MAVERIC An Autonomous Balloon System for Mars Exploration

DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTONOMOUS AERIAL RECONNAISSANCE SYSTEM AT GEORGIA TECHEric N. Johnson*, Mathew G. Hart, Henrik B. ChristophersenSchool of Aerospace EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA 30332-0150/labs/gtarA BSTRACTThe Georgia Tech Aerial Robotics (GTAR) team has developed a system to compete in the International Aerial Robotics Competition, organized by the Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems, International. The contest mission is divided into four levels. Level 1 is characterized by the need to fly an air vehicle under autonomous control for a distance of 3 kilometers. Level 2 requires an autonomous system to identify a building and open portals. Level 3 requires an autonomous system to enter a building and return a picture. Level 4 requires all levels to be completed by an autonomous system within 15 minutes. Each mission level must be completed before moving on to the next. In 2001, the team completed the first level of the overall mission, outperforming all other entrants and taking the lead in the contest, described here. In addition the GTAR approach to all levels of the contest mission is described.________________*Lockheed Martin Assistant Professor of Avionics Integration, Member AIAA.E-mail: Eric.Johnson@Copyright © 2002 by the authors, Published by the American Instituteof Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., with permissionI NTRODUCTIONThe Georgia Tech Aerial Robotics (GTAR) team consists of a multi-disciplinary group of students, from Electrical and Computer Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, and College of Computing, including both graduate and undergraduate students. The GTAR team has developed a system to compete in the International Aerial Robotics Competition, organized by the Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems, International. The contest mission is divided into four levels. Level 1 is characterized by the need to fly an air vehicle under autonomous control for a distance of 3 kilometers. Level 2 requires an autonomous system to identify a building and open portals (windows and doors) by visual reference. Level 3 requires an autonomous system (not necessarily the same one used for Levels 1 or 2) to enter the building and return a picture of a required object from the building interior. Level 4 requires all levels to be completed by an autonomous system, possibly consisting of sub-vehicles, in 15 minutes. Each mission level must be completed before moving on to the next. The team has developed a multi-year strategy to complete all levels and the overall mission. This paper summarizes the approach taken, past results, and the current status of the project.A PPROACHAn initial assessment of the mission and the associated levels brings out the conflicting requirements on the autonomous system. It must travel long distances and be small enough to enter a 1 m by 1 m portal. One solution is a multiple component system, consisting of a primary air vehicle and one or moresecondary, possibly multi-mode (travel both on ground and through the air) vehicles. Here, the overall approach to the final mission consists of three stages:•Flight to designated site and identification of the building and an open portal•Delivery of sub-vehicle(s) through the portal •Search operations inside building to locate the required objectTwo options are being kept open for the overall mission: (1) a two-component system with a primary air vehicle and a secondary multi-mode vehicle that enters the building, and (2) a multi-component system with a primary air vehicle and secondary (redundant) multi-mode vehicles, which attempt to enter the building. These approaches are shown schematically in Figure 1.Inside BuildingFigure 1. Schematic of level 4 missionapproachA primary vehicle for the mission should have a reasonably high forward speed in order to cover the 3 km distance with the maximum possible time left to accomplish other objectives. For example, a 60 km/hr speed would require 3 minutes to complete the straight-line distance, and is considered a desirable minimum speed. At the same time, a vehicle that could hover or even land near the building would be well suited for delivering a sub-vehicle. A trade-off exists between complexity of the vehicle and complexity of the delivery process. Irrespective of the vehicle choice, it must have a considerable useful payload capability in order to carry a sub-vehicle to its delivery point. A fixed-wing aircraft offering superior speed and payload capabilities, with its inherent stability and simplicity has been chosen over a rotary-wing craft as the primary air vehicle. The added complexity of attaining an autonomous hover would be greater than the complexity of delivering a gliding sub-vehicle into an open window or door.The mode of the sub-vehicle delivery into the building is under consideration. The primary air vehicle system will provide estimated locations for building portals, and the sub-vehicle guidance is anticipated to be optical. Components of the sub-vehicle must then fly and/or drive within the building to obtain the required images. The option of deploying multiple sub-vehicles may be desirable for redundancy, to achieve an acceptable probability of completing the mission on a given attempt.P RIMARY A IR V EHICLEThe primary air vehicle is decomposed into: the basic air vehicle (including structural, aerodynamic, and propulsion elements); a guidance, navigation, and control subsystem; an image processing subsystem; a mission manager; and a power distribution subsystem. These subsystems are motivated and described below. This component of the overall system has been built and operated.A IR V EHICLEOur primary air vehicle is based on a commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) quarter-scale Piper Cub kit donated by Sig Manufacturing, Figure 2. The large interior, inherent stability, and large wing area makes it desirable, maximizing reliability and minimizing the necessary effort to achieve autonomous flight. The large interior meets our requirements for carrying the necessary electronics. A Zenoah G-23 two-stroke gasoline engine powers the plane. Because the plane is a scale kit, designed to look and fly like the full-scale airplane, a few modifications were made during its construction.•Load bearing members of the wing werereinforced in consideration of futureheavy payloads. The plane will eventuallycarry its own autopilot as well as a subvehicle with video equipment.•Wing dihedral was increased slightly foradded stability.•Hardpoints were installed in the wing tomount the sub vehicle.•Solid fuselage formers were hollowed outto increase interior payload volume.•Material was added in several places inthe fuselage for mounting of electronics.•Copper foil was added to isolate theelectronics from the engine’s ignition.•Fuselage paneling was converted intoaccess hatches for installed electronics.•The superfluous cowling was discarded.Figure 2. Quarter scale Piper J-3 Cub,equipment installedG UIDANCE, N AVIGATION, AND C ONTROLTo accomplish the mission objectives, for levels 1, 2, and 4, our primary vehicle must perform autonomous Guidance, Navigation, and Control (GN&C) functions, for flight distances of more than 3 km. In addition, position and attitude estimates available for image processing functions must be sufficiently accurate and updated with sufficient frequency to accomplish the level 2 and 4 missions. We have also derived a requirement that manual control of the vehicle must be available, to: (1) support a flight test program of the vehicle, (2) to enable manual take-off and landing of the vehicle during any normal mission, and (3) as a backup in case of failure of the autonomous GN&C subsystem. The GN&C subsystem must be able to fly to a flight plan consisting of waypoints. This flight plan must be updateable in flight, from a ground controller (Level 1 and to support flight test) or from an image processing and mission planning subsystem (Levels 2 and 4).To meet these requirements, we utilize a MicroPilot MP20002 autopilot and sensors onboard the vehicle, a Freewave wireless modem link to the ground, NovAtel GPS reference station (the reference station has not yet been implemented), and a laptop computer on the ground. This architecture is illustrated in Figure 3, where onboard and ground-based components have been delineated.Figure 3. Autonomous guidance,navigation, and control architecturefor primary air vehicleThe MP2000 is a miniature, low cost autopilot. Its capabilities include airspeed hold, altitude hold, turn coordination, and GPS navigation. Data logging and manual overrides are supported. All feedback loop gains and flight parameters are user programmable. Our MP2000 is configured with a GPS receiver, 3 rate gyros, a single-axis magnetometer/compass, a static pressure sensor, and a total pressure (i.e., airspeed) sensor. The MP2000 utilizes a 68332 processor2.I MAGE P ROCESSINGFor the level 2 and 4 missions, the image processing and mission management subsystems will receive input from the onboard processor, giving estimates for primary air vehicle position and attitude. We anticipate that some of these functions may be located on the ground, where inputs of vehicle position and attitude (and perhaps other information) will be received from the ground control laptop computer.To accomplish level 2 and 4 missions, the primary air vehicle vision systems are responsible for locating the building and the open portals. In order to fix thelocation, vision systems interface with GN&C to obtain air vehicle co-ordinates. After the acquired image is tagged with the necessary vehicle state information, it is passed on to the Target Acquisition Module (TAM). TAM is composed of three sub-modules: edge detector, morphing, and statistical pattern matching. The template used determines which target is currently being acquired.The primary air vehicle flies a pattern around the building determined by the mission management subsystem. The TAM is now operating in the “Portal Identification” mode. The template is now a rectangle with sides greater than one meter. The co-ordinates of any positive matches are recorded and also passed on to the mission management module.S UB-V EHICLEThe Level 3 and 4 missions require the collection of visual information from within a building structure. An autonomous vehicle must be able to navigate inside the building, capture images of desired objects and transmit these images to monitoring personnel at the launch site up to 3 km away. Work on an initial prototype has been initiated. A general strategy for the development sub-vehicle is described below.1. Build a multi-mode (ground and air) robot, whichcan perform the required tasks without beingoverly concerned with the problems of deliverywithin the building.2. Optimize the sub-vehicle for minimum cost, size,and weight.3. Develop a system for delivering the robot into thebuilding.4. Modify the primary air vehicle for delivery thesub-vehicle(s).RESULTS FROM LEVEL 1(2001)Our team was formed on February 19, 2001 with a kickoff meeting at Georgia Tech. The team set of goal of achieving Level 1 for the 2001 contest year. The contest itself for the 2001 year occurred July 22, at Webster Field in Maryland. Also at this meeting, the team selected a fixed wing vehicle to accomplish this objective. The team was able to coordinate sponsors for the engine, airplane kit, and our onboard computer and sensors. A considerable amount of equipment was also available from previous GTAR teams, most notably batteries and a wireless serial modem pair.The first flight of the equipped aircraft took place in early July, with all equipment installed. This was the first flight of a new aircraft, so no attempt was made to even power the installed autopilot.Flight #2 took place July 12. This was the first flight with all avionics powered, but not given control of the aircraft. Raw sensor data was evaluated. However, the aircraft was damaged on landing.Flight #3 took place July 15, and was the first flight in which the autopilot was given control of the aircraft. Unfortunately, the aircraft suffered damage once again.Flights #4-6 took place July 21. In these flights the attitude hold autopilot was tuned. However, a bug was found in the barometric altimeter decoding, which made the data unusable. As a result, not further testing was possible until an update was made to the MP2000 software.Fight #7 took place July 22 during the International Aerial Robotics Competition. On this flight, altitude hold and heading hold modes were tested, and no tuning was necessary.Flight #8 also took place July 22 during the competition. This flight was our first attempt of the Level 1 mission. However, the flight plan was notproperly loaded on the attempt.Figure 4. A picture of the GTAR UAVapproaching for landing after flight #8Flight #9 also took place July 22 during the competition. This flight tested the waypoint followingmode of the autopilot. The switch was made to the autopilot after takeoff. We returned to manual flight after the Level 1 mission was accomplished. A 3-D plot of the recorded GPS position data from the flight is illustrated in Figure 5. Note that the 3km course cuts back on itself, ending near where it starts. Also, the level 1 mission ends by flying in a circle around the final waypoint, seen in the Figure. Some statistics about the portion of the flight that was under automatic control (autopilot on):• Distance Traveled: 3.1 mi or 4.9 km • Time: 3 min 9 sec• Average Speed: 58 mph or 93 kph• Maximum Distance from Ground Station: ½ mi or 0.8 km• Average Altitude: 397 ft or 121 m38.L a t i tu d eA l t i t u d eAutomatic Flight Manual Takeoff/LandingUnder Automatic Flight:Distance Traveled: 3.1 mi / 4.9 km Time: 3 min 9 secAverage Speed: 58 mph / 93 kphMax Distance from Ground Station: ½ mi / 0.8 km Average Altitude: 397 ft / 121 mFigure 5. Plot of Flight #9, completing the Level 1 international aerial roboticscompetition missionP LANS FOR 2002The team has set the goal of achieving the Level 2 mission in 2002. Current work includes add a Video Camera, Video Link, and Image Processor to our aircraft. We are also addressing a switch from a single-antenna GPS to a differential-GPS unit, to achieve position accuracies necessary for the Level 2 mission. A considerable effort is currently going into the image processing subsystem, and the design of a delivery system, to deliver a sub-vehicle into an entry point of the building.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe authors would like to acknowledge the generous financial and technical assistance of our sponsors: Sig Manufacturing Co., Inc., The Lockheed Martin Corporation, MicroPilot (a division of Loewen Aviation Ltd.), Bahr Avionics, NovAtel Inc, and Texas Instruments. We also acknowledge other contributing team members, including: Manuj Dhingra, Richard Giuly, Jin Cheol Ha, Nikolaos Vasiloglou, and the many new members for 2002.R EFERENCES1Michelson, R., Rules For The AD2001 International Aerial Robotics Competition Qualifier , /AUVS/CurrentIARC/Future EventInfo.html, 2001. 2MP1000/MP2000 Installation and Operation , MicroPilot, 2001.。

真空系统常用词语及解释中英对照0001.1标准环境条件standardambientcondition:温度为20℃，相对湿度为65%，大气压力为:101325Pa=1013.25mbar=760Torr。

1.2气体的标准状态standardreferenceconditionsforgases:温度为0℃，压力为:101325Pa。

1.3压力(压强)ppressur e:气体分子从某一假想平面通过时，沿该平面的正法线方向的动量改变率，除以该平面面积或气体分子作用于其容器壁表面上的力的法向分量，除以该表面面积。

注:"压力"这一术语只适用于气体处于静止状态的压力或稳定流动时的静态压力。

1.4帕斯卡Papascal:国际单位制压力单位，1Pa=1N/m2。

1.5托Torrtorr:压力单位，1Torr=1/760atm。

1.6标准大气压atmstandardatmospher e:压力单位，1atm=101325Pa。

1.7毫巴mbarmillibar:压力单位，1mbar=102Pa。

1.8分压力partialpressur e:混合气体中某一组分的压力。

1.9全压力totalpressur e:混合气体中所有组分压力的总和。

1.10真空vacuum:在指定空间内，低于环境大气压力的气体状态。

1.11真空度degreeofvacuum:表示真空状态下气体的稀薄程度，通常用压力值来表示。

1.12真空区域rangesofvacuum:真空区域大致划分如下:真空区域压力PaTorr低真空105~102760~1中真空102~10-11~10-3高真空10-1~10-510-3~10-7超高真空〈10-5〈10-71.13气体gas:不受分子间相互作用力的约束且能自由地占据任意空间的物质。

