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly
46)This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivation, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent. 受到各种强大的动机所驱使，这场运动在荒野中开创了一个国家；本质使然，它也塑造了这片未知大陆的性格和命运。 47)The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. 有两股主要力量形成了美国：一是欧洲移民带来的各式思想、风俗和民族特征，二是这个新国家本身在融合上述特征之后带来的影响。 48)But, the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. 但是，美国特有的地理条件、不同种族间的相互影响、以及在这片原始的新大陆上维持旧秩序的艰难，带来了巨大的变化。 49)The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the15th-and-16th-century explorations of North America. .十五世纪和十六世纪的探索发现了北美洲，又过了一百多年，第一艘满载移民的航船跨过大西洋驶向这片土地，即现在的美国。 50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a veritable real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. 原始的森林，有着种类繁多的林木，从缅因州往南一直绵延到乔治亚州，的确是一座宝库。2014: (46)It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself. 这也是为什么当我们力图用语言来描绘音乐时，最多也就能清楚地说出我们对音乐的感受，而不能抓住音乐的精髓。 (47)By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works. 大家一致认为，贝多芬是一个思想自由且勇气可嘉的人，我发现勇气是理解他作品的关键因
三、简答题 1、简述美国芝加哥学派的建筑特点和历史贡献。 19世纪70年代产生于美国，是现代建筑在美国的奠基者。主要观点是形式追随功能，强调功能的重要性，力求摆脱折衷主义的羁绊，但不反对装饰，装饰表达功能。 贡献： 1）突出功能在建筑中的主导地位，明确了功能形式的主从关系，为现代建筑摸索了 道路。 2）探索新技术在高层建筑的应用并取得了一定成就，使芝加哥成为高层建筑的故乡。 3）建筑艺术符合新的技术特点，立面简洁，符合新时代工业化的精神。 贡献：1）在工程技术上创造了高层金属框架结构和箱形基础;建筑设计上肯定了功能和形式之间的密切关系;在建筑造型上趋向简洁、明快与适用的独特风格。 2）提出探索了一种新的建筑类型，高层建筑（从功能出发，在有限的地区里建造） 3）以沙里文为代表提出了“形式随从功能” 4）总结了高层办公建筑原则、思路、方法。 5）探讨了新技术在高层建筑中的运用，建筑艺术反映了新技术的特点。 6）培养了赖特等一批人才。 2、请简述美籍华裔建筑大师贝聿铭的建筑设计特点和主要作品。 ①设计特点：以设计大规模城市建筑和建筑群著称。他认为应从整个城市的规划结构出发，而不能孤立的对待个体建筑，他在建筑设计中善于运用抽象的几何形体，作品的雕塑感很强。 ②代表作品:香港中国银行大厦、波士顿汉考克大厦、华盛顿国家美术馆东馆等 3、简述罗马凯旋门的立面造型特征。 它的典型形制：方方的立面，高高的基座和女儿墙，3开间券柱式，中央1间采用通常的比例，券洞高大宽阔，两侧的开间比较小，券洞矮，上面设浮雕。女儿墙上刻铭文，有象征胜利和光荣的青铜铸的马车，门洞里面侧墙上刻主题性浮雕。
4、简述包豪斯校舍的建筑设计特点。 一、把建筑物的实用功能作为建筑设计的出发点。 二、采用灵活的不规则的构图手法。 三、按照现代建筑材料和结构的特点，运用建筑本身的要素取得建筑艺术效果。 5、简述新建筑五点。 1926年，柯布西耶提出“新建筑五点”：底层的独立支柱；屋顶花园；自由的平面，横向长窗；自由的立面。
contract contact dessert desert vocation vacation interior inferior affection effective Content contend Dispose disposition Device devise Career carrier Incident incidence Lever level Qualitative Quantity 解雇 lay-off ouster dismiss fire sack discharge Cashier 官员 officer government officials officeholder Administrator official 小屋 cabana cabin camalig coop hovel hut maisonnette wigwam 连续 continuation; succession; series; continuity; continuing; running; continuous; successive; continue; in a row 容忍 abide bear acceptance contain hold with put up with tolerance endure 传播 diffuse prevalence promulgate radiate spread spread abroad transmit Communication Dissemination 常规 Routine rule custom Convention common practice; groove; conventional common 专家 expert mavin savant shark specialist swami whiz whizz 证明 proof certification testimony certificate certify confirm the truth of argue attest bear out prove testify 宣布 announce declare proclaim uncover 宣扬 publicize advocate propagate advertise 公布 publishing public announce publish announce make public promulgate 真正的 true; unadulterated; genuine; intrinsic; real; right; unalloyed；indeed； authentic；veritable 沮丧的 blue dejected depressed desponding downcast prostrate spiritless despondent Heartsick dispirited low-spirited gloomy 发现 find discovery findings detection invention unearthing disclosure breakthrough showing espial
