The pearl 吉纳，一位穷渔夫，刚发现了一颗非常大而且非常珍贵的珍珠，准备去最近的城镇把它卖掉。他急切需要钱给刚给蝎子螫伤的孩子看病。吉纳发现珍珠前，他---一位可以看病的医生拒绝给孩子治病，因为吉纳付不起治疗费。 一个小镇就像个集群动物，有神经系统头肩膀和肢。它与其他城镇不想连。因此没有两座城镇是相似的。城镇里还有完整的感情。要知道消息是怎样传遍整个小镇的可是个难解之谜。消息传得似乎比小男孩冲出去告诉别人的速度还快，比女人隔着篱笆大声说消息的速度还要快。? 在吉纳胡安纳和其他渔夫回到吉纳的茅草屋前，小镇的神经正随着消息--吉纳发现了世界上最大的珍珠--传播而奔腾，跳动。跑得气喘吁吁的小男孩还没说出这个消息，母亲们早已知晓了。消息席卷而过茅草屋，激起波浪泡沫，然后冲进镇里的石头灰泥瓦房里。消息传到正在花园里散步的牧师，他的眼中露出若有所思的表情，他想起教堂的有些地方该维修了，他纳闷珍珠值多少钱。他想知道是否为吉纳的婴儿施过洗礼，或是否主持过他的结婚仪式。消息传到零售商那儿的时候，他们看着卖的不太好的男式衣服。?? 消息传到医生那儿的时候，他正在给一位妇人看病，这位夫人的疾病其实就是“年龄太老的问题”，尽管他们两人都不承认这点。弄清楚谁是吉纳后，医生变得严肃认真而又明智起来。医生说，“他是我的一个病人，我在给他的孩子治疗被蝎子螫伤的伤口。”眼珠在肿眼泡的眼眶内转来转去，医生想起巴黎，想起那他住过的既宽敞又豪华的房间。越过他的老年病人，医生仿佛看见自己坐在巴黎的一家餐馆，男侍者正在打开酒瓶。 消息早早地传到了教堂前乞讨者，他们咯咯地高兴地笑着，因为他们知道没有比突然
第六单元文体翻译 第一节新闻报道 一、新闻翻译的特点 1、翻译讲求实效 2、可以适当增减 ?翻译：遵循翻译标准进行全文翻译。 ?编译：紧扣原作主题思想，从原作选取最有价值的内容，遵循篇章构建的一般规律，基本按照原作的时间先后顺序和逻辑关系组织行文，再按照翻译的一般原则，将其译成目的语的过程。（王涛2004） ?摘译：摘取一些认为重要的或者说传达了重要信息的段落和内容。（俞建村2001）（注意：必须完整地翻译抽取的内容。） ?参见教材第十章“翻译的类型” p135. 3、符合写作要求 （1）手法： ?以尽可能有趣的方式将一定事实展现出来。 （2）结构： ?编年史法（chronological method ）： 依照事实发生先后按时间顺序叙述。 ?新闻导语法（news lead method ）： 依照事实的重要性来铺陈、排列事实。 （3）语言： ?具体、准确、简明、通俗、生动。 4、内容力求准确 二、新闻的翻译 ?标题的翻译 ?电头的翻译 ?导语的翻译 ?正文的翻译 ?了解背景知识 例： US Missile Targets Iraqi Radar Site W ASHINGTON: A United States Air Force F-16 fighter plane fired a missile at an Iraqi radar site after the jet was tracked electronically while in the “no-fly” zone over southern Iraq, the Pentagon said yesterday. But the White House, explaining a long delay in announcing the strike, said it was unclear whether Iraqi radar has “locked on” to the plane on Saturday. A Pentagon spokesman said the F-16 returned safely to its base in Saudi Arabia. It was not immediately known if the Iraqi site was damaged. The spokesman, confirming the strike about 18 hours after it occurred, said an investigation was under way. Iraq denied any such incident had taken place. 美导弹击中伊拉克雷达基地 华盛顿电：五角大楼昨日宣称：一架美空军F－16战斗机在伊拉克南部禁飞区被电子跟踪后，向伊一雷达基地发射了导弹。 但是白宫在解释拖延很久才公布这次打击行动的原因时称：星期六时尚不清楚伊雷达是否已“锁定”了这架飞机。 五角大楼的一位发言人说，该F—16战斗机已安全返回设在沙特阿拉伯的基地，伊雷