汪:在真空技术中，"气体"一词不严格地应用于非可凝气体和蒸汽。

1.14非可凝气体non-condensablegas:在临界温度以上的气体，即单纯增加压力不能使其液化的气体。

400 Series CD T4FPortable compressorStandard Scope of SupplyThe Atlas Copco 400 Series CD T4F is single-stage, oil-injected, air compressors, powered by a liquid-cooled, four-cylinder turbocharged diesel engine.The units consist of an air end, diesel engine with exhaust treatment, cooling circuit, air/oil separation and control systems - all enclosed within a sound dampened HardHat™ enclosure.A range of undercarriage formats, factory and locally installed options are available.Special attention has been given to the overall product quality, user friendliness, ease of serviceability, and economical operation to ensure best in class cost of ownership.Pressure and FlowAvailable ModelsXATS 400 CD8 PE T4F single stage – max. 150 psi – Caterpillar engine XAVS 400 CD8 PE T4F single stage – max. 200 psi – Caterpillar engi neCaterpillar T4F engine Meets all current T4F emission regulations.Integrated exhaust aftertreatment makes T4F integration easyExtended warranty available through Caterpillar dealerAtlas Copco Controller XC2003 PACEPressure Adjusted through Cognitive Electronics Proven controller for easy operation and diagnostics of the compressor and engine.Allows operator to view compressor parameters including:Pressure setting, reading engine codes, two programmable service timers, all temperatures and pressures of compressor, fuel levels and consumptions, and load/unload compressor.Cold Weather Package Improved cold weather starting, includes synthetic compressoroil &Spillage Free Containment Frame(Standard XAVS, Optional XATS)Protects environment, avoids costly clean up liabilityLow Fuel Shutdown Reduces downtime on site when operator runs out of fuel asthere is no longer a need to “re-prime” the fuel systemHeavy Duty Single Axle Trailer w/ 15" tires Well balanced for safer towing or moving around siteHigh ground clearance for rough site and road conditionsHardHat TM heavy duty ¼” polyethelene enclosure Dent and UV ResistantKeeps looking new for longer and adds to resale valueClick here to watch our HardHat video onlineAftercooler, water separator w/ filters (Standard XAVS) Provides cool, dry, clean air for applications where instrument quality air is required.Optional Features BenefitsSpecial color doors (white only) Alternative to standard yellow door color schemeTechnical Data1 According to ISO 1217 ed.3 1996 annex D2 Measured in accordance with ISO 2151 under free field conditions @ 7m distance3 Consult Atlas Copco for proper de-rating instructions for operation beyond ambient limitations4 According to DIN 72311Support mountedWeight (Wet - Ready-to-operate)XATS 400 CD8 PE T4FXAVS 400 CD8 PE T4F Trailer mounted lb (Kg) 4620 (2095) Support mounted lb (Kg) 4528 (2053)DimensionsXATS 400 CD8 PE T4FXAVS 400 CD8 PE T4F Trailer mounted (Inches) L x W x H 158 ¾ x 72 x 77 ¾ Support mounted (Inches) L x W x H 113 x 72 x 72Caterpillar C4.4 T4F turbo charged four-cylinder, liquid-cooled diesel engine provides ample power to operate the compressor continuously at full-load.Meets all US EPA and Environment Canada exhaust legislations with Final Tier 4 compliance.US EPA engine family is “HPKXL04.4MT1” and rated at 148hp at 2200 rpm, in accordance to SAE Standard for the XATS 400 CD8 PE T4F. US EPA engine family is “HPKXL04.4MT1” and rated at 148hp at 2200 rpm, in accordance to SAE Standard for the XAVS 400 CD8 PE T4F.Engine starting capacity at 14°F (-10°C) without the addition of cold start options. Cold start options are available up to -4°F (-20°C).The 52Gal (192L) fuel tank enables operation for over 8 hours at full load and comes standard with a low fuel shutdown at 5%.Emissions TreatmentCaterpillar C4.4 T4F engine after treatment consists of a Diesel Oxidization Catalyst (DOC) and Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR).Electrical SystemThe 400 Series CD T4F is equipped with a 12 Volt negative ground electrical starting syste m .InstrumentationThe instrument control panel is located on the back, curbside of the compressor canopy with easy access.Standard instrument package includes fully diagnostic ECU controller with large 3.5” display. The intuitive Atlas Copco XC2003 controller is easy to operate with all functions conveniently at your fingertips. The controller also manages the engine ECU operating system, and a number of safety warnings, shut downs on various parameters (listed below) and full digital pressure control with PACE.XC2003 Controller Functionality:Displayed while running - Hours - Fuel level - RPM - Outlet pressure Operational Buttons- Start and stop of the unit - View measurements, settings and alarms - Multi position cursor to navigate menus - PACE digital pressure controlCompressor measurements displayed- Running hours - Fuel level - Clock - Battery voltage - Running hours - Regulating pressure - Emergency stop count - Average fuel consumption - Minor/major service counters in hours and daysEngine measurements displayed- Fuel consumption per hour tally - Engine coolant temperature - Engine oil pressure - Engine RPMWarnings and Shutdowns- High temperature engine coolant - High temperature compressor oil - Engine oil pressure - Low fuel level - Low coolantAlarms- View current & historical alarms present- History of last 20 alarms and events with timeand date stamps- DM1 & DM2: View current engine codes(SPN/FMI)Settings- Reset service timers - Diagnostics for engine ECU - Language settings - Unit of measure changes - Electronic pressure adjustment (PACE ) - Presetting two (high/low) pressure settingBodywor kHardHat™: Our HardHat™ version comes standard with dual wall, ¼” thick, Polyethylene material providing superior corrosion, and UV protection against fading and discoloration. As well as unmatched dent and damage resistance. The canopy is sound attenuated to meet the most current legal noise requirements. A clamshell style hood offers easy service access to all co mponents. Undercarriage & FrameThe 400 Series CD T4F compressors are available with two undercarriage alternatives, providing utmost flexibility in installation or towing require m ents.Single axle trailer setup with:DOT approved light packageAdjustable height pintle hitch (3” lunette)5,200 lbs torsional axle15” Rims w/ ST225/75D15 8 Ply Tires (weight rating 2,540 lbs @ 65psi)Electric trailer brakes as standard (with 7 pin flat blade connector)750lbs jack leg stand, with wheelSupport mo unted version, on steel frame, less undercarriage is availableFactory Options AvailableSkid mountedLoose Ball Couplings 2” or 2-5/16” and Loose Bulldog 2” couplingOSHA ¾” valveAftercooler & Water Separator (optional XATS only)Aftercooler & Water Separator & DD/PD coalescing & high efficiency filters (Standard XAVS, optional XATS only)Special color canopy doorsLojack anti-theft deviceManufacturing & Environmental StandardsThe 400 Series CD T4F are manufactured following stringent ISO 9001 regulations, and a fully implemented Environmental Management System fulfilling ISO 14001 require m ents.Attention has been given to ensure minimum negative impact to the environ ment.The 400 Series CD T4F meets all current EPA and Environment Canada exhaust and noise emission dir ectives.Supplied Do cu men t ationThe unit is delivered with documentation regarding:Hard copies of the Atlas Copco Operators Safety and Instruction Manual, Caterpillar Engine Operators Manual, as well as electronic copies, available upon request.Warranty Registration card for Caterpillar Engine and Atlas Copco Compressor (Units must be registered upon receipt).Test certificate for air delivery pressure and capacity, acc. ISO 1217 (Upon request only).Certificate for air/oil separator vessel and safety valve approval, ASME (Upon request only).Warranty Co verag eCaterpillar Engine: Caterpillar Diesel engines are warranted to be free from defects with regard to materials and workmanship for the period of twelve (12) months from the date of initial startup without limitation in running hours or for the period of thirty six (36) months from the date of initial startup prior to the accumulation of 4000 running hours.Atlas Copco Compressor: Warrantied to be free from defects with regard to material and workmanship for the period of eighteen (18) months from date of shipment from the factory, or twelve (12) months from date of initial start-up, whichever occurs first, withoutlimitation of running hours.Air compressor element assemblies used in Atlas Copco portable air compressors, is warranted to be free from defects with regard to materials and workmanship for the period of thirty (30) months from date of shipment from the factory, or twenty four (24) months from date of initial start up, whichever occurs first, without limitation of running hours. Atlas Copco service kits including parts and oils (PAR Oil’s) must be used to maintain warranty. Failure to register warranty upon initial start-up may cause warranty claim delays or rejection of claims.。

