神州教育
中西文化差异对英语教学的影响
薛莉芳
湖南省委党校社会与文化教研部
摘要：在大学英语教学中文化因素在逐年受到重视。研究的范围和深度也在逐渐加大。英语教学成为比不可少的科目走进课堂，中西文化是存在着很大的差异，我们就中西文化差异对英语教学的影响来做下探讨。
关键词：中西文化；差异；英语教学在二十世纪八十年代,研究停留在问候、礼仪等表面差异上,较为肤浅。比如中国人见面会问吃了吗,西方人听到这句话只会纳闷:我吃了关您什么事?中国人见面时会夸奖对方胖了,表示营养好,会照顾自己,而西方人流行减肥,所以对这种问候方式很反感。
九十年代,研究进入到制度层面。如在商业制度、教育制度、法律制度等方面的比较都有了长足进步。而进入二十一世纪以来,对精神层面的深层文化差异比较则日显突出。研究发现,个人主义和集体主义是两者价值观的最大差异所在。在西方,追求个人幸福是天赋权利。个人构成民主制度的基础。社会为个人而存在。而在中国社会,集体向来高于个人。“天下为公”意思就是凌驾于个人之上的集体利益。社会永远是第一位的,个人始终要作为社会的一员存在,个人利益要服从集体的整体利益。在个人与社会关系中,个人利益要服从集体利益。个人价值体现在对社会的贡献上。西方以人为本,中国以社会为本。西方强调独立,中国表现趋同。还有一些研究者通过谚语来分析比较中西的核心价值观。比如,Order is half life.(秩序或规则如同半个生命。)这句谚语来自德国,表明了德国人重视条理的民族性格。又如A single ar?row is easily broken,but not in a bunch.(集体的力量是无限的。)这是一句汉语谚语,说明汉民族注重整体和整体的思维定势的特点。此外,有些研究者对宗教这种深层次的思想作了比较,结论也相当有揭示性。英美是基督教国家,奉行上帝面前人人平等,都是罪人。而只有通过信奉耶稣基督才能赎罪,死后灵魂进入天堂,获得永生。中国的宗教影响不大,但宗族意识强大,父辈只有在下一代的承袭中获得永生。所以男孩比女孩重要,因为一个家族的特征包括人的价值只能在一代代的传承中得到体现。
语言是文化的载体,语言学习离不开文化的了解。英语教学中关于文化差异的研究是必不可少的。以上尝试是必须的,成果也是可喜的。然而,笔者认为,英语教师除了介绍了解别国文化,更重要的是介绍本国文化。笔者主要立论于以下几大原因。
第一,这是跨文化交际的需要。以前,如果中国学生和外国留学生交谈中出现误解或尴尬的局面,人们就会归因于中国人不了解西方文化所致。事实上,很多外国留学生除了会讲英语,对中国的文化同样知之甚少。俗话说,入乡随俗,这种文化上、语言上不平等的现象是不公平、不合理的。事实上,正是这种对别国文化的一味遵从割断了交流链,因为真正的交流是建立在互相尊重和互相了解的基础上的。其实这种心态非但不会让外国人敬重,反而会显示出自己的浅陋。只有民族的才是世界的,才更能得到外国人的喜欢和敬重。所以,英语教师应多教授中华文化,培养民族自豪感。这样才能使
学生在跨文化交际中不卑不亢,取得更好的交流效果。
第二,这是语言学习的需要。一则,学习者在学习目的语时往往以母语为参照。语言学习是对两种文化的了解。在成人的学习中,这种转移是通过对比两者完成的。Stern 认为,从我们熟知的关于母语的知识出发,从不可避免的迁移和干扰现象出发,把它们的存在看成是学习外语的一个前提。也就是说,我们要通过比较两种语言的语音、词汇、语法等方面异同,逐渐有意识地完成从母语到目的语的转换,帮助学习者建立新的语言体系。二语习得是在文化对比中进行的,要对比首先要有对母语文化的理解和掌握。有些比较难以解释的英文现象如果和比较相似的中国现象进行类比,就会很明确。说明了母语对于目的语学习的重要作用。再则,母语对第二语言具有正迁移作用。通常,学习者的前结构,即他大脑里储存的知识容量将决定他理解接受第二语言的程度和速度。如果原知识对后知识起促进作用,就是正迁移;如果旧知识妨碍了新知识的获得,就是负迁移。专家们认为,具有良好母语交际能力的外语学习者,其外语交际能力的获得相对容易些。同样,如果学生的母语和目的语在语言结构上越相近,文化背景越相似,交际的正迁移发生的概率和规模就大。许多英语界翘楚都是在母语文化中造诣颇高的。比如朱光潜、林语堂、傅冲、许国璋等。在课堂上,教师应该运用翻译、句型比较、知识问答等多种形式使母语和目的语的提高相得益彰,使它们发挥更大的正迁移作用。
第三,这是培养21世纪高级人才的需要。大学生是社会的主体。大学英语教育面向大学一二年级的学生。他们来自各个地区,学习各种专业,不乏很多以后要用到英语和外国人交流的学生,因此充分提高大学生在各个领域的影响力非常重要。21世纪是一个文化全球融合的时代,外国人渴望了解中国,了解中国人民。加强母语教学,可以提高学生的语言和文化素质,在以后的交往中充分体现一个谦谦历史文化大国的年轻人的形象,可以更充分有效地介绍传播中国文化。同时,学生通过加强对本国文化的了解提高民族自豪感,树立正确的民族观、历史观、文化观,在复杂的国际环境中立足于自身内涵,具有一定的人文精神,有助于提高个人文明素质和文化修养,为社会作出更多贡献。再者,各个学科之间具有很强的联系。理科或工科生也要把研究成果表达出来,才能被社会所接受。多阅读本土文化读本能够提高写作能力和表达能力,使作文表述更清楚和容易理解。人文精神的培养,可以提高学生的职业操守,增强幸福感和成就感,使学生对各种社会现象也有更好的认识和理解,并能得出自己合理和明智的判断。这将有助于学生在各个职业或研究领域的发展。
综上所述,我们应该更进一步探讨中西方语言文化的差异,以消除文化交流中的隔阂,真正达到跨文化交际的目的。这是跨文化交际的需要,也是英语学习的需要。同时,加强母语文化了解也是时代的需要,是提高大学生素质的需要,培养提高大学生的爱国主义情操,展现青年人风貌的需要。
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Differences between Chinese and Western culture As we know the differences between the our estern cultures and western cultures are quite obvious.I would like to state some of my opinions in this paper. I.difference in the thinking style People on the earth are homologous,but different people in different place have different performance on the way of thinking. Differences between Chinese and Western way of thinking reflected in many aspects.Such as the difference between abstract and concrete, reflected in their attitudes towards life can be understood as Westernersare more practical, and the Chinese are much more biased towards some spiritual experience. Westerners pay attention to logical thinking, but Chinese