1.Free morphemes:自由语素a morphemes that can stand alone.或者
a linguistic form that can occur as an independent word.
2.Boud morphemes:黏着语素a morphemes that must occur with at
lease one other morpheme.
3.Back-formation: 逆生法。is the method of creating words by
removing the supposed suffixes.
4.Allomorph：语素变体the phonetic variant of a morpheme in a
particular language.或者one of the variants of the same morpheme 5.conversion:转换法is the formation of new words by converting
words from one word-class to another word-class.或者Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix.
6.blending 拼缀法is the formation of new words by combining pasts
of two words or word plus a part of anther word .如;smog---smoke +fog.
7.Semantic field:语义场Semantic field theory is concerned with the
vocabulary of a language as a system of interrelated lexical networks.
The words of a semantic field are joined together by a common concept, and they are likely to have a number of collocations in common.
8.semantic motivation :语义理据Semantic motivation refers to
motivation based on semantic factors and it is usually provided by the figurative usage of words.
9.conceptual meaning：概念意义。the meaning given in the dictionary
and forms the core of word-meaning.
meaning：the meaning of a word that depends on the nonlinguistic concepts it is used to express
meaning:情感意义is concerned with the expression of feelings and attitudes of the speaker or writer.
transfer词义迁移figures of speech
13 Metonymy 转喻It is a figure of speech by which an object or idea is described by the name of something closely related to it.
.提喻A figure of speech by which a part is put for tha whole ,the whole for the part ,species for genus,the genud for the species or the name of the material for the dhing made .
15:Extra-linguistic context:语言之外的环境Extra-linguistic contex t refers not only to the actual speech situation in which a word is used but also to the entire cultural background against which a word, or an utterance or a speech event is set.
16：polysemy ：一词多义Polysemy means that one single word has two or more senses at the same time.
:同音异义词Words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning are called homophones.
18：homonymy：Homonyms are words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling. :词义的升格process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.
20 . Degradation: 词义的降格i t is the process whereby words of good prigin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense
21 oxymoron. 矛盾修辞It is a compressed paradox ,formed by the conjoining of two contrasting , contradictory incongruous terms 比如：bitter-sweet memories , orderly chaos and proud humility.
单词总结 Bet 1.bet (sth) (on/against sth ) to risk money on a race or an event by trying to predict the result 下赌注（于）用…..打赌 https://www.doczj.com/doc/7318002095.html,ed to say that you are almost certain that sth is true or that sth will happen 敢说八成二 词语扩展 I’ll bet 1．（表示理解）有同感当然 2．（表示不相信对方的话） e.g: “I’m going to tell her what I think of her.” “Yeah. I’ll bet.” I wouldn’t bet on it/don’t bet on it. 不大可能 e.g:”she’ll soon get used to the idea.” “I wouldn’t bet on it!”(很难说) You bet中文解释的确当然 e.g:”are you nervous?” “you bet!”(这还有说) You can bet your life/your bottom dollar （on sth/(that)…..）中文解释肯定毫无疑问 e.g: you can bet your bottom dollar that he’ll be late.（他肯定会迟到） Peer Noun 1. a person who is the same age r who has the same social status as you 身份或地位相同的人同龄人同辈 2. (in Britain) a member of the NOBILITY 英国的贵族成员 Verb (~+adv/prep) to look closely or carefully at sth ,especially when you can not see it clearly.仔细端详 Spectacle 1.spectacles 相当于glasses 2. a performance or a event that is very impressive and exciting to look at 精彩的表演，壮 观的场面 3. a sight or a view that is very impressive to look at 壮观的景象 4.an unusual or surprising sight or situation that attract a lot of attention. 奇特的景象出 人意料之外的情况 词语扩展 Make a spectacle of yourself to draw attention of yourself by behaving or dressing in a ridiculous way in public 出洋相出丑
