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英文语法拉杂谈--动名词

英文语法拉杂谈--动名词
英文语法拉杂谈--动名词

英文语法拉杂谈-- 动名词

谈谈动名词(GERUN)D

你听过英文语法有动词(verb )、名词(noun );但你听过有动名词(gerund )吗?在还没谈动名词之前,让我们先看看下面的句子:

1. The girl is singing a song.

2. The girl singing now is mysister.

3. Singing is one of her hobbies (爱好)。

三个句子中都有singing. 第一个句子的singing 是常见的现在进行式(Present Continuous ),是说眼下正在做什么;第二个句子的singing 是现在分词(Present Participle ),它把sing 这个动词转为形容词,但仍有动词的成份(哈哈,这么一说,要把你搞晕了吧:-)?关于分词,以后有空再谈吧,0K?)。好戏在后头,你看看第三个句子的singing到底是什么东东呀?原来就是我们的主角动名词(Gerund)了!你看,sing原本是个动词,可是现在它加上ing 后,看来竟像是一个名词了。怎么,好玩吧?

因此记住,不要以为一个动词加上ing 后都是现在进行式呀!动名词可分为两大类:

一、名词性的动名词(Nominal Gerund )

Nominal Gerund 可以加上定冠词(Definite article ,如the )或不定冠词(Indefinite article ,如a ,an ),其他可加在动名词前的还有如:my,this ,some,any,all ,no 等等。举例如下:

1. The mellow (愉快地)singing of the birds announces the coming of spring.

(singing 前加定冠词the 及形容词mellow ;coming 前加the )

2. Weknew the robber was near when we heard a faint rustling (沙沙声)in the bushes. (rustling 前加不定冠词 a 及形容词faint )

从上面的例子可看出如何将一个动词转成名词;但它和真正的名词还是有区别的,那就是没有单数或复数之分。不过,有一些动名词是可以变成真正名词的喔,如:

saying ,writing ,opening ,painting ,cutting ,heading ,feeling ,being ,

saving ,surrounding ,crossing ,misunderstanding 等等。它们都可以有复数的喔,方法就是在它们的后面加个s,如:paintings.

二、动词性的动名词(Verbal Gerund )

看看下面的句子:

Carelessly writing essays annoys the teacher.

上面的句子里的writing 是动名词,但前面有副词carelessly (粗心地),后面又有受词(Object )essays. 因此writing 就有动词的特征。

注意:Verbal Gerund这类动名词的前面可不能加上任何冠词(the , a , an ......... )喔。

好,今天就谈到这里,更多关于动名词的事下回再谈。如果诸位不怕头晕的,请再来试试,嘿嘿!

谈谈动名词(Gerund)(二)

动名词的功能与用法

一、在句子中用作主语(Subject )或主语的补语(Subject Complement):

1.1 作主语

1. Listening to music gives me pleasure. (主语Listening )

2. Running is good exercise. (主语running )

3. Walking to school is a good idea. (主语walking )

1.2 作主语的补语

1. My cat's favorite activity is sleeping. (补语sleeping )

2. Seeing is believing. (主语seeing ,补语believing )

1.3 主语置于句尾

1.3.1 用It + be + ……+v-i ng 句型

1. It is fun speaking English.

2. It is of great importance fighting against pollution (污染)。

1.3.2 用It is 后接no use. no good ,fun 等的句型

1. It is no use learning theory without practice.

2. It is no fun being lost in rain.

1.3.3 用It is 后接useless ,nice ,good,interesting ,worthwhile 等的句型

1. It is worthwhile taking this into consideration.

1.3.4 用There + be + no + v-ing 的句型

1. There is no joking about such matters.

2. There is no getting along with him.

简直无法与他相处)

如何?感到头晕了吗?不怕的再来吧。再见。

谈谈动名词(Gerund)(三)二、动名词也

可以作宾语(Object )

2.1 作动词/ 动词短语的宾语(置于动词或动词短语的后面)

1. I cannot help laughing. (我禁不住笑了起来)

2. You should avoid quarrelling with your sister.

3. You should practice speaking English more. 宾语laughing )

(宾语quarrelling ) (宾语speaking )

注意:上面三个句子中的动词:help ,avoid ,practice 只能用动名词作宾语。这类动词还有:dislike 厌恶admit 接受repent 后悔acknowledge 承认enjoy 享受escape 避免deny 否认postpone 延迟resent 怨恨mind 介意miss 错过

risk 冒风险finish excuse 原谅include 完成avoid 避免delay 耽误consider 认为fancy 想象包括imagine 想象resist 抵制suggest 建议……