2018清华大学国际法考研经验—新祥旭考研辅导班 标题本来是：中大国际法初试396+省考、事业单位考试+找工作+清华国际法拟录取经验分享，但是看到郭同学的经验贴被考研帮无情地拦下来（此处应有三声哈哈哈），于是还是换个标题吧我，后来换成：一揽子干货：从中大国际法初试第二到清华国际法第二，被无情地拦下来了。 先简单介绍下个人的经历，从小自知并非天赋异禀之人，所以深知勤恳努力的重要性，不过学的多了练的多了，倒也发现了自己擅长的领域。从小就是叽里呱啦的性格，所以高中立志报考新闻学专业，后郑大法学专业就读。2015年3-12月准备司考和中山大学国际法考研；2016年2-3月准备中山大学复试后被刷；2016年4月准备省考；2016年5-6月准备毕业+事业单位考试；2016年7-8月准备第二次司考；2016年9月纪委上班；2016年10月-12月上班+清华国际法考研；2017年3月准备清华复试；2017年4月1日得知拟录取消息。3月某日在北京准备复试时，我曾经对着北京的雾霾发誓，如果我能录取清华国际法，我一定会将我的备考经历全部分享给学弟学妹们，不要让他们那么迷茫，经受我所承受的煎熬。这两年做的事情有点多，一件一件来说容易混乱，所以就按照时间顺序来展开，一来分享每件事的经验，二来可以了解我的时间安排。 一、2015年3月-6月：中山大学专业一（民法、民诉、商法、法理）+英语阅读 1、专业一：参考书——民法红皮书（魏振瀛）、商法红皮书（我忘了，范健？）、法理红皮书（张文显）+法理学（高其才）、国际私法第四编国际民事诉讼法（民诉只考这个，因为第四编是谢石松老师写的）。考试特点——只考论述、重题率高、商法只考总论和公司法，中山大学专业一的题目都是考的非常大块的内容，但是偶尔会出现一些小的知识点比如说试论述诉讼时效中止。应对方法——第一步，把所有书上的内容先看一遍，列好框架，做到万一考这个内容，你知道这个东西在哪块，它包括哪几大块内容（e.g诉讼时效中止包括不可抗力、未定继承人、代理人死亡等等大概的印象就行），这个工作的目的是应付没有预料到的题目，可以在大方向正确，具体内容自己编（紧急立法权）；第二步：根据学科重点内容、时事热点、其他专业的专业一历年真题归纳出较为重要的内容，这个工作的目的是应付有可能会考的题目，我当时把中山大学各个专业全部的题目都找齐了，然后把民法、法理、商法的题目抄下来，再加上自己的预测，法理列了30个题目，民法列了42个题目，商法十几个题目，这些题目在看书时能默记它的分支内容1、 2、 3、4点就可以了；第三步，对比真题、课本、时事热点，找到最重要的部分认真阅读、模拟出题并且按照考场答题的方式写，当时我写了二十几道，其中包括依法治国的内涵（当年开的十八届四中全会强调依法治国，当年也考了此题）、商法的性质、民法与商法的关系等等。出题规律这东西，要反复看反复看才能看得清。总体这三步就是由大到小、由粗到细、全面覆盖、重点突出。 p.s：押题举例，中山大学国际公法的出题规律是什么？我看了很久发现，国际公法考的都是些很大块的东西（当然都是慕亚平老师书上的），但是国际公法的题目在过去几年内从来都没有重复过，哪怕是一题都没有，把这些一排除就没剩多少了，于是在考试当天的中午我背了原题即国际法院的管辖权； 2、英语阅读：这3个月把英语真题阅读做了3遍，第一遍针对文章，一天一篇，不限时间，做完后把不会的单词圈出来抄在试卷旁边，根据张剑黄皮书搞清楚语法结构，更正题目答案，再去走廊读上3遍（很重要），读的时候要把不会的单词回忆一下，还要断句读出节奏；第二遍针对题目，一天两篇，不限时间，重点分析两次都做错的题目，找到原文中的句子，思考为什么会错；第三遍针对速度，一天四篇，限制时间，按照考场情况模拟考试。 二、2015年10-12月：中山大学专业二（三国法）+政治+英语作文 1、专业二：参考书——国际公法（慕亚平，只有复印本了）、国际私法（谢石松国际私法
Text 2 Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but thedoubters insisted that we didn‘t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the scienceuncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government shouldstay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10million smokers went to early graves. There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us tothe growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy ofSciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth‘s atmosphere is definitely warmingand that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protectourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the prefaceto the panel‘s report: ―Science never has all the answers. But science does provide us with the bestavailable guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policieson the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of presentactions.‖Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about globalwarming is incomplete, that it‘s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. Thisis a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risksobvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now. Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it‘s obvious that a majority of thepresident‘s advisers still don‘t take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, theycontinue to press for more research —a classic case of ―paralysis by analysis.‖ To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmosphericand oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won‘t take thelegis lative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation
2009年东南历史真题 一、填空 1.隋大兴设计者高颖和宇文恺；元大都设计者刘秉忠，也黑迭儿，水系设计者郭守敬 2.中国两个建筑团体中国建筑师学会和上海市建筑学会 3.著名的Trinita dei Monta（圣三一教堂）前的Spagna step是巴洛克风格的,说明建筑手法也可以用在城市规划上 4.20世纪初荷兰De Stijl 风格代表作是乌德勒支住宅 5.拜占庭建筑的独特建构是帆拱 6.文艺复兴时期著名的书是《论建筑》、《建筑四书》、《五种柱式规范》作者是阿尔伯蒂、帕拉蒂奥、维尼奥拉 7.中国的神位排放制度是__________,左昭右穆 8.法国凡尔赛宫前的广场是______风格,设计者______ 9.北宋汴梁的在城市上的一个最主要特征是开放的街市,张择端画了一幅《清明上河图》就是描述当时的情景 10.1980-1986年建成的国家罗马艺术博物馆的设计者是拉斐尔?莫尼欧（西班牙） 11.第一个石制的金字塔是昭赛尔金字塔 二、画图 1.八架举折 2.七檩举折 3.中山陵音乐台 4.天坛 5.希波丹姆城市平面 6.罗马君士坦丁堡凯旋门 7.视差矫正法 8.威尼斯公爵府立面