pay more attention to dialectical thinking and so on. As Chinese and western way of thinking are different, there are differences in expression of the order. For example,we can see that the names of western style are not like ours,they put their given names at the first place,while we put them after our family names,that is to say,we regard our family more important than ourselves,and it's the traditional way of estern thinking.Westerners have another way of thinking,they think that each person is important in our world and society,and a person should play a important role among our human beings. II.differences in daily communication Westerners are frank,but chinese are humility.The reflection between westerners and chinese on the treatment of praise is different.In the West, people can accept it generously. As the Chinese have long term impact of Confucian education, we treat others’ praise and recognition not often take the attitude of ourselves, or there is suspected of arrogant. When meeting acquaintances, chinese and westerners greet each other are also different. Chinese people often say "Have you eat ?" "Where are you going?"except the general asked”hello”. In western culture, this is not a greeting, but substantive issues. When British and American people meet,they usually use a polite phrase like "How are you?" or "Nice to meet you!" In addtion,when westerners accept gift from others,they are willing to open it and praise it directly,but chinese do not do like that. III.differences in customs Chinese people regard ourselves as descendants of the Dragon.Chinese have a supreme respect for the dragon, we think dragon is a symbol of our nation. In the dynasty time,Chinese emperors generally self-styled "dragon".However,in the West, the dragon was regarded as the devil, and it was killed by the legendary god of protection, so they set a day as a festival to celebrate the lifting of a disaster, and thank the protection of God.For this reason, when the students describe a person's lively, they say "He / She is full of vim and vigor." not"He / She is as lively as a dragon and tiger". Everyone has their favorite color, so does a country and a nation. Chinese like the red colour ,because chinese think red is a symbol of luck and enthusiam. But westerners perfer to the blue colour,they think blue can make themselves calm. Thus,the preferences of different colors can reflect the whole of a country’s aesthetic taste. IV. differences in eating cultrue Chinese and Western diets are very different, so the differences also have an impact on the national character. In China, a banquet, no matter what purpose, there will be only one form, that is, everyone sit around one table. People toast each other,and eat the same food in one plate,,It reflects the mutual respect between people even the traditional courteous virtue. Although from the health point of view, this dietary approach has obvious shortcomings, it is consistent with our
