1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word （ alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.） 1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional . A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form ： 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 polysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from Latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点 (Functional words do not have notions of their own and their main function is to express the relation between notions, words, etc.)
备战2021中考英语，学霸笔记500个英语高频词汇拓展汇总 A accept (v.)→refuse(反义词v.) 拒绝 accident(n.)→accidental (adj.)意外的；偶然的 achieve(v.)→achievement (n.) 成就；成绩 active(adj.)→activity(n.)活动 advantage(n.)→disadvantage (n.反义词)缺点；不利条件 advice (n.)→advise(v.) 建议；劝告→suggestion (n.同义词)劝告→suggest (v.同义词)劝告；建议 agree(v.)→disagree(v.反义词)不赞成→agreement(n.)意见一致→disagreement(n.反义词)不赞成 art(n.)→artist (n.)艺术家 Asia (n.)→Asian (adj.) 亚洲的；亚洲人的 Australia (n.)→Australian (adj.&n.)澳大利亚(人)的；澳大利亚人
awake(adj.)→wake (v.)醒来→sleep (v.)睡觉→asleep(adj.)睡着的→sleepy(adj.)困倦的 B bad(adj.)→badly (adv.)差；严重地 beautiful (adj.)→beautifully (adv.)美好地；漂亮地→beauty (n.)美；美丽beauty(n.)→beautiful(adj.)美丽的 begin(v.)→beginning(n.)开头；开端 behave(v.)→behavior (n.)表现；举止 believe (v.)→believable (adj.) 可信任的→unbelievable (反义词adj.) 难以置信的 big(adj.)→large/huge (同义词adj.)巨大的；大的→small (反义词adj.)小的；小号的 birth(n.)→birthday (n.)生日→bear (v.)出生→born (过去分词)出生 bored(adj.)→boring (adj.)令人感到厌倦的 borrow (v.)→lend(反义词v.) 借出；借给 break(n.&v.)→broken (adj.)破损的
考研英语词汇复习笔记 翻硕复习的一大重头戏就是词汇，而词汇量是巨大的，必须要有日常的积累和复习，并且掌握科学的记忆方法，才能最有效地积累词予匚量。下面是关于英语词汇的学习笔记，以供大家参考。(1) 1. bereave :使某人丧失(尤指亲属)bereave Sb Of Sb an accident WhiCh bereaved Him Of his Wife 使他丧失妻子的事古攵the bereaved husband 死了妻子的男人 the bereaved丧失亲人的人 bereavement(n):丧亲之痛，丧失亲人 deprive : take Sth away from sb;PreVent Sb from enjoying Or USing Sth剥夺sb/sth的sth;阻止某人 享有或使用Sth deprive sb/sth Of Sth deprive Of OneS CiVil rights剥夺某人的公民权deprivation(n):剥夺;贫困;被剥夺的事物WideSPreaCl deprivation 普遍贫困 MiSSing the HOIiday WaS a great deprivatiOrL错失假日是极大的损失。 deprived(adj):贫困的，穷苦的deprived ChildhOOd 贫苦的童年
2. abdomen : Part Of the body below the CheSt and CliaPhragm,cOntaining the stomach.腹部 abdominal(adj)腹部的an abdominal OPeratiOn 月复咅8手术belly : (口)front Of the HUman body from the WaiSt to the groin;belly 肚子，胃 With an empty belly 空着肚子 in the belly Of a ShiP 在船腹里 belly OUt(动词用法):鼓涨,凸出The Wind bellied OUt the SaiIS 3. c onSeCrate : devote sth/sb to Or reserve sth/sb for a SPeCial (esp religious) PUrPOSe 扌巴sth/sb 献给 sth/sb 做某种(尤其宗教)用途COnSeCrate sth/sb to Sth COnSeCrate OneS Iife to the SerViCe Of GOd,to the relief Of SUffering献身于为神服务(解除世人痛苦)的事业 devote : give OneS time z energy to sth/sb; dedicate 为某人付出，向某人奉献，献身于devote Oneself/sth to sb/sth devoted(adj):热爱的，非常忠实的Z全心全意的a devoted SOn