传热学基本概念知识点 1傅里叶定律：单位时间内通过单位截面积所传递的热量，正比例于当地垂直于截面方向上的温度变化率 2集总参数法：忽略物体内部导热热阻的简化分析方法 3临界热通量：又称为临界热流密度，是大容器饱和沸腾中的热流密度的峰值 5效能：表示换热器的实际换热效果与最大可能的换热效果之比 6对流换热是怎样的过程，热量如何传递的？对流：指流体各部分之间发生相对位移，冷热流体相互掺混所引起的热量传递方式。对流仅能发生在流体中，而且必然伴随有导热现象。对流两大类：自然对流与强制对流。 影响换热系数因素：流体的物性，换热表面的形状与布置，流速 7何谓膜状凝结过程，不凝结气体是如何影响凝结换热过程的？ 蒸汽与低于饱和温度的壁面接触时，如果凝结液体能很好的润湿壁面，它就在壁面上铺展成膜，这种凝结形式称为膜状凝结。 不凝结气体对凝结换热过程的影响：在靠近液膜表面的蒸气侧，随着蒸气的凝结，蒸气分压力减小而不凝结气体的分压力增大。蒸气在抵达液膜表面进行凝结前，必须以扩散方式穿过聚集在界面附近的不凝结气体层。因此，不凝结气体层的存在增加了传递过程的阻力。 8试以导热系数为定值，原来处于室温的无限大平壁因其一表面温度突然升高为某一定值而发生非稳态导热过程为例，说明过程中平壁内
部温度变化的情况，着重指出几个典型阶段。 首先是平壁中紧挨高温表面部分的温度很快上升，而其余部分则仍保持原来的温度，随着时间的推移，温度上升所波及的范围不断扩大，经历了一段时间后，平壁的其他部分的温度也缓慢上升。 主要分为两个阶段：非正规状况阶段和正规状况阶段 9灰体有什么主要特征？灰体的吸收率与哪些因素有关？ 灰体的主要特征是光谱吸收比与波长无关。灰体的吸收率恒等于同温度下的发射率，影响因素有：物体种类、表面温度和表面状况。 10气体与一般固体比较其辐射特性有什么主要差别？ 气体辐射的主要特点是：（1）气体辐射对波长有选择性（2）气体辐射和吸收是在整个容积中进行的 11说明平均传热温压得意义，在纯逆流或顺流时计算方法上有什么差别？ 平均传热温压就是在利用传热传热方程式来计算整个传热面上的热流量时，需要用到的整个传热面积上的平均温差。 纯顺流和纯逆流时都可按对数平均温差计算式计算，只是取值有所不同。 12边界层，边界层理论 边界层理论：（1）流场可划分为主流区和边界层区。只有在边界层区考虑粘性对流动的影响，在主流区可视作理想流体流动。（2）边界层厚度远小于壁面尺寸（3）边界层内流动状态分为层流与湍流，湍流边界层内紧靠壁面处仍有层流底层。
Terms: 1. lexicology 2. morpheme 3. root 4. derivational affixes 5. affixes 6. compounding 7. blending 8. conversion 9. back formation 10. synonymy 11. homonymy 12. hyponymy Questions: 1. Explain the relationship between sound and meaning with examples. There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. E.g. “woman” means “Frau” in German, “Femme” in French and “Funv” in Chinese. On the other hand, the same sound /rait/ can mean right, rite and write, though denoting different things, yet have the same sound. 2. Illustrate four types of antonyms with examples. 3. What are allomorphs? Please list the allomorphes of the morpheme{plural} in English. The different morphological or phonetic forms of a morpheme are allomorphs of the morpheme. The noun plural morpheme {plural} in English has a numer of allomorphs, such as [-s] in cats, [-z] in bags, [-iz] in fishes, [-ai] in mice, [-n] in oxen, [-i:] in geese and so on. 4. As language changes over time, the meaning of a word may deviate from its original denotation. Discuss the major types of semantic changes. Major types of semantic changes are semantic broadening, semantic narrowing and semantic shift. Semantic broadening refers to the process in which the meaning of a word becomes more general or inclusive than its historically earlier denotation. Take the word “holiday”for example, the orlder meaning was a “holy day”. Today everyone enjoys a holiday, regardless of religious background. Semantic narrowing is a process in which the meaning of a word becomes less gneral or inclusive than its historically earlier meaning. For example. “wife”used to mean “any woman”, but now it only means “a married female”. Semantic shift is a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquires a new, sometimes related, meaning. For example, the word silly meant “happy”in Old English, and naive in Middle English, but “foolish”in Modern Engilsh. 5. Illustrate four types of synonyms with examples.