浅谈英语教学中的文化意识的培养 在英语教学中要注重语言和文化的关系，应提高对中西文化差异的敏感性和适应性，应树立文化意识并注重文化知识的传授。就本人 多年的教学经验拙议如下： 一、语言和文化 语言和文化是密不可分的。语言不仅仅是一套符号系统，人们的言语表现形式更要受语言赖以存在的社会/社团（community）的习俗，生活方式，行为方式，价值观念，思维方式，宗教信仰，民族心理和性格等的制约和影响（参见胡文仲：《文化与交际》，1994）。长期以来，在英语教学中语言和文化的这种关系一直未得到足够的重视。在教学实践中，似乎认为只要进行听，说，读，写的训练，掌握了语音，词汇和语法规则就能理解英语和用英语进行交际。而实际上由于不了解语言的文化背景，不了解中西文化的差异，在英语学习和用英语进行交际中屡屡出现歧义误解频繁，语用失误迭出的现象。如：用How much money can you earn a month?来表示对外国人的关心，殊不知这是一句冒犯的问话，侵犯了别人隐私（privacy），会激起对方的反感。中国人以谦逊为美德，如当外国人称赞中国人某一方面的特长时，中国人通常会用You are overpraising me (“过奖”)来应酬，这往往会让说话者感到你在怀疑他的判断力；抑或是用“Where? Where?”来回答，弄得外国人莫名其妙，不知所云。美国社会学家G.R.Tucker 和https://www.doczj.com/doc/7410365025.html,mbet对于外语教学中只教语言不教文化有这样的看法：“我们相信，任何这类企图都会使学生失
去兴趣，使他们不仅不想学习语言符号本身，而且也不想了解使用这一符号系统的民族。相反，帮助学生在学习语言时提高对文化的敏感性，就可以利用他们发自内心的想了解其他民族的兴趣和动力……，从而提供了学习该民族的语言的基础”。 二、中西文化的差异 不同民族的文化有可能存在某些相同或相似的地方，这被称为文化的偶合现象。这主要是由于不同的民族在与大自然作斗争的过程中会有相同或相似的生活体验和经历。这种相似性必然会反映到语言中来。因而在英语和汉语中，我们不难发现许多相同或相似的表达。例如：“披着羊皮的狼”，英语为wolf in sheep’s clothing；“同舟共济” ，英语为in the same boat；“破土动工”，英语为break ea rth；“三思而后行”，英语为think twice before you act；“蓝图”，英语为blue print，等等，这样的偶合现象不胜枚举。文化的这种偶合现象，可以促进English learners在目的语（target langua ge）学习中的“正迁移”（positive transfer）。但是，不同的民族所处的地理环境和历史环境不同，因而对不同的事物和经历有着不同的编码（code），分类；不同的民族因不同的宗教信仰，也导致了他们独特的笃信，崇尚和忌讳心态；不同的民族因其发展的特殊历史过程也产生了本民族自己的历史典故，传说轶事。如：汉语中的“龙”，“生死轮回”，“八卦”，“阴阳”，“气功”等，对不了解中国文化的外国人来说必然是云里雾里，不知何物。同样，当我们看到英语中He i s a wolf这个句子时，还以为是“这个人很凶”，实为“他是个好色之
中西节日文化差异英文公司内部编号：（GOOD-TMMT-MMUT-UUPTY-UUYY-DTTI-
The comparison between Chinese and Western festivals 中西方节日文化的差异比较 Abstract: the process of comparing the Chinese and Western festivals and studying Western histories and cultures can help people promote the communication and understanding of different cultures. With the further development of society and inter-cultures, globalization will affect many aspects of life in all countries. And western festivals are becoming more and more popular in China. We should respect them and select the essence. China boasts a brilliant history and splendid traditions. In modern times, Chinese tradition should be preserved and promoted. But it seems that young people no longer treasure the tradition. On the contrary, they turn to pursue enthusiastically a seemingly more modern culture. If this trend is allowed to continue, the priceless heritage of our ancestors will be replaced by western traditions. Nobody expects such a consequence. So let’s join hand in hand to protect and carry forward Chinese tradition. Key words: Traditional festivals; Chinese and Western cultures; difference; globalization Introduction: “A holiday of a nation represents a glorious culture and concentrated customs of a nation.” To understand a nation's
如何对待中外文化差异英语作文 我们如何去看待，中外文化差异所带来的英语学习的思维转换?下面是给大家整理的怎样对待中外文化差异英语作文，供大家参阅! 如何对待中外文化差异英语作文篇1 The culture differences between the East and West. As we know ,there are so many differences between culture of the East and West that I can not list all of their different aspects.I will focus on the differences of diet custom and teaching system.For your better understanding ,I will set examples of China and America. It is no doubt that it is a tradition to use chopsticks for Chinese.But people in America prefer to forks and knives.This different result is based on different food they are like .Americans choose to eat beefsteak,bread,and salad,while Chinese people choose noodles ,pancakes and rice.What is more,the custom of drinking tea in China and drinking coffee in America are stand out particularly.However,there is a trend that