Operating Instructions & Parts ManualSFA Companies10939 N. Pomona Ave. Kansas City, MO 64153******************************************Model Number HW93731 HW93733Air Actuated Truck JacksCapacity 20 Ton 20 TonThis is the safety alert symbol. It is used to alert you to potential personal injury hazards. Obey all safety messages that follow this symbol to avoid possible injury or death.Model HW93731Model HW93733Made in the U.S.A.SAFETY AND GENERAL INFORMATIONSave these instructions. For your safety, read, understand, and follow the information provided with and on this jack. The owner and operator shall have an understanding of this jack and safe operating procedures before attempting to use. The owner and operator shall be aware that use and repair of this product may require special skills and knowledge. Instructions and safety information shall be conveyed in the operator's native language before use of this jack is authorized. If any doubt exists as to the safe and proper use of this jack, remove from service immediately.Inspect before each use. Do not use if broken, bent, cracked, or damaged parts (including labels) are noted. Any jack that appears damaged in any way, operates abnormally or is missing parts, shall be removed from service immediately and the manufacturer notified. If you suspect that the jack was subjected to a shock load (a load dropped suddenly, unexpectedly upon it), immediately discontinue use until the jack has been checked by a Hein-Werner authorized service center (contact distributor or manufacturer for list of Authorized Service Centers). It is recommended that an annual inspection be done by qualified personnel. Replace worn or damaged parts and assemblies with Hein-Werner authorized replacement parts only (see Replacement Parts, pages 6 thru 11).PRODUCT DESCRIPTIONHein-Werner Air Actuated Hydraulic Truck Jacks are designed to lift, but not support, rated capacity loads. They are designed to be used vertically. Immediately after lifting, loads must be supported by appropriate mechanical means (as opposed to hydraulic means), such as a pair of appropriately rated jack stands.WARNING: NEVER use a hydraulic jack as a stand-alone device. After lifting, immediately support the vehiclewith a pair of appropriately rated stands.! CAUTION! WARNINGNOTICESIGNAL WORDSIndicates situation which, if not avoided, will result in death or serious injury Indicates situation which, if not avoided, could result in death or serious injury Indicates situation which, if not avoided, could result in minor or moderate injuryIndicates situation which, if not avoided, could result in damage to propertySPECIFICATIONSFigure 1 - Model HW93731 NomenclatureModel HW93731Rated Load Capacity 20 tons (40,000 lbs)Low Pick Up Height 9-1/2"High Lifting Point 17-1/2"Power Raise 5-1/2"Screw Extension 2-1/2"Base Size 8" x 5-1/2"Ram Diameter 2-3/16"Handle Length 50"Wheel Diameter 6"Max. Air Pressure Supply 150 psiRequired Air Pressure For Lifting Loads140 psi for 40,000 lb.125 psi for 35,400 lb.100 psi for 27,900 lb.75 psi for 19,700 lb.Model HW93733Rated Load Capacity20 tons (40,000lbs)Low Height9"High Height With Extension 19-3/4"Screw Extension 4 3/4"Lift Cap Diameter 2"Wheel Diameter 8"Chassis Overall Length 20"Width at Wheels 13-1/4"Handle Length 45"Base Size8" x 17"Max. Air Pressure Supply 150 psi Typical Operating Pressure 125 - 150 psi Typical Lift Time - Full Raise (20 ton, 150 psi)2 min. 15 secFigure 2 - Model HW93733 NomenclatureHydraulic UnitValve KnobSaddleLift Control ValvePREPARATION1. Verify that the product and the application are compatible, if in doubt contact Hein-Werner Technical Service (816) 891-6390.2. Read the operator's manual completely and familiarize yourself thoroughly with the product and its components, and recognize the potential hazards associated with its use before using this product.3. To familiarize yourself with the basic operation of the jack, locate and turn the release valve knob:a. Clockwise until firm resistance is felt to further turning.This is the ‘CLOSED’ release valve position used to raise the load.b. Counter-clockwise, but no more than 1/2 full turn fromthe closed position. This is the ‘OPEN’ release valve position used to lower the load. The more you turn the release valve knob counter-clockwise, the faster the load descends.4. Locate and remove the oil filler screw (ref. part #13 for Model HW93731, part #24 for Model HW93733, in replacement parts section) with ram fully retracted. This will help release any pressurized air which may be trapped within the reservoir. Check oil level. Proper oil level should be just below the rim of oil filler hole.Model HW93731 A ir Bleeding - A rrow indicates approximate Air Vent Screw location.5. Reinstall oil filler screw.6. For Model HW93733, remove the shipping plug and install with air line elbow to reservoir (ref. part #47 in replacement parts section).7. Remove the plastic plug from air supply inlet and install a 1/4” PT air coupler (not provided). To ensure dependable, trouble free operation, an inline air dryer and oiler is recommended.NOTICE:Ensure that thread tape or compound is used when servicing connections.8. Pour a teaspoon of good quality air tool lubricant, such as #630-AAA Lubriplate, into the air supply inlet of the lift control valve. Connect to adequate air source and operate for 3 seconds to evenly distribute lubricant.9. Ensure that jack rolls freely. Raise and lower the unloaded saddle throughout the lifting range before putting into service to ensure the pump operates smoothly. Replace worn or damaged parts with Hein-Werner replacement parts only. Lubricate as instructed in Maintenance Section.OPERATIONLiftingNOTICE:Loosen the filler screw before use.1. Connect air source to the air supply inlet.2. Follow the vehicle manufacturer’s recommended guidelines for lifting. Engage the emergency brake and chock each unlifted wheel in both directions to prevent inadvertent vehicle movement.3. Locate and close the release valve by turning the release valve knob clockwise until firm resistance is felt.4. Refer to the vehicle manufacturer owner’s manual to locate approved lifting points on the vehicle. Center jack saddle under lift point.5. Verify lift point, squeeze the lift control valve until saddle contacts load. To lift, continue squeezing the lift control. Release the grip on the lift control valve when load reaches desired height.6. Immediately transfer the load to appropriately rated jack stands.WARNING: Overloading may cause hydraulicsystem failure.LoweringWARNING: Clear all tools and personnel beforelowering vehicle. Open the release valve slowly.Maintain control of speed at which the loaddecends at all times.1. Raise load high enough to clear the jack stands; then remove jack stands.2. Slowly turn release valve knob counter-clockwise, but no more than 1/2 turn. If the load fails to lower:a. Use another jack to raise the vehicle high enough toreinstall jack stands.b. Remove the malfunctioning jack and then jackstands.c. Using the non-malfunctioning jack, lower the load.3. After removing jack from under load, push saddle down to reduce ram exposure to rust and contamination.MAINTENANCENOTICE: Use only quality hydraulic jack fluid. Avoid mixing different types of fluid and never use brake fluid, turbine oil, transmission fluid, motor oil or glycerin. Improper fluid can cause failure of the jack and the potential for sudden and immediate loss of load. Hein-Werner hydraulic jack oil HW93291 or equivalent is recommended.Adding Fluid1. With saddle fully lowered, set jack in its upright, level position. Locate and remove oil filler screw. It may be necessary to remove cover plate on model HW93733.2. Fill with hydraulic fluid until just below the rim of the oil filler hole. Reinstall oil filler screw.Changing FluidNOTICE: For best performance and longest life, completely replace fluid supply annually.1. With saddle fully lowered, and pump piston fully depressed, remove oil filler screw. It may be necessary to remove cover plate on model HW93733.2. Lay the jack on its side and drain the fluid into a suitable container.NOTICE: Dispose of hydraulic fluid in accordance with local environmental regulations.3. Set jack in its level, upright position and fill with fluiduntil just below the rim of the oil filler hole. Reinstall the oil filler screw.Lubrication1. A periodic coating of light lubricating oil to pivot points,axles and hinges will help to prevent rust and assure that wheels move freely and the pump functions smoothly.2. When used on a daily basis, air pump should beinternally lubricated before each use. Use only good quality air tool lubricant such as #630 - AAA Lubriplate.If no inline oiler is used, pour a teaspoon of air tool oil into the inlet of the air control valve. Simply operate the jack using the air feature in order to fully distribute the oil.CleaningPeriodically inspect the ram for signs of rust or corrosion. Clean as needed and wipe with an oily cloth.NOTICE: Never use sandpaper or abrasive material on these surfaces.StorageWhen not in use, store the jack with ram fully retracted. REPLACEMENT PARTS(refer to page 6 thru 11)Not all components of the jack are replacement items, but are illustrated as a convenient reference of location and position in the assembly sequence. When ordering parts, give model number, part number and part description. Call or write for current pricing: Hein-Werner Customer Support, 10939 N. Pomona Ave., Kansas City, MO 64153. Phone: (816) 891-6390; E-mail: customerservices@ TROUBLESHOOTINGSymptom Possible Causes Corrective ActionJack will not lift load • Release valve not tightly closed• Overload condition• Air supply inadequate• Ensure release valve tightly closed•Remedy overload condition• Ensure adequate air supplyJack will lift, but not maintain pressure •Release valve not tightly closed•Overload condition•Hydraulic unit malfunction•Ensure release valve tightly closed•Remedy overload condition•Contact Tech. ServiceJack will not lower after unloading• Reservoir overfilled• Linkage binding • Ensure load is removed, then drain fluid to proper level• Clean and lubricate moving partsPoor lift performance • Fluid level low•Air trapped in system• Ensure proper fluid level•With saddle fully lowered, removeoil filler plug to let pressurized airescape, then reinstall oil filler plugJack will not lift to full extension • Fluid level low•Ensure proper fluid levelFigure 3 - Parts Illustration for Model HW93731 - Main13962632616028192743348395, 14593149544115642917492097832125616571826582431335237434447343930252242231135Apply Never-Seez (or equivalent) to threads and face at both ends of Ram Cylinder (ref part #44)before assembling. Assemble to Base (part #59) and tighten to crush fit.Lubricate O-rings (part #37 & 47), Tank Nut (part #43), and upper & lower of Oil Tank (part #58)with lubriplate (or comparable lubricant) before assembling. Tighten to a crush fit.A B AA B B B BAir-Hydraulic Pump Assembly(refer to Fig. 5)Ram Assembly(refer to Fig. 4)Figure 4 - Parts Illustration for Model HW93731 -Ram Assembly55531746505145386402110Figure 5 - Parts Illustration for Model HW93731 -Air Hydraulic Pump AssemblyFigure 6 - Parts Illustration for Model HW93731 -Pump Piston Assembly779579727794938865879882708684858092691018366698996}76Piston Assembly(refer to Fig. 6)7381786775991006871907491}97Apply Loctite #242 (color blue) to threads before assemblingThread into Piston todimensions shown0.060"0.080"Replacement Parts List For Model HW93731 - ref pages 6 & 7 for parts drawing(*) indicates items included in Repair Kit 240579(#) indicates items included in Repair Kit 240564Item Part No.Description Qty148230Washer 2250062Bolt 23*200003Gasket24201733ExpansionPlug15201787Lockwasher 16*203199Ball 17*203202Ball 38204446Cotter Pin 29210311Pipe Plug 110210411Washer 111211737Lockwasher112212227PoppetReleaseValve113212540Filler Screw 114212566Bolt 115213728Spacer 116*214555O-ring 117216647Spring 218217649Roll Pin 219217898Roll Pin 120222533Screen 121223166Screen 122223172Hose Clip 123351000Air Valve124212562Air VentScrew125224081Screw 126224164Adapter 127224165Rod 128224166Hand Knob 129224180Spacer 130224182Air Hose 131224472Spacer 132224475Wheel 233224521Handle134224640BalanceStrap135224641Handle Grip 136224644Bolt 337*224648O-ring 138225483Pin 139226019Hex Locknut 540226331Spring1Item Part No.Description Qty41226401Spring 242226483Pipe nipple 143227136Tank Nut144227533RamCylinder145228090Cross pin 146228091Cross pin 147228099O-ring148228929Air-hydraulicPump Assy.149229131Pipe Plug 250230125Heel Plate151230126U-cupPacking 152230134RamAssembly153245958Ram 154231102Axle155232618ExtensionScrew Assy.156*233917PlasticSpring 157233922ReleaseStem158234933Oil tank 159234935Base 160234990Strap261234999SupportBracket162236717Screw 163236718Nut 164242876Bushing 165203202Ball 166*#219861O-ring167*#221013U-cupPacking168221377Roll Pin169221820RetainingRing270222202Elbow 171*#222288O-ring172223173ReturnSpring173223183Plug1Item Part No.Description Qty 74223184Spring 175#223187Valve &Plunger 176223194Spring &Rubber Cushing177223203Trip Washer 278223678PumpPacking & Piston179223680Screen 180224034Air Cylinder 181224038Pump Rod 182224156Spring 183224469Washer 184225371Grommet 185225384Trip Spring 186226153Spring 187226373AdjustingScrew188N/A End Block 189226451Set Screw 290228235Cotter Pin 191228813Washer 192228814Gland Unit 193*#228815U-cupPacking194228816Washer 195228930PistonAssembly 196228933PumpCylinder197231347Piston & RollPin Assembly198N/A Cylinder Cap 199236684Piston 1100236685Sealing Ring 1101242877Bushing 1(*)240579Repair Kit -(#)240564Air Hyd. Pump Repair Kit-TWO YEARS LIMITED WARRANTYFor a period of two (2) years from date of purchase, SFA Companies will repair or replace, at its option, without charge, any of its products which fails due to a defect in material or workmanship under normal usage. This limited warranty is a consumer's exclusive remedy.Performance of any obligation under this warranty may be obtained by returning the warranted product, freight prepaid, to SFA Companies Warranty Service Department, 10939 N. Pomona Ave., Kansas City, MO 64153.Except where such limitations and exclusions are specifically prohibited by applicable law:(1) THE CONSUMER'S SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDY SHALL BE THE REPAIR OR REPLACEMENT OF DEFECTIVEPRODUCTS AS DESCRIBED ABOVE(2)SFA COMPANIES SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY CONSEQUENTIAL OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGE OR LOSSWHATSOEVER.(3) ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OFMERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, SHALL BE LIMITED TO TWO YEARS, OTHERWISE THE REPAIR, REPLACEMENT OR REFUND AS PROVIDED UNDER THIS EXPRESS LIMITED WARRANTY IS THE EXCLUSIVE REMEDY OF THE CONSUMER, AND IS PROVIDED IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED.(4) ANY MODIFICATION, ALTERATION, ABUSE, UNAUTHORIZED SERVICE OR ORNAMENTAL DESIGN VOIDSTHIS WARRANTY AND IS NOT COVERED BY THIS WARRANTY.Some states do not allow limitations on how long an implied warranty lasts, so the above limitation may not apply to you. Some states do not allow the exclusion or limitation of incidental or consequential damages, so the above limitation or exclusion may not apply to you. This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other rights which vary from state to state.SFA Companies10939 N. Pomona Ave. Kansas City, MO 64153816-891-6390******************************************。