中考英语学霸笔记精华分享 （短语/固定搭配） 1 A 1(see、hear、notice、find、feel、listen to、look at(感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump. 2（比较级+and+比较级） 表示越来越怎么样 3a piece of cake=easy小菜一碟（容易） 4agree with sb赞成某人 5all kinds of各种各样 a kind of一样 6all over the world=the whole world 整个世界 7along with同……一道，伴随…… eg:I will go along with you. 我将和你一起去 8As soon as一怎么样就怎么样 9as you can see你是知道的 10ask for ……求助,向…要…（直接接想要的东西） 11ask sb for sth向某人什么 12ask sb to do sth让某人某事 ask sb not to do叫某人不要做某事
13at the age of在……岁时 eg：I am sixteen. I am at the age of sixteen. 14at the beginning of…… ……的起初；……的开始 15at the end of+地点/+时间: 最后,尽头,末尾. eg:At the end of the day. 16at this time of year在每年的这个时候 2 B 17be/feel confident of sth/that clause+从句 感觉/对什么有信心,自信 eg:I am/feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test. 18be+doing：1现在进行时2将来时 19be able to(+v原)=can(+v原）能够…… eg:She is able to sing She can sing. 20be able to do sth能够干什么 eg:she is able to sing. 21be afraid to do(of sth恐惧，害怕…… eg:I'm afraid to go out at night. 22be allowed to do被允许做什么 eg:I'm allowed to watch TV.我被允许看电视
英语词汇学笔记之“名词解释篇” 2010.1.11济南1.Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion. 2. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the minimal significant element in the composition of words. 3. Free morphemes or Content morphemes (Free root)--- They are morphemes that may constitute words by themselves : cat, walk. 4. Bound Morphemes or Grammatical morphemes--- They are morphemes that must appear with at least one other morpheme, either bound or free : Catts, walk+ing. 5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example: it conveys the meaning of "say or speak" as a Latin root, but not as a word. With the prefix pre-(=before) we obtain the verb predict meaning "tell beforehand". 6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or funtion. 7. Inflectional morphemes or Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional ,thus known as inflectional morphemes. There is the regular plural suffix -s(-es) which is added to nouns such as machines, desks. 8. Derivational morphemes or Derivational affixes--- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. 9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word, such as, pre+war. 10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word, for instance, blood+y. Derivational morphemes/ derivational affixes --- A process of forming new words by the addition of a word element. Such as prefix, suffix, combing form to an already existing word. Prefixation ---- is the formation of new words by adding prefix or combing form to the base. (It modify the lexical meaning of the base) Suffixation--- is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or combing form to the base and usually changing the word-class of the base. Such as boy. Boyish (noun- adjective) 11. Roo t --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity. 12.Opaque Words--Words that are formed by one content morpheme only and cannot be analysed into parts are called opaque words, such as axe, glove. 13. Transparent Words--Words that consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent words: workable(work+able), door-man(door+man).
