-汉译英讲义
单句类
1.直译与意译(literal translation vs. free translation)
1．怕什么呢？死了张屠夫，还有李屠夫，人多得很。
What are you afraid of? He is not the only pebble on the beach=plenty of suitable persons, especially for a romantic relationship.(类例not the only fish in the sea.并非是世上独一无二的)
2. 这事就败在你手里了。Prevent from being successful
Y ou spoiled the whole show.[she’s in charge of the whole show她全权负责此事] 3.不料半路杀出一个程咬金。
Little did we expect that he would appear half way and try to poke his nose into the matter.[it hardly occurred to us that …] poke one’s nose into =interfere with others’ business
4.她不分青红皂白，乱交朋友。
She is indiscriminate in making friends. （She is not a chooser in making friends.）
5.我是半路出家，可能干不好这工作。
I have not received regular training for the job, so I may not do it well.
6.我们非要把这件事查个水落石出不可。
We must get to the bottom of the matter.
7.管它三七二十一，先吃个饱再说。
Who would care so much? The first thing to do is eat my fill. (eat one's fill 吃饱)
8.我对他简直佩服得五体投地。
I simply admire him from the bottom of my heart.
9.他吓得屁滚尿流。
He wetted his pants in terror.
10.你别狗拿耗子多管闲事。
Don’t poke your nose into other people’s affairs.
11.这本小说可真是狗追鸭子呱呱叫，卖得很快。
This novel is really a best-seller.
12.她怕碰一鼻子灰，话到了嘴边，又把它吞了下去。
She was afraid of being snubbed(refused), so she swallowed the words that came up to her lips./Afraid of …, she….
13.我真把你没有办法。
I really don’t know how to do with you.
14.我不知道他葫芦里卖的是啥药。
After all, I don’t know what he has got up his sleeve.
15.酒逢知己千杯少，话不投机半句多。
Even a thousand toasts are not enough for bosom friends’ get-together; but a word out of tune is over too much.
16.他是“外甥打灯笼——照舅（照旧）”。
He has followed a beaten track./ He is back to what he was before.
17.吃一堑，长一智。
A fall into the pit; a gain in your wit.
18.家丑不可外扬。
Give no publicity to family scandals. /Don’t wash your dirty linen in public. /It is an ill bird that fouls its own nest. /Domestic shame should not be made public. 19.巧妇难为无米之炊。
Even the cleverest housewife can’t cook a meal without rice. /One cannot make bricks without straw.
/If you have no hand, you cannot make a fist.
20.江山易改，本性难移。
It’s easy to change hills and streams but hard to change one’s nature./What’s bred in the bone will come out in the flesh./ A leopard cannot change his spots./ A fox may grow grey，but never good. /Y ou cannot scare a dog from a greasy hide. 21. 那年闹饥荒，我弟弟活活地饿死了。
In that famine year, my younger brother died of hunger.
2. 省词法(omission)
1．他在我不知道的情况下私自拿走了那东西。
He took it away without my knowledge./ He had taken it away before I knew about it./He had taken it away before I realized its disappearance.
2．此新产品耐寒、耐旱、适合在北方生长。
Cold resistant and drought tolerant, the new variety is adaptable to north China. 3．大家都必须杜绝在工作中的浪费现象。
We must put an end to waste in our work.
4．我上这个班是为了提高英语水平。
I (chose to) attend this class to improve my English.
5．台湾海峡两岸的中国人都是骨肉同胞，手足兄弟。
The Chinese on both sides of the Taiwan Strait are of the same flesh and blood. 6．如果你觉得合适就干，不合适就别干，你自个儿看着办吧。
Go ahead if you think the job suits you and don’t if not. It’s all up to you to decide.
7．他们是亲密无间的朋友。
They are close/bosom friends.
8．我们必须认真帮助他们解决工作问题和学习问题。
We must earnestly help them solve their problems of work and study.
9．前怕狼后怕虎的态度不能造就干部。
Fearing wolves ahead and tigers behind will not produce cadres./Flinching men cannot turn out to be cadres.
10．多年来那个国家一直有严重的失业现象。
For many years there has been serious unemployment in that country./ Serious unemployment has plagued that country for many years.
11．他把事情一五一十地都讲给父母听了。
He told his parents the whole story exactly as it had happened.
12．我们党结束了那个时期物价混乱的局面。
Our Party has put an end to the disorder of prices of that time.
13．事发二十个小时以内，他都处于昏迷状态。
He didn’t come to himself until 20 hours later.
14．至今这位老将军都还记得当年邓政委请他到家作客的情形。
Even today the senior general can clearly remember the day when Commissar Deng (Deng Xiaoping) invited him over to enjoy a treat/entertained him to dinner.
(commissar: an official of the Communist Party in charge of political indoctrination 政委共产党官员，负责政治教导) (entertain: receive sb as a guest;
provide food and drink for sb, esp. in one’s home eg: I don’t entertain very often. 我不常在家请客。)
15．总理在出席音乐会之前，还有许多工作要做。
The Premier had a lot of work to do before (attending) the concert.
16．这台电视机真是价廉物美。
This television set is really cheap (in price) and fine (in quality).
17．中国足球的落后状态必须改变。
The backwardness of the Chinese football must be changed.
18．无数先烈为中国的革命事业献出了生命。
Countless martyrs have laid down their lives for the Chinese revolution.
19．等他回国再说。
Let’s wait till he is back to China. (not “Let’s wait till he is back to China and speak it again.”)
20．那位世界小姐真有沉鱼落雁之容，闭月羞花之貌。
Indeed, the beauty of that Miss World would put the flowers to shame.
3.增词法(amplification)
1．又要马儿跑得快，又要马儿不吃草，简直可笑！
Y ou want the horse to run fast and yet you don’t let it graze. Isn’t it ridiculous!
/Y ou can’t eat your cake and have it。
2．努力实现和平统一。
We should strive for the peaceful reunification of the motherland.
3．三个臭皮匠顶个诸葛亮。
Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang, the master mind. 4．法律是上层建筑。
Laws form part of the superstructure.
5．水有水波，热有热浪。
Water moves in water waves and heat in heat waves.
6．虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。
Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.
7．要提倡顾全大局。
We should advocate the spirit of taking the whole situation into consideration. 8．结婚大办酒席，实在可以免去了。
The practice of giving lavish feasts at weddings can well be dispensed with.
9．这真是俗话说的，“旁观者清”。
It is just as the p roverb goes, “The onlooker sees most of the game./ The spectator is in a better position to judge.”
10．一个篱笆三个桩，一个好汉三个帮。
Just as a fence needs the support of three stakes, so an able fellow needs the help of three other people.
11．留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。
So long as green hills remain, there will never be a shortage of firewood. (Where there’s life there is hope.)
12．送君千里，终有一别。
Y ou may see off a friend and escort him miles and miles away, but you still have to part company in the end.
13．他霎时心里感到热乎乎的，仿佛有一团火在燃烧。
All of a sudden, he felt an intense warmth in his heart, as if a cheerful fire was burning within.
14．我们是多年的好朋友，一旦分开，难免会依依不舍。
Since we are close friends for years, surely we cannot tear away from each other, once we have to part company. (tear away: to remove or cause (sb or oneself) to leave (sth or sb): (1).I was enjoying the film so much that when the time came to leave, I could hardly tear myself away. (2). How can I tear myself away from you?
part company (with): to become separated from (sb), as at the end of a journey or
a relationship; to disagree with (sb): I’m afraid that I must part company with the
chairman on this question.)
15．天色已相当晚了，我们决定在那座庙里过夜。
As it was getting quite dark, we decided to stop at that temple for the night.
4.转换法(conversion)
1．工人们坚持取消旧的规定，建立新的规章制度。
The workers insisted on the abolishment of the old rules and the establishment of new regulations.