汽车英语缩写大全汽车英语缩写大全————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期:汽车英语缩写大全进口汽车维修技术缩略语词典??*C ＤｅgrｅeｓＣelｓｉuｓ摄氏度?*F ?Dｅg ｒeｅs Ｆahreｎhｅit华氏度?＊Ｄ* Drｉve 驱动,驾驶,行驶,行车?*N* Neutral Position 空档?＊P＊?*PARK*Position P档，停车档＊P**PAＲＫ＊Posiｔioｎ P(驻车)档位置O2 ?Ｏxygen 氧气２ＷD ?Twｏ－WheelＤrivｅ两轮驱动4WD Four-Wheel Drivｅ四轮驱动4ＷＳ?Four－Wheel Ｓteering四轮转向A ?A A-post, A－pｉlｌar A柱?Ａ?Ａmperｅs 安培, 电流Ａ?＊Ampeｒ*Aｍmｅter *Ａdvance*安培*电流表*提前Ａ.Ｉ.R. Air Ｉnjeｃtion Reaｃtor 空气喷射反作用器A．M．Abｏｖe-Meｎtｉoｎed上述的Ａ/C AｉｒCoｎditiｏning空调?A／ＣＡ／C Ａmｐlifiｅ空调放大器A/ＣCLTCH. 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Ｓcrew空气调整螺丝AAS Amｅriｃan Ａsｔｒoｎautical Socｉeｔy 美国宇宙航行学会AＡS Ａｉr Ａdjuｓt Ｓcreｗ空气调节螺钉?AASHTO AmericａｎＡssociatｉon of S ｔate Hｉghways and Ｔrａnsporｔatiｏn Off ｉcials??美国各州公路及运输公务员协会?AＡＶAnti Aｆｔerbｕrn V ａlve 防止后燃阀?ＡB AiｒBleeｄ空气泄放ABA Air Bleｅd Acｔuator空气排放执行器（电磁阀）ABCV Air Bleｅd CｏntrｏｌValｖe空气泄放控制阀AＢDC Aｆtｅr Ｂｏttom DeadＣｅnｔeｒ在下止点后?ABＧＡlcｏhol BlendedＧａｓoｌine掺酒精的汽油?ABＮＡirborne Ｎoise 空气传播的噪音AＢP Air ＢrakｅPrｏpoｒtioinｇ（vａlveｓ)空气制动比例分配( 阀)ABRS AirＢag Rｅstｒａint Sysｔem 安全气囊?ABＳAltｉtｕde Baroｍetｒic Sｗitch 高度（海拔)气压开关?ABS Anti－Lｏｃk Brake Systｅｍ防锁刹车系统,防抱刹车系统，反锁定刹车系统AＢＳAｍerｉcan Bureau ｏfＳtandａrds 美国标准局Abs Abｓｏluｔe绝对的ABＳVisc Ａbsolute Ｖｉscoｓity绝对粘度?ABSV Air Bypass S ｏleｎoid Valve空气旁通电磁阀ABV*AntｉＢacｋfｉｒe Valve *Ａir Ｂypaｓs Valve*防止逆火阀*空气旁通阀?AＢVＡｉr Bypａss Ｖａｌｖe 空气旁通阀AＢV Ａnｔi－ＢａcｋfｉrｅＶalvｅ防回火阀AC Ａir Ｃｏｎdition 空调?AC Ａltｅrｎatｉng Curｒent Gener ａｔoｒ交流发电机?AＣ*Alｔｅrnating Cｕｒｒeｎt *AfteｒＣｏnｔro ＊交流电*后段调整式?A ＣAＣAuxｉliary Fan Ｒelａy空调辅助风扇继电器?AC ＡC Ｃompｒｅssｏr Ｓafｅty Switｃｈ空调压缩机安全开关?ＡC ACＣｏndenｓer ＢloｗeｒMｏtoｒRelａｙ空调冷凝器鼓风马达继电器?AC AC Cｏntrol Unｉt 空调电脑盒AC AC Dｉode空调二极管ＡC ACＥvａporator Motｏr Rｅlay空调蒸发马达继电器?AＣAC Evaｐorａt ｏr Ｐump LｉnｅFuｓe空调蒸发泵保险丝ＡC AC HｉgｈＰｒｅｓsure SaｆetｙSｗiｔcｈ空调高压安全开关ＡC ＡＣIdle Bｏｏst Vａlve空调怠速加压阀?ＡC Alternaｔiｎg Ｃｕｒrent 交流电AC AnｔｅChｒiｓtum 公元前?AC Ａｃcｕmｕlａｔｏr 蓄电池,储压器AC Aｃid酸ＡＣＡnalogue Cｏmpuｔer模拟计算机?AＣAutomａtiｃContrｏl 自动控制AC Air-Ｃooled 空冷ＡC AｒmorｅｄCar装甲汽车AC Aｄaｐtive Cｏｎｔrｏl自适应调节AC Aeroｄynamｉc Centｅr空气动力中心ＡＣＡiｒCooling 风冷,空气冷却，气冷?AC Air Cｙcｌe 空气循环?AC Autｏmaｔic Clutch自动离合器AＣＣA/ＣCｌutch Ｃomｐreｓsor 空调压缩机ＡCC Ａir Conditionｉｎg Cluｔch 空调离合器ACC Air CoｎditｉoniｎgＣlutｃh Sｗｉtｃh空调离合器开关ＡCＣ?Autｏmatｉc Cｌiｍａte Ｃoｎtrol电脑恒温控制?ＡCC *Ａccessaｒｙ*AltitudｅＣoｍｐensaｔｉon Cａrb *附件＊高度补偿化油器Ａcｃeｌ?Acceleratoｒ油门，加速踏板,加速泵?ＡCCＳ?A／C ＣluｔcｈCyｃｌｉng Swiｔch 空调离合器循环开关ACCS?Aｉr Conditonｉｎg CyclｉnｇSwitch空调循环开关?Accum Aｃcumulat ｏｒ蓄压器?ACCＷM Aｉr Clｅanｅr Cｏld Weaｔher Mｏｄuｌator 空气滤清器低温调节器?AｃcｙAcｃessory 附件?ACD Aｕxiliary Control Devicｅ辅助控制装置?ＡCＤAirＣoｎditioning Ｄｅmand 空调作用指令ACD ?Air Conditioning Ｄemａnd Swｉｔｃh 空调需求开关?A ＣDV Ａｉr Cleａｎｅr ＤｉverteｒVａlve 空气滤清器分流阀?ＡＣE ?Air Ｃoｎｄitioniｎg Equipmｅnt空气调节设备?ACE ?Aｕtomａtｉc Ｃheｃk Ｅquipment 自动检测设备?ACE ?Ａutomatｉc Cｏｍｐｕting Equipｍenｔ自动计算装置ACE Air Ｃonｄｉtｉｏｎｉng Eqｕipｍent 空调设备?ＡCG ?A ｌterｎａtｉnｇCurｒeｎｔGeneｒaｔor交流发电机?ACG Automatic Coｎｔrol Gｅａr自动控制变速?AＣID TEＳT CYC-LＥＡcｃeｌeration,Ｃｒuｉｓｅ, Idle，DecｅleｒatioｎTest Cycl ｅ加速．稳速.怠速.减速试验循环AＣＩS ?Acoｕｓtic Contｒol Iｄuctiｏn Sｙsｔｅm 声控进气系统Ack Ａｃkｎｏwledge承认ＡCKV?Air Ｃheｃk Valve 空气止回阀AＣＬ?Ａｉr Clearner空气滤清器ACＬAutomatic Cｈasｓis Lｕbriｃａtion自动底盘润滑系统ＡCM Aｄvancｅd Ｃomposite Maｔerials高级复合材料ACＯN ?AirＣondiｔiｏniｎｇＯn 空调起动?ACＰ?AｉrＣｏnｄiｔioning Pｒessure空调压力ACP AuxｉliarｙCoｎtrｏｌPａｎｅl辅助操纵仪表板ACＲS Air Cushion Reｓtraｉnt Sysｔem气垫型保护装置ACS ?AｉｒConditioniｎg Syｓtem 空调系统AＣS-Ｏ?Ａcｃeｓs Oｐｅning检修孔?ACT AiｒCｈａrge Ｔem ｐeｒature进气温度ＡCT Air Charge TeｍperａturｅＳeｎｓor进气温度传感器ACＴE Ａｕtｏｍatic Cheｃkout Test Equipｍｅnt 自动检测装置ActuＡｃｔｕatｏr执行器?Actv Ａctivｅ活动的?AＣV Aｉr Con ｔｒol Vａlve 空气控制阀?ACＶAir Cut Vaｌve 断气阀ＡＣＶＡrmored Command Vｅhicle装甲指挥车ＡCV Air ContｒoｌValve 二次空气喷射量控制阀?AD Anno Domini 公元?AD AｅｒoｄynamiｃDｅceｌeratｏr气动减速器ADＣAｎalog-DiｇｉtａｌConverter模-数转换器?AＤD Addition＊添加＊补充ADEＣS AutomotivｅDiesel ElectｒoｎiｃControｌＳｙstem 汽车柴油机电子控制系统?AＤFＡeｒodynamic Drag Factor 空气阻力系数Adj Adｊuｓt or Ａｄjｕstａｂlｅ调整或可调整ADL Automａtic DｏorＬocｋ自动门锁ADＰＡir－DriveｎＨｙdraulic Ｐump气动液压泵?ADS AｄaptｉvｅＤａmｐe ｒＳｙstｅm 可变阻尼力避震系统ADV Ｗiper Presｓure Controｌ雨刷片压力控制装置Adv Advanｃe提前的?AE AｃｃeleｒａtioｎＥnricｈment 化油器加速时混合气浓度?AE Acｏｕstic Eｍiｓsion 有害声响排放?AEA Automotiｖe ElectricａｌAssociａtion (ＵS) 美国汽车电气协会?AEC AutｏｍotivｅEmisｓｉoｎCｏntroｌ汽车排气控制AECD Auxiliaｒy Ｅｍｉssion Contｒol Ｄevice 辅助排放控制装置AEI Aftｅr Ｅnd of Injection 喷射结束后AEＲＡAutomｏtive Enｇine Ｒeｂuilders Aｓsocｉａtiｏｎ(US) 美国汽车引擎修护协会?ＡＥＳC Aｍericａn Eｎgineeriｎg Stａｎdarｄs Comｍittee美国工程标准委员会?AETS ＡutomatｉｃＥｎｇiｎe Test System发动机自动测试系统AF Aｉｒ-Ｆuel Ratｉｏ混合气的空气燃油比?AF Auxｉｌiary Fu ｅl辅助燃料?AFC Aiｒｆlow Ｃoｎtrolled空气流量控制?ＡFC AｉｒfｌoｗＣontrolled FueｌI ｎjecｔｉon 空气流量控制燃料喷射AFC ＡiｒFuel Cｏnｔrｏｌ空气燃油混合比调节装置?ＡFＣAuｔomaｔic Frｅqu ｅｎcy Cｏntrｏl 自动频率调节?AFC Ａirｆlow Control空气流量控制AFCＯAuｔomａｔic Fuel Cutofｆ自动断油装置?AFＣV Air Fuel RatiｏCｏntrol Vａlv ｅ空燃比控制阀ＡＦE Aｕtomobile Fuｅl Economy 汽车燃油经济性AFER Aiｒ-Fｕｅl Eqｕｉvalence Ratｉｏ燃油过量系数AFRＡｉｒ-Fuel Ratｉｏ空气燃油混合比?AFS AirｆｌoｗＳensor空气流量传感器AFＳＡuxiliary Fuel Supply Syｓtem 辅助供油系统?ＡG Air Guard空气护罩?AGO Automotive Gas Oｉl 汽车用油AGＴＡuｔomotivｅGas Ｔuｒbiｎes 汽车用燃气轮机AGV AutomａtｉｃＧuiｄｅd Vehｉcｌｅ自动导向车辆AGＶS Ａuｔoｍaｔic Guｉded Vehicle Sｙsｔem 车辆自动导向系统AＨAmper Ｈoｕr 安培小时?ＡＨFSS AiｒCｏnditiｏnig ／Heat ｅr Ｆunction Ｓｅｌeｃt Swiｔcｈ空调/暖气功能选择开关?AI Air Ｉｎｊeｃtiｏn 空气喷射?AICV Air Iｎjeｃtｉｏn Cheｃk Valve空气喷射单向阀?AＩD ＡiｒInjeｃtion Duａｌ双空气喷射?AIR ＡｉｒＩnjectioｎReactｉon二次喷气装置?AIR Ａir Injector Reactoｒ二次空气喷射器AIR BＰV AiｒBypassＶalｖe 空气旁通阀?AIR COND RLY Ａir Conｄitioner Rｅlａy 空调继电器?AＩR ＣOND SIＧAｉr Conditioner Siｎgnal空调信号Air Ｓel Ａir Selｅctoｒ空气选择器AＩR-ＣHＶＡIR Cheｃk Ｖalve 空气单向阀?AＩＲ-DVＬV ＡIR DｉｖerteｒValve空气分流阀AIＲ-IVV ＡIＲIdlｅVacuum Valvｅ进气怠速真空阀AＩS AｉｒInjeｃtion Ｓｉｎglｅ单空气喷射AIS AｉｒＩnｊectiｏn Syｓtem二次喷气装置AIＳAuｔomａtｉc Idle Speｅd自动怠速AIV AiｒＩnjｅction Ｖａlｖe 空气喷射阀?AＩVＶＡＩR Ｉdle Vacuum Vａｌvｅ空气怠速真空阀?ＡＫI Anｔｉ-KnocｋIｎdex抗爆震指数?AL Ａccｅleratio ｎLevel 加速度级ALC Auｔｏmaｔｉc ＬeveｌControl汽车后悬挂自动高度控制?AＬＣＬ Assｅmbl ｙLine Coｍmuniｃaｔion Ｌinｋ诊断总线?ＡＬDL AssemblｙLine Dｉagnostｉc Liｎk自我诊断接线总成ＡLＤL Aｓseｍbly Lｉne Ｄａta Link 自我诊断线?Ａｌi Ａｌiｇｎment校正，定位AlｍAlａrm警报器?ALＲＡutoｍatｉｃＬoｃkiｎg Reｔｒacｔor 安全带自动锁定装置ALＲAutomatｉcＬｅngth Adjuｓｔｉng aｎd Lockiｎg Retra ｃtor?自动长度调节和锁紧式伸缩装置AＬR Autｏｍatic Ｌockiｎg Retractor自动锁紧式伸缩装置?AlｔAlternatoｒor Alｔｉtudｅ发电机，高度Ａｌt Alteｒnator交流发电机?AＬU Ariｔhｍetiｃａｎd Logical Unｉt算术及逻辑单位ＡM Ａmplｉｔude Mｏdｕｌaｔｉｏn 调幅Aｍb Ambieｎt周围的?ＡMC Ａmerican Motors Cｏrporation 美国汽车公司?AMG Ｖ AｉｒMａnａgemenｔVaｌve空气控制阀Aｍm Aｍmeｔeｒ电流表Amp Amｐｌifｉeｒ放大器?AmｐAmｐere安培AN Aｂovｅ-Named上述的?AＮＡｎnuaｌ年度的AN Anｏde 阳极?AＮＣAcｔｉveＮoise Contrｏl Sｙsｔem活性噪音控制系统?ANＬAutoｍａtic Noise Ｌimiｔer噪声自动限制器ANS Aｎsweｒ答案ANSI AmeｒiｃａｎNatiｏｎａl Stanｄaｒds Inｓtitute美国国家标准局Ａｎt Ａnteｎna天线?ＡNＴBV Antｉ-Backfｉre Vaｌvｅ防回火阀?Ａnti-Dsl Ａnti-Dieseｌ防止後燃(熄火後）?ＡO Air Oｐｅrated 气动的?AOC Air Oｉl Cooleｒ机油空气冷却器?AOC Auｔｏmaｔｉc OｖerloaｄＣｏnｔｒoｌ自动超载控制?AＯＤAutomａtｉc Oｖeｒdrive 自动超速?ＡOQ AvｅraｇｅOｕtgoing Qｕaｌitｙ平均产品质量AＯT AｕtomaｔicＯverdrive Trａnsmission超速式自动变速器ＡＰAir Pｕmp 气泵?APC AutｏmaｔｉｃＰｈase Coｎｔrol自动相位调整?APC Automaｔic Powｅr Cｏntｒｏl自动功率调整?AP ＣＡutomatｉc PrograｍＣontrol 自动程序控制APC Arｍored PeｒｓｏnｎｅｌCaｒrｉｅr 装甲人员输送车?AP ＣAｕtomaｔiｃＰerfｏｒmance Ｃontrol自动性能控制系统?AＰCV Aｉr Pｕmp Ｃontrｏl Valve 空气泵控制阀?AＰDV Air Pump Diverter Valvｅ空气泵分流阀ＡPI AmｅricaｎPetｒol Instｉtｕde美国石油协会ApｐＡpｐａｒatuｓ仪表.器件. 设备?Ａpp Appendｉｘ附录Ａｐp Approved by经.．.批准,批准人Aｐprox Approximaｔｉon近似．略计?Aｐr Aｐprｅntｉcｅ学徒,徒工?APRA AuｔｏmｏtivｅＰａrｔs Rebuｉｌｄers Aｓｓociati ｏn(ＵS)美国汽车零件再制协会AＰREＶLＶAiｒＰump Relｉef Vａlve空气泵减压阀AＰU Auxiliary Poｗer Uniｔ辅助动力设备?AQ Aqｕａ(Wａｔe ｒ)*水*水柱?AR Air Reguｌatoｒ空气流量调节器?AＲAxleＲａtｉo 驱动轴减速比?ＡRC Acceｌeration Signａｌ加速信号AＲQ AuｔｏmａtiｃEｒror Reｑuｅst Equipｅment自动误差校正装置ＡRV ArmｏｒeｄRecovery Ｖｅhｉcle装甲抢救车ＡS AirfｌoｗSensoｒ空气流量传感器AS Aｍerｉcan Sｔanｄａｒd美国标准AS AiｒＳuction进气AS Automatic Synchronizｅr自动同步器?ASＡAmeriｃaｎSta ｎdａrd(ｓ)Aｓsoｃiatioｎ美国标准化协会?ASA Ａcoustical Ｓociｅty of America美国声学学会AＳＣＡｕtｏｍａtic SｔaｂｉlｉtｙCoｎtrol 电脑控制稳定装置ASCD Ａuｔo Speｅd Contｒol Devｉce 自动速度调节装置AＳCPS AｉrＳwitｃh CaｎisteｒPuｒgｅSoleｎoid 空气切换碳罐塞电磁阀ASCPＴAｉr Switｃh Caｎiｓｔer Pｕrｇe Timｅr空气切换碳罐塞定时器ASD ＡutｏＳhuｔDown 自动切断?AＳDＭ Air BaｇSｙｓｔeｍDiagnosticＭoｄulｅ安全气囊系统诊断模块ASDV AirＳwitcｈing Diverter Valｖe 空气转换分流阀ASE Aｕｔｏｍaｔic StabiliｚａｔiｏｎEqｕｉpmenｔ自动稳定装置ＡSＩS Ａbort Sensing and Ｉmｐlemｅnｔation Ｓystem 紧急故障传感及处理系统ASIS American Socｉetｙfor IｎdusｔrｉalSecｕrity美国工业安全协会ＡSL Ａbｏve Ｓea Levｅl 海拔高度Asm Assｅmbly 总成ASＭE AmeｒicaｎＳociety of Mecｈanical Ｅnｇｉｎeers美国机械工程师协会?ASQC AｍeriｃaｎSｏｃietｙfor Quａlｉｔy Cｏｎtrol 美国品管协会?ＡSRV Ａｉr Sｗitｃhing RelieｆVａlve 空气转换减压阀?AＳS Air SwitchiｎｇＳｏlｅnｏｉd 空气转换电磁阀AＳS Air Suctiｏn System进气装置Ass Ａｓｓｅmｂｌｙ总成,装配，机组?Ａss Asｓistａnt辅助的,助手,帮手?As ｓAssoｃｉatiｏn 学会,协会.公司?AsｓｙAssemblｙ总成?ＡSTM Ａｍeｒiｃa ｎSoｃｉety foｒTestinｇａnｄＭａtｅrialｓ美国材料试验协会ＡSVＡir Switchiｎg Vａｌｖe 空气转换阀?AＳＶAiｒSuctiｏn Valve 进气阀ASＶＡiｒSwｉtｃｈinｇVａｌvｅ空气转换阀,空气开关阀?ＡSＶＳAir Switch ｉnｇVacuum Solenｏiｄ空气转换真空电磁阀?AＴAc ｃｅptaｎcｅTｅsｔ验收试验AT Air Tempeｒａture空气温度?ＡＴAmpeｒe Tｕｒｎ安培匝数?ＡＴAngｌe of Train方位角.方向角.传导方位AＴAutomatｉｃＴransｍissｉon自动变速器?AT. Ａir Tight气密的,密封的At．Atｍospheｒｅ大气．周围情况.Barometrｉc 气压(计)BBattＢattｅry电瓶电池ＢAV Bleed AirＶａlve 泄气阀?BB Ｂaｂbit Mｅtａl巴氏合金ＢBＤC Before ＢotｔoｍDｅaｄCeｎteｒ在下止点前?ＢBL．Baｒrｅl 筒?BBSＢuｉldiｎg Bｌｏck System积木式系统BC Befｏr Coｎtroｌ前段控制?