还有短语类:keep (on )继续don't mind 不介意cannot help 不禁give up 放弃

put off 延迟leave off 停止burst out 闯出…… 再请注意:有一些动词除了可接动名词外,也可接不定词( infinitive )。例子如下:

1. I prefer living in an apartment. (动词prefer 接动名词living )

2. I prefer to live in an apartment. (动词prefer 接不定词to live )

像上面两个句子的意思没什么不同。如prefer 这一类的动词还有:

allow deserve neglect attempt fear omit begin hate permit bother intend cease like recommend continue love start stop

forget regret propose try continue remember need ……

其实如hate ,love ,like 之类动词,接动名词和接不定词的句子,意思是会有些不同的,这就留给大家去研究吧,hihi ……

2.2 作介词( Preposition )的宾语( Object )

1. I'm sorry for giving you so much trouble. 介词for ,宾语giving )

2. The book is worth reading.

3. I reached him by calling his office. 介词worth ,宾语reading )

介词by,宾语calling )

4. The police arrested (逮捕)him for speeding.

注意:在下列的句子结构中,介词in 被省略掉:

介词for ,宾语speeding )

1. She is busy ( in ) correcting her exercises.

2. Hespent two hours ( in ) reading

book. 3. There is no use ( in ) talking with him now. 4. Is it any good ( in ) taking

cold water baths ?

2.3 作"名词+介词"的宾语

请看下列的句子:

1. I have the pleasure of speaking to the famous author. (pleasure of + 宾语

speaking )

2. He takes a great interest in studying languages. (interest in + 宾语studying )

这一类"名词+介词"的还有:

danger of fear of objection to delight to habit of opport unity for /of excuse for experie nee in

love in reas on for

好了,好了,看到这里,你是不是需要一点风油呢?呵呵!Gerund 还没谈完呢,再会吧。谈谈动名词(Gerund)(四)

三、句子中动名词的逻辑主语(Implied Subject )

什么是动名词的逻辑主语呢?在句子中,除了原有的主语之外,属于动名词的"主语",也就称为" 逻辑主语" ,一般位于动名词的前面。

3.1 在动名词前加”物主代词(如:my, his .......... )"或”名词所有格(如:Mary's ,

Dog's ……)"

1. His coming here helped us a lot. (主语/ 逻辑主语his , 动名词coming )

2. Tom's escaping from the prison made trouble for the jailer. (主语/ 逻辑主语

Tom,动名词escaping )

3.2 作宾语(Object )的动名词有自己的逻辑主语时,在动名词前加"物主代词"或"名词所有格"

1. Do you mind my smoking in the romm ?(逻辑主语my, 动名词smoking )

2. He insisted on Mary's staying there. (逻辑主语Mary, 动名词staying )

注意:作为逻辑主语的名词/代词为无生命时,则用通格(of the ):

1. I cannot say there is no fear of the news spreading among intimate friends. (逻辑主语news)

3.3 在下列情况中,不能使用所有格:

3.3.1 代词为all , both , each , few , several , some, this 等作为逻辑主语时:

1. I remember all of them saying it .

3.3.2 数词、名词化形容词(如the three , the old .................. )作逻辑主语时:

1. In spite of the three telling the same story , I could not believe it.

3.3.3 结构中的逻辑主语是名子或短语,或受从句或短语修饰时:

1. Is there any chance of the people in the back of the room talking a little louder ?

真是烦死人了!还好, "动名词"最难的一关要算是"逻辑主语"了。如果你闯过后,接下来的就轻松得多了。哈哈……

谈谈动名词(Gerund)(五)

四、动名词的语态

4.1 被动式(being + v-ed )当动名词的逻辑主语所表示的是动作的对象时,动名词要用被动语

态。

1. He dislikes being interrupted (被打岔)in his speech.

2. They couldn't stand being treated (被对待)like that.

4.2 完成式(having + v-ed )动名词的动作发生在谓语动词之前,要用完成式。

1. We regret having been unable to inform you of the meeting.

2. The students' having done (完成) the work so well made us very happy.

4.3 完成式的被动语态 ( having been + v-ed ) 1. I heard of his having been chosen

(被选为) to be the coach of

the team. 2.

Some of our customers complained of having been treated

(被对待)

rudely.