词汇的形象色彩与对外汉语教学 词语的形象色彩是指很多词语用于解释普遍存在的概念意义外，还同时具有形象感，它们通过人们的感官如视觉、听觉、味觉等诱发人们的联想，给人以生动可感的形象感。例如：猫头鹰这个词就比较形象地反映出这种鸟头部像猫的特点；哗啦啦，是人耳边回现出流水的声音；而甜丝丝会让我们如同品尝到了甜味的食物。这些都是日常生活中非常常见的例子，可见词汇的形象色彩在生活中的应用是很广的。 正由于应用广泛，有形象色彩的词很丰富，所以对这些词的分类显得有点困难。本文将采取兰宾汉先生对具有形象色彩的词的分类，即将它们分成形感、动感、色感、声感这样四类。下面分别加以阐释： 形感：有些词的意义能给人十分具体的形象。如佛手、木耳、浪潮，大家眼前会浮现出这种事物的整体的形状。木耳是一种长在腐朽的木头上的一种可供食用菌类，形状像人的耳朵；浪潮顾名思义，想浪花一样的潮流；这是对事物整体情状的比喻。又如喇叭花、鹅卵石，灯笼裤、斑马线则是在对事物的性状的比喻之后加上了一个类名。斑马、驼背、白头翁是对描摹事物的突出的特征等等。它们的突出的特点即是让人们很容易地联想到所指事物的外在形状，我们称之形感。 色感：有些词的意义给人以鲜明的色彩感。如血红让人联想到血的颜色；草绿则浮现出一片青草的的画面，联想到充满生机的绿，还有鹅黄、橘红等。具有色感的词多为形容词，比如ABB式的白茫茫，红彤彤，绿油油，金灿灿等；又如ABC式的白呲咧、血呼啦；还有A 里BC、A不BC式的，如血里呼啦，白不呲咧；还有ABCD式的如黑咕隆咚。这些词当中的词缀部分意义很虚，但它们结合在一起具有描摹性，给人们造成一种很模糊的印象，从而给人一种形象感。 动感：有些词的意义能让人产生特殊的动感。如席卷，会让人联想到用席子卷的这样一系列的动作，从而给人一动作快，范围大的感觉。而蚕食则让人们想到蚕不分昼夜沙沙吃蚕叶这样的动作行为，从而给人一种连续不断地侵食这样一种动感。这样的词还有摇曳、撞车、碰钉子、炒鱿鱼等。一些带如字的词常带有动作感：暴跳如雷、血流如注、泪如雨下、不绝如缕等。象点头哈腰、东倒西歪、俯首帖耳等次也是对存在事物的动作状态的直接的描写。声感：有些词能给人以如闻其声的感觉。这些词多为拟声词如呵呵，哈哈，嘻嘻，啧啧，喔喔，咩咩等。还有ABB式的如笑哈哈，笑嘻嘻，轰隆隆，哗啦啦；A里BC式的如稀里哗啦等，看到这些词自然会联想到自然界的一些声音，这也是其形象色彩的特点之所在。 当然，这只是众多对具有形象色彩意义的词的分类中的一种，而且也只是一种大至的分类，比如有的词就不只属于其中的一种，而是兼具两种甚至是多种形象色彩。如银河是因为看起来像一条白色的河而得名，它的意义中就包含了形感和色感两种形象色彩。有如扑啦啦，既有拍翅膀的动感又有拍翅时的声音的形容，也兼具两种形象色彩。 不仅仅是词，在词汇系统中的固定语中的一些成语同样具有形象色彩。例如狼吞虎咽明显是对动作的描摹，具有很强烈的动感；又如羊肠小道则是很典型的对于事物形状的描绘，具有形感。其它的成语如坐如针毡、骨瘦如柴、口若悬河等。还有一些成语以其呈现的整体的画面共同显示它的形象色彩。如隔岸观火，会使人的头脑中浮现一幅画面，隔岸是空间位置，观火是动作行为，如果接受者再补充一个动作行为的主体，就形成了这幅整体的画面。这是由于固定语的内部结构相对来首比较复杂，所呈现的信息量较大，因而信息的叠加呈现出了整体的画面，这个画面对整个成语的理解起着烘托得作用。如按下葫芦浮起瓢、拨云见日、兵临城下等。还有一些词语，其表层的给接受者提供两个形象单位二者结合在一块儿很容易使人想起它的深层的涵义，这一类成语形象感的形成和我国古典诗歌中意境的形成非常相似，既由表层的关系使人联想到深层的意蕴。如南辕北辙，辕向着南边而辄却朝着北，想去南边而却走向了北边，比喻行动和初衷是相违背的。如果对这个成语稍加体会其深沉含义是
传热学知识点 1．传热学：研究热量传递规律的科学。 2．热量传递的基本方式：热传导、热对流、热辐射。 3．热传导(导热)：物体的各部分之间不发生相对位移、依靠微观粒子的热运动产生的热量传递现象。（纯粹的导热只能发生在不透明的固体之中。） 4．热流密度：通过单位面积的热流量(W ／m 2)。 5．热对流：由于流体各部分之间发生相对位移而产生的热量传递现象。热对流只发生在流体之中，并伴随有导热现象。 6．自然对流：由于流体密度差引起的相对运功c 7．强制对流：出于机械作用或其他压差作用引起的相对运动。 8．对流换热：流体流过固体壁面时，由于对流和导热的联合作用，使流体与固体壁面间产生热量传递的过程。 9．辐射：物体通过电磁波传播能量的方式。 10．热辐射：由于热的原因，物体的内能转变成电磁波的能量而进行的辐射过程。 11．辐射换热：不直接接触的物体之间，出于各自辐射与吸收的综合结果所产生的热量传递现象。 12．传热过程；热流体通过固体壁而将热量传给另一侧冷流体的过程。 13．传热系数：表征传热过程强烈程度的标尺，数值上等于冷热流体温差1时所产生的热流密度)/(2k m W ?。 14．单位面积上的传热热阻：k R k 1= 单位面积上的导热热阻：λ δλ=R 。 单位面积上的对流换热热阻：h R 1= λ 对比串联热阻大小就可以找到强化传热的主要环节。 15．导热系数λ 是表征材料导热性能优劣的系数，是一种物性参数，不同材料的导热系数的数值不同，即使是同一种材料，其值还与温度等参数有关。对于各向异性的材料，还与方向有关。 常温下部分物质导热系数：银：427；纯铜：398；纯铝：236；普通钢：30-50；水：0.599；空气：0.0259；保温材料：<0.14；水垢：1-3；烟垢：0.1-0.3。 16．表面换热系数h