2．振兴科技和繁荣经济，必须坚持教育为本。
The vitality of science and technology and the prosperity of economy must be based on education.
3．要把控制人口，节约资源，保护环境放在重要的地位上。
Population control, the conservation of resources and environmental protection should be put in an important place.
4．一方面问题正在讨论，另一方面写字楼正在建造。
On the one hand the problem is under discussion, and on the other hand the office building is under construction.
5．这些事没有引起什么恐惧。
There was no horror to these matters.
6．太阳出来了，月亮下去了。
The sun is up while the moon is down.
7．糖和盐都溶于水。
Sugar and salt are soluble in water.
8．本产品的特点是设计独特，质量高，容量大。
The product is characterized by unique designs, high quality and great capacity. 9．服从是军人的义务。
Obedience is obligatory to all soldiers.
10．空气清香，使人感到分外凉爽、舒畅。
The fresh and fragrant air gave people a feeling of exceptional coolness and comfort.
11．他们恨透了那个狼心狗肺的老板。
They hated that beast of their boss.
12．他的演讲给听众的印象很深。
His speech impressed the audience deeply.
13．她在最后的一幕里占了很突出的地位。
She figured prominently in the last act.
14．语言这个东西不是随便可以学好的，非下苦功不可。
The mastery of language is not easy and (it) requires painstaking efforts.
15．我们的方针是，一切民族、一切国家的长处都要学。
Our policy is to learn from all nations and all countries their strong points. 16．很难把这部小说列入哪一类型中去。
This novel defies easy classification.
17．我儿子拉洋车。（老舍：《柳家大院》）
My son is a rickshaw puller. (rickshaw/ricksha: 黄包车, 人力车)
18．他谋杀了他的老板。
He is the murderer of his boss.
19．他读书时不加选择。
He is indiscriminate in reading./He is an indiscriminate reader.
20．他们迫切地想弄到消息。
They were news-hungry.
5.逆向译法（正说与反说）(affirmative vs. negative)
1．前事不忘，后事之师
To keep in mind that past lessons can serve as a guide for the future/Past experience, if not forgotten, can serve as a guide for the future.
2．售出概不退货。
All sales are final. /No refunding. /No refunds.
3．通道禁止摆摊。
Keep this passageway clear.(不要做——要做)
4．此路不通。
Dead lane.
5．勿踏草地！
Keep off the lawn!
6．无期徒刑
Life imprisonment.
7．他有勇无谋。
He is more brave than wise.
8．鸡多不下蛋。
Many cooks spoil the broth.(Negative: Too many hens won’t lay.)
9．聪明人不为甜言蜜语所动。
A wise man is superior/immune to flattery.
10．他不会蠢到把钱借给你。
He knows better than to lend you money.
11．真金不怕火炼。
Fire is the test of gold./Gold stands the test of fire./True blue will never stain./ True gold fears no fire.
12．人固有一死。
There is no man who will not die./Death is no respecter of persons./Death spares nobody./Death befalls everyone/all men alike./Humans are mortal beings.
13．一分耕耘，一分收获。
No pains, no gains./As you sow, so shall you reap.
14．开卷有益。
One cannot read a book without learning something./More or less, a reader can always learn something from a book./Reading enriches mind./ A book that is shut is but a block.
15．先思考，再回答问题。
Don’t answer the questions before you consider them.
16．这个孩子对什么都感兴趣。
There is nothing that the child is not interested in.
17．他们很快就要签合同了。
It will not be long before they sign a contract.
18．质量与风格共存。
Quality never goes out of style.
19．游客止步。
No visitors. / No Tourists/ Merchandiser Beyond This Point.
20．规则皆有例外。
There is no rule but has exceptions. / No rule without an exception/ There's an exception to every rule.
6.同义词的翻译
1．幼儿园的孩子们看上去活泼健康。
2．医院为病人提供有助于健康的食物。
3．学校食堂的饭菜卫生可口，我很爱吃。
4．让我们把译文和原文做一番比较，看看有无出入。
Let’s compare the translation with the original so as to see if there is any discrepancy=inconsistency.
(If there is a discrepancy between two things that ought to be the same, there is a noticeable difference between them.)
5．他的行为和他的诺言很不相符，很少有人相信他。
His conduct contrasts so sharply with his promises that very few people believe him.
6．司令员亲自率领军队作战。
The commander himself led the army into battle.
7．这本书会指导你更好地掌握写作技巧。
This book will guide you towards a better mastery of the art of writing.
8．参观的人们被引导到工厂各处参观。
The visitors were conducted over the factory.
9．组建了一个专门委员会来领导这次运动。
A special committee has been formed to direct the campaign.
10．应把闲散人员变为生产工人。
We should turn the idle bread eaters into productive workers.
11．在我们的社会里，懒惰是一种耻辱。
To be lazy is considered a disgrace in our society.
12．那位贪污受贿的官员被撤消了职务。
The official who is guilty of embezzlement and taking bribes has been dismissed
from his post.
13．取消中国的最惠国待遇，最大的受害者将是美国。
The U.S. will suffer most if it discontinues China’s most-favored-nation status. 14．政府授权工商部门严厉取缔投机倒把活动。
Departments in charge of industry and commerce are authorized by the government to ban speculation and profiteering.
15．他因违章开车被永远吊销了驾驶执照。
His driving/driver’s license has been revoked/suspended once and for all because of his violation of traffic regulations.
16．这种专利药品治风湿性关节炎挺有效。
This patent medicine is effective against rheumatic arthritis.
17．值勤的交警立即采取了有效措施来疏导阻塞的车辆。
The traffic policemen on duty took effective measures to disperse vehicles in the traffic jam.
18．有效的管理是降低成本的重要因素。
Efficient management is one of the factors which will lower production cost. 19．反动派的暴行激起了人民的极大愤慨。
The atrocities of the reactionaries roused the people to great indignation.
20．不等她说完，那个业主已是勃然大怒。
Before she finished her words, the entrepreneur had flown into a rage./Before he heard her out, the entrepreneur …
7.反义词的翻译
1．那个湖方圆八百里。
The lake has a circumference of 800 li.
2．方圆左近的人，谁不知道他？
Who in the neighbourhood doesn’t know h im?
3．这两条路远近差不多。
The distance is about the same by either road.
4．他的话多少让我有点儿失望。
I feel somewhat disappointed at his words.
5．今天横竖是走不了了。
Anyway, you shan’t leave today.
6．一有动静，马上来汇报。
Report as soon as anything happens.
7．两种办法各有得失。
Each of the two methods has its advantages and disadvantages.
8．你真不识好歹。
Y ou simply couldn’t tell what’s good or bad for you.
9．万一她有个好歹，我怎么办？
What if something should happen to her?
10．好歹试试看。
Let’s try, anyhow.
11．别再做了，好歹吃点就得了。
Don’t cook us anything more. We’ll have whatever there is.
12．他们之间有利害冲突。
There’s a conflict of interests between them.
13．这着棋十分利害。
That’s a devastating move. /This move of the chess hits the right nail on the head. 14．这两只箱子轻重不一样。
The two boxes do not weigh the same.
15．此事无足轻重。
It’s a matter of no consequence.
8.多义词的翻译
1．两位领导人就双边关系及共同关心的问题交换了意见。
The two leaders exchanged views on bilateral relations and issues of common/mutual concern.
2．党员应该虚心倾听群众的意见。
A party member should listen carefully to the opinions of the masses.
3．他们对这项计划提出了修改意见。
They made some suggestions for the revision of the plan.
4．我对这种做法很有意见。
I take vigorous exception to such behavior.
5．大家对你很有意见。
People have a lot of complaints about you.
6．你应该听从医生的意见。
Y ou sh ould follow the doctor’s advice.
7．他们就推举谁做总统侯选人取得了一致意见。
They have reached unanimity on who will be the presidential candidate.