初中英语笔记大全（超级精华版） ● This is the key to the door .这是开门的钥匙。 ● ?? ? ??电话号码电话号码at .sth .sb call call sb. = phone sb. = ring sb. up please give me a call .请打电话给我 ● family 指家庭时是单数，谓语动词用“is ”，family 指家人时是复数，谓语动词用“are ”。 ● of 表示无生命物体的所有格，s 表示有生命物体的所有格。有生命物体的所有格也可以用of ，但有生命物体后要加“s ”。 ● 以副词there 或here 开头的句子常要倒装，以示强调。 ● What’s your name, please? = Could you tell me your name, please? = May I have your name, please? ● Nice to meet you. = Glad to meet you. = Pleased to meet you. ● 写启示的方法： 1.启示的主题； 2.描述细节； 3.留下联系方式。 ● 表示惊讶、忧伤、微怒、失望等，可以用dear 作感叹词。 ● 名词如果有数量词修饰它，使用谓语动词适应看他的数量词，如： ??? keys of sets two are here keys of set a is here ● get to somewhere (get home 除外)到达…… ● ? ? ?)无生命物体的“有”( is there ) 有生命物体的“有”( have 有 ● 肯定：Let+宾语（人称代词的宾格或名词）+ V 原型+…… 否定：Don’t let +宾语+V 原型+……/Let + 宾语 + not + V 原型+…… ● have 表示“有”时才可以用来提问或写成否定“haven’t”。 ● ?? ?????？ you will 问： ) 听话的人include 不(us Let ？ we shall 问： )说话的人和听话的人(include s Let' ● ● myself （我自己） yourself （你自己） himself （他自己） herself （她自己） itself
语言学考研笔记整理 一、语言和语言学 1．语言的本质 （1）自然属性：语言从本质上来说是一套符号系统。 （2）社会属性：是人类最重要的交际工具。 （3）心理属性：是人类进行思维的工具。 语言的自然属性从本质上来说是一套符号系统。 2．什么是符号？语言符号和其它符号的不同特点。 符号：用甲事物指代乙事物，甲即乙的符号。 语言符号的特点：①有声的；②成系统的；③分层次的装置，语音→音素→音节→语素→词；④音义结合是任意的，是约定俗成的（不可论证，无理据）；⑤线条性：语言符号在输出时是一个接一个的，不能全盘端出。 语言符号与客观事物的关系。 3．语言最基本的社会功能：交际功能。 文字：是在语言的基础上产生的，是记录语言的书写符号。 符号：是形式和内容（意义）的统一体。 （1）语言符号的形式：声音（语音）是语言的物质外壳，听觉可感知。 （2）语言符号的内容：意义（语义）是人们对现实现象的概括反映。 （99年填空） 4．语言符号的特点：①任意性和强制性；②线条性；③系统性。 人的语言和动物语言有何不同？ 简要说明语言符号的任意性和强制性。 答：①任意性：语言符号的音与义之间没有必然的、本质的联系，它们的结合是由社会“约定俗成”的。表现：某种具体语言的音义结合关系；形成人类语言多样性的一个重要原因。②强制性：符号的任意性知识是就创制符号时的情形说的。符号一旦进入交际，也就是某一语音形式与某一意义结合起来，表示某一特定的现实现象以后，它对使用它的社会成员来说就具有了强制性。任何人不能借口任意性而随意改变音义之间的结合关系。符号的音义结合是社会约定俗成的，它们之间的关系改变也要由社会来决定。
学霸初中三年精华英语笔记 1 A 1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump. 2 （比较级+ and + 比较级） 表示越来越怎么样 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易） 4 agree with sb 赞成某人 5 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个世界 7 along with同……一道，伴随…… eg : I will go along with you. 我将和你一起去 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for ……求助, 向…要…（直接接想要的东西） 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 12 ask sb to do sth 让某人某事 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时 eg：I am sixteen . I am at the age of sixteen. 14 at the beginning of …… ……的起初；……的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间: 最后,尽头,末尾. eg : At the end of the day. 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 2 B 17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句 感觉/对什么有信心,自信 eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test. 18 be + doing ：1 现在进行时 2 将来时 19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原）能够…… eg : She is able to sing She can sing. 20 be able to do sth 能够干什么 eg :she is able to sing. 21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕…… eg:I'm afraid to go out at night . 22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么 eg: I'm allowed to watch TV. 我被允许看电视 I should be allowed to watch TV. 我应该被允许看电视 23 be angry with sb 生某人的气 eg : Don't be angry with me 24be angry with(at)sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气 25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样 eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高 26 be ashamed to 27 be away from 远离 28 be away from 从……离开 29 be bad for 对什么有害 eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes. 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好 30 be born 出生于 31 be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事 be busy with sth 忙于…… 32 be careful 当心；小心 33 be different from……和什么不一样 34 be famous for 以……著名 35 be friendly to sb 对某人友好 36 be from = come from 来自 eg ：He is from Bejing . He comes from Bejing . Is he from Bejing ? Does he come from Bejing ? 37 be full of 装满……的 be filled with 充满 eg: The glass is full of water .