the food in both countries has been mixture.For example,the coffee and bread have introduced to China.The famous KFC is very popular at children. The gap of teaching system between China and America is big.Chinese students always complain about their homework.Too much homework has limited the time to exercise and relax.They have to recite many things as to get a high mark.Homework comes the first to them. In my opinion,the study in America is more interesting .Teachers pay attentions to training students skills in thinking in realastic life not to emphasis on the importances of memories.In a addition,the rate of going to school ,the salary of teaching ,and the job of gruduates are quite different,too.I should say that Chima government should make great efforts to improve its teaching syetem.I am also expect to be one day ,the West give more cheers to our country.
谈小学英语教学中西方文化差异 在实践中教师可以采取以下方式来营造英语氛围：在课堂上，教师教学用语尽可能说英语，模拟仿真英语环境；创造模拟英语情景的练习活动，给学生提供交际训练的机会；善用现代音像手段和网络资源，给学生呈现一个多姿多彩的英语世界；在墙上张贴一些配以中英文介绍的著名世界风光图，适时介绍给学生，或是贴上生活中常用的英语问候语，提醒学生注意使用；利用校园广播指导学生进行英语晨读有了这些浓厚的英语环境，学生一走进校园就能感受英语的无处不在，学生在这种英语环境中听英语、说英语、看英语或亲身体验英语，直接、自然地学习英语，有利于培养一定的语感和良好的语音、语调，使他们逐步获得用英语进行思维和日常交流的能力。 一、加强文化教学 教师在英语教学中要比较中西文化差异，这样不仅有利于学生增强对交际文化的敏感性，而且对更好地了解中华民族文化是有裨益的。因此，在教学中，可以采取比较的方法，把教材涉及的内容分为两类：一是衣、食、住、行方面的，包括购物、食品、交通、学校、家庭等；二是日常交际方面的，包括问候、称呼、道别、致谢、建议等。通过文化背景介绍，学生在头脑中形成一种潜在的反应能力，这种能力就是通过语言这一载体进而对语言所反映的文化内容的综合理解能力，也就是我们所说的“文化悟力”。这就好像我们一见到或听到“black tea”,头脑中反映的不是“黑茶”，而是中国人常喝的“红茶”。这种能力的培养和提高，需要教师在教学过程中不断地采用中外文化比较的方法，让学生有意识地排除本族语及本族文化的干扰。 二、注重介绍英语词汇的文化意义 在小学英语教学过程中，不可避免地遇到一些具有文化背景意义的词汇，教师应随时给予简单介绍，使学生真正达到掌握英语的目的。又如：breakfast的词义是“早餐”，但不同文化背景的人对它会有不同的理解和产生不同的联想，对西方人来说，其内涵是牛奶、咖啡、面包；而对许多中国人来说，意味着稀饭、馒头、油条之类。此外，breakfast 本身是由“break”和“fast”构成的。“break”在英语中是“打破”的意思；“fast”是“禁食”的意思。所以西方人把“打破禁食”的第一餐，称之为“早餐”是有其文化背景的。 三、以课外活动作为文化教学的重要途径 课外是一个广阔而多彩的天地，它比课内更富有吸引力。课外氛围若是充满了英语气息，就能潜移默化地感染学生、熏陶学生。我们可以充分利用课外时空，创设有利于学生英语学习和文化感知的良好学习环境，使学生自由地学习英语国家的文化。 （一）通过学习园地渗透“文化意识”教学。
【篇一】如何对待中西文化差异英语作文 In many parts of the world , personal influence is essential in achieving success. This is not true in the United States, where success usually results from hard work , education, skill, and personal initiative , America is truly a "do-it-yourself" society ; success is not dependent on family origins or the help of an influential person . Personal progress is the result of individual effort. Because effort and initiative are so important in America , there are many customs that may be different from those practiced in other countries. For example , it is not considered dishonorable to quit a job, even if you have had it for only a short time . Moving from job-to -job , or "job-hopping ", as it is called , is quite acceptable in the United States. Frequently , the opportunity to change jobs offers workers a chance to move up to a better position. Americans like to move from place to place trying new jobs, meeting new people and living in different parts of the country. "Job-hopping" also gives employers a chance to benefit from the new ideas and skills that different people bring to their jobs even if such people are employed for only a short time. 