8．他们在会上闹起了意见。
They got into disputes at the meeting.
9．我看出了他的心事。
I could read his thoughts.
10．这东西要还看得过去，你就买吧。
If you think it’s all right, then buy it.
11．他看出了她的破绽。
He spotted her weak point.
12．明天是不是去郊游，得看天气。
Whether we’ll go outing tomorrow will depend on the weather.
13．别跑这么快！看摔着！
Don’t run so fast! Mind you don’t fall.
14．她看出了苗头。
She smelt a rat.
15．看你有甚能耐！
Show me your miracle talent/solution/approach!
16．米饭熟了。
The rice is done.
17．麦子熟了。
The wheat is ripe.
18．我俩很熟。
We know each other very well.
19．他车开得很熟。
He is experienced (skillful) in driving.
20．这家店专卖熟食。
This shop specifies in selling prepared food.
9.数词的翻译
1．有些国营商店的售货员态度冷若冰霜，拒人千里之外。
Shop assistants in some state-run shops are frosty in manner, repelling customers from a distance.
2．这事十拿九稳。
It is in the bag.
3．他用尽了千方百计想调到商检局，最后还是没成。
He has tried a thousand and one ways to be transferred to the Commodity Inspection Bureau but failed.
4．这里的交通四通八达。
Traffic lines here radiate in all directions.
5．你不该对此事说三道四。
Y ou should not have said anything about the matter.(dished the dirt/are not supposed to have said anything about it.)
6．他把工作分成三六九等。
He regards different jobs as indication of rank and grade.
7．他三句话不离本行。
He talks shop all the while.
8．祝你百尺竿头，更进一步。
Wish/May you make still greater progress.
9．此乃千载难逢的好机会，你一定要抓住。
Y ou must seize this opportunity. It is a chance of lifetime.
10．那时她正值二八妙龄。
She was at that time at her sweet sixteen.
11．别三心二意了，就这么办吧。
Don’t shilly-shally. Go right ahead.
12．氧原子几乎比氢原子重15倍。
The oxygen atom is nearly 16 times as heavy as the hydrogen atom.
13．一个中心，两个基本点
One central task and two basic points
14．坚持一个中国，反对“两个中国”的立场
To stick to one-China position and oppose to “two Chinas”
15．三大法宝
The three big wonder-working weapons
16．一刀切
Rigid uniformity; unitary form; a clean cut; find a single solution for all problems 17．教学、科研、生产的“三结合”
“3-in-1 combination” involving teaching, research and production
18．三资企业
The three investment enterprises (Sino-foreign joint ventures, Sino-foreign joint management enterprises, exclusively foreign-funded enterprises)
19．一不怕苦，二不怕死
Fear neither hardship nor death
20．三八妇女节
International Working Women’s Day
10.主动VS. 被动
1．敌人后方空虚。The enemy rear is weakly defended.
2．英语语法课时，我们上冠词的用法，然后做了一些练习。In the period of English grammar, we were taught the usage of the articles and then did some exercises about them.
3．他出现在台上，观众报以热烈的掌声。He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.
4．小王，接电话！Xiao Wang, you are wanted on the phone!
5．他得意忘形。He was lost in exhilaration.
6．病人正在手术中。The patient is being operated on.
7．一点声音也听不到。Not a sound was heard.
8．热可以转换为能，能也可以转换为热。Heat can be converted to energy and energy can be converted to heat.
9．这块地方满是纸屑、烟头、空瓶和生绣的罐头。The ground was covered with pieces of paper, cigarette ends, empty bottles and rusty tins.
10．震后，灾区人民得到了全国人民的帮助与支持。After the earthquake, the people there were offered some aid and help by the people all over the country.
译文改错:
1．欢迎你来参加英语角活动！
原译：Welcome you to join our English Corner activities!
改译：Y ou are welcome to our English Corner! /Welcome to our English Corner! 2．军事要地，闲人免进！
原译：This is an important military area, unauthorized persons are forbidden to enter! 改译：Military Area, No Admittance! /Off limits!
3．不要搞一刀切。
原译：Do not cut off at one stroke.
改译：Do not impose uniformity.
4．不要弄虚作假。
原译：Do not do false things and cheating.
改译：No counterfeit and cheating!
5．我们的事业一定胜利！
原译：Our cause is doomed to success!
改译：Our cause is bound to succeed./The success of our cause is a matter of course. 6．一切车辆到此，停车缴费！
原译：Stop and charge!
改译：Pay toll fee, please.
7．我们改革开放的步子要迈得更大一些。
原译：Our steps of economic reform and open policy should be faster and better.
改译：Take a broader approach to economic reform and opening up.
8．前面就是南门大桥。
原译：The South Door Bridge is right ahead.
改译：The South Gate Bridge is right ahead.
（重庆有个朝天门。There is a city gate called Chaotianmen in Chongqing. 重庆有山有水。Chongqing is a mountainous city by the river./ Chongqing is a city of rivers and mountains.）
9．我们一定要搞好住房制度改革。
原译：We must do a good job of our house reform system.
改译：We must do a good job of housing reform.
（衣食住行food, clothing, housing and transportation）
10．欢迎乘坐西南航空公司的飞机！
原译：Welcome you to fly the southwest airlines!
改译：Welcome to fly the Southwest Airlines (with us)!
11．我们应当努力提高文化水平。
原译：We should do our best to raise our cultural level.
改译：We should try to improve our educational level. (usually: raise the standard;
improve the level)
12．热烈欢迎国内外嘉宾参加贸易洽谈会！
原译：Warmly welcome all guests of honor at home and abroad to attend to this symposium!
改译：Warm welcome to all honored guests both at home and abroad to attend the Trade Talks!
13．欢迎国内外嘉宾光临本市！
原译：Welcome our honored guests from home and abroad to visit the city!
改译：Y ou are welcome to visit the city, guests of honor from home and abroad! 14．在回家的途中，我们看见这场车祸。
原译：On our way to home, we saw
this traffic accident.
改译：On our way home, we saw that traffic accident.
15．她为什么没来开会？因为她生病了。
原译：Why is she absent from the meeting? For she is sick..
改译：Why is she absent from the meeting? Because she is sick.
16．这样的机会太好了，可不要错过。
原译：This is too good a chance to be missed.
改译：This is too good a chance to miss.
17．新闻报道到此结束。
原译：This is the end of the news reports.
改译：That is the end of the news.
18．把改革开放提高到一个新的水平！
原译：Raise our reform and open policy to a new level!
改译：Make the open-up policy even more fruitful./ Scale new heights in the implementation of the open policy.
19．你何必这么激动不安嘛？
原译：Why are you so upset?
改译：Why should you be so upset?
散文/小说类
1．一个苹果
劳山
小时侯我们在乡下生活，说起来蛮苦，蛮累。
那时侯，我们最爱吃的是苹果。可能是苹果太贵的缘故，父亲一直舍不得买。有一天，父亲到台北出差，总算买了一个苹果回家。
父亲削好苹果后，切成五等份，给我们兄妹五人每人一小片。
哎！那么薄，那么少。但是我们却不敢多讲。父亲发现我们面有难色，欲言又止。不由深深地叹了口气……
二十多年过去了，我亦已为人母，开始体会出父亲当时的苦衷。回想当初，一个苹果分成五片，每个小孩一片，我们却嫌少嫌薄，而没有考虑到爸爸、妈妈连一小口也没有尝到！
如果，那时侯我们能要求父亲将苹果切成七片，让爸妈也尝一口，那么就会留下一个多么美好的甜蜜的回忆呀！
An Apple
Lao Shan
My childhood was spent in the countryside in terrible bitterness and hardship, so to speak now.
Apples, at that time, were to our greatest liking and it must be their dear prices that made my father never muster up enough courage to buy one. One day, returning from Taipei on a business trip(or returning from a business trip to Taipei), he finally managed to bring one home.