Explain the following terms 一1) free morpheme/ A free morpheme is one that can be uttered发出，表达alone with meaning. It can exist on its own without a bound morpheme. In the traditional sense, a free morpheme is a word. 例如hand ,eat, get 2) bound form/never used as sentences. – ess in countess, lioness and duchess –ish in boyish, childish and greenish –s in hats, books and cups 3) function words/ function words are often short words, they do not have much lexical meaning and some of them have no lexical meaning of their own; They are often short words such as determiners限定词, conjunctions连词, prepositions介词, auxiliaries辅助物, and so forth. 如to, the , of , by 4) content words实词/ They are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning. They are the nouns, main verbs, adjectives形容词and adverbs副词of a language. 二1) syntheti c综合的language / inflectional grammatical markers, French, German and Russian. 2) analytic language/word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs , English and Chinese 3) Indo-European family of languages/ Europe and parts of Southern Asia Eight groups 三1) morphemes /The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible可分的or analyzable into smaller forms. 2) allomorphs/variants变体of the same morphem如im-, ir-, il- : allomorphs of the morpheme in- 3) root / is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. work able, work er, work ed, and work ing 4) stem /A stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology. Inflectional (but not derivational) affixes are added to it. It is the part of word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. 如undesirables, undesirable; desired, desire 5) base / A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. Desirable, desire - base and root, not stem; undesirable, desirable-base, not root and stem 6) inflectional affixes/A inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality复数, tense, and the comparative比较的or superlative 最高的degree. 如-s, -ed, -er, -est 7) derivational affixes / When they are added to another morpheme, they derive a new word. re+write, mini+car, super+market, modern+ize, work+er 8) compounding 复合法/Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of combining two or more bases to form a compound word 9) derivation 派生法/Derivation or affixation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix or a suffix or both to the base 10) conversion 转化法/Conversion is a word-formation process in which a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. 11) initialism/It is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase. 12) acronym首字母缩略词/Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. 13) blending拼缀/Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by