三、简答5*8=40 1.曹魏邺城的特点并举两个以其为原型的城市例子 2.为什么说独乐寺山门是唐风格的体现 3.南京首都计划的内容 4.三个塔的照片请分别指出类型并论述它的特点 5.classical Order 6.Flying Buttress 7.Garden City 8.Bauhaus 四、问答 1.以你熟悉的一个南方私家园林为例，分析其南方私家园林手法(至少５点) (10 ) 2.举两个我国民居不同的例子。（12） 1)绘图介绍其特点2)分析异同3)简述造成不同的原因 3.论述基督教与伊斯兰教教义分别对其建筑空间，型制及特征的影响（10 ） 4.结合今年来国内重大有影响力的建筑，谈谈你对现代建筑如何在技术化与地域化共生与交融的观点。
全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)考试大纲(非英语专业)(2020年版) I.考试性质 英语(一)考试是为高等学校和科研院所招收硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一入学考试科目，其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生对英语语言的运用能力，评价的标准是高等学校非英语专业本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平，并有利于各高等学校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。 II.考查目标 考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能： (一)语言知识 1.语法知识 考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识。 本大纲没有专门列出对语法知识的具体要求，其目的是鼓励考生用听、说、读、写的实践代替单纯的语法知识学习，以求考生在交际中能更准确、自如地运用语法知识。 2.词汇 考生应能掌握5500左右的词汇以及相关附表中的内容(详见附录1、2)。 除掌握词汇的基本含义外，考生还应掌握词汇之间的词义关系，如同义词、近义词、反义词等;掌握词汇之间的搭配关系，如动词与介词、形容词与介词、形容词与名词等;掌握词汇生成的基本知识，如词源、词根、词缀等。 英语语言的演化是一个世界范围内的动态发展过程，它受到科技发展和社会进步的影响。这意味着需要对本大纲词汇表不断进行研究和定期的修订。 此外，全国硕士研究生入学英语统一考试是为非英语专业考生设置的。考虑到交际的需要，考生还应自行掌握与本人工作或专业相关的词汇，以及涉及个人好恶、生活习惯和宗教信仰等方面的词汇。 (二)语言技能 1.阅读
考生应能读懂选自各类书籍和报刊的不同类型的文字材料(生词量不超过所读材料总词汇量的3%)，还应能读懂与本人学习或工作有关的文献资料、技术说明和产品介绍等。对所选材料，考生应能： 1)理解主旨要义; 2)理解文中的具体信息; 3)理解文中的概念性含义; 4)进行有关的判断、推理和引申; 5)根据上下文推测生词的词义; 6)理解文章的总体结构以及上下文之间的关系; 7)理解作者的意图、观点或态度; 8)区分论点和依据。 2.写作 考生应能写不同类型的应用文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、报告等，以及一般描述性、叙述性、说明性或议论性的文章。写作时，考生应能： 1)做到语法、拼写、标点正确，用词恰当; 2)遵循文章的特定文体格式; 3)合理组织文章结构，使其内容统一、连贯; 4)根据写作目的和特定作者，恰当选用语域。 Ⅲ.考试形式、考试内容与试卷结构 (一)考试形式 考试形式为笔试。考试时间为180分钟。满分为100分。 试卷包括试题册和1张答题卡。考生应将1~45题的答案按要求涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，将46~52题的答案书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。 (二)考试内容
精品值得阅读 相信相信的力量 阅读使人快乐，成长需要时间 How does the brain know when carbohydrates have been or should be consumed? The answer to this question is not known, but one element in the explanation seems to be the neurotransmitter sero-tonin (血清素), one of a class of chemical mediators that may be released from a pre-synaptic neuron and that cause the transmission of a nerve impulse across a synapse (突触) to an adjacent postsynaptic neuron. In general, it’s been found that drugs that selectively facilitate serotonin-mediated neuro-transmission tend to cause weight loss, whereas drugs that block serotonin-mediated transmission often have the opposite effect: they often induce carbohydrate craving and consequent weight gain. Serotonin is a derivative of tryptophan (色氨酸), an amino acid that is normally present at low levels in the bloodstream. The rate of conversion is af-fected by the proportion of carbohydrates in an in-dividual’s die: carbohydrates stimulate the secretion of insulin, which facilitates the uptake of most amino acids into peripheral tissues, such as muscles. Blood tryptophan levels, however, are unaffected by insulin, so the proportion of tryptophan in the blood relative to the other amino acids increases when carbohydrates are consumed. Since tryptophan competes with other amino acids for transport across the blood-brain barrier into the brain, insulin secretion indirectly speeds tryptophan’s entry into the central nervous system where, in a special clus-ter of neurons, it is converted into serotonin. The level of serotonin in the brain in turn af-fects the amount of carbohydrate an individual chooses to eat. Rats that are allowed to choose among synthetic foods containing different propor-tions of