【篇二】如何对待中西文化差异英语作文 The whole question of the changing role of Blacks in American society as been the subject of news***** articles around the world so frequently that visitors to the United States do not know what to expect when they arrive. They may be surprised when they see that Blacks and Whites work side by side in offices , factories , and schools across the country . The majority of Blacks in the United States, however, live in and around only a small number of American cities. Many dark-skinned visitors arrive in the United States fearing personal attack or expecting various degrees of racial prejudice. Some forms of discrimination [1] still exist ,unfortunately, especially in the areas of the housing , schools , and jobs . The school equality is still more a dream than a reality. There are still too many areas of the country where Black Americans do not enjoy the same full opportunities as White Americans . However, the vast majority of American s are working , studying , and sharing public places together. This was not true even a few years ago in some parts of the country , but progress is steadily being made . You will be able to observe the improvement in race relations as soon as your plane lands . You will see it in the airport, in public buses and trains , in theaters , restaurants , rest room, in sops and libraries , in offices and factories . Close personal friendships between Blacks and
中西方文化差异与英语教学 摘要:语言教学与文化教学密不可分,语言又受到文化的影响和制约。相同的字、词对不同的民族而言,由于历史与文化背景的不同,又具有不同的意义。这就要求英语教师在进行英语教学时,不仅要进行语音、语法和词汇的教学,还要让学生了解其文化意义。 关键词:语言;文化差异;英语教学 一、中西方文化差异 (一)文化的产生及内涵 由于历史文化、风俗习惯、生存环境、宗教信仰等不同, 导致了中西方语言存在着很大的差异, 从而出现了文化学习与交流的多种困扰因素。要了解和掌握两种交际文化的差异,必须先从文化谈起,按照社会学家和人类学家对“文化”所下的定义,“文化”是指一个社会所具有的独特的信仰、习惯、制度、目标和技术的总模式。 (二)表现 早在20世纪20年代,美国语言学家Sapir在Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech一书中就指出:“语言有一个环境,它不能脱离文化而存在,不能脱离社会继承下来的传统和信念”。要真正掌握一种语言就必须了解这种语言的特定社会背景,中西方文化差异主要表现在以下几个方面: 1、价值观与道德标准的差异 (1)西方人崇拜个人奋斗, 以个人取得的成就自豪。相反, 中国文化却提倡谦虚谨慎。然而, 中国式的自我谦虚却常常使西方人大为不满。 Your English is very good. No, no, my English is very poor. 这种谦虚, 在西方人看来, 不仅否定了自己, 还否定了赞扬者的鉴赏力。 (2)在西方文化中,与“自我”(self) 相关的观念已经根深蒂固。如“self-absorption (自我专注)、self-admiration(自我赞赏) 、self-cultivation (自我修养) ”等等。西方社会盛行的是个体主义(individualism),强调个人自由、不受约束。而中方文化强调集体利益高于个人利益,“先国家,后集体,再个人,先利民,再利已”的话语随处可见。 2、社会关系的差别 (1)称谓及称呼:英语中的称谓比汉语中要少得多。例如,cousin 一词,对应汉语的表兄、表弟、表姐和表妹等。汉语把表亲关系区分得非常严格,要说出性别,还要分出大小。而英语中的称谓不多,除dad, mum, grandpa, aunt, uncle 等几个常用称谓,其它的几乎不用。在英美国家,小孩子不把爷爷奶奶称作grandpa和grandma,而是直呼其名,这在中国人看来有违情理且不礼貌。 (2)在美国,父母以及未成年孩子,称之为核心家庭(nuclear family)。子女一旦结婚, 就独立生活,父母不再资助子女。这种做法能培养年青人自力更生的能力, 但也疏远了亲属之间的关系。中国式的家庭结构比较复杂, 传统的幸福家庭是四世同堂,家庭成员互相依赖帮助, 密切了亲情关系。然而, 这种生活方式不利于培养年青人的独立能力。 3、社会礼仪的差异 中国人大多使用“吃了吗?”“上哪呢?”来打招呼,这体现了人与人之间的一种亲切感。可对西方人来说,这种打招呼的方式会令对方感到尴尬,甚至不快,因为西方人会认为对方在询问他们的私生活。在西方,日常打招呼他们只说一声“Hello”,“Morning!”或“Good Afternoon”就可以了。而英国人见面会说:“A nice day, isn’t it?” 在中国,菜的样式千变万化,又非常讲究色香味的搭配。而欧洲人只讲究其营养的搭配和保护。中国人殷勤好客,敬酒让菜,西方人常觉得太过热情。西方人的习惯是:“Help yourself,