一、英译汉翻译的基本程序 1.通读并透彻理解原文。翻译之前仔细研读原文，解决好“翻译什么”的问题。边读边琢磨，确切理解原文所述事物本身的含义与之相关的外延联想，如原句的中心意思是什么，有没有褒贬义或寓意，对其中的修饰语的把握等。 2. 组织语言。考生要根据上下文的语境选择适当的词汇和表达手段。 3. 表达。考生要从内容和语言两方面来考虑译文，尤其注意不能扭曲原意，不能错译或漏译。 4. 审校。这是英汉翻译过程中必不可少的环节。考生将自己的译文与原文进行对照，看看译文是否忠实于原文，是否通顺易懂，是否符合汉语规范。 二、英汉翻译的基本方法 直译与意译 直译指基本保留原有句子结构，照字面意思翻译；意译是在不损害原文内容和精神的前提下，为了表达的需要，对原文做相应的调整。如： Good marriage doesn’t just happen. They take a lot of love and a lot of work. 直译：好的婚姻不会仅仅发生—它们需要大量的爱和大量的工作。 意译:幸福的婚姻不是凭空发生的---它需要你为它付出大量的爱和做大量的工作。 或：美满的婚姻不会从天上掉下来---你必须为它付出大量的爱，做大量的工作。很显然，本句话的意译要比直译更符合汉语表达习惯。当然，一句话并不限于一种译法，要根据具体需要而定。一般来说，在英汉翻译考试中，如果直译能达意就用直译，如果直译效果不好，就应该考虑意译。只要译文内容忠实，意思明白就行了。
顺译法（又名句型对应法） 顾名思义，顺译法（句型对应法）就是按原文句子结构的排列顺序进行翻译，这种译法适合于原文叙述层次与汉语相近的长句翻译，如只含名词性从句的复合句、前置的状语从句或从句在后的长复合句等等。 As an obedient son, I had to accept my parents’decision that I was to be a doctor ,though the prospect interested in me not at all. 作为一个孝顺的儿子，我不得不接收父母的决定，去当大夫，虽然我对这样的前途毫无兴趣。 3.倒译法 倒译法就是颠倒原文句子结构的排列顺序来进行翻译。 例1：The moon is completely empty of water because the gravity on the moon is much less than on the earth. 因为月球的引力比地球小的多，所以月球上根本没有水。 例2：The football students can be removed from the university if they fail to pass their examination. 作为足球运动员的学生如果考试不及格就要被开除。 4.分译法 分译法，又称拆译法，也是一种基本的句法变通手段。从被分译成份的结构而言，分译大致可以分为单词的分译、短语的分译和从句的分译三种。 单词的分译即拆词，将难译的词从句子主干中拆离出来，另作处理，这种方法常常引起句式上的调整，英译汉中要拆译的词常常是形容词和副词。如： He unnecessarily spent a lot of time introducing his book, which the student
英译汉历年真题全文翻译 1994年真题参考译文 新学派科学家们认为，在扩大科学知识范围的过程中，技术是一股被忽视了的力量(71)他们认为，科学之所以向前发展，与其说是因为天才伟人的真知灼见，还不如说是因为像改进了的技术和工具之类更为普遍的东西。(72)一位新学派的领袖人物坚持说，简言之，所谓的科学革命主要是指一系列工具的改进、发明和使用；这一系列工具的改进、发明和使用在无数个方面拓展了科学的领域。(73)多年来，工具和技术本身作为根本性革新的源泉在很大程度上被历史学家和思想家们所忽视了。肯定技术的现代派认为，诸如伽利略、牛顿、麦克斯韦、爱因斯坦这样的著名科学大师以及像爱迪生这样的发明家都十分重视各种不同的、可用于科学实验的工艺信息和技术装置并从中获益匪浅，提倡肯定技术、否定天才的论点之核心是对伽利略在科学革命的初期所起作用的分析。当时人们对天体的认识源于公元二世纪时的天文学家托勒密。他认为，在复杂的天体系统中所有的天体都围绕着地球运动。(74)伽利略最伟大的成就在于，在l 609年他是第一个用新发明的望远镜来观察天空的人，以证实行星是围绕太阳旋转而不是围绕地球旋转的。但故事中真正的英雄，新学派科学家们认为，是改进制作眼镜的机器的漫长过程。 联邦政府的政策不可避免地卷入了这场“技术”对“天才”之争。(75)政府是应该以牺牲技术作为代价来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这常常取决于人们把哪一个看作驱动力量。
1995年真题参考译文 广泛用来帮助选拔、分类、委派或者提拔学生、雇员和军事人员的标准化教育或心理测试最近在图书、杂志、日报甚至国会中成了攻击的目标。(71)把标准化测试作为抨击的目标是错误的，因为在抨击这些测试的时候，批评家没有注意到错误在于那些不甚了解或者是不能胜任的使用者。测试本身只是工具，其特点是在具体条件下可以得到相当精确的测定。测试结果究竟是有价值、无意义或者有误导作用在部分程度上取决于工具本身，但在很大程度上取决于使用者。 所有对未来表现有根据的预测都取决于对相关的过去表现的一些了解：学习成绩、研究能力、销售纪录或者任何合适的信息。(72)这些测试将在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适应性，还取决于解释这些信息的技能和才智。