高分作文标志 1、是否长短句交叉； 2、用词是否恰当，准确，形象，尽量使用能够吸引阅卷老师眼球的闪光词； 3、关键词是否换用，切勿老用重复词； 下面给出写好一篇作文的注意事项： 1.适当用被动代替主动，这样能更客观的反映事实, 句子开头不要总是用we / I (比如写结尾时不用we should pay attention to而用Attention should be paid to. )举个经典结 尾It is ,therefore, high time that some applicable approaches were implemented by the service industry like that. Thus， its competitive edge will be sharpened effectively. 2.善于使用插入语，比如说把副词、连接词等，作插入语放在中间，一般放在主语、动词或者助动词后，两边分别加上逗号。 如however / therefore /for example/I believe 做插入语放在中间，一般放在动词， 助动词后，两边分别加上逗号。 比如说：Other individuals, however, take the attitude that … 3. 一定要学会换词，换形象，具体的代替太宽泛的。(考试中一般不要出现good, bad , many, thing, think, people, opinion 等等)比如上面例子中，applicable代替proper, approaches代替ways, implement代替carry out, sharpen one’s competitive edge代替enhance one’s competitiveness(提高某物竞争力) 下面举一篇例子，给各位钻石班会员共勉！ Computer and I By Simmy I never forget the exceedingly thrilling day when my mother bought me a computer as birthday present, which exerted a tremendous fascination on me so that i indulged myself in googling an army of useful information i had expected ,and enjoy a sea of melodious classic music. That night I was sleepless, feeling that the whole world belonged to me. exceedingly 替换 very thrilling 替换 exciting
汉语言文字学必读书目30种2009年10月修订 1、《中国语言学史》王力 2、《语文常谈》吕叔湘 3、《基础语言学教程》徐通锵 4、《普通语言学教程》 [瑞士]索绪尔 5、《现代语言学流派》冯志伟 6、《应用语言学概论》于根元 7、《对外汉语教学概论》赵金铭 8、《现代汉语八百词》吕叔湘 9、《汉语和汉语研究十五讲》陆俭明、沈阳 10、《现代汉语》黄伯荣廖序东 11、《汉语语法学》张斌 12、《汉语语法入门》马庆株 13、《汉语描写词汇学》刘叔新 14、《现代汉字学纲要》苏培成 15、《语义论》石安石 16、《词汇语义学》张志毅张庆之 17、《修辞学发凡》陈望道 18、《古汉语通论》（《蒋礼鸿文集》）蒋礼鸿 19、《训诂学原理》王宁 20、《训诂学概论》方一新 21、《古汉语词汇纲要》蒋绍愚
22、《文字学概要》裘锡圭 23、《音韵学教程》唐作藩 24、《中国修辞学》杨树达 25、《〈说文解字〉注》 [清]段玉裁 26、《说文释例》 [清]王筠 27、《经传释词》 [清]王引之 28、《四书章句集注》 [宋]朱熹 29、《训诂丛稿》（《郭在贻文集》）郭在贻 30、《同源字论》（《同源字典》）王力 研究生阅读、写作初步建议（09） 壹、阅读 一、文献文本：文献阅读的目的是增强语感，储存语料，了解语言面貌；精读（即参考注释，字句无窒碍）阅读量10-15万字（不包括注释），泛读（即不一定参考注释，基本理解）阅读量20-30万字；下列书目大致按难易排序，可以二选一（史书部头大，可以选读）。 1、《世说新语》/《坛经》 2、《中古汉语读本》（方一新、王云路编著） 3、《近代汉语读本》（刘坚编著） 4、《论语》/《孟子》（杨伯峻译注） 5、《史记》/《汉书》（传记部分） 6、《庄子》（陈鼓应今注今译）/《荀子》（王先谦集解） 7、《诗经》选读（100篇以上）/《左传》选读
传热学考研知识点总结 对流换热是怎样的过程,热量如何传递的?如下是小编整理的传热学考研知识点总结，希望对你有所帮助。 传热学考研知识点总结§1-1 “三个W” §1-2 热量传递的三种基本方式§1-3 传热过程和传热系数 要求：通过本章的学习，读者应对热量传递的三种基本方式、传热过程及热阻的概念有所了解，并能进行简单的计算，能对工程实际中简单的传热问题进行分析。作为绪论，本章对全书的主要内容作了初步概括但没有深化，具体更深入的讨论在随后的章节中体现。本章重点： 1.传热学研究的基本问题物体内部温度分布的计算方法热量的传递速率增强或削弱热传递速率的方法 2.热量传递的三种基本方式 (1).导热：依靠微观粒子的热运动而产生的热量传递。传热学重点研究的是在宏观温差作用下所发生的热量传递。傅立叶导热公式： (2).对流换热：当流体流过物体表面时所发生的热量传递过程。牛顿冷却公式： (3).辐射换热：任何一个处于绝对零度以上的物体都具有发射热辐射和吸收热辐射的能力，辐射换热就是这两个过程共同作用的结果。由于电磁波只能直线传播，所以只有两个物体相互看得见的部分才能发生辐射换热。黑体热辐射公式：实际物体热辐射： 传热过程及传热系数：热量从固壁一侧的流体通过固壁传向另一侧流体的过程。最简单的传热过程由三个环节串联组成。 传热学研究的基础 傅立叶定律 能量守恒定律+ 牛顿冷却公式 + 质量动量守恒定律四次方定律本章难点 1.对三种传热形式关系的理解各种方式热量传递的机理不同，但却可以同时存在于一个传热现象中。 2.热阻概念的理解严格讲热阻只适用于一维热量传递过程，且在传递过程中热量不能有任何形式的损耗。 思考题： 1.冬天经太阳晒过的棉被盖起来很暖和，经过拍打以后，效果更加明显。为什么？ 2.试分析室内暖气片的散热过程。 3.冬天住在新建的居民楼比住旧楼房感觉更冷。试用传热学观点解释原因。 4.从教材表1-1给出的几种h数值，你可以得到什么结论？ 5.夏天，有两个完全相同的液氮贮存容器放在一起，一个表面已结霜，另一个则没有。请问哪个容器的隔热性能更好，为什么? §2-1 导热的基本概念和定律§2-2 导热微分方程§2-3 一维稳态导热§2-4伸展体的一维稳态导热 要求：本章应着重掌握Fourier定律及其应用，影响导热系数的因素及导热问题的数学描写——导热微分方程及定解条件。在此基础上，能对几种典型几何