中西文化差异英文 Differences Betwween Chinese And Western Clture As we know,there are many obvious differences between chinese and western clture.Here I will epress some opinions about this. Chinese culture is the collectivist culture.Chinese put the benefit of groung the first place.The value of people can not be allowed to set up over the the benefit of the grounp.On the contrary,western culture is the individualist culture.They spare no efforts to show off themselves. 1、Differences in addressing Chinese put the given name after the family name.While in the western country,their given names were put at the place.We can see that Chinese regard the family name more important than the given name.It reflects that Westerners have a thought that each person is significant in our world and a person should play a important role among our beings. 2、Differences in rendering thanks Generaly,in China the family members hardly say “thanks”.If say it,we will feel strange and have distance beween each other.But Westerners can it on any occasion and beween any people.When someone give they a cup of drink,they will say“Thanks”.What,s more,when someone ask you“Would you like something to eat/dirnk,”Chinese would say a few words of courtesy although they would like.But in th e west,peole will say“Yes,please”if they would like and will say“No,thanks”if they would not.
综 合 191 # 浅谈中西方文化差异 文/黄文娟 摘 要:中西方文化差异导致了中西方交流中的误解,引起了很多不便。本文针对日常生活中中西方文化交流中的典型现象如婚姻家庭,餐厅礼仪和日常招呼等进行分析,阐述了这些文化现象后所隐藏的文化内涵和其所植根的文化根基,从个人主义和集体主义,平等概念和等级观念,自我中心和牺牲精神等方面做出解释,为困顿于中西方文化的学习者提供参考。关键词:中西方文化;现象;文化内涵;文化根基作 者:湖南对外经济贸易职业学院 ?1Cited phenomena A 1Mar riage A Chinese gir l got mar ried with an Amer ican boy and sett led down in Los Angeles not far away from wher e her par ents-in -law lived.T he fir st few months went by much smoothly and the Chinese girl got along very well with her new family. Six months later,she got pr egnant and infor med her par ents -in-law at the fir st moment.The r eady grandparents blessed her and her baby and went to Europe where they planned to enjoy a half -year holiday.The Chinese gir l was surprised at their decision:/Don .t you stay to take car e of me and my baby?Don .t you think the baby is the most import ant thing in the family now?0T he parents-in-law also got confused:/We love this baby,but does it mean we should give up our own life and do everything for it?0 B 1Rest aur ant customs A young Chinese tourist sat in a Par is caf and or der ed tea.Twice he asked for more hot water to top it up while putting the saucer on the cup to keep the tea warm,as he would have done at home. T he waiter grew impatient./This Chinese is too stingy t o pay for mor e tea.And doesn .t he know t he saucer goes under the cup to cat ch the dr ips?0 T he Chinese man noticed the displeasure on the wait er .s face and lost pat ience himself./This Wester n waiter is r ea lly stingy and silly!Why is he so reluctant to serve me hot water?Why does he put the lid under the cup?0he got angry,and left the caf st eam ing with resent ment. C 1Greeting An American student Charlie went to China and continued his study in Peking University.Ever ything went well with him except that the Chinese people were hard to understand for him somet imes. One day afternoon,he was on his way back from the super market when he encounter ed two Chinese classmates./H i,Charlie,wher e are you going?0one of the Chinese classmates greeted him./I .m just back from the supermar ket.0H e answer ed./What did you buy?0T he Chinese student continued./Er ,0Char lie felt ver y awkward,/I bought a bar of bread,five apples,a bott le of salad jam and ,0/You don .t have to tell us all these specific t hings,we ar e just greeting you by asking you questions.0/What?You confused me!0 ò.Analysis on the cited phenomenon and the cor responding cultur al implications In the fir st case,both the Chinese girl and her par ents-in -law can keep their own opinion.In China,it is par ents .dut y t o be responsible for their childr en and this responsibility will last (4)勤巡视病房,观察生命体征、面色、意识及有无感染、周围组织坏死等。