任何认真记分的人都知道，能获得的信息往往不全面，而且预测很容易出现错误。应该根据这种情况看待标准化测试。对于一个人的学识，他所掌握的技能或者他是哪种类型的人，标准化测试提供了快捷，而客观的获取信息的办法、和其他种类的信息一样，按这种方法获得的信息从质量上来讲也有其自身的长处和短处。(73)因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试，(采用)其他种类的信息，或是两者兼用，取决于与相对效度有关的来自经验的证据，还取决于诸如费用和可获取性之类的因素。(74)一般来说，当所要测定的特征能够最为精确地界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。如果使用得当，测试提供一种快速获取有关许多人的可比性信息的方法，有时还会鉴别出潜力大、过去却未被承认的学生，但测试无法做到的事情也很多。(75)例如，这些测试并不能弥补明显的社会不公平现
Lesson One: The Time Message Elwood N, Chapman 新的学习任务开始之际，千头万绪，最重要的是安排好时间，做时间的主人。本文作者提出了7点具体建议，或许对你有所启迪。 1 Time is tricky. It is difficult to control and easy to waste. When you look a head, you think you have more time than you need. For Example,at the beginning of a semester, you may feel that you have plenty of time on your hands, but toward the end of the term you may suddenly find that time is running out. You don't have enough time to cover all your duties (duty), so you get worried. What is the answer? Control! 译：时间真是不好对付，既难以控制好，又很容易浪费掉，当你向前看时，你觉得你的时间用不完。例如，在一个学期的开始，你或许觉得你有许多时间，但到学期快要结束时，你会突然发现时间快用光了，你甚至找不出时间把所有你必须干的事情干完，这样你就紧张了。答案是什么呢？控制。 2 Time is dangerous. If you don't control it, it will control you. I f you don't make it work fo r you, it will work against you. So you must become the master of time, not its servant. As a first-year college student, time management will be your number one Problem. 译：时间是危险的，如果你控制不了时间，时间就会控制你，如果你不能让时间为你服务，它就会起反作用。所以，你必须成为时间的主人，而不是它的奴仆，作为刚入学的大学生，妥善安排时间是你的头等大事。 3 Time is valuable. Wasting time is a bad habit. It is like a drug. The more time you waste,the easier it is to go on wasting time. If seriously wish to get the most out of college, you must put the time message into practice. 译：时间是珍贵的，浪费时间是个坏习惯，这就像毒品一样，你越浪费时间，就越容易继续浪费下去，如果你真的想充分利用上大学的机会，你就应该把利用时间的要旨付诸实践。 Message1. Control time from the beginning. 4 Time is today, not tomorrow or next week. Start your plan at the Beginning of the term. 译：抓紧时间就是抓紧当前的时间，不要把事情推到明天或是下周，在学期开始就开始计划。 Message2. Get the notebook habit. 5 Go and buy a notebook today, Use it to plan your study time each day. Once a weekly study plan is prepared, follow the same pattern every week with small changes. Sunday is a good day to make the Plan for the following week.