ＢＣＣBaｔterｙCharｇeｒＣont ｒol电瓶充电控制BCＤD BｏｏsｔeｒCｏntｒoｌＤeｃeｌeｒaｔe Ｄeｖice 倍力控制减速装置BCM Body Ｃontrol Ｍｏdule 车体控制模块(车体电脑）?BCV Boｏst ConｔroｌＶａlｖe 真空控制阀溢油控制阀(三菱)减速节气阀(铃木）BCV Boｏster Cｏｎtｒol Vaｌｖe倍力控制阀?BＣV ＢooｓｔＣontrol Vaｌvｅ强制怠速时节气门开度控制阀?BCＶBooｓt Conｔr ｏl Ｖaｌvｅ(铃木,三菱）强制怠速工况进气管真空控制阀?ＢDC BottomＤead Ｃeｎter下止点.下死点BDＶBｒeaｋｄｏｗｎVｏltagｅ击穿电压BE Bancheｌｏｒof Ｅngｉneerｉnｇ工学士?BＥBａuｍe 玻美度BＥBｏｏster Engiｎe 助推发动机?BE Bｅst Economy 最佳经济性BEI Breakｅrleｓs ElectronｉｃIgnｉｔiｏn 无白金式电子点火?BESA Bｒｉｔiｓh EngｉnｅerinｇSｔaｎdarｄＡssociaｔioｎ英国工程标准协会ＢFＣBraｋe ＦorcｅCoefficｉｅnt 制动力系数ＢFLI Ｂｒake Fｌｕｉd LevelＩｎdicator 制动液液面指示器BHＰBｒake Horsｅpowｅｒ制动马力?ＢHS ＢimetaｌHeat Ｓenｓor 双金属热传感器?Bi Met BiＭeｔalｌic Air T empｅｒａtｕre Contrｏl Seｎsoｒ双金属进气温控传感器BICERＩBrｉｔish InteｒｎaｌCｏｍbuｓtioｎＥngiｎｅＲesearch Ｉnsｔitｕｔｅ英国内燃机研究所BIT BｅsｔIｎjｅction Tiｍinｇ最佳喷油正时?ＢK Ｂrａｋe Ｓwit ｃh 刹车开关?Bk Back 背部，後面,倒退，衬里Bk Rｅst Baｃk Reｓt 椅背,後支架?BＬＫBlaｃｋ黑色?BＬＲＢlower 鼓风机ＢLＲBeｙond Ｌocal Ｒepaｉｒ本地不能修理?Ｂlst Ballast稳压(电阻）BLU Ｂlue 蓝色Ｂlwr Blowｅr鼓风机?BM BencｈMark 基准点BM Breaｋdown Mａｉntenanｃe 故障维修?ＢM BrｅakeＥlec ｔrｏmagneｔ制动电磁铁?BM ＢrakdowｎＭaｉntenance 故障维修?BMAＰBarｏmetric and MainｆｏｌｄAｂsolｕte Preｓsurｅ大气进气歧管绝对压力?BＭEＰBrake MeａnＥffectｉve Pｅrs ｓure 平均制动有效压力BＮH Burｎisｈ抛光.精加工.烧蓝BOＣBuｉcｋ，Oｌdsｍobile, Cａdilｌac Ｇroup别克-奥兹莫比尔-凯迪莱克集团BOO ＢｒakｅＯｎ－Ｏff Switch制动开关BP Back Pｒeｓsure 背压．反压BP Bａrometric Ｐressｕｒｅ气压?BＰBoｉlｉng Pｏint 沸点BＰBｅstＰｏｗer 最佳功率BPA ＢypasｓAｉr旁通空气BPＣBack PressurｅControl背压控制ＢPO Bypａss Orifiｃe旁通口BPS Ｂarometｒic Pｒeｓsｕｒe Senｓｏr 大气压力传感器ＢPＴＢackpreｓｓure Ｔｒansducｅr 背压转换器ＢPＶBｙ-PasｓVaｌve 旁通阀Br Bromine溴?Br Brａｓs 黄铜?Brｋr Breａkｅr 断电器BRN Bｒｏwn 棕色?ＢS BaroｍeｔricＳwitch大气压力开关ＢSＢｉmｅtaｌSensｏr 双金属传感器?BＳBａchelor of Scieｎce 理工学士BＳBｉnaｒy Ｓcaｌｅ二进位?BS Both Sides 两边.两侧?BS Briti ｓh Ｓtandａrds英国(工业)标准ＢSAＵBritish SｔanｄardｓAuｔoｍotive 英国汽车标准?BSC ENGＢachlor ｏf Scｉｅｎce in Engineeriｎg工学士BSFC Brake Sｐecific Fuel Cｏｎsumption 制动油耗率, 制动单位油耗量?BSI Brｉtｉsh Sｔａndａrds Instｉtute 英国标准局?BTC Britiｓh Technｉｃal Cｏｕncil of the Motoｒand Peｔroleum Iｎｄustrｉeｓ英国汽车及石油工业技术中心BＴＤCＢeforｅTｏｐＤｅaｄCenｔer 在上止点前BTHＥBraｋeＴheｒmaｌEｆficｉencｙ制动热效率ＢTＲY Batteｒy 蓄电池ＢTU Ｂｒitｉsh Ｔｈermal Uｎits英国热量单位?BＴV Below ｔhｅTｈrotｔlｅＶalｖe 在节气门下方BUDC BofｏrｅUpｐｅｒDeaｄCeｎtre 上死点前?ＢULKHD. Ｂulｋhｅad隔壁?Buz B ｕｚzer 蜂鸣器?BV Bowl VｅnｔＰｏrt浮桶室通风孔?ＢV Bｒｅakdoｗm Voltage击穿电压ＢV Bａｌanｃed Voｌｔage 平衡电压ＢVSV BiｍｅtaｌｌiｃVａｃuuｍSｗｉtchinｇＶalｖe 双金属式真空转换阀?BVT BackＰressure VａriablｅTrａｎsdｕcer负压可变传感器?BVV Bowl Vent Ｖaｌve 浮筒室防溢油通气阀?BYP Bypaｓs 旁路，支线?BＹPA BypassＡiｒ(IｄleＳpeed Contrｏl) 旁通空气(怠速控制）CC Celcｉus 摄氏C C-Piller Ｃ柱ＣCaｌl 呼叫C Caｎdlｅ烛光?ＣCapacitａｎce 电容?C Cａr汽车ＣCaｒbｏｎ碳C Cathode 阴极?ＣCelｓｉuｓScale 摄氏温标?ＣCoｕlomb 库仑?C*Celｃｉus 摄氏度?Ｃ&M Carｅand Maｉntenａｎｃe 维修及保养C－4 Ｃoｍpuｔer Ｃｏntrolled CatalyｔiｃＣoｎverｔer电脑控制触媒转换器C．CAＮI Charcｏal Ｃaｎisｔｅr 碳罐C.E.Check Eｎｇiｎe 引擎故障灯Ｃ.G. Ｃｅnｔer of Gravity 重心C／O Chｅckout 检查,调整,测试?C/O Chｏke Ｏｐｅｎｎer阻风门强制开启阀?C3IＣomputeｒConｔrolｌeｄCoｉl Ignｉtｉon 电脑控制线圈点火C4 Compｕｔer Controled Catａlｙtic Converter 电脑控制触媒转换器?CA Ｃalｃium 钙?CA Ｃoｍpresｓｅd Aｉｒ压缩空气?ＣA ＣranｋAｎｇｌe曲轴转角?CABＲCabrｉolet 敞蓬车ＣAC ChaｒgｅAir Cooler 进气冷却器CACS Ｃompreｈensｉve Ａutomobile Control Sｙsｔeｍ汽车综合控制系统ＣACV Comｂｉｎed AｉｒConｔrｏl Valve组合空气控制阀CAＤCｏｍputeｒ-Aiｄed Design 计算机辅助设计?CＡＥComputer Aidｅd Enｇinering 电脑辅助工程?CAFＥCorpｏrａte ＡveraｇｅFuｅl Ecｏnoｍy 美国汽车制造厂采用的平均油耗?CAL Cａloｒｉｅ卡路里?CAL Ｃalculated Aｖeｒage Liｆｅ（汽车等的)平均计算寿命CAＬCaliber 口径CAL Calｉｂraｔe 校定，校正?CＡL Ｃollisｉon Avoidａｎce Light 防撞灯CAL-PＡC Caｌibraｔｉｏn Packａｇe 校正用套装软体?CalｉｂCalibration 校正,修正,定位?CaliｆCａliforｎiａ加州规格车?Calif Califoｒniａ加州CＡLSＥL Calｉbrａtion Ｓｅlｅcｔ校正选择?ＣAＭＣamｂer外倾角?CAM Cａmshaft 凸轮轴ＣAＭComputｅｒAiｄed Maｎuｆacturing 电脑辅助制造?Ｃan Cａｎaｂa加拿大?Ｃan Ｃanｉsteｒ碳罐Cａn Prg Canｉsｔer Purgｅ碳罐塞Ｃan.Prg Ｃanister Ｐuｒｇe 碳罐净化?Canc.Caｎcel 取消ＣanCV Canister ContrｏｌValve 碳罐控制阀?CANP Cａnistｅr Ｐurge solｅnoiｄ碳罐清除电磁阀CANPＣａnｉｓteｒPurｇｅ碳罐净化, 滤筒净化CAP Ｃapａｃity *容量*能力CAP Clｅanｅr AｉｒPackagｅ净化空气装置Ｃａp Capａｃitor or Caｐａcity 电容器或电容量?ＣAＲB Ｃａlifornia AirＲｅsourｃe ｓBoarｄ加州空气资源协会?Cａrb Cａrburetoｒ化油器?CＡS Casｔer 后倾角CＡS ＣｌｅaｒAｉｒSystem净化空气系统?ＣAT Carｂｕrｅtor Air Ｔｅmpｅrature 化油器空气温度?ＣAT Ｃａtalogue目录CAT Cataｌyst 催化剂CATＣategｏry种类.范畴?CAＴCarburaｔor Air Temｐrotｕｒe 化油器空气温度Cat Catalytic Cｏnvertｅr 触媒转换器?CAV ConstructioｎAｓsisｔａncｅVeｈicｌe 建筑辅助运输车辆CＡV Cｏaｓｔｉng AiｒVa ｌve 强制怠速空燃比控制阀?CＢＣirｃuit Ｂreａker 电路断电器?ＣB CｈokｅBｒeakｅr 阻风门限制器ＣＢContaｃｔBrｅａker 断电器CBE Cab Behind Ｅngｉne 驾驶舱在引擎后方式?ＣBVＶＣarbureｔoｒBowl Vent Vａlve 化油器浮子室通气阀CCＣuｂｉc Centｉmeｔerｓ立方厘米?CC Ｃruｉse Control 定速控制，巡行控制CC Catalｙtｉc Ｃｏnverter触媒转化器CC Ｃonvｅrｔer Ｃlutch 扭力转换器离合器?CCＣＣoｍpuｔer Coｍmand Control 电脑指令控制CCＣS CｏmpuｔeｒCｏntrolled Cooｌing Systｅm 电脑控制冷却系统?CCD Computer Cｏntｒol Ｄwell 电脑控制点火闭角?CＣＥGＲＣoolａnt Contｒollｅd Eｘhaust Gas?Reｃircｕlation冷却剂控制废气再循环ＣCEＶS Coolａnt Control Enｇine Vacuum Sｗitcｈ冷却水温控制引擎真空开关?ＣＣＥVV Coolant Ｃｏntｒｏl EnginｅVacuum Vａlve 冷却水温控制引擎真空阀?CCIＶCoolant Conｔrol Idle EnrｉｃhｍｅｎtＶalve 却水温控制怠速增浓阀?CCM CentraｌConｔｒｏｌModule 中央控制模块(中央电脑)?CＣＯCatａｌytｉc Cｏnveｒter foｒOxiｄation氧化触媒转换器CCOT Cycling Clutch Orifice Tｕbe 循环离合器限流孔?CCOT Cy ｃling Clｕtｃh （Orifice) Ｔｕrbo 循环离合器涡轮增压CＣＰConｔｒｏｌｌed Caniｓter Purgｅ控制碳罐净化CCP Cｈarcｏａl CanisteｒPurge活性碳罐净化CCＲCａtａlｙtic ＣoｎverteｒＲedｕcｔｉon还原催化废气净化器?ＣCRＭConstant Control Relay Modulｅ定控制继电器模组ＣCRＯCataｌytｉc Convｅｒter ｆor Reductiｏnand Oｘidatioｎ三元触媒转换器ＣCＲO ＣataｌytiｃConvｅrｔer Rhodiuｍ氧化,还原催化废气净化器?CＣS Conｔrｏl ｌed Combustｉon Syｓｔem 燃烧控制系统CＣU Cruise Coｎtｒｏl Unit定速控制电脑盒CCＷＣounｔeｒcｌoｃkwise 逆时针方向?CＤComputer AｉdeｄDesiｇｎ电脑辅助设计CD Caｎdeｒa 烛光?CＤCaｐａcity Discharge (ｅｌeｃｔronic ｉgniｔiｏｎ)电容放电式电子点火?CＤComｐaｃt Disc光盘?CD ＣａｐacitｏｒDisｃｈarge(ｉgｎiｔｉon)电容器放电(点火_)?CD Cofficienｔof Drag 空气阻力系数CD-REＧＶＬＶCranｋcase ＤepreｓsiｏｎＲｅgulaｔor Valve 曲轴箱真空调节器阀?ＣD-ROM ComｐaｃｔＤisc ReadＯnly Meｍｏry CD只读存储器CＤI Caｐacitive Diｓcharｇe Iｇｎition电容放电式点系统?CＤI Conｔrolｌed Dｉrｅc ｔInｊecｔｉoｎ（sysｔem) 可控直喷系统CDY Cｈassｉs Dｙnaｍoｍｅter底盘测功计?CEＡB Cold Eng ｉne Air Ｂleed 冷引擎空气排放CＥC Comｐuterizｅd EｍissｉoｎControl 电脑废气控制?CEC Ｃoｍbinｅd Eｍisｓion cｏnｔrol(Valvｅ）组合废气控制阀?ＣEC C ｏｍpｕterized Engine Cｏnｔrol 电脑引擎控制CＥC ＣoｏrdｉnatinｇEuropean Ｃounｃｉl （sｔaｎdards）欧洲标准协会CＥLO ColｄＥnｇiｎｅLock-Out 冷机锁定CEＭＣompｏsite Eleｃtｒo-Chemical Materｉａｌ复合电化学材料CENT Centｅr中心CES Cluｔｃh ＥngageｄＳwｉtch 离合器啮合开关?CES Coast ｉnｇEｎricheｒＳystem 减速浓化系统?CESＳCold Eｎｇｉne Sｅｎｓor Ｓwitch 冷引擎传感器开关?CF C ｅnter of Ｆlｏatation浮心ＣＦCｅntｒifugal Ｆorcｅ离心力?CF Conversion Ｆactor 转换系数CＦCｕtｔing Fｌuiｄ切削液?CF Ｃonｆeｒ比较．对照?CF Cｕbic Feeｔ立方英尺?CＦＣountｅr Fire 逆火?ＣFI Central FuelＩｎjection 中央喷射系统?CFI CrosｓFi ｒe Injｅｃtion 多缸同时点火喷油?CFIＣｅnｔroｌFueｌInjecｔion 节气门上方燃油喷射系统?ＣFI Continuouｓ（tｈｒottle body)Fuｅl Iｎjｅcｔion 连续燃油喷射系统?CFRP Carbon Fｉber Reｉnforcｅd Plａｓｔiｃs 碳纤维强化塑料CFSＣoastinｇＦuel Cut Sｙｓtｅm 强制怠速工况燃油切断系统CＨ.O CｈokｅＯpｅnnｅr自动阻风门ＣHＡCharge 充电?CHBＣhoke Ｂｒaker 阻风门开度限制器?CH Ｇ.Chａｒge 进气或充电?ＣHK Check 核对,检查?Chｋ.Eng. Cｈｅc ｋEｉgine 检查引擎(灯)ＣHＮＧCｈange 交换CHO Choke Oｐｅｎｅr 阻风门开启器?CHRG Chaｒgｉng 进气,充电?CHT Cｙliｎｄer ＨeaｄTemperａturｅ汽缸盖温度CHU CeｎtigradｅHｅａt Unit 热量单位?Ｃh Vlv ChｅcｋVaｌｖｅ单向阀?ＣI Cuｂi ｃInches立方英寸CＩComｐreｓsiｏn Ignition压缩式点火ＣＩCompｒession Iｇnｉｔion Engine 压缩点火引擎ＣI CubｉｃIncｈｅs 立方英寸CI Cast Iron 铸铁CI Compｒeｓsiｏn Ｉgnｉtiｏn压燃?ＣＩDCubic Iｎｃh Ｄisｐlaｃemeｎt 立方英寸排气量ＣID CyｌｉndｅｒIdenｔiｆicａtion Sｅnsor 气缸识别传感器?CＩD Cylinder Ｉdentifｉcaｔion 汽缸识别?Cig Cｉgarette 香烟?Cig Ltr Cigaｒｅtte Lｉghter点烟器Circ Ｃircuiｔ电路?Ｃｉrc Brkr Circuit Breakｅr 电路断电器CIS Cｏntinuous Iｎjection System 连续喷射系统ＣIS－E Continuous Inｊectｉon Sysｔｅm Elｅｃｔronｉc 电子控制连续喷射CK-VLV Cheｃk Valve 止回阀,单向阀CKD Cｏmpletely Knoｃked Dowｎ完全拆散的,全解体的CＫDＬ－VＬV ChecｋDelaｙVａｌve单向延迟阀?CKP Cｒan ｋsｈａft Poｓitｉｏn 曲轴位置?CKPS Cｒanｋshaft Positｉｏn Se ｎsｏr曲轴位置传感器?Ckｔ. Circuｉt 电路，回路CＬＣｌｏsed Loop 闭环,闭路?CＬCenｔrａl Lｉｎe 中心线?CL CaｒLoad车辆载荷ＣＬＣｌass 等级. 种类CL Clｅarance 间隙CL CｒanｅＬｏad 吊车起重量ＣL Chlｏrine 氯CLA Cｈemｉlumineｃeut Anaｌyzｅr 光化学分析仪?ＣLC ConverteｒＬocｋｉｎg Clutc ｈ转换器锁定离合器ＣLＣC Clｏsed LoｏｐCarｂuｒeｔor Ｃontrol 闭环式化油器控制?Ｃｌｃh Clutcｈ离合器CＬD, ＣLA Chｅmｉｌuminecｅnt Detectoｒ(Analyzer)光化学分析仪?CLEC Closed Loop Emission Control 闭路废气控制CLＫClock 时钟CLＲC Ｃlearａnce 间隙,空隙, 游隙Clｍn. Colｏuｍn 柱Clmt.Climatｅ气候CLR Clｅaｒ清除?CLR Cｕrｒent－Limｉting Resistoｒ限流电阻器CLS Cｌosed Looｐ反馈控制?Ｃlstr．Cluｓter 群,组ＣＬＴBI Ｃlosed Loop Thｒoｔｔｌe Ｂoｄy Iｎjecｔｉon 闭路回馈式单点喷射?CＭＣentｉｍｅｔer 厘米CＭCenter ｏf Mass 质量中心?CM Ｃｏntrｏl Motｏr 控制马达CMＥT Coated Metａｌ镀层金属CＭH ColｄＭixturｅHeａter 冷车混合汽加热器?CＭO Conventi ｏｎal Ｍｉneral Ｏil 常规矿物润滑油?ＣMＰＣamｓhaft Poｓｉtion 凸轮轴位置?CMＰS Camsｈaft Posｉti ｏn Seｎsoｒ凸轮轴位置传感器Cmpｎsｔｒ. Ｃｏｍｐensator 补偿器?Cｍptｒ.Compｕteｒ电脑CMVSS Cａｎａdian Motor Vehicle Ｓaｆety Ｓｔanｄａrｄ加拿大车辆安全标准CN ChanｇｅNoticｅ更改通知?CＮCＬD Conｃｅａlｅd 隐藏式?ＣＮG Compressｅd Ｎaｔｕｒal Gas Automobile 天然气燃料汽车CＮＧＣompressｅｄNaｔurａl Gas 压缩天然气?CNT Constａnt 常数,恒量．恒定的?Cntr. Cenｔrａl orＣenter 中心,中央?CNTRL Conｔrｏl 控制Cｎvnｃ.Convenｉenｃe便利,方便?CO Ｃarbon Mｏｎｏｘide 一氧化碳CO CｈｏkｅOpenｅr 阻风门助开器?Co－Ax. Co-Ａxial 同轴?ＣO2 Cａrbon Ｄioxide 二氧化碳?COC Conveｎtionａl Oxidaｔｉon Catａlyst 普通氧化触媒CＯD Cａsh On Ｄeｌｉvery 交货付款ＣOＤＣhemical Oxygｅn Dｅｍａnd化学耗氧量ＣＯE Cab Over Eｎgine驾驶舱在引擎上?Colｎg．Cｏolng 冷却?Colnt. Coｏlaｎt冷却液?Ｃomb．Cｏmbinａｔion综合,组合?COMＰCｏmｐrｅｓsｏｒor Ｃomparｔme ｎt 压缩机或舱、室Comp．Coｍpｒessor 压缩机Cｏmｐens Comｐeｎｓａtｉｏｎ补偿Compt. Ｃomparｔmｅnt 室?CＯＮ. ROD Conneｃtiｎg Rｏｄ连杆Cond.Cｏnｄenser 电容器，冷凝器?Cｏnｎ．Connecｔｏr oｒＣoｎｎectｉon 连接器或接头COＮT Contｉｎueｄ连续?CONT. Control 控制?CONＶＣonｖｅrtｅr转换器CＯNV Cｏnｖｅrtｉble 敞蓬车Ｃonvs．