《英语词汇学》（课程代码：00832）试卷结构 Chapter 5 Word Meaning(词的意义) Reference(所指关系) is the relationship between language and the world. Concept(概念)，which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition n.认识；知识；认识能力, reflecting the objective world in the human mind. Sense(语义)denotes the relationship inside the language. Every word that has meaning has sense (not every word has reference) Motivation (词义理据)account for the connection between the linguistic(word) symbol and its meaning. Onomatopoeic motivation(拟声理据) words were created by imitating the nature sounds or noises. Morphological motivation(形态理据)compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined. 很多合成词和派生词都是这类， Semantic motivation(语义理据)refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.( 由字面义派生出来的引申 义) Etymological motivation (词源理据) the meaning of many words often relate words the history of the word explain the meaning of the word. associative meaning 关联意义 Lexical meaning 词汇意义 Types of Meaning conceptual /denotative meaning 词义的分类概念意义 Grammatical meaning 语法意义directly to their origins. In other connotative meaning 内涵意义 stylistic meaning 文体意义 affective meaning 感情意义 collocative meaning 搭配意义 Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships. Conceptual meaning also known as denotative meaning( 外延意义 ), is the meaning given in the dictionary and
笔记整理: Unit1 1.频度副词: always, usually, often, sometimes, hardly ever, never. (对他们提问用how often). 并且他们是一般现在时的标志 2.go skateboarding 去玩滑板 3.do/take exercise 做运动 4.morning/eye exercises早操/眼保健操 5.surf the Internet 上网冲浪 6.once a week/twice a month/ three or four times a day(对其提问也用how often) 7.How often do you go shopping? How often does your mother clean the house? How often do they play sports? (注意助动词的运用) 8.activity survey 活动调查 9.most 大多数most students/ most of the classmates 10.at Green High School 在格林高中 11.Here is/are… 12.the result（c.n）of…。。。的结果the results of the final exam(期末考试的结果) 13.as for 至于，关于As for homework 14.the results for ―watch TV‖ 15.junk food 垃圾食品（u.n） 16.vegetables(c.n) and fruit(u.n) 17.want sb. to do sth. 18.be good/bad for 对…有好/坏外be good to sb 对…好be good with sb 和某人相处得 好be good at=do well in 擅长 19.healthy (adj) health(n) 固定搭配有：a healthy lifestyle, be in good health=keey/stay healthy, healthy food, it’s good for your health, 20.how many hours=how long, how many times=how often 21.eatting habits(注意不能说a eating habits) 22.try to do 尽力做某事try one’s best to do尽某人最大的努力做某事 https://www.doczj.com/doc/7318002095.html,e home from school 从学校回家 24.look after=take care of 照顾 25.help sb (to) do 26.get good grades 取得好成绩（注意不能说a good grades） 27.the same as/be different from 28.keep in good health=keep healthy保持健康 29.less meat更少的肉 Unit2 1.What’s the matter? What’s the trouble? What’s wrong? What’s up? 询问某人怎么了（除了 What’s up外，都可以在后面加上with sb） 2.have a cold/have a fever/have a headache/have a toothache/have a sore throat/have a sore back/have a stomachache/have a sore leg 3.lie down 躺下(lie作动词讲有撒谎的意思，常用短语：lie to sb 对某人撒谎tell a lie 撒了一个谎) 4.have a (good) rest （好好）休息