After peeling the apple, my father cut it into five equal pieces and handed them out to the five of us (better: each of us five)children. Alas! How thin and small each piece was! But none of us dared to speak this out. Noticing our visible embarrassme nt with its meagreness and wavering between questions and silence, my father involuntarily expelled a deep sigh…
Twenty years have slipped by and I am a mother now. I begin to feel for myself the sorrow of my father’s then. How regretful I feel now to have hated our portion of the apple being too small and thin without even the slightest thought of our father and mother who did not even have just one bite when they sliced it into five pieces for each of us!
If only we had asked father (Father) to cut it into seven equal pieces and had made them have a taste, how happy and sweet the memory would be now! Evaluation and Discussion
Common Errors
Misconception/Miscarriage of the Intended Meaning
1．小时侯我们在乡下生活，说起来蛮苦，蛮累。
1）We spent our childhood on the countrys ide…
2）When we were children, …
3) During my boyhood we lived in the countryside, our life was very hard then. 2．但是我们却不敢多讲。
1) We, however, dared not to speak more.
2) But we didn’t dare to say more.
3) But we didn’t say more.
4) However, we daren’t say mo re words.
3．……我亦已为人母……
1) I became a mother after twenty years.
2) I, now as a mother too, …
3) I have been a mother.
4) I have a child.
5) As a mother of a child, …
6) After 20 years, I am a mother now.
4. One day, Father traveled to Taipei on business and bought an apple when he came back home.
5. Father found what we were thinking about and tried to say something to us. As last, he stopped doing so, and heaved a deep sigh.
6. More than 20 years later, I am also a mother of children.
7. What a wonderful and honey memory would leave!
Improper Diction
1．那时侯我们最爱吃的是苹果。
At that time we preferred apples.
2．父亲发现我们面有难色。
He read the resentment from our face.
3．小时侯我们在乡下生活，说起来蛮苦，蛮累。
Our families lived in the countryside when I was a child, and lives there was very hard.
4．回想当初，一个苹果分成五片，……
Reminding the past, …
5．出差run on errands
6．当时的苦衷original feelings (“original” is contrastive to “current”.) Improper Collocation
1．l ooked the apple as a precious fruit
2．c ount into our parents
3．p eel the rind of the apple
4．T he life was difficult and fatigued.
5．W e complained about the apple was too thin and little.
Poor Grammar
1．……说起来蛮苦，蛮累。
The life in those years was said to be very hard and tired.
2．有一天，父亲到台北出差，总算买了一个苹果回家。
Until one day my father went to Taipei on business and bought an apple eventually.
3．回想当初，一个苹果分成……
1)To recall the original things, an apple was cut into…
2)Reminding those years, Father divided an apple into…
3)Memorizing my childhood, an apple could be divided into…
4)Recalling the past, an apple was divided…
4．……而没考虑到爸爸、妈妈连一小口也没有尝到！
We couldn’t consider parents’ feeling that they had no one piece.
5．二十多年过去了……
It passed twenty more years when...
6．如果那时侯我们能要求父亲将苹果切成七片，让爸妈也尝一口……
1)If we asked Father to …, parents would eat…
2)If we could ask Father to…, parents could …
3)If we wish Father to cut the apple…, it must have left a wonderful and sweet
memory.
7．那么就会留下一个多么美好的甜蜜的回忆呀！
1)How happy and sweet the memory would be left!
2)What happiness picture it would leave.
3)It must left a good and sweet memory in our mind.
4)We could remain a happy memory!
Favorable Vs. Derogative
甜蜜的回忆treacly（贬，舔得发腻的）memory
Punctuation & Capitalization
1. I lived in the countryside when I was a child, I feel it’s too miserable and hard as soon as I mention the past life.
2. During my boyhood we lived in the countryside, our life was very hard then.
2．螃蟹
老螃蟹觉得不安了，觉得全身太硬了。自己知道要蜕壳了。
他跑来跑去寻。他想寻一个窟穴，躲了身子，将石子堵了穴口，隐隐的蜕壳。他知道外面蜕壳是危险的。身子还软，要被别的螃蟹吃去的。这并非空害怕，他实在亲眼见过。
他慌慌张张的走。
旁边的螃蟹问他说：“老兄，你何以这般慌？”
他说：“我要蜕壳了。”
“就在这里蜕不很好么？我还要帮你呢。”
“那可太怕人了。”
“你不怕窟穴里的别的东西，却怕我们同种么？”
“我不怕同种。”
“那还怕什么呢？”
“我怕你要吃掉我。”
The Crab
An old crab was on tenterhooks, feeling too hard all over. He knew it was time to shed his shell.
He was crawling here and there, trying to look for a cave to hide himself in. Blocking the cave entrance with some pebbles, he could shed his shell on the sly. He was aware of the danger of shedding his shell outside. Still rather weak, he might be eaten up by some other crabs. This was not a groundless fear, for he himself had witnessed such a case.
He hurried around helter-skelter.
A crab beside him asked, “What’s the fuss to be so panic, old brother?”
“I’m going to shed my shell soon,” he answered.
“Why not do it right here? Pretty good right here! I might give you a hand.”
“Oh, no, it’s too dangerous.”
“Y ou’re not afraid of other creatures in the cave, but afraid of your own kind?”
“I’m not afraid of my own kind.”
“What are you afraid of, then?”
“I’m only afraid of your eating me!”
Evaluation and Discussion
Common Errors
Misinterpretation
He blocked the cave entrance with stones to shed his shell secretly.
He was looking for a cave to hide himself in and then block the entrance with some stones before he could shed his shell on the sly.
Improper Diction
1．蜕壳
moult/molt his shell (of birds: lose feathers; of dogs or cats: lose hair换羽，换毛)
remove his shell (take… a way from one place to another)
(references: shed one’s shell/slough off one’s shell/ cast off one’s shell/ one’s shell comes off)
2．堵了穴口
congest the orifice (of the cave) (more common forms----congested, congestion)
(congested: too full, overcrowded; (of organs)abnormally full of blood; (of the nose) blocked with mucus)
(references: block, stop up)
3．他知道外面蜕壳是危险的。身子还软，要被别的螃蟹吃去的。
He knew it would be very dangerous to shed the shell outside since the body was soft and would be eaten by other crabs.
(reference: for)
4．跑来跑去
ran forth and back (rather: back and forth)
(注意词序，再如：新旧old and new; 冷热hot and cold; 悲欢joy and sorrow;
水火fire and water; 贫富rich and poor; 血肉flesh and blood; 水陆land and water; 迟早sooner or later; 不论晴雨rain or shine; 饥寒交迫suffer from cold and hunger; 衣食住行food, clothing, housing and transportation) 5．隐隐蜕壳
shed his shell carefully(rather: on the sly; stealthily; secretly; furtively)
6．怕同种
be afraid of one’s kin (one’s family or relatives)
(rather: one’s own kind/compatriot/breed)
Poor Grammar
1.(1) Why are you such fluster? (usu. passive)
(rather: Why are you so flustered?/ Why are you in such a fluster/ hurry?)
(2) What’s fidget with you?
(fidget v&n. ~ about/with sth; rather: What do you fidget about/ /with? Why are so fidgety? Why do you get the fidgets?)
2.(1) “I’m afraid you will eat me.” (used to express politely a piece of information
which may be unwelcome)
(rather: I am afraid of your eating me./ I fear that you will eat me./ My only fear is that you will eat me.)
(2) “I am really worried about (/) that you will eat me!”