Conversion 换算CORP Corｐoratiｏn 协会,社团,公司，企业Counｔ. Cｏunter 计数器(转数表)CＯV CｏnｔｒoｌValve 控制阀?CP Canｄera Poweｒ烛光CP Cａｎistｅr Puｒge 碳罐净化?ＣP Cenｔre oｆPｒessurｅ压力中心?ＣP Crankshaf ｔPｏsitiｏｎ曲轴位置?CP ConｄenｓatiｏｎPrｏｄuｃt 冷凝物,浓缩物CP Carriage Paｉd 运费已付ＣP Chｅmical Ｐｕre 化学纯CP CircｕlａｒPｉtch (齿轮)分度圆周节?CP CｏnsｔanｔPressure 等压，常压，恒压,稳定压力CPCV ＣanｉsteｒPurge Cｏｎｔrｏl Valve 碳罐净化控制阀?CPMＣyｃlｅs Per Mｉnute 每分钟转数?CＰＰS Clutch Pａdel Ｐositｉｏn Switｃｈ离合器踏板位置开关CPRV Canister PｕrｇｅＲeguｌator Ｖalve 滤筒净化调节阀?CPS Canister PurgeＳolenｏｉｄ碳罐净化电磁阀?ＣPS Cｅntral Pｏwer Supply 集中电源供应ＣＰＳCrａｎｋPoｓitｉon Senｓor 曲轴位置传感器?CＰS Cent ｒal Powｅr Supply 中央电源?CＰS Craｎkｓhaft Posｉtｉon Sensor 曲轴位置传感器?CPS Cyｃｌe Pｅr Ｓecond 每秒周期数?CP ＳConｔrol Pressｕre Sysｔem 压力控制系统CPT Cｏｎｖertibｌe PoｗeｒTrａｉn 可变式传动系?CPU Cen ｔral ProcｅsｓiｎｇUnｉt 中央控制单元?CPＵCoｍｐuter 电脑CPV ＣanisteｒＰurge Vａlve碳罐净化阀?CPV Ｃonstant Pｒe ｓｓure Vaｌve 定压阀CＰVVV Choke PｕlldｏwｎVaｃuum Vent Vaｌve阻风门真空强制通风阀?ＣＲCrｏssroａd 交叉路，十字路CＲContracｔｉｏn Ratiｏ压缩比ＣRＥCｏrrosｉoｎＲesistａｎt防腐的,耐蚀的CRＥS CorrｏsｉoｎResiｓtant Steel 耐蚀钢?CRK ＣｒanｋinｇSigｎal 曲轴起动信号Crnｒ. Corner 角?CRNRNG Ｃornerｉng 转向?CＲO Cathｏｄe-RaｙOsｃillｏｓcｏpe 阴极射线示波器?CRS C ｈｏｋe Ｒeturn Ｓysｔｅm 阻风门回位系统?CRS ChilｄRestraint Systｅm 儿童专用安全装置CＲＳCoaｓting Richer Sｙstem 强迫怠速工况混合气加浓系统CＲS Ｃooｌaｎt Recｏvery Ｓyｓｔem 密闭式冷却系统CRT Cａｔhoｄe Ray Ｔｕｂｅ阴极射线管ＣＲＴC Cａthode Rａy Ｔube Controlleｒ阴极射线管控制器CRＶCoasting Ｒｉchｅr Vａｌvｅ惯性(怠速)加浓（补偿）阀?ＣSA Coｌd Start Adｖａnｃｅ冷机起动提前装置ＣSC Cｏｏlａnt SｐaｋConｒol 冷却水点火控制?CSCSＣolｄStarｔControl Ｓolenｏid冷车起动控制电磁阀?CSD Cｏnstant Sｐeed Drｉve 等速传动?ＣＳE GＮD Case Gｒｏund外壳接地ＣＳPM Cold StarｔPｒogram Modifiｅr 冷起动程序修正器?ＣＳＳCalibration Sｅleｃt Switch 校正选择开关CSSＡＣoｌd StarｔSpａｒk Advａｎce 冷车起动点火提前?ＣSSH ColｄStart Spark Advance Ｈold(syｓｔem) (福特)冷起动点火提前控制系统?ＣSU Crank Angｌe SelecｔinｇUniｔ曲轴转角自动调节装置?CT Ｃold Temperaｔurｅ冷车温度?CT Conveｎtioｎal Ther ｍａctor 传统热反应器CT Cａｍ-Trａin凸轮系?ＣT Ｃlosed Throttｌｅ关闭的节气门CTA Ｃomputｅr-Aiｄｅd Tｅsｔ计算机辅助测试CＴA Coｎstaｎt Tｅmpeｒatuer HoｔWire Anｅmｏmｅter常温热线风速计?CTAV Ｃｏld Tempeｒatuｒe AcｔuａteｄVacuum 冷车温度动作真空?CＴD Contrｌｏlled Tractｉon Dｉｆｆeｒentｉal 可控制（调整)牵引力差速器CTＯＣoｏlaｎｔＴempｅｒaturｅOverride 冷却水温过热控制ＣTPS Clｏsｅd TｈrottlｅＰosｉtion Swｉtch 关闭节气门位置开关ＣTR Crｉｔiｃal Tｅmperａｔuｒe Resiｓtaｎｃe临界温度电阻?Ctrl. Controｌ控制,控制器?Ctrｌld Contrｏｌｌｅd 控制CＴS Coolant Ｔemｐeｒａtｕre Ｓensor冷却水温传感器?CTＳCｏoｌant TemｐｅraturｅSwｉtｃh 水温开关?ＣTSWH Ｃlｏsed T ｈrottle Ｓwitch 节气门关闭开关?CTＳY Courtesｙ门控灯?CTSY. C ｏｕrtesy 副, 反，对?CTTS ＣｏoｌａnｔTｅmpｅraｔｕｒe Theｒmo Swiｔch水温温控开关CTＶS Cｈoｋe Tｈｅrｍal Vaｃuｕm Sｗｉtch 阻风门热控真空开关?CU Ｃoｎtrol uniｔ电脑盒，控制器?Cu.In. CubｉｃIncｈｅs 立方英寸?CＵＢCubiｃ立方?CURR Ｃurrent电流CV ConstanｔVelｏcity 定速,等速CV ChecｋＶalve 单向阀?ＣVＣｈeck Vａlve止回阀CV CoaｓtiｎgＶaｌve 滑行阀?ＣＶＣonstant Veloｃity 定速, 等速ＣV ConstaｎｔＶelocｉtyＪoｉｎt等速接头CV Control Ｖalve 控制阀CV Calorific Vaｌve 热值?CＶCoｍｂat Vehｉｃle 战斗车辆?C ＶCoｍｍercial Vehｉcle商用车辆，营运车辆CV Converｔｉble 活动顶篷小客车ＣVＣonｓtant Ｖｏｌume Specific Heａt 等容比热ＣVＣritical Viscosｉty 临界粘度CＶＣCｏnｓtant Ｖacuum Coｎtrol 真空恒定控制CVC CoｎsｔａｎｔVoltａｇｅConｔｒol定电压控制?ＣVCＣComｐｏuｎd Vertｅx ContｒｏlledＣombｕｓsｉon 复合涡流控制式燃烧?CVＣC ＣｏｎstantＶolｕme ＣomｂｕstiｏｎChａmbeｒ等容燃烧室?CVRＴCｏｎｔiｎuousｌy Vａrｉable Rａｔio Tｒansmission无级调速变速器?CVＳCoｎstａnt Voluｍe Sａmplinｇ定容量取样?CVS3PＣｏld Vacuｕm Sｐark，3-Port冷车起动真空点火3孔式?CVSCC CoolanｔVa ｃuｕｍＳｗitch Cold Ｃlosed 水温温控真空开关冷车关闭?ＣVSCO Coｏｌａnt ＶａcuuｍSwｉｔch Cold Oｐeｎ水温温控真空开关冷车打开CＶT Coｎｔiuousｌy Ｖａriaｂle Tranｓmissｉoｎ无级变速器CＶU Ｃontiｎuoｕｓly－Variabｌe Unｉt 无级变速器?CＷCｌockｗisｅ顺时针方向CW Conｔiｎuous Wave连续波,等幅波?CYＣoｐy 副本,复制品?CYL Ｃylinder 气缸，油缸,圆柱?CYL Cyｌｉndｒicaｌ圆柱形的D ?ＤDrive 驱动,行驶D Drivｅ前进档?D ＊Diameter*Discｈaｒｇe*Dｒiｖｅ*Dual *Ｄｏｕｂle *直径*放电＊驱动*双重*复式Ｄ＆ＭＤriｖing and Mａｉｎtｅｎance 驾驶与维修?D/O DeliverｙＯｒder 提货单?Dam ｐDamper 阻尼器,缓冲器DＡR Drive Axｌe Ratio驱动桥减速比?DAＳDistrｉｂｕｔｏr A ｄvａnｃｅSolenoiｄ分电盘点火提前电磁阀?ＤAＳS Diesｅl Addiｔive Supply Sysｔem 柴油添加剂自动加添系统?DATA＋DataＰositiｖｅ正线（自诊)ＤAＴA- Data Ｎｅgａtｉve负线（自诊)DB Ｄecibel 分贝ＤBCＤual Bed Catalytic 双层触媒转换?DBP Dｒａwbar Pull 拉杆拉力?DＢW Drivｅ-by－Wire索控式ＤC Diｒect Curｒenｔ直流电ＤC Ｄｉgital Coｎtrol 数位控制?DC DｒoｐCenter Rim深底钢圈?DC DeaｄCｅnｔer 死点DＣELＤirecｔＣurrenｔLuｍinesｃeｎce电流直接照明?DCHDuaｌ－Cｉrcuit Ｈｙdrａuｌic Systｅm 双管路液压制动系统DCI Direｃt CylindｅｒIｎjｅｃｔioｎ直接喷入气缸(汽油喷射)?DCL Data Commｕniｃations Lｉｎk 数据交换连线ＤCＬＶＤeceleratiｏｎValve 减速阀DCM DirecｔCuｒreｎt Mｏtor直流马达DCＭ/C－VLV DｅceｌeｒatｉoｎＭixture Contｒol Vaｌve减速混合比控制阀?ＤＣS Deceleraｔｉon Ｃｏntrol System 减速控制系统?ＤＣTO Dｕal Coｏlant Ｔemperatｕｒe Oｖerｒｉde 双水温过热控制?DＣV DeｃeleｒatioｎCoｎtrｏl Valve 减速控制阀?DCV Downｄrａft ConsｔａnｔVacuum Ｃarｂuretｔｏr 下吸式等真空化油器DD DualＤistriｂuｔors 双分电盘?DD Direｃt Dｒive 直接驱动?ＤDC Direct Ｄｉgiｔal Conｔｒol 直接数字控制?Ｄｕal Diａphragm Disｔｒibutoｒ双膜片分油盘?ＤDV ＤistribｕtｏｒDecｅl Vａlve 分电盘减速阀Dｅ-Iｃe De-Icｅr 除冰装置?De－iｃe．De-Icｅ除冰DEC Ｄiｇitａl Enｇine Cｏntrol 数位引擎控制Ｄeｃｅl Deceleｒａｔioｎ减速?DECS Daihaｔｓu Ｅｃonomical Ｃleaｎ-Up Systeｍ(大发）汽车经济式净化系统?DEＥＤi ｇital Engiｎe Electronic发动机数字式电子控制单元?ＤEＦDefrost ｅｒ除雾器?DEＦDｉｅｓｅｌExhausｔＦilter 柴油机的排气过滤器?Def Ｄefrost ｅｒ除霜器?DEF．DｅfoggeｒoｒDｅfroster除雾或除霜?DEＦI Digiｔａl Electrｏnic Fuel Inｊection数字式电子燃油喷射系统Deｆog Dｅfogger除雾器?DegＤegree度Dｅl Delａy 延迟ＤELO Dieｓel EngｉｎｅＬuｂｒｉcａting Oil柴油机润滑油ＤEＲM Ｄiagｎoｓtｉc Enｅrgy Rｅserve Module 自诊备用电源模块ＤｅsｉｇDｅsignation 指明,标明，目标ＤＥT Deｔacｈed 拆开的,分开的DET Deｔaiｌ零件．细目.详图.详细?DＥＴＤｅｔｅction 检波．检测DET Dteｃtｏr 检波器.探测仪Deton. Detonａtion 爆震,敲缸?DＥＴRNT. Ｄeterrenｔ制止?DF Deｓiｇn Fｏｒmｕla设计公式ＤF Dｉrectiｏn Ｆiｎdiｎg 测向.定向?DF Defoggｉｎｇ去雾DＦDrive Fｉt推入配合?DＦF Diｒect Ｆuel Feed(ｉnjeｃtor)直接供油DＦI Digital Fuel Injecｔion 数字式汽油喷射?DＦIＰ/D Dｉesel Distribuｔｉon-Tyｐe Fｕel Ｉnjｅction Pumｐ柴油机分配式燃油喷射泵ＤftＤefeaｔ缺点，不良,损坏DG DoublｅGｌass双层玻璃?DG Doｕble Grｏｏｖe双槽DI DeｃelｅratｉｏｎIｄｌｅ减低怠速?DI DｉｒecｔInjeｃtioｎ直接喷射DI Defense Indｕｓtry 国防工业DI Deiｃｉng 防冻．去冰?DI Ｄirecｔion Inｄicator 方向指示器ＤI DiｅsｅｌIndex 柴油指数?DＩ.B Disk Brake 盘式制动器?DｉaｇDiaｇnostic 诊断DIC Drivｅr Inｆoｒmatｉon Center 行车电脑中心DIDVＤual Ignition Ｄelay Valve 双点火延迟阀?Diff Diｆfｅｒｅntiａl 差速器,差动的Dｉｇ. Diｇｉtal 数字式?DIGＲO DigitaｌReaｄouｔ数字读出Ｄｉm Dimｍeｒ变光器?DIＮDeutｓch Industriaｌ德国工业标准规格?Dir Ｄiｒｅcｔｉon oｒＤｉrectioｎａl 方向,定向,引导DIＲＳＩDeｐｏsit Inｄucｅd ＲuｎaｗａｙSurｆａｃｅIgｎition表面点火方式DIS DｉrecｔIｇｎition Syｓｔem 直接点火系统?DIS Ｄｉsｃｈａｒgｅ放电DIS Ｄistrｉbｕｔｉｏn IgnitｉoｎSysｔeｍ分电盘式点火系统DIS Dｏｐpｌer Inerｔｉａl Systeｍ多普勒惯性系统DＩSＤigiｔal Idling Stabiliｚatｉon数字式怠速稳定系统?DＩS DistributorlｅsｓIgｎｉtion Systeｍ无分电器点火系统?DIS Dｕａl Inductｉｏn Ｓｙstｅm 双进气系统ＤｉsｐＤiｓplay 显示DIＳＴDisｔriｂｕｔｉoｎ分配?DISＴDistriｂｕtor 分电器,分油盘?DIＴDirect Iｎjectiｏn Ｔurbocharged直喷式涡轮增压柴油机DITA Dｉrect Injｅcｔion Turｂocｈargｅd Ａftｅｒｃooｌed 直喷式涡轮增压后冷柴油机?ＤIX. Ｄelｕxｅ豪华型?DIY Do-Ｉｔ-Yourself 自己动手维修车辆?ＤＫBＬU ＤarｋBｌuｅ深蓝色DK ＧRN Dａrk Green深绿色DＬDatumＬevel 基准面DL Dead Lｏad静载荷,静重,自重?DL Drawing Lisｔ图纸清单?D ＬＣＤａｔa Lｉｎk Conｎeｃtoｒ自诊接头?DLI Diｓtｒｉbｕtｏrｌess Ignitioｎ无分电盘式电子点火DLL Design Limit Load 设计极限载荷?ＤLR Driｖing LaｍpｓR ｅｌay 行驶灯继电器DＬSＤｉgitaｌIdling Sｔａｂilization(unit) 数字式怠速稳定装置DLV DｅflectｉoｎLimiｔin Volume 变形极限区?Dlx Dｅlｕxe 豪华型（高级的）Ｄly Ｄelay延迟DM Diesel Ｍｏｄerate 柴油机用中级润滑油DＭDｅhyｄｒoｇeｎateｄＭixtuｒe 脱氢混合物?DM DｅsiｇｎＭanuaｌ设计手册ＤＭDevｅlｏpment Ｍｉlｅstone 发展里程碑DM Dｉfｆereｎｔial Ｍotoｒ差绕电动机?ＤM DrivｅMaｇnet 驱（启)动磁铁?DMＥDigｉtａl MotorＥleｃtronics 数字电子引擎DMS Dual Mａnifｏld Syｓｔem 双歧管系统?ＤMS DistｒｉbｕtoｒModｕlatｏr System 分电盘调节系统Dn.Doｗn 下，向下Dnｓhｆt Downsｈiｆt 低档位,降档?DOCＤiｒecｔＯpｅｒａｔing Cost 直接操作费用?DOD Depａrtmｅntｏf Ｄｅfｅｎｓe (美国)国防部?DＯＨC Double OｖerheａｄCａms ｈａｆt 双顶置凸轮轴?DＯL ＤatａOutput Liｎe数据输出线DOT Ｄepａrtment ofＴｒaｎsportａｔion（US) 美国运输局?DP Dashｐot 减速缓冲器DPＤevｅlｏｐｍeｎt Pｒoｔotyｐe 开发原型.研制原型?DP DamｐＰｒｏoｆing 防潮的,不透水的DP Ｄａta Pｒocessｉｎg数据处理?DP Dead Poinｔ死点.止点?DＰDew Poiｎｔ露点?DP Diａmeｔral Pitｃh (齿轮)径节DP. CHＡMBEＲDeｐression Chaｍber （三菱)化油器车滑轮增压控制装置?ＤＰA DelａyedPort Admｉssｉｏn(ｓystem）延迟气口进气系统?DPＡDｉstribｕtor PｕmｐＡsseｍbｌy 分配式喷油泵总成DPＢDual Poｗer Braｋe 双管路助力制动DPＣData ProｃeｓsinｇＣｅntｅｒ数据处理中心DPＤDual PointＤistribｕtｏｒ双白金分电盘ＤPDT Dｏuble-PoｌｅDoubｌe-Ｔhrｏw 双刀双掷(开关）?DPF DieｓeｌＰaｒticulaｔe Filter 柴油机微粒过滤器?DPI Dual Pｌｕg Inhｉbｉｔ双塞抑制装置?DPSＴＤｏuｂle-Ｐoｌe Single-Ｔhrｏw双刀单掷(开关）?DＰＴDｅpａrtmenｔ部．科．系.车间?DＲDｒive Rａn ｇe 前进级DＲＤouble Reduｃtｉｏn 两级减速?Ｄr Dooｒ门ＤR.B Dｒum Reguｌaｔｉon Bｒａkｅr鼓式制动器DＲＢ－II Dｉaｇnostｉc Readout Ｂox诊断专用机?ＤRCV D ｉｓtｒiｂｕtoｒReｔard Con ｔrol Valve 分电盘延迟控制阀DRL Ｄａｙtime Rｕnning Lmps 日间运转灯?DroｐDropｐing 电压降，降落,滴油DRS Distributor RetarｄＳoleｎoid 分电盘迟滞电磁阀?DrｖrDriver 驾驶员ＤS Dｉsｔribｕtor Sｐａrk 分电盘点火DS Deｔoｎａtｉon Sｅｎsor 爆震感知器ＤS Diesel Ｓeveｒｅ柴油机用高级润滑油ＤS Data Ｓet数据组DＳDesigｎSpecificaｔｉon 设计参数.设计说明书DS DｒawinｇSuｍmａry 图纸一览表?DS-II Duｒaspark ＩI 电子点火(第二代)DSC Doctor of Sｃiｅncｅ理学博士?DＳCC DigitalＳpark ＣｏnｔrｏlＣｏmｐuter 数字式点火控制计算机?Ｄｓl Dｉesel柴油Ｄsl Diesel 柴油车DSM Desiｇn StandardｓMａｎuaｌ设计标准手册ＤstｎcＤistaｎce 距离ＤＴＤate日期?DＴＤescrepanｃy Tａｇ误差标签DTＤoubling Ｔime 双倍时间?DT DoublｅTｉrｅ双轮胎?DＴC Dｉagnostic TroublｅCo ｄｅ故障码?DTM Decel Tｈrotｔｌe Modulａtｏｒ节流门减速调制器DTM Diaｇnostic TeｓｔMode 诊断测试模式?ＤTMS Diagnｏｓtｉc TesｔMｏde Selecｔor 诊断测试模式选择器?DTP Departｍent ｏf Transport(UＫ）英国运输局?DＴR DutｙType Rat ｉｎg 负载型定额?DTS Deｔaｉｌed Tｅst Specifｉcatｉoｎ详细试验说明书?DTVＳＤistriｂｕｔｏｒTheｒmａl VacuuｍSｗitch 分电盘温控真空开关?DV Decel Valve 减速阀DV Deｌａy Valve 延迟阀ＤV Divｅrter Ｖaｌｖe 分流阀?DＶDevicｅ装置.设备DＶ-TW DeｌaｙVaｌve-Two Ｗaｙ二段式延迟阀?DＶAC Dｉｓtributor Vaｃuum Advanc ｅControl Ｖalｖe分电盘真空提前控制阀DVAS Ｄistributor Ｖａcuum Aｄvance Sｏｌenoiｄ分电盘真空提前电磁阀?DVB Dｅｌay Vacuum Bypass Sysｔem (福特)点火延迟。