4.4 在动词 need , want , require , deserve 之后的动名词(作为宾语) ,要用主动 语态来表示被动的意思。

1. The flowers in the garden want watering (需要浇水) 。

2. That's one of those questions that really don't need answering (不需回答) 。

五、作定语 ( Attribute ) 动名词放在所修饰的名词前面作为定语,表示该名词的用途或有关的动作。

1. sleeping car 卧车

2. walking stick 手杖

3. printing shop 印务馆

4. reading room 阅读室

5. swimming pool 泳池

6. washing machine 洗衣机

7. dining room 饭厅

六、在英文正式语体里,动名词可放在前置词( Preposition )后,以替代副词 / 状语的 子句( Adverbial Clauses )

例: 1. In case customers encounter difficulties , they should ring the following number : 2. In case of encountering difficulties , customers should ring the following number : 第二个句子的 "In case of " 动名词短句 ( Gerund Phrase ) 取代第一个句子的 "In case" 副词子句。

下列都是这类例子:

1. In spite of doing his best the pupil was reproached.

2. Despite coming in time

the visitors were not admitted.

4. The fireman distinguished himself by doing his duty to the utmost.

5. In sending us the book you proved to be reliable. ( In )

6. Instead of blaming the boy , the teacher encouraged him.

7. The girl left without saying a word.

( without )

8. The boy was blamed for breaking the window. (for )

9.

The children got tired from learning too much.

( from )

10. After spending the holidays with us , our nephew went back to England.

3. For all his arguing , the teacher could not convince us. for all )

11. Before going to bed I opened the window. before ) 12. On arriving at the station

John was welcomed by his friends.

on )

In spite of )

despite ) (by )

instead of )

after )

13. Since leaving school I have not seen my teacher.since )

高中英语语法讲解与练习之动词过去分词

高中英语语法之动词过去分词 简介 规则动词的过去分词一般是由动词加ed构成(具体规则见后),不规则动词的过去分词见不规则动词表。过去分词则属于类动词 1. 及物动词的过去分词作表语,与句子主语是被动关系,表示主语的状态,不但表示被动,还表示已完成了.The cup is broken. 茶杯破了. 2. 不及物动词的过去分词作表语,与句子主语是主动关系,表示主语的状态,只表示动作的完成. He is retired. 他已退休. 3. 有些过去分词作表语时,构成的谓语很接近被动结构. 过去分词构成规则 1 、规则动词:规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则: (1)、一般动词,在词尾直接加“ ed ”。work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited (2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词,只在词尾加“ d ”。live---lived---lived , (3)、以“辅音字母+ y ”结尾的动词,将"y" 变为"i" ,再加“ ed ”。 study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried , (4)、重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母,再加“ ed ”。 stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped 2 、不规则动词,见不规则表 一、当过去分词作为表语 The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains. 这座城市三面环山. 【注意】过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别:过去分词作表语,主要是表示主语的状态,而被动语态则表示动作. (1) The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的.(是被动语态,表示动作) (2) The library is now closed. 图书馆关门了.(过去分词作表语) 【注意】过去分词表示被动或完成, -ing 形式表示主动或进行.有些动词如interest, bore, worry, surprise, frighten 等通常用其过去分词形式来修饰人,用-ing 形式来修饰物. (3) The book is interesting and I'm interested in it. 这本书很有趣,我对它很感兴趣. 二、当过去分词作为定语 作定语用的过去分词相当于形容词,其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词.及物动词的过去分词作定语,既表被动又表完成;不及物动词的过去分词作定语,只表完成. 1. 过去分词用作定语,如果是单个的,常置于其所修饰的名词之前. We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况. 2. 过去分词短语用作定语时,一般置于其所修饰的名词之后,其意义相当于一个定语从句,但较从句简洁,多用于书面语中. The concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功. 3.过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语,前后常有逗号. The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero. 他们举行了欢迎英雄的大会,到会的有五千多人. 4. 用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物,这种过去分词在形式上虽不直接修饰人,但它所修饰的事物仍与人直接有关.