考研英语翻译技巧之英译汉 汉英互译一直是考研英语中的难点，小编整理英译汉中常涉及的难点提出一些建议，并以实际案例进行解析，帮助大家掌握英译汉的翻译技巧，快速掌握英译汉，为考研成功进行最后的冲刺。 难点 1.多为长难句 英译汉句子平均的单词量在30个左右，而且结构复杂，修饰成分多，考生很容易因没有理清句子结构而造成翻译得南辕北辙的现象。 2.需要联系上下文来理解词义 考研英语的英译汉是给你一篇文章，然后从中划出5个句子，因此就必须把词句的含义放到原文中来理解，切不可断章取义，有的词语翻译出来的意思与其本意可能会有不同，这正是英译汉要考察的要点之一。 建议 首先要拥有一定的单词量，背单词不能只知道其常用的意思，还应知道其作为其它属性或者完全与本意看似不相关的其他含义，这样才能在联系上下文翻译的时候对单词的含义做到触类旁通;其次，要有对长难句的“免疫”能力，可以在做阅读题的时候，把典型的复杂长难句记下来，试着划分句子结构，做到熟能生巧。最后，平时可以多看一些英文文章，培养一下语感，有助于对句子含义的整体把握。 真题解析 Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written on the ANSWER SHEET(10 points)(2014年考研英语真题Part C) Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life. It might be poetic, philosophical, sensual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view, have something to do with the soul of the human being. Hence it is metaphysical; but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical: sound. I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music。(46)It is also the reason why when we try to
The most important fact in Washington’s failure on Thursday to be re-elected for the first time since 1947 to the U.N.Human Rights Commission is that it was America’s friends,not its enemies,that engineered the defeat 一、确定主干 The most important fact in Washington’s failure on Thursday to be re-elected for the first time since 1947 to the U.N.Human Rights Commission is that it was America’s friends,not its enemies,that engineered the defeat 二、分析意群（表达一串独立意义的词） The most important fact (in Washington’s failure on Thursday to be re-elected for the first time since 1947to the U.N.Human Rights Commission)is that it was America’s friends,not its enemies,that engineered the defeat 三、切分意群 The most important fact (in Washington’s failure on Thursday to be re-elected for the first time since 1947to the U.N.Human Rights Commission) is that it was America’s friends,not its enemies,that engineered the defeat 切分出去作为独立的句子 四、转译原则 The most important fact (in Washington’s failure on Thursday to be re-elected for the first time since 1947to the U.N.Human Rights Commission) is that it was America’s friends,not its enemies,that engineered the defeat failure →派生名词→变为动词 Washington failed on Thursday to be re-elected for the first time since 1947 to the U.N.Human Rights Commission 五、明确词义 The most important fact is that it was America’s friends,not its enemies,that engineered the defeat Smart →My eyes smarted. 刺痛 flag：v. 下降 engineered 导致 六、转序原则 Washington’s failure on Thursday to be re-elected for the first time since 1947 to the U.N.Human Rights Commission. 英语中时间状语和地点状语在地点的中间 中文需要调整 Washington→首都指代国家 最终翻译：本周四美国自1947年以来首次未能再次入选联合国人权委员会，其中引人注目的一点在于是美国的盟友而不是敌人导致了它的失利