传热学主要知识点 1.热量传递的三种基本方式。 热量传递的三种基本方式：导热(热传导)、对流(热对流)和热辐射。
2．导热的特点。 a 必须有温差； b 物体直接接触； c 依靠分子、原子及自由电子等微观粒子热运动而传递热量； d 在引力场下单纯的导热一般只发生在密实的固体中。
3.对流（热对流）(Convection)的概念。 流体中（气体或液体）温度不同的各部分之间，由于发生相对的宏观运动而把热量由一处传递到另一处的现象。 4对流换热的特点。 当流体流过一个物体表面时的热量传递过程，它与单纯的对流不同，具有如下特点： a 导热与热对流同时存在的复杂热传递过程 b 必须有直接接触（流体与壁面）和宏观运动；也必须有温差 c 壁面处会形成速度梯度很大的边界层 5.牛顿冷却公式的基本表达式及其中各物理量的定义。 [] W )(∞-=t t hA Φw [] 2m W )( f w t t h A Φq -==
6. 热辐射的特点。 a 任何物体，只要温度高于0 K，就会不停地向周围空间发出热辐射； b 可以在真空中传播； c 伴随能量形式的转变； d 具有强烈的方向性； e 辐射能与温度和波长均有关； f 发射辐射取决于温度的4次方。
7.导热系数, 表面传热系数和传热系数之间的区别。导热系数：表征材料导热能力的大小，是一种物性参数，与材料种类和温度关。 表面传热系数：当流体与壁面温度相差1度时、每单位壁面面积上、单位时间内所传递的热量。影响h因素：流速、流体物性、壁面形状大小等。传热系数：是表征传热过程强烈程度的标尺，不是物性参数，与过程有关。 常温下部分物质导热系数：银：427；纯铜：398；纯铝：236；普通钢：30-50；水：0.599；空气：0.0259；保温材料：<0.14；水垢：1-3；烟垢：0.1-0.3。
词汇学复习重点 1. jargon------ Jargon refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves such as in business. 2. translation loans------ Translation loans are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language. 3. Renaissance------ It is a European movement of learning ancient Greek and Roman classics. 4. Allomorph------ one of the variants of the same morpheme 5. inflectional affix------ an affix that indicates grammatical relationships 6. acronyms------ the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations special noun phrases and technical terms 7. back-formation------ the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes 8. polygsemy------ Polysemy means that one single word has two or more senses at the same time. 9. morpheme------ It is a minimal meaningful unit of a language, or it is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. 10. grammatical meaning------ that part of the meaning of the word indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech of words, singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms. 11. homonym------ Homonyms are words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling. 12. reference------what a linguistic form refers to in the real word. It is the relationship between language and the world 13. semantic field------ Semantic field is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as a system of interrelated lexical networks. 14. motivation------ the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. 15. conceptual meaning------ the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning. 16. amelioration------ or elevation, a process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance. 17. transfer------ a process whereby words which were used to designate one thing have changed to mean something else.