当出现因插管技术而导致的并发症(如穿破脐血管造成出血插进或堵塞腹主动脉分支、空气栓塞、血栓形成、误插在门静脉沟处、穿破肝实质等)时,应通知医生尽早拔管,同时给予对症治疗,使症状得以改善。 (5)细菌学检测。每周1次分别做外周血和脐部穿刺处皮肤的细菌培养。本组病例共做16次外周血和脐部穿刺处皮肤的细菌培养,无1例发生院内感染等插管并发症。 参考文献: [1]余波,李莎莎.新生儿126例脐静脉插管末端细菌培养的临床分析[J]中国新生儿科杂志,2007(4) [2]宋新志,曹明艳,何咏梅,等.新生儿窒息血肌钙蛋白T 变化[J ]湘南学院学报,2005(1) [3]周宇,周晓光.新生儿胎粪吸入综合征临床分型与特点的初步探讨[J]中国当代儿科杂志,2000(5) [4]高树辉,周杰,张映辉,等.早产儿血脂水平与出生体重的关系[J]中国当代儿科杂志,2003(3)
【个人简历范文】 一方水养一方人，中西方的文化也是有差异的，用英语描写一下你所知道德1中西方的文化差异吧。下面是为你整理的有关中西文化差异的高中英语作文，希望你喜欢! 描写中西文化差异的英语作文范文篇1 Through I am a Chinese,I have some west country friends.They lived in China for many years, from their tone ,I know that there are many cultural difference between West and China.Such as difference of dinner manners……In west countries ,when people are having dinner ,if one of them want to go to a WC.He or she shoud say”Excuse me ,I want to go to the toilets…”Only in such a way can others think you are of good manners.And in the bathroom,you can relieve the bowels, wash you faces, refine the make-up ,pick your teeth and so on.When you finished yourself,you can return to you set.A wonderful dinner can be continue.But in China,there are some different of it.When you want to have a bath,you shoud only say”I want to go to washroom”.That just means:I want to go out for a while.If you finished you dinner ,you can also say:”I'm full”That means:I am full ,help youselves.And then ,you can go out to have a rest or walk.That just some of the difference of dinner manners in west and in China.When we face it in the future ,don`t forget that! 描写中西文化差异的英语作文范文篇2 Long history in China in 5000, western social process of world 56 a hundred years.China is brilliant abundant, great and deep food culture;The western nation then has delicately and particularly , from become the food civilization of system.Medium the west food cultural collision, exchanges and melted into whole mankind's civilization to fill up with wear colourful function.Medium the Spanish turn of the difference of educated medium west food culture of difference, but this kind of difference come from medium the west different mode of thinking with conducting philosophy. This text introduced a medium Spanish to turn in the difference of food.West food from the food idea, food object, food method, food ownership and property etc. carry on the comparison of the culture. 描写中西文化差异的英语作文范文篇3 There are many difference between China and America such as in the field of geography ,culture, language ,politics ,economy and education with the development of science and technology .The word get even more smaller ,the communication between them is more frequent . Our country, China absorbs the essence and doesn’t eliminate the bad thing . Because a proverb ever since said when the fresh air come in ,the flies will also accompany it . At times we may not determine our countries’ geography