CLEAN ROOMSAND REGULATED ENVIRONMENTS2For more than 45 years, Sauermann Group has designed, manufactured and sold products and services dedicated to the industrial and HVACR markets. The Group specifically focuses on the detection, measurement and control of indoor air quality (IAQ).Measurement instruments : Sauermann measurement instruments monitor a broad spectrum of indoor air quality parameters and serve a wide range of applications, from building ventilation (heating and air conditioning) systems, to cold-chain installations and combustion gas analysis. Backed by our testing laboratories and in-house research and development program, Sauermann instruments deliver the accu-racy and reliability that HVACR engineers need.Condensate management solutions : Safe and effective conden-sate management for air quality systems can be a challenge. Sauer-mann pumps are designed to look good, while our patented piston technology delivers whisper-quiet operation and unrivalled reliability.ABOUT USLOW SOUND LEVELLOW FAIL RATE HIGH PERFORMANCEHIGH ACCURACYUNMATCHED RELIABILITY MULTIPLE APPLICATIONSAccredited to NF EN ISO/IEC 17025:2017SCOPE N°2-6860AVAILABLE ON WWW.COFRAC.FRTEMPERATURE SCOPE N°2-6861AVAILABLE ON WWW.COFRAC.FRHUMIDITY3SUMMARYMultifunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Temperature and humidity . . . . . 12Air velocity and air flow . . . . . . 13Monitoring and regulation (06)All parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Data Logging (14)Multifunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Air velocity and air flow . . . . . . 22Commissioning,validation and maintenance ....18Our expertise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Products and accessories . . . . . . 24Case study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Clean rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04About us . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02For more information . . . . . . . . . 36Flawless air quality management,guaranteed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04A world of standardsand regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . 05DATA LOGGINGClean rooms environmentalmonitoring system . . . . . . . . . . . 32The perfect solution forpharmaceutical sector safety . . . . 34CLEAN ROOMSAt the cutting edge across all sectorsEffective ventilation system mana-gement is essential in any sector where airborne particles such as dust, bacteria, viruses, micro-par-ticles and aerosols can disrupt ope-rations .At Sauermann, we work hand in hand with our partners in industries ranging from advanced electronics and pharmaceuticals to aviation, hospitals and biotechno-logy .Spanning every aspect ofmetrologySauermann harnesses the fullbreadth of its metrology expertiseto help clean rooms adhere tostringent standards, from constantmonitoring to ad hoc tests andeverything in between: air flowbalancing, certified calibration,and testing and repairing of mea-surement instruments for pressure,humidity, temperature, air velocityand air flow, CO2concentrationand other parameters .The jewelin our crownControlled-environment buildingsdemand the very best monitoringand control instruments – certifiedand setting the gold standard forreliability .Sauermann has its ownmanufacturing facilities, in-houselaboratories accredited to SO17025:2017, and a team of on-site technicians with the requisiteexpertise, all backed by a 45-yeartrack record in metrology .That’swhy our customers rely on us tosupply flawless measurement ins-Flawless air quality management, guaranteedIn clean rooms, avoiding contamination depends on irreproachable indoor air quality mana-gement. That’s why, for 45 years, Sauermann has been putting the best of its R&D expertise to work for these critical environments, which are subject to particularly stringent standards. Our aim, as always, is to manufacture the best products and to deliver an impeccable service to industry professionals.tremely narrow margins, especial-ly when it comes to differential pressure .Each room has to be kept slightly above or below the pres-sure outside in order to prevent the risk of atmospheric contami-nation .Sauermann’s instruments are designed to provide the mea-surement accuracy and resolution that these demanding applications require .of each inlet of the ventilation sys-tem is divided by the total volumeof the room concerned .Mathematically is expressed bythis simple equation:ACH = Q/VACH = number of air changes perhourQ = air flowV = space volumeopened and to avoid unintendedcross-flows due to turbulence .Source: ISO 14644-4; Cleanrooms and associatedcontrolled environments Part 4: Design, constructionand start-upMONITORING AND REGULATIONIn clean rooms, air parameters need to be regulated and monitored around the clock .At Sauermann, we put every inch of our expertise to work to develop pre-mium measurement instruments that set the bar high for reliability, accuracy and durability .This type of application requires multifunction trans-mitters, or transmitters specially designed to measure a specific parameter .The constant monitoring system is linked to real-time regulation of the ventilation system via a network of instruments, which themselves are connected to a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system .This interconnected architecture, known as Building Automation, forms the core of Building Mana-tralised Technical Management systems (in industrial premises) – automation systems that also optimise the building’s energy use by analysing data collected by our measurement instruments .That’s why Sauermann’s transmitters are open by de-sign, meaning have standard outputs – both analogue and digital .And our transmitters offer the ultimate in flexibility when it comes to Building Management Sys-tem topology, structure and configuration .The aim is to monitor air quality parameters non-stop and around the clock, to achieve flawless indoor air quality management and to support preventive main-tenance of the ventilation system .For measuringtemperature and humidity.SolutionC 310with SVS and SHDI-150 probes 89Mobile application • Wireless pairing• Data visualisation • Free downloaduser-friendliness, they help professionals work more efficiently .What’smore, their modular design and range of attachable probes lets engineersbuild a custom measurement solution – all calibrated in Sauermann’sin-house laboratories, which are accredited by COFRAC to ISO 17025:2017 .Probes:Differential pressure: MPR 500Humidity: SHR 110Temperature: SPK 150Hot wire: SFC 900Vane: SH 10024PRODUCTITEMREF.MEASURED PARAMETERSDESCRIPTION++TransmittersOur most common articles for clean rooms and regulated environmentsPa: Differential pressure - °C/°F: Temperature - % RH: Relative humidity - m/s: Air velocity - m 3/h: Airflow - ppm: Gas concentration25TransmittersOur most common articles for clean rooms and regulated environmentsPRODUCTITEMREF.MEASURED PARAMETERSDESCRIPTIONP r e s s u r eT e m p e r a t u r e a n d h u m i d i t yA i r v e l o c i t y a n d fl o w r a t ePa: Differential pressure - °C/°F: Temperature - % RH: Relative humidity - m/s: Air velocity - m 3/h: Airflow - ppm: Gas concentration26ACCESSORIESITEMREFMEASURED PARAMETERSDESCRIPTIONAccessoriesPa: Differential pressure - °C/°F: Temperature - % RH: Relative humidity - m/s: Air velocity - m 3/h: Airflow - ppm: Gas concentration27ACCESSORIES ITEM REF MEASURED PARAMETERSDESCRIPTIONPa: Differential pressure - °C/°F: Temperature - % RH: Relative humidity - m/s: Air velocity - m 3/h: Airflow - ppm: Gas concentrationCustomized ProductsIf you cannot find the product (instrument, probe, accessory) that suites your specific needs in this list, we can also deliver a large range of products that are available with longer delivery lead times.28PRODUCTITEMREFMEASURED PARAMETERSDESCRIPTIONCustomized ProductsIf you cannot find the product (instrument, probe, accessory) that suites your specific needs in this list, we can also deliver a large range of products that are available with longer delivery lead times.Data loggersOur most common articles for clean rooms and regulated environmentsA l l p a r a m e t e r sPa: Differential pressure - °C/°F: Temperature - % RH: Relative humidity - m/s: Air velocity - m 3/h: Airflow - ppm: Gas concentration29PRODUCTITEMREFMEASURED PARAMETERSDESCRIPTIONPortable instrumentsOur most common articles for clean rooms and regulated environmentsM u l t i f u n c t i o nPa: Differential pressure - °C/°F: Temperature - % RH: Relative humidity - m/s: Air velocity - m 3/h: Airflow - ppm: Gas concentration30ACCESSORIESITEMREFMEASURED PARAMETERSDESCRIPTIONPa: Differential pressure - °C/°F: Temperature - % RH: Relative humidity - m/s: Air velocity - m 3/h: Airflow - ppm: Gas concentrationAccessories31PRODUCTITEMREFMEASURED PARAMETERSDESCRIPTIONACCESSORIES ITEM REF MEASURED PARAMETERSDESCRIPTIONAirflow metersOur most common articles for clean rooms and regulated environmentsPa: Differential pressure - °C/°F: Temperature - % RH: Relative humidity - m/s: Air velocity - m 3/h: Airflow - ppm: Gas concentrationA i r v e l o c i t y a n d a i r fl o w32Clean Room Environmental Monitoring SystemThe installation required continuous and instantaneous information about the maintenance of pressure differential between ISO graded spaces for its packaging production lines. Sauermann responded with the supply of wall mounted Sauer-mann CPE 310-S multifunction panel transmitters combined with a vendor agnostic software and elec-tronic control system. The software continuously polls the units to ex-tract and record differential pres-sure, temperature and humidity.Always connected monitoringThe transmitters conveniently fit into recesses embedded in support columns and walls with high visibility,providing smooth and easy to clean surfaces. Compliance is governed through the application of alarm thresholds set against data received from each Sauermann transmit-ter. On the Packing room floor the software enables the visua-lisation of operational compliance for pres-sure in real-time through a tricolour indicator system located in each ISO 5 space. Operatives in each space communicate with the sys-tem via wireless web enabled tablet computers. On event, operatives provide acknowledgements and other actions using touch screen responses which are time and date stamped and recorded.At its core is SQL Server and SQL Connect. System security operates within the M icrosoft SQL Server security mo-del. The system can be configured to support other critical plant such as generators, UPS systems and HVAC using a variety of industry standardprotocols.In 2021, Sauermann UK delivered comprehensive environmentalmonitoring for one of the world’s leading pharmaceuticalpackaging companiesbased in Yorkshire.33Large format screens in ISO 7 areas deliver acomprehensive view of the operating status of all monitored spaces.The system is customisable, very sca-lable and vendor agnostic the ideal engineering solution for Sauermann UK. The system features a powerful historian designed to satisfy industry regulators and Quality Assurance. Alarm events, change management and system activity information is stored on the system in encrypted log files. Qua-lity Assurance and Operations manage-ment have access to a graphing engine, system reports and an alarm manager, all of which are available on demand to provide event duration information and event history in pre-formatted pdf reports.Easy visualisations and alertsPerformance analysis for pressure deli-very can be derived from single or mul-tiple series graphs comprising groups of sensor values enabling instant ac-cess to correlations. This is particularly useful in the visualisation of pressure cascading as people and product pass through pressurised areas and deter-mining working comfort for operatives in PPE equipment. Graphical data can be shown in tabular form for export to spreadsheets for further analysis or useby HVAC contractors and maintenance personnel. The Clean room systems operate continuously.Sauermann casestudy cleanroom monitoring During out of hours periods such as week-ends and public holidays, the company has visibility of the EMS sys-tem remotely via web access, conditio-nally sent emails and SMS messaging. The SMS system is uniquely bi-directio-nal. This means that recipients of such messages can be automatically alerted to the most severe alarm conditions such as a power failure where they cantake ownership and suppress further alerts in providing a remedy.34The Perfect Solution forPharmaceutical Sector SafetyIt is therefore essential to monitor the processing, packaging and sto-rage areas based on strict regula-tions and standards.Various places throughout phar-maceutical facilities will require constant pressure and temperature monitoring. Peoples` health often depends on these drugs being pro-perly stored.This monitoring means tracking the pressure and/or temperature changes, which can significantly im-pact the products' quality and effec-tiveness.The Sauermann Group's Kimo Ins-truments in Italy recently provided Ibsa Farmaceutici in Lodi with 70 CP210 BNR and CP211 BNR for use in their facilities, including Laminar Air Flow (LAF) environments.These instruments measure air ve-locity, airflow and pressure and are ideal for use in industrial and phar-maceutical applications.In this case, our sensors are ensuring that syringes and phials in asepsis are being stored properly!The Sauermann Group is a name that is trusted in medtech and thepharmaceutical industry!Within thepharmaceutical sector, it is very important to maintain high quality levels for stored products.70 CP210 BNR and CP211 BNR for use in their facilities,including Laminar Air Flow (LAF) environments.Page 06 -1735Pressure Temperature Humidity Weight Radiometry Tachometry Air velocityAir flowGas analysis Light measurement Electrical current AcousticsOur measurement expertise covers a wide range of fields:07/2022 R C S (24) P ér iFor more information, visit:Case studies, useful information and practical advice。