(be worried about sth/sb; be worried that)
Misspelling
confidentally------------- confidentially
foreward----------- forward(s)
runing---------- running
seperate-----separate
terrifing-----terrifying
sheding------shedding
clab--------crab
3．过节
孩提时住在农村，常常盼望过节。记得最有乐趣的节，莫过于年终的“谢天地”。那谢完天地之后，母亲用福礼汤（鸡、肉汤）下的银丝面条，其鲜美无比至今还留下十分美好的记忆。
工作之后，我却渐渐对过节不感兴趣了。原因是当我单身时，我喜欢看书，笔耕。在写文章是经常需要随时查阅文献资料，如果遇上节日放假，图书馆关门，我就只好干着急，眼看时间白白流失，所以我讨厌过节。
在诸多家务中，每天买菜是我的任务。中国人过节，吃是主要内容，为了显示过节的气氛和水平，少说也要搞它个十菜八肴的。这样一来，节前的紧张采购暂且不说，节后的剩菜处理也落在我一个人身上，妻孩们是不愿吃隔天菜的，自幼来自农村且深受“谁知盘中餐，粒粒皆辛苦”陶冶的我，是断然不肯将能吃的剩菜倒掉的，于是节后天天吃剩菜。所以我不喜欢过节。
Festival-Celebrating
I always looked forward to festivals while a kid living in the countryside. As I now recall it, no other festival held greater fascination for me than “Thanksgiving” ceremony held at the end of the Chinese lunar year. To express gratitude to Heaven and Earth, Mother would use, among other dishes, “Thanks-for-Happiness Soup”
(chicken and meat soup) as one of the offerings, and, the rituals over, she would cook the whitest and finest noodles (called “silver-thread noodles”) in the broth. The delicious taste lingers to this day!
After I graduated and started my career, my interest in festival-celebrating began to fade. When I was single, I loved reading and writing, which necessitated frequent trips to libraries to consult the relevant data. When such a need should arise during the holidays when the libraries were usually not open, I’d feel much dismayed, being absolutely unable to make use of the valuable time that flew by.
Of the many household duties after my marriage, going marketing every day is my job. Festival celebration for us Chinese chiefly consists in eating. To help create the festival atmosphere and show off the level of the festivities, at least a score of meat and vegetable dishes should be laid out. So, besides the pre-festival frantic shopping, the post-festival disposal of the leftovers fell to my lot, my wife and children being loath to touch the leavings. Born in the countryside and always taught to believe profoundly in the need to “treasure each and every grain of rice in the bowl”, I flatly refuse to throw away the leftovers. Therefore, in the days immediately following the festival I had to finish up the scraps one by one. Hence, my distaste for the festivals.
Evaluation and Discussion
Common Errors
Misinterpretation
1．工作之后，我却渐渐对过节不感兴趣了。
1) I was not interested in the festival after work.
2) After I worked, I didn’t like Spring Festival gradually.
3) Having worked, I was gradually not interested in celebrating a festival.
4) After joining in the work, I was not interested in spending the festivals gradually.
2．记得最有趣的节，莫过于年终的谢天地。
The most interesting festival in my memory was the “Thank Heaven and
Earth” at the end of the ye ar.
3．谢天地
Thank Goodness/God/heaven(s): (used to express relief)
4．鸡、肉汤
chicken soup and pork soup/chicken and broth/chicken soup and meat soup.
5. 在诸多家务中，每天买菜是我的任务。
In much housework, my duty was to buy meat and vegetable. (only one duty?)
Misspelling
1. dilicious------delicious
2. eatting---------eating
3. everyday-------every day（每天买菜）
4. remanent--------remnant (n. usu pl. ~s of a meal残羹剩饭)
Poor Grammar
1. Both the purchase before the festival and the food left are my duty. Because my wife and children don’t like eating the remains.
2. I have become not interested in festival since I worked gradually.
3. In China, people prefer to eat in the festival.
4. Thus I not only purchase food hurriedly before the festival but also I finish having remaining food after the festival.
(cf: 落叶fallen leaves，逃犯escaped prisoner)
5. I was only too worried to see the time slipping (~ through) my fingers, so I was disgusted at the festivals.
(cf: I was disgusted at his appearance.他一出现，我就感到气愤。)
6. Whenever writing articles needed consult documents and materials. （need do, needed to do）
Merits
妻孩们是不愿意吃隔天菜的。
My wife and children would frown on the dishes left a day before.
Improper Diction
为了显示过节的气氛和水平，少说也要搞它个十菜八肴的。
In order to show the atmosphere and level of the festivals, each family will cook at least ten or eight dishes. (show sb. sth; some dishes may be uncooked.)
(rather: show off; prepare, eight or ten dishes/ a score of dishes)
4．多收了三五斗
（节选）
旧毡帽朋友今天上镇来，原来有很多的计划的。洋肥皂用完了，须得买十块八块回去。洋火也要带几匣。洋油向挑着担子到村里去的小贩买，十个铜板只有这么一小瓢，太吃亏了；如果几家人家合买一听分来用，就便宜得多。陈列在橱窗里的花花绿绿的洋布听说只要八分半一尺，女人早已眼红了好久，今天粜米就嚷着要一同出来，自己几尺，阿大几尺，阿二几尺，都有了预算。有些女人的预算里还有一面蛋圆的洋镜，一方雪白的毛巾，或者一顶结得很好看的绒线的小囝帽。难得今年天照应，一亩田多收这么三五斗，让一向捏得紧紧的手稍微放松一点，谁说不应该？缴租，还债，解会钱，大概能够对付过去吧；对付过去之外，大概还有多余吧。在这样的心境之下，有些人甚至想买一个热水瓶。这东西实在怪，不用生火，热水冲下去，等会儿倒出来照旧是烫的；比起稻柴做成的茶壶窠来，果真是一个在天上，一个在地下。
Unit 1 1、这种植物只有在培育它的土壤中才能够很好的成长 The plant does not grow well in soils other than the one in which it has been developed. 2、研究结果表明，无论我们白天做了什么事情，晚上都会做大约两个小时的梦Research findings show that we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we may have done during the day. 3、有些人往往责怪别人没有尽最大的努力，以此来为自己的失败辩护 Some people tend to justify their failure by blaming others for not trying their best. 4、我们忠于自己的承诺：凡是答应做的，我们都会做到 We remain true to our commitment: Whatever we promised to do, we would do it. 5、连贝多芬的父亲都不敢相信自己儿子日后有一天可能成为世界上最伟大的音乐家。爱迪 生也同样如此，他的老师觉得他似乎过于迟钝 Even Beethoven’s father discounted the possibility that his son would one day become the greatest musician in the world. The same is true of Edison, who seemed to his teacher to be quite dull. 6、当局控告他们威胁国家安全 They were accused by the authorities of threatening the state security. Unit 2 1、要是这部喜剧中的人物更幽默些的话，就会吸引更多的观众 If the characters in this comedy had been more humorous, it would have attracted a larger audience. 2、她从未对自己的能力失去信心，因此它有可能成为一名成功的演员 She never lost faith in her own ability, so it is a possibility for her to become a successful actress. 3、我从未接受过正式的培训，我只是边干边学 I never had formal training, I just learned as I went along. 4、随着产品进入国际市场，他们的品牌知名度越来越高了 As their products find their way into the international market, their brand is gaining in popularity. 5、她可以编造一个故事，说自己被窃贼打昏，所有的钱都没了，但她怀疑自己是否能让这 故事听起来可信 She could make up a story by saying she was knocked unconscious by thieves and that all her money was gone, but she doubted whether she could make it sound believable. 6、谁都不清楚他是否故意推迟了这次访问，可是这引起了对他更多的批评 No one was certain whether he postponed the visit on purpose, but this brought more criticism of him. Unit 3 1、据报道有七八位官员收受贿赂，市长决定亲自出马调查这件事 Seven or eight officials are reported to have taken bribes and the mayor has decided to l ook into the affair in person. 2、这些工人后悔当时接受管理部门的意见重新回去工作。现在他们再次面临失业的危险了These workers regret yielding to the management’s advice and going back to work. Now they are again faced with the threat of losing their jobs. 3、你只需填写一张表格就可取的会员资格，它可以使你在买东西的时享受打折的优惠