1、闻名于世的丝绸之路是一系列连接东西方的路线。丝绸之路延伸6,000 多公里。得名于古代中国的丝绸贸易。丝绸之路上的贸易在中国、南亚、欧洲和中东文明发展中发挥了重要作用。正是通过丝绸之路，中国的造纸、火药、指南针、印刷等四大发明才被引介到世界各地。同样，中国的丝绸、茶叶和瓷器( porcelain) 也传遍全球。物质文化的交流是双向的。欧洲也通过丝绸之路出口各种商品和植物，满足中国市场的需要。 The world-renowned Silk Road is a series of routes connecting the East and the West. It extended more than 6,000 kilometers. The Silk Road was named after ancient China 's ilk trade which played an important role in the civilization development of China, South Asia, Europe and the Middle East. It was through the Silk Road that papermaking, gunpowder, compass and printing of the four great inventions of ancient China were introduced around the world. Similarly, Chinese silk, tea and porcelain spread all over the world. Europe also exported various goods and plants through the Silk Road to meet the needs of the Chinese market. 2、中国园林是经过三千多年演变而成的独具一格的园林景观。它既包括为皇室成员享乐而建造的大型花园，也包括学者、商人和卸任的政府官员为摆脱嘈杂的外部世界而建造的私家花园。这些花园构成了一种意在表达人与自然之间应有的和谐关系的微缩景观。典型的中国园林四周有围墙，园内有池塘、假山、树木、花草以及各种各样由蜿蜒的小路和走廊连接的建筑。漫步在花园中，人们可以看到一系列精心设计的景观犹如山水画卷一般展现在面前。 After 3,000 years of evolvement, Chinese gardens have become a unique landscape. This includes both large gardens built as entertainment venues for royal family, and private gardens built as secluded retreats for scholars, merchants and retired government officials. These gardens have constituted a miniature that is designed in praise of the harmony between man and nature. A typical Chinese garden is surrounded by walls and consists of various buildings linked by winding trails and corridors, with ponds, rockeries, trees, and flowers scattered in it. Wandering in such a well-designed garden, people may feel that they are walking in a landscape painting. 3、中国人自古以来就在中秋时节庆祝丰收，这与北美地区庆祝感恩节的习俗十分相似，过中秋节的习俗与唐代早期在中国各地开始流行，中秋节在农历八月十五，是人们拜月的节日，这天夜晚皓月当空，人们合家团聚，共赏明月。2006 年，中秋节被列为中国的文化遗产，2008 年又被定为公共假日，月饼被视为中秋节不可或缺的美食，人们将月饼作为礼物馈赠亲友或在家庭聚会上享用。传统的月饼上带有“寿” (Iongevity)、“福”或“和”等字样。 Since ancient times, the Chinese people usually celebrate harvest in the Mid-Autumn, which is simiIar to the custom of ceIebrating Thanksgiving in the North America. The tradition of ceIebrating Mid-Autumn festivaI became popuIar throughout China in the earIy Tang dynasty. The Iunar August 15 is a day for peopIe worshiping the moon. On this day, under the dazzIing bright moon, famiIies reunite and enjoy the moon'sbeauty. In 2006, Mid-Autumn festivaI was Iisted as one of China's cuIturaI heritage, and in 2008, it was cIassified as a pubIic hoIiday. Moon
Unit 1 1.他对这次面试中可能提到的问题作好了准备。（confront） He has prepared answers to the questions that he may confront during the interview. 2.他悲惨的遭遇深深打动了我们，使我们几乎哭出声来。（touch） His sad experience touched us so deeply that we nearly cried. 3.他们俩手挽着手沿着河边散步，有说有笑。(hand in hand) The two of them are walking hand in hand along the riverbank, chatting and laughing. 4.听到这令人激动的消息之后，他眼睛里涌出欢乐的泪水。(well up) When he heard the exciting news, tears of joy welled up in his eyes. 5.上海人容易听懂苏州话，因为上海话和苏州话有许多共同之处。(in common) People from Shanghai can understand Suzhou dialect with ease, for Shanghai dialect and Suzhou dialect have much in common. 6.亨利和妻子正在考虑能不能在3年内买一幢新房子。(look into) Henry and his wife are looking into the possibility of buying a new house within three years. 7.女儿再三请求到国外去深造，他最终让步了。