高中英语语法详解:动名词

高中英语语法详解:动名词 概念 动名词由动词原形+ING构成,是一种非谓语动词形式 相关知识点精讲: 1.作主语。例如: Fighting broke out between the South and the North. 南方与北方开战了。 2.作宾语 a. 有些动词能够用动名词作宾语。例如: admit 承认 appreciate 感激 avoid 避免 complete完成 consider认为 delay 耽误 deny 否认 detest 讨厌 endure 忍受 enjoy 喜欢 escape 逃脱 fancy 想象 finish 完成

imagine 想象 mind 介意 miss 想念 postpone推迟 practice 训练 recall 回忆 resent 讨厌 resume 继续 resist 抵抗 risk 冒险 suggest 建议 face 面对 include 包括 stand 忍受 understand 理解 forgive 宽恕 keep 继续 例如:Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please? 你把收音机音量调小一点,好吗 The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught. 这松鼠幸运得很,刚逃避了被逮住的厄运。 b. 有些结构后面能够用动名词作宾语或其他成分。例如:

admit to prefer…to be used to lead to devote oneself to object to stick to no good no use be fond of look forward to be proud of be busy can't help be tired of be capable of be afraid of think of burst out keep on insist on count on

高中英语动名词的用法(完美版)

高中英语语法之动名词 一、含义 动名词兼有动词和名词特征的非谓语动词形式。基本形式为v-ing, 动名词具有名词的性质,因此在句中可以做主语、表语、宾语、定语等。 动名词有时态和语态的变化。 动名词的时态和语态的基本形式:(以write为例) 注意:动名词的否定形式是:not writing 二、动名词的基本用法 1.用作主语---常表抽象,或者泛指习惯性的动作。 Smoking is bad for your health. Playing with fire is dangerous. Swimming is her favorite sport. 游泳是她最喜欢的体育运动。 Learning is important to modern life. 学习对现代生活很重要。 注意: ①不定式也可以做主语。不定式与动名词作主语的区别: 不定式作主语时经常表示具体的、 ...动作,而动名词 ....一次性 作主语时经常表示抽象动作或习惯性动作。

Getting up early is a good habit. To get up early this morning made me sleepy. ②动名词作主语,有时用it作形式主语,把动名词置于句末。 It is no use/ good doing...(做。。。没有用); It is fun doing... (做。。。很有趣); It is a waste of time doing... (做。。。是浪费时间) 等句型中。 例如:It’s no use crying over spilt milk.(覆水难收) It is fun playing with children. 和孩子们一起玩真好。 It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 说服这样一个人加入我们当中来是浪费时间。 2. 作宾语 ①作某些及物动词的宾语 常见的动词有:advise,avoid,delay,escape,excuse,enjoy,consider,finish,deny,fancy,keep,mind(在乎)postpone,pardon,practise,suggest,imagine等。 need,want,require后接动名词,表示被动意义。 如:Would you mind opening the door?请你把门打开好吗? Fancy meeting you here. 真想不到在这里遇见你。 ②作介词的宾语 He left without saying good-bye to us. 他没有和我们道别就离开了。 On arriving at the airport,I saw my mother standing in the

高考英语语法总结教学提纲

高考英语语法总结 一.非谓语动词 一.不定式: 一)不定式的常考形式: 1) 一般形式:He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 语法功能:表示与谓语动词同步发生 2) 完成形式:He pretended not to have seen me. 被动形式:The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 语法功能:表示发生在谓语动词之前 二)不定式常考的考点: 1)不定式做定语----将要发生 2)不定式做状语----目的 3)不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. 三)不定式的省略 1)感官动词see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示动作的完整性,真实性; + doing 表示动作的连续性,进行性 I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) I saw him working in the garden yesterday. 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。(强调"我见他正干活"这个动作) " 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词:The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable. 2) 使役动词have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后 要还原to I 'd like to have John do it. I have my package weighed. Paul doesn't have to be made to learn. 3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do 四)有些动词后只跟不定式如: want,wish,hope,manage,promise,refuse,pretend,plan,offer,decide,agree,expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do We agreed _______ here,but so far she hasn't turned up yet.(NMET 1995) A.having met B.meeting C.to meet D.to have met (Key:C) 五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式

(完整版)高中英语语法知识思维导图

什么是语法? +表语 +宾语 +间接宾语+直接宾语 +宾语+宾语补足语 to/-ing s not

一般现在时vs.一般过去时

一般将来时 将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的 动作或存在的状态,也表示将来经 常或者重复发生的动作,常与表示 将来的时间副词连用,例如:soon, next week, this afternoon, tomorrow We will graduate next year. 我们明年毕业。

进行时(1) (V+ing) 现在分词(V+ing) 现在分词(V+ing)?

进行时(2)

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