历年上海英语翻译中级口译汉译英真题及答案 原文： 越来越多受英文教育的海外华人父母，已经认识到孩子在掌握不可或缺的英文的同时，也通晓中文的重要性。中国的崛起，让他们充分认识到孩子掌握双语的好处——既能增加他们的就业机会，也能让他们接触和熟悉东西方两种不同的文化。 这些人对中文的态度几乎没有完全改变。曾几何时，他们还非常骄傲地宣称自己只懂英文。现在，他们已开始积极支持孩子学习中文和中国文化，而且还不时走访中国，欣赏壮观的自然风光，认识丰富的文化遗产。 译文： An increasing number of English-educated Chinese parents overseas have come to the realization that while English learning is indispensable to their children, it is essential that their kids have a good command of Chinese. China’s rise has fully awakened their awareness of the fact that their kids can benefit from their bilingual ability which can not only enhance their competitiveness in the job market, but also facilitate their exposure to and familiarity with the two different cultures between the East and the West. They have hardly changed their attitudes towards Chinese. At one time they proudly declared that they knew English only. Now, they have begun to give full support to their kids learning Chinese and its culture, and they also make occasional visits to China, where they can enjoy its magnificent natural landscape and get to know its rich cultural heritage. 解析： 本段是一篇文化类介绍文章。总体难度一般，以句号结束的句子即可作为一
英译汉历年真题全文翻译 1994年真题参考译文 新学派科学家们认为，在扩大科学知识范围的过程中，技术是一股被忽视了的力量(71)他们认为，科学之所以向前发展，与其说是因为天才伟人的真知灼见，还不如说是因为像改进了的技术和工具之类更为普遍的东西。(72)一位新学派的领袖人物坚持说，简言之，所谓的科学革命主要是指一系列工具的改进、发明和使用；这一系列工具的改进、发明和使用在无数个方面拓展了科学的领域。(73)多年来，工具和技术本身作为根本性革新的源泉在很大程度上被历史学家和思想家们所忽视了。肯定技术的现代派认为，诸如伽利略、牛顿、麦克斯韦、爱因斯坦这样的著名科学大师以及像爱迪生这样的发明家都十分重视各种不同的、可用于科学实验的工艺信息和技术装置并从中获益匪浅，提倡肯定技术、否定天才的论点之核心是对伽利略在科学革命的初期所起作用的分析。当时人们对天体的认识源于公元二世纪时的天文学家托勒密。他认为，在复杂的天体系统中所有的天体都围绕着地球运动。(74)伽利略最伟大的成就在于，在l 609年他是第一个用新发明的望远镜来观察天空的人，以证实行星是围绕太阳旋转而不是围绕地球旋转的。但故事中真正的英雄，新学派科学家们认为，是改进制作眼镜的机器的漫长过程。 联邦政府的政策不可避免地卷入了这场“技术”对“天才”之争。(75)政府是应该以牺牲技术作为代价来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这常常取决于人们把哪一个看作驱动力量。
1995年真题参考译文 广泛用来帮助选拔、分类、委派或者提拔学生、雇员和军事人员的标准化教育或心理测试最近在图书、杂志、日报甚至国会中成了攻击的目标。(71)把标准化测试作为抨击的目标是错误的，因为在抨击这些测试的时候，批评家没有注意到错误在于那些不甚了解或者是不能胜任的使用者。测试本身只是工具，其特点是在具体条件下可以得到相当精确的测定。测试结果究竟是有价值、无意义或者有误导作用在部分程度上取决于工具本身，但在很大程度上取决于使用者。 所有对未来表现有根据的预测都取决于对相关的过去表现的一些了解：学习成绩、研究能力、销售纪录或者任何合适的信息。(72)这些测试将在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适应性，还取决于解释这些信息的技能和才智。任何认真记分的人都知道，能获得的信息往往不全面，而且预测很容易出现错误。应该根据这种情况看待标准化测试。对于一个人的学识，他所掌握的技能或者他是哪种类型的人，标准化测试提供了快捷，而客观的获取信息的办法、和其他种类的信息一样，按这种方法获得的信息从质量上来讲也有其自身的长处和短处。(73)因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试，(采用)其他种类的信息，或是两者兼用，取决于与相对效度有关的来自经验的证据，还取决于诸如费用和可获取性之类的因素。(74)一般来说，当所要测定的特征能够最为精确地界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。如果使用得当，测试提供一种快速获取有关许多人的可比性信息的方法，有时还会鉴别出潜力大、过去却未被承认的学生，但测试无法做到的事情也很多。(75)例如，这些测试并不能弥补明显的社会不公平现
汉译英作业答案
参考答案 第一讲 1. 注意安全，小心路滑。C aution， slipper floor. 2. 禁止吸烟，违反者将被罚款100元。Smoking is prohibited, penalties for violators is 100 yuan. 3. 雨天，雪天，减速行驶。 Slow in case of rain or snow. 4. 老年人优先上车。 Senior Citizens First. 5. 桥上严禁超车。No Overtaking On Bridge. 第二讲Task: Please translate the following passage into English.（Open) A 广西中医学院护理学院成立于1999年, 其前身--广西中医学院附设护士学校创建于1979年。回首20多年的风雨历程,至今已发展成为广西仅有的两所高等护理院校之一。近几年,学院紧紧围绕教学与产业并举,中职教育与高职教育并重,传统培养与特色培训相结合的办学思路,开创了教学产业化道路的新局面, 使学院步入了持续快速健康发展的轨道, 如今学院无论是"硬件"还是"软件", 均已颇具规模,现有在校生2663人, 教职工71人, 专兼职教师46人, 其中高中级职称教师40人,占全体教师比例的86.5%。开设有西医护理、中医护理、中医医疗、中西结合、针灸推拿5个专业。今年经自治区教育厅批准又
蕊要去美国做手术？又为什么，包括王治郅、巴特尔在内的诸多篮球运动员也都要飞往美国治疗呢？要让人家相信你，就得拿出成功的例子，这样才不会出现对中医的“妖魔化”。 第三讲 A 护理科研论文写作中常见句型 1. 本文介绍/叙述/报告/讨论了…… T his paper (report, article) presents/describes/reports/discusses 2. 在这篇文章中，我们介绍/叙述/报告/讨论了… In this paper (report, article), we present/describe/report/discuss 3. 我们描述了一例…… We describe a case of 4. 本文报告一例…… A case is reported in which...... 5. 本文报告了……的研究。 A study of ... is reported 6. 本研究旨在……
汉译英 1.广场舞是社区中老年居民以健身、社交等为目的在广场、公园等开敞的地方进行的健身操或舞蹈，通常以高分贝的音乐伴奏。广场舞在中国大陆无论南北皆十分普遍。对于广场舞的确切认识，社会学界及体育界目前均未达成共识。广场舞的高分贝音乐常常造成噪音滋扰，因此许多居民反对在小区中跳广场舞。 The square dancing is a bodybuilding exercise or dance performed in wide and open places such as squares and parks among the middle-aged and old residents in communities, with the purpose of bodybuilding, socializing and so on, generally accompanied with high-pitched music. The square dancing is very popular all over mainland China, whether in the north or in the south. Neither the sociological circle nor the sports circle has currently reached a consensus on the exact perception of the square dancing. The high-pitched music of the square dancing often causes noisy disruption, and therefore many residents are opposed to the square dancing in communities. 2.故宫，又称紫禁城，是明、清两代的皇宫，二十四位皇帝在此生活起居和处理政务。它是世界现存最大、最完整的木质结构的古建筑群(architectural complex)。宫殿墙壁的色调以红色和黄色为主,红色代表快乐、好运和财富，而黄色代表帝王的神圣和尊贵。近十几年来，故宫平均每年接待中外游客600-800万人次，随着旅游业的繁荣，游客人数有增无减，可见人们对故宫的兴趣长盛不衰。 The Imperial Palace, also known as the Forbidden City, was the palace in Ming and Qing Dynasties where 24 emperors lived and handled government affairs. It is the largest and most complete existing ancient wooden architectural complex in the world. The palace wall was painted mainly in red and yellow. Red represents happiness, luck and fortune while yellow symbolizes imperial holiness and dignity. In recent decades, the Imperial Palace is visited annually by six to eight million tourists at home and abroad. Moreover, with flourishing tourism industry, the number of tourists keeps increasing. It shows people’s everlasting and unfading interest in the Imperial Palace. 3.《新闻联播》是中国中央电视台（CCTV）每日播出的一个新闻节目。节目每次播出时长一般为30分钟。它被中国大陆大多数地方频道同时转播，这使得它成为世界上收看人数最多的节目之一。自从1978年1月1日首次播出以来，它就以客观、生动、丰富的纪实手段记录着中华大地每一天的变化。作为中国官方新闻资讯类节目，《新闻联播》以沉稳、庄重的风格著称。 Xinwen Lianbo is a news program broadcast by China Central Television (CCTV) every day. It generally takes 30 minutes every time to broadcast the program. It is relayed simultaneously by most local television channels in the mainland of China, which makes it one of the world’s most-watched programs. Since it was first broadcast on January 1st, 1978, it has been recording the changes of every day throughout China by documentary means that is objective, vivid and rich. As the Chinese official news information program, Xinwen Lianbo is well-known for its