（give in to） He finally gave in to his daughter’s repeated requests to further her education abroad. 8.我们在动身去度假之前把所有的贵重物品都锁好了。（lock away） We locked all our valuables away before we went on holiday. 9.虽然咱们分手了，但我希望咱们依然是好朋友，像以前一样互相关心，互相帮助。(part) Although we have parted from each other, I hope that we will remain good friends and that we will care for and help each other just as we used to. 10.在紧急关头，军长召集全体军官开会，制定新的克敌战略战术。（summon） At the critical moment, the army commander summoned all the officers to work out new strategies and tactics to conquer the enemy. Unit 2 1.一个由外交部长率领的政府代表团昨天抵达南非，开始对该国进行为期3天的友好访问。（head） A government delegation headed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs arrived in South Africa yesterday, starting a three-day friendly visit to the country. 2.看看这些讽刺社会弊端的漫画实在好笑。（awfully funny） It is awfully funny to look at these caricatures which satirize social ills. 3.计算机是最有用的教学工具之一，所有的功课以及所有的问题和答案都可在屏幕上显示出来。（show on a screen） Computers are one of the most useful teaching tools, for all your lessons as well as all the questions and all the answers can be shown on a screen. 4.张利的母亲前天突然病倒，他赶紧派人请来医生。（send for） Zhang Li’s mother fell ill the day before yesterday, so he sent for a doctor immediately.
历年上海英语翻译中级口译汉译英真题及答案 原文： 越来越多受英文教育的海外华人父母，已经认识到孩子在掌握不可或缺的英文的同时，也通晓中文的重要性。中国的崛起，让他们充分认识到孩子掌握双语的好处——既能增加他们的就业机会，也能让他们接触和熟悉东西方两种不同的文化。 这些人对中文的态度几乎没有完全改变。曾几何时，他们还非常骄傲地宣称自己只懂英文。现在，他们已开始积极支持孩子学习中文和中国文化，而且还不时走访中国，欣赏壮观的自然风光，认识丰富的文化遗产。 译文： An increasing number of English-educated Chinese parents overseas have come to the realization that while English learning is indispensable to their children, it is essential that their kids have a good command of Chinese. China’s rise has fully awakened their awareness of the fact that their kids can benefit from their bilingual ability which can not only enhance their competitiveness in the job market, but also facilitate their exposure to and familiarity with the two different cultures between the East and the West. They have hardly changed their attitudes towards Chinese. At one time they proudly declared that they knew English only. Now, they have begun to give full support to their kids learning Chinese and its culture, and they also make occasional visits to China, where they can enjoy its magnificent natural landscape and get to know its rich cultural heritage. 解析： 本段是一篇文化类介绍文章。总体难度一般，以句号结束的句子即可作为一
英译汉篇章翻译练习（2） Proverbs are the popular sayings that brighten so much Latin American talk, the boiled-down wisdom that you are as apt to hear from professors as from peasants, from beggars as from elegances. Brief and colorful, they more often than not carry a sting. When a neighbor?s dismally unattractive daughter announced her engagement, Imelda remarked, “You know what they say, Senora: …There?s no pot so ugly it can?t find a lid.?” And when her son-in-law blustered about how he was going to get even with the boss who had docked his pay, Imelda fixed him with