Unit3 Could you please clean your room? 【词汇解析】 rubbish [?r?b??] n. 垃圾，废物 take out the rubbish 倒垃圾 fold [f??ld] v. 对折，折叠 fold the clothes 叠衣服 mess [mes] n. 混乱，脏乱，食堂 throw [θr??] v. 扔，投掷 throw down扔下 all the time 频繁，反复 neither [?ni:e?] pron.adv. 二者都不；也不1.倒装句 So+主语+情/系/助（的确如此） 和上文/前句的主语是同一人Neither/Nor+主语+情/系/助(的确不一样) 和上文/前句的主语是同一人 且前句/上文为否定句 So +情/系/助+主语（某人也一样） 和上文/前句的主语非同一人 Neither/Nor +情/系/助+主语(的确不一样) 和上文/前句的主语非同一人 且前句/上文为否定句 2.辨析both，all ，neither & none both 两者“都”----→ neither 两者“都不”both of….V.复数----→neither of …V.单数both…and…----→neither…nor… all 三者或以上“都”----→none all of…V.复----→none of …. V.复/V.单shirt [??:t] n. 运动衫，衬衫 as soon as 一…就…，尽快 3.主将从现 if “如果”引导条件状语从句if…not =unless “除非”引导条件状语从句…as soon as…一…就…引导时间状语从句 pass [pɑ:s] v. 前行，经过，批准 pass sb. sth. =pass sth. to sb.把某物传给某人 snack [sn?k] n. 小吃，点心，快餐 stress [stres] n. 精神压力，心理负担 finger [?fi?g?(r)] n. 手指 since [s?ns] conj. 因为，既然 borrow ['b?r??] v. 借，借用 lend [lend] v. 借给，借出 4. 辨析三个“借” borrow 借进；借入 borrow sth. from sb./sp. 从某人/某地借到某物lend 借给；借出 lend sb. sth.=lend sth. to sb. 把某物借给某人keep 保存have/has kept+段时间 hate [he?t] v. 憎恶，讨厌 5. dislike v.不喜欢?→like v.喜欢 hate v.憎恨?→ love v.爱 to do sth. like/love/hate doing sth. dislike doing sth.(不喜欢干某事) chore [t??:(r)] n. 杂务，乏味的工作 do chores 做杂务 while [wail] conj. 当...时候，而，然而 6.辨析when & while _进行时__when_过去/现在_ 当…的时候主句从句 进行时___ while__进行时__ 主句从句 waste [we?st] v. 浪费，消耗 a waste of time浪费时间 in order to 目的是，为了 7.in order （not）to do sth. 为了（不）做某事 provide [pr?'vaid] v. 提供，供给，供应 1
Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary 重点知识锦集： 1. According to semanticists（意义学家）, a word is a unit of meaning. 2. This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary, and there is …no logical relationships between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself?. 3. Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency. 4. Words may fall into content words and functional words by notion. 5. Words may fall into native words and borrowed words by origin. 6. The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. 7. ‘all national character’（全民性）is the most important of all features that may differentiate words of common use from all others. 8. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals. 9. Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called empty words. 9. The English language is noted for the remarkable complexity and heterogeneity of its vocabulary because of its extensive borrowings. 10. According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing, we can bring the loan-words under four classes: Denizens, Aliens, Translation-loans, Semantic-loans. 11. The differences between sound and form are due to innovations made by linguists. 12. Of all the five characteristics listed for the basic word stock, the most important is all national character.（全民性） 13. Content words are changing all the time whereas functional words are stable. 14. In Old English there was more agreement between sound and form. 15. A word is a symbol that represents something else in the world. 16. Some words in the basic words stock are said to be stable because they refer to the commonest things in life. 17. In different language, the same concept can be represented by different sounds and the same sound can show different meanings. 18. The internal reason for the difference between sound and form is the fact of more phonemes than letters in English. 19. Native words are neutral in style and frequent in use. 20. The expression of “long time no see”is translation-loan among the four classes of borrowings. 名词解释： 1. word(词): A word is a minimal free form of a Language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. 2. vocabulary（词汇）: The term ‘vocabulary’is used in different senses. Not only can it refer to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period. We also use it to refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given disicipline and the words possessed by an individual person. 3. Jargon（专门术语）: It refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular
1.What is polysemy? Having multiple meanings that are related. 2.What are the two different ways of organising polysemous words? Explain them 1)The diachronic approach begins with the primary meaning and then arrange the other meanings (derived meanings) in the order in which they developed. 2)The synchronic approach begins with the most popular meaning (central meaning) and then arrange the other meanings (marginal meanings) in order of popularity. 3.What are the two different ways in which polysemy develops? Explain them 1)Radiation. Secondary meanings are independent from one another and are derived directly from the primary meaning. 2)Concatenation. Secondary meanings are connected and derive from primary meaning through successive shifts of meaning from one secondary meaning to another. 4.What is homonymy? Homonyms are works different in meaning but either identical both in sound or spelling or identical only in sound or spelling. 5.Give an example of a perfect homonym, a homophone and a homograph 1)perfect homonym 同音同形date日期/date红枣 2)homophone 同音异形Knew/new, meet/meat 3)homograph 异音同形record(v.)/record(n.) 6.Give an example of the rhetorical use of homonymy Hi Jack （你好杰克）– hijack（打劫） 7.What is the difference between polysemy and homonymy? Give an example to illustrate the difference 1)Polysemy is about connection of meanings. Book can mean a book as in “I read a book”, and “I book a hotel room”. The second meaning is related to the first one because in the past hotel staff will write the customers’ information on a book when reserving a room. 2)homonymy is about form. Lie can mean not being honest or being in a horizontal position. These two meanings have the same form but no connection. 8.Classify the following pairs of antonyms into complementaries (binaries), contraries (gradable) or converses (relational). Explain why 1)Good/bad, contraries 2)odd/even, complementaries 3)above/below, converses 4)clean/dirty, contraries 5)remember/forget, complementaries? 6)old/young, contraries 7)before/after, converses 9.What is hyponymy? Give an example The meaning of a more specific word is included in that of a more general word.
英语词汇学笔记整理 Part 1 前缀(Prefixes) 1.Negative prefixes a-;an-缺少、缺乏 amoral(缺德) asexual(雌雄同体的) asymmetry(不均匀的) anarchy(无政府的) dis-否、不 dishonest non-非、否 non-black(非黑人区的) non-science non-smoker nonresistant(非抵抗) in-；i-；im-；ir- complete——incomplete correct——incorrect 小结：清辅音[k],[f],[t]前的前缀加in-;唇音之前加im-;“l”前加il-;“r”前加ir-。所以加什么样的前缀由单词的首字母决定。 un-不 unhappy unfriendly infamous 2.Pejorative prefixes 表贬义 mal-不好的，坏的 maltreat(虐待) malformed(畸形的) malnutrition(营养不良的) malfunction(功能紊乱) mis-错误的 misdial(拨错号) misleading(误导) misbehaved(行为不规范) misconception(错误的认知) pseudo-错，假的 pseudoscience(伪科学) pseudo teaching(实习) 3.Reversative prefixes 表逆转的前缀 de- defrost(除霜) deplane(下飞机) deindustrialization(非工业化的) decode(解码) dis- 表示动作的逆转 disconnect(切断) dishearten(泄气) disown(抛弃) 4.Prefixes of degree or size arch- means “most”\”supreme”常带有贬义 archenemy archbishop(红衣大主教) arch monetarist(拜金主义者) co- “joint”or “equally” coexistence(共存的) combine colleague correspondence(通信联系) 小结：co-这个前缀根据所跟单词的首字母而发生变化 在元音前加co-；-b\-p之前用com-;-l之前用col-;-f\-c\-g前用con-;-r之前用cor- hyper-means “extreme” hyperactive(过于活跃的) hyper cautious(过分小心的) mini-means “little” minibus miniskirt ministered minimal maxi-means “big” maxi coat maxi skirt out-means “surpassing”,程度多，超过