2004.5 It isn’t often that one has the chance to congratulate a noted woman writer on her 80th birthday. So on October 5 last year，when I went to Bing Xin’s house，I felt very excited. I explained that I hoped she would tell me something about how she becam e a poet. “I haven’t written poetry for many years,” she said smiling. “But I still love to read good poetry.” Bing Xin was fortunate to have parents who encouraged her to study and write. When she was attending a women’s college in Beijing in 1919，an event occurred which changed the whole course of her life. That was the May 4th Movement，a patriotic democratic movement started by students in Beijing. The mass demonstrations made a deep impression on her. She threw herself into the struggle and was put in charge of publicity by the Student Union. She wrote poems，articles and stories，attacking imperialism and feudalism in its various forms. Going to the U.S. in 1923 to study literature，she wrote down her impressions on the way and during her stay there. These were published in the collection To Little Readers. The book brought her instant fame，not only because she was a woman writer，but also because of the noble sentiments in the book. Quite a few younger writers say it was Bing Xin’s writings that started t hem on the road they have since followed. 2004.11 In recent years, the Chinese government has encouraged domestic travel and implemented a policy of "holiday economics", giving its citizens three annual week-long vacations and the opportunity to spend more savings on travel, shopping and eating out. In 2004, total tourist spending during the May Day holidays was 39 billion yuan. Tourism now contributes 2.3 percent of the nation's gross domestic product (GDP), and revenues are expected to grow by 10 percent annually through to 2013, creating 40 million jobs.
汉译英： 试题一：必作题（汉译英）（20分） 从19世纪80年代之后的鸦片战争、甲午战争，到庚子之乱乃至20世纪30年代的日本侵华战争，中国惨遭东西方列强的屠戮和极其野蛮的经济掠夺；再加上封建腐败和连年内乱，中国主权沦丧、生灵涂炭、国力衰弱、民不聊生。深重的灾难、惨痛的事实使中华民族深知和平之珍贵、发展之重要。这样的历史实践形成了中国人民渴望和平、企求安定的心理，坚定了中国人民走和平发展道路的信念。 1949年新中国成立后，我们在发展道路上艰辛探索，既经历过成功的喜悦，也经受过失败的挫折。从1978年开始，中国开启了新的征程，从计划转向市场，从封闭转向开放，从自成一体转向融入经济全球化，走独立自主地建设中国特色社会主义的道路，取得了举世瞩目的辉煌成就。实践充分证明，坚持走和平发展的道路是正确的，既符合中国国情，又顺应时代潮流。中国将沿着这条和平发展的道路，坚定不移地走下去。 试题二：选作题（泽译英）（20分） 1968年我从北京来到陕西，惟一挂念的是在故乡身患绝症的老母亲。母亲的时日已经不多，身边再无亲人，离别成为我心中最沉重的痛。 惟一能传递母亲信息的就是那枚小小的邮票。母亲当时已经双目失明，信是让别人代写的，内容千篇一律的干枯，邮票却是母亲自己摸索着贴上去的，她贴了一叠信封，随用随取，为的是不给别人添麻烦。 每回接到母亲来信，我都要抚摸贴在信封右上角的邮票，那是母亲亲手贴上去的，它贴得规正却无画面感，很多时候是头朝下的，因为母亲根本看不见，她是凭感觉在贴。 邮票残留着母亲的手印，承载着母亲的挂念，那上面有母亲的气息。凝视中，我常常泪眼模糊…… 来自母亲的邮票一张一张地攒着，它们是母亲的替代。我对邮票的认识源自于此。
汉英语篇翻译练习答案： 1．Retirement Attitudes toward retirement vary from person to person. Some people think that they will enjoy their time in retirement, but when it comes they may feel a little disappointed. Unwilling to resign themselves to the prospect of being put on the scrap heap, they try to seek alternative outlets for their energies and alternative sources of income that employment can provide. Others have already prepared themselves for the significant change in their lives. Tired out after all exhaus ting life revolving around work, they are anxious to relax in retirement with all the strains relieved. As there is no more need to rush to catch a morning bus and no more anxiety about promotion, they now have enough time to fulfill an old dream, such as writing, painting, growing flowers and traveling around. On the whole, female workers tend to have a more favorable attitude towards retirement than male workers. Withdrawal from employment to complete domesticity is a far less threatening experience for a woman than for a man. 2. Good-bye, My Ill-fated Motherland! The moment I set foot on the deck of the ship, there began my temporary separation from Chinese oil and a feeling of parting sorrow welled up in my heart. At sailing time, I stood on deck watching the ship receding slowly from the bank until I was out of sight of the towering waterfront buildings and the foreign warships on the Huangpu River. Thereupon I turned round with hot tears in my eyes, murmuri ng, “Good-bye, my ill-fated motherland!” Good-bye, my ill-fated motherland! I own what I am to the upbringing you have given me during the past 22 years. I have spent every day of my life in your warm bosom and under your loving care. Y ou have given me joy and sorrow as well as food and clothing. This is where my close relatives were born and brought up and where I have friends here and there. Y ou gave me a wide variety of happiness in my early childhood, but you have also been the source of my sorrow ever since I began to understand things. Here I have witnessed all sorts of human tragedy. Here I have come to know the times we live in. Here I have undergone untold sufferings. I have been struggling, fighting and, time and again, found myself on the brink of destruction and covered all over with cuts and bruises. I have laid to rest, with tears and sighs, some of my close relatives—relatives victimized by old feudal ethnics. Here, besides beautiful mountains and rivers and fertile farmland, we have ghastly prisons and execution grounds as well. Here bad people hold sway while good people suffer and justice is trodden down underfoot. Here people have to wage a savage struggle in order to win freedom. Here man eats man. O the numerous terrible scenes! O the numerous sad memories! O the grand Y ellow River! O the mysterious Y angtze River! Where on earth are your glories of the past? O my native land! O my people! How can I have the heart to leave you! Good-bye, my ill-fated motherland! Much as I hate you, I’ve got to love you as ever. （选自《英语世界》2004年第三期，张培基译）