a cold eye and said, “Little fish does not eat big fish.” One afternoon, I heard Imelda and her daughter arguing in the kitchen. Her daughter had quarreled with her husband?s parents, and Imelda was in sisting that she apologized to them. Her daughter objected. “But, Mama, I just can?t swallow them, not even with honey. They talk so big until we need something; then they?re too poor. So today when they wouldn?t even lend us enough to pay for a new bed, a ll I did was say something that I?ve heard you say a hundred times: …If so grand, why so poor? If so poor, why so grand?” “Impertinent!” snorted Imelda. “Have I not also taught you, …What the tongue says, the neck pays for?? I will not have it said that I could never teach my daughter proper respect for her elders. And before you go to beg their pardon, change those trousers for a dress. You know how your mother-in-law feels about pants on a woman. She always says, …What was hatched a hen must not try to be a rooster!” Her daughter made one more try. “But Mama, you often say, …If the saint is annoyed, don?t pray to him until he gets over it.? Can?t I leave it for tomorrow?” “No, no and no! Remember: …If the dose is nasty, swallow it fast.? You know, my child, you did wrong. But, …A gift is the key to open the door closed against you.? I have a cake in the oven that I was making for the Senora?s dinner, I will explain to the Senora. Now, dear, hurry home and make yourself pretty in your pink dress. By the time you get back, I will have the cake ready for you to take to your mother-in-law. She will be so pleased that she may make your father-in-law pay for the bed. Remember: …One hand washes the other, but together they wash the face.?”
英语翻译技巧之英译汉的八处注意事 项
英语翻译技巧之英译汉的八处注意事项 ~从细节处把握翻译~ 要真正掌握英译汉的技巧并非易事。这是因为英译汉时会遇到各种各样的困难；首先是英文理解难，这是学习、使用英文的人的共同感觉，由于两国历史、文化、风俗习惯的不同，因此一句英文在英美人看来顺理成章，而在中国人看来却是颠颠倒倒、断断续续，极为别扭。二是中文表示难，英译汉有时为了要找到一个合适的对等词汇，往往被弄得头昏眼花，好象在脑子里摸一个急于要开箱子的钥匙，却没有。另外，英译汉时对掌握各种文化知识的要求很高，因为我们所翻译的文章，其内容可能涉及到极为广博的知识领域，而这些知识领域多半是我们不大熟悉的外国的事情，如果不具备相应的文化知识难免不出现一些翻译中的差错或笑话。正是因为英译汉时会遇到这么多的困难，因此，我们必须经过翻译实践，对英汉两种不同语言的特点加以对比、概况和总结，以找出一般的表示规律来，避免出现一些不该出现的翻译错误，而这些表示的规律就是我们所说的翻译技巧。 一、词义的选择和引伸技巧 英汉两种语言都有一词多类和一词多义的现象。一词多类就是指
一个词往往属于几个词类，具有几个不同的意义；一词多义就是同一个词在同一词类中又往往有几个不同的词义。在英译汉的过程中，我们在弄清原句结构后，就要善于运用选择和确定原句中关键词词义的技巧，以使所译语句自然流畅，完全符合汉语习惯的说法；选择确定词义一般能够从两方面着手： 1、根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义 They are as like as two peas .她们相似极了。（形容词）He likes mathematics more than physics .她喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理。（动词） Wheat, oat, and the like are cereals .小麦、燕麦等等皆系谷类。（名词） 2、根据上下文联系以及词在句中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义。He is the last man to come .她是最后来的。 He is the last person for such a job .她最不配干这个工作。 He should be the last man to blame.怎么也不该怪她。 This is the last place where I expected to meet you .我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。 词义引伸是我们英译汉时常见的技巧之一。翻译时，有时会遇到某些词在英语辞典上找不到适当的词义，如果任意硬套或逐词死