carbohydrate and protein will normally al-ternate between foods containing mostly protein and those containing mostly carbohydrate. However, if rats are given drugs that enhance the effect of serotonin, the rats’ carbohydrate intake is reduced. On the other hand, when rats are given drugs that interrupt serotonin-mediated neurotransmission, their brains fail to respond when carbohydrates are eaten, so the desire for them persists. In human beings a serotonin-like drug, fenfluramine 氟苯丙胺(which releases serotonin into brain synapses and then prolongs its action by blocking its re-absorption into the pre-synaptic neuron), selectively suppresses carbohydrate snacking (and its associated weight gain) in people who crave carbohydrates. In contrast, drugs that block serotonin mediated transmission or that in-teract with neurotransmitters other than serotonin have the opposite effect: they often induce carbo-hydrate craving and subsequent weight gain. People who crave carbohydrates report feeling refreshed and invigorated after eating a carbohydrate-rich meal (which would be expected to increase brain serotonin levels). In contrast, those who do not crave carbohydrates become sleepy following a high-carbohydrate meal. These findings suggest that serotonin has other effects that may be useful indi-cators of serotonin levels in human beings. 1 Which one of the following best states the main idea of the passage? (A) The body’s need for carbohydrates varies with the level of serotonin in the blood (B) The body’s use of carbohydrates can be reg u-lated by the administration of serotonin-like drugs (C) The role of serotonin in regulating the con-sumption of carbohydrates is similar in rats and in humans (D) The body’s desire for carbohydrates can be i n-fluenced by serotonin or serotonin-like drugs (E) Tryptophan initiates a chain of events that regu-lates the body’s use of carbohydrates 2 The term “rate” (para.2) refers to the rate at which (A) serotonin is produced from tryptophan (B) carbohydrates are taken into the body (C) carbohydrates stimulate the secretion of insulin (D) insulin facilitates the uptake of amino acids into peripheral tissues (E) tryptophan enters the bloodstream 3 It can be inferred that a person is likely to crave carbohydrates when (A) the amount of insulin produced is too high (B) the amount of serotonin in the brain is too low (C) more tryptophan than usual crosses the blood- brain barrier (D) neurotransmission by neurotransmitters other than serotonin is interrupted (E) amino acids other than tryptophan are taken up by peripheral tissues 4 The information in the passage indicates that if human beings were given a drug that inhibits the action of serotonin, which one of the following might be expected to occur? (A) Subjects would probably show a preference for carbohydrate-rich snacks rather than protein-rich snacks (B) Subjects would probably become sleepy after eating a carbohydrate-rich meal (C) Subjects would be more likely to lose weight than before they took the drug (D) Subjects’ blood tryptophan levels would prob a-bly increase (E) Subjects’ desire for both carb o-hydrates and proteins would increase 5 The primary purpose of the second paragraph in the passage is to (A) provide an overview of current research concerning the effect of seroto-nin on carbohydrate consumption (B) contrast the role of tryptophan in the body with that of serotonin (C) discuss the role of serotonin in the transmission of neural impulses (D) explain how the brain knows that carbohydrates