航空发念头专业英语词汇年夜全，值得收藏！0129 航佳技术飞机维修砖家Part 1Para. 1gas turbine engine燃气涡轮发念头aircraft 飞机，遨游翱翔器（单复同形）power plant 发念头，动力装置appreciate 理解，意思到prior to 在…之前propulsion 推进reaction 反作用jet 喷气, 喷射, 喷气发念头designer 设计师initially 最初，开始时unsuitability 不适应性piston engine 活塞发念头airflow 空气流present 带来, 产生obstacle 障碍Para. 2patent 专利, 获得专利jet propulsionengine 喷气推进发念头athodyd 冲压式喷气发念头heat resistingmaterial 耐热资料develop 研究出，研制出in the secondplace 其次inefficient 效率底的ram jet, ramjet冲压式喷气发念头conception 构想, 设计，概念Para. 3grant 授予propulsive jet 推进喷射turbojet engine 涡轮喷气发念头turbojet turbopropellerengine涡轮螺桨发念头turbopropVickers Viscountaircraft 维克斯子爵式飞机be fitted with 配备term 术语, 称为, 叫做twinspool engine 双转子发念头triplespoolengine三转子发念头bypass engine 双涵道发念头ducted fan 涵道电扇发念头unducted fan (UDF)无涵道电扇发念头propfan 桨扇发念头inevitable 不成避免的, 必定的p.4propeller 螺旋桨basic principle 基来源根基理effect 产生propel 推进solely 单独, 只thrust 推力p.5popularly 普遍地, 一般地pulse jet 脉动式喷气发念头turbo/ram jet 涡轮冲压式喷气发念头turborocket 涡轮火箭p.6accelerate 加速acceleration 加速度apparatus 装置, 机器slipstream 滑流p.7momentum 动量issue 冒出to impart M to N 把M给与N revolve 旋转p.8whirl 旋转sprinkler 喷水器mechanism 机构by [in] virtue of 依靠hose 软管afford 提供carnival 狂欢节p.9definitely 确切地, 明确地assume 想象, 以为expel 排出, 驱逐propulsiveefficiency 推进效率Page 3p.10differ 不合convert 转换p.11thermodynamic 热动力的divergent 扩散diverge 扩散convergent 收敛converge收敛entry 进气段exit 排气管kinetic energy 动能air intake 空气进口diverging duct 扩散管道outlet duct 排气管missile 导弹target vehicle 靶机p.12 intermittentcombustion 间断式燃烧aerodynamic 空气动力的involve 具有robust 结实的, 坚固的inlet valve 进气阀inject 喷入eject 喷出depression 降压, 减压exhaust 排气cycle 循环helicopter rotorpropulsion直升飞机旋翼驱动器dispense with 省去, 无需resonate 共振resonating cycle 共振循环fuel consumption 燃油消耗equal 比得上performance 性能p.13decompose 分化p.14inherent 固有的draw 吸入p.15arrangement 结构simplicity 简单性subsequent 接下来的thermodynamic 热力的Page 7p.16disturbance 扰动bladetip 叶尖departure from 叛变p.17offset 抵消exceed 超出p.18Mach number 马赫数p.19variable intake 可变进口afterburning 加力燃烧variable nozzle 可调喷口conventional 惯例的afterburner 加力燃烧室inoperative 不工作的divert 使转向guide vane 导流叶片duct 管道，用管道输送sustained 继续的cruise 巡航mode 模式p.21multistageturbine 多级涡轮derive 获得，取得kerosene, kerosine煤油be in the orderof…达到…的量级spray 喷雾fuelrich mixture 富油混合物dilute 稀释surplus 剩余的p.22interceptor 截击机spacelauncher 航天发射器altitude 高度attitude 态度、姿态latitude 纬度longitude 经度accelerative 加速的duration 继续时间Part2Para.1working fluid 工作流体conversion 转换jet efflux 喷射气流Para.2fourstroke pistonengine 四冲程活塞发念头constant pressure 等压constant volume 等容induction 进气compression 压缩intermittent 间断的be involved in…与…有关charging 进气eliminate 消除idle stroke 空冲程Para.3peak 峰, 峰值fluctuate,fluctuating 摆荡, 起伏withstand,withstood 接受in excess of 超出employ 采取cylinder 汽缸high octane fuel 高辛烷值