八级汉译英 1997年: Translation from CHINESE to ENGLISH (30 min) 1 来美国求学的中国学生与其他亚裔学生一样，大多非常刻苦勤奋，周末也往往会抽出一天甚至两天的时间去实验室加班，因而比起美国学生来，成果出的较多。我的导师是亚裔人，嗜烟好酒，脾气暴躁。但他十分欣赏亚裔学生的勤奋与扎实的基础知识，也特别了解（v-n）亚裔学生的心理。因此，在他实验室所招的学生中，除有一名来自德国外，其余5位均是亚裔学生。（主动和被动改）他干脆在实验室的门上贴一醒目招牌：“本室助研必须每周工作7天，早10时至晚12时，工作时间必须全力以赴。”这位导师的严格及苛刻是全校有名的，共有14位学生被招进他的实验室，最后博士毕业的只剩下5人。1999年夏天，我不顾别人的劝阻，硬着头皮接受了导师的资助，从此开始了艰难的求学历程。 【参考答案】 Like other Asian Americans, most Chinese American students are very diligent. They often spare one day even two days of the weekend for the overtime work in the lab, so they harvest more than American students. My advisor, who was an Asian American, had a strong（准）addiction to smoking and drinking, a nd（连词）a n irritable temper as well.（合句，定从，插入语and,with,状从句子，或提一部分作成份）However, he appreciated the industry and the solid basic knowledge of students with Asian origins.He also had a particular keen insight into the mentality of these students. So it was not surprising（用it 句式，补词）that all the students in his lab were from Asia except one from Germany. The advisor was so straightforward as to paste an eye-catching notice on the door of his lab, which read: “It is ）无人称句正式）a must that all the research assistants in the lab work from 10 to 12pm every day, and seven days a week. （调整句子）Furthermore, they should spare no effort in working hours.” The advisor was well-known for his strictness and severity through out the university. During the three and a half years of my work there, fourteen students were recruited into his lab, but only five stayed until after they had graduated with a PH.D degree. In the summer of 1999, regardless the dissuasion, I accepted my tutor’s subsidization and from then on I began my hard way of study. 1998年: CHINESE TO ENGLISH 1997年2月24日我们代表团下榻日月潭中信大饭店，送走了最后一批客人，已是次日凌晨3点了。我躺在床上久久不能入睡，披衣走到窗前，往外看去，只见四周峰峦叠翠，湖面波光粼粼。望着台湾这仅有的景色如画的天然湖泊，我想了许多，许多…… On February 24, 1997, our delegation stayed at ZhongXin hotel beside RiyueTan, It was already 3 o'clock of the next morning when we saw off the last group of visitors, I lay down on the
1. 她连水都不愿喝一口，更别提留下来吃饭了。(much less) 2. 他认为我在对他说谎，但实际上我讲的是实话。(whereas) 3. 这个星期你每天都迟到，对此你怎么解释？(account for) 4. 他们利润增长的部分原因是采用了新的市场策略。(due to) 5. 这样的措施很可能会带来工作效率的提高。(result in) 5. 这样的措施很可能会带来工作效率的提高。(result in) 6. 我们已经在这个项目上投入了大量时间和精力，所以我们只能继续。(pour into) Unit2 1. 尽管她是家里的独生女，她父母也从不溺爱她。(despite) 2. 迈克没来参加昨晚的聚会，也没给我打电话作任何解释。(nor) 3. 坐在他旁边的那个人确实发表过一些小说，但决不是什么大作家。(next to; by no means) 4. 他对足球不感兴趣，也从不关心谁输谁赢。(be indifferent to) 5. 经理需要一个可以信赖的助手，在他外出时，由助手负责处理问题。(count on) 6. 这是他第一次当着那么多观众演讲。(in the presence of sb.) Unit3 1. 你再怎么有经验，也得学习新技术。(never too... to...) 2. 还存在一个问题，那就是派谁去带领那里的研究工作。(Use an appositional structure) 3. 由于文化的不同，他们的关系在开始确实遇到了一些困难。(meet with) 4. 虽然他历经沉浮，但我始终相信他总有一天会成功的。(ups and downs; all along) 5. 我对你的说法的真实性有些保留看法。(have reservations about) 6. 她长得并不特别高，但是她身材瘦，给人一种个子高的错觉。(give an illusion of) Unit4 1. 有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？(Use "it" as the formal subject) 2. 不管黑猫白猫，能抓住老鼠就是好猫。(as long as) 3. 你必须明天上午十点之前把那笔钱还给我。(without fail) 4. 请允许我参加这个项目，我对这个项目非常感兴趣。(more than + adjective) 5. 人人都知道他比较特殊：他来去随意。(be free to do sth.) 6. 看她脸上不悦的神色，我觉得她似乎有什么话想跟我说。(feel as though) Unit5 1. 他说话很自信，给我留下了很深的印象。(Use "which" to refer back to an idea or situation) 2. 我父亲太爱忘事，总是在找钥匙。(Use "so... that..." to emphasize the degree of something) 3. 我十分感激你给我的帮助。(be grateful for) 4. 光线不足，加上地面潮湿，使得驾驶十分困难。(coupled with) 5. 由于缺乏资金，他们不得不取消了创业计划。(starve of) 6. 每当有了麻烦，他们总是依靠我们。(lean on) Unit6 1. 就像机器需要经常运转一样，身体也需要经常锻炼。(as... so...) 2. 在美国学习时，他学会了弹钢琴。(while + V-ing) 3. 令我们失望的是，他拒绝了我们的邀请。(turn down) 4. 真实情况是，不管是好是坏，随着新科技的进步，世界发生了变化。(for better or worse) 5. 我班里的大多数女生在被要求回答问题时都似乎感到不自在。(ill at ease) 6. 当地政府负责运动会的安全。(take charge of)Unit7
第三部分：中译英 1. 中国的丝绸产品比世界上任何其他国家都要多。 China produces more silk products than any other countries in the world. 2. 不论她如何说，我也不相信这个消息。 Whatever she said, I won’t believe this piece of news. 3. 不管发生什么，他们都将完成这个试验。 No matter what happens, they will complete this experiment. 4. 大多数人相信因特网的益处多于问题。 Most people believe that the advantages of the Internet outweigh its disadvantages. 5. 很难记住你不感兴趣的信息。 It is very difficult to memorize the information that you are not interested in. 6. 他们受到的教育越多，就越能更好地工作。 The more education they receive, the better they can work. 7. 作为志愿者，她利用业余时间在社区教英语。 As a volunteer, she teaches English in the community in her spare time. 8. 研究表明，成功的语言学习者在许多方面都有共同之处。 Research indicates that successful language learners have a lot in common. 9. 我们还没有找到一个代替他的人。 We still haven’t found a substitute for him. We still haven’t found anyone to take his place. 10. 他建议她工作时间不要太长。 He advised her not to work long hours. 11. 因为他没有遵守安全规则，出了事故。 Accidents happened because he didn’t obey the safety/security rules. 12. 为提高生活水平，他不得不找一份兼职工作。 In order to improve his standard of living, he had to look for a part-time job. 13. 由于成本问题，它的实际应用受到了限制。 Due to cost problems, its actual/practical application has been limited. 14. 你不得不承认他的表现接近完美。 You have to admit that his performance is nearly perfect. 15. 在英语学习中，我们最重要的就是练习。 In English studies, the most important thing for us is practice. 16.市场经济在中国发展中发挥着重要的作用. Market economy has played a significant part/role in China's development. 17. 因为海伦拒绝了他吃饭的邀请,约翰很失望. John was very disappointed because Helen declined his invitation to dinner. 18. 因为他的帮助,我英语期末考试终于通过了. Thanks to his help, I finally passed the end-of-term English exam. 19. 学生们都盼着假期去旅游. The students are looking forward to traveling during the vacation. 20.不采用新技术,就不能大幅度增加产量. Without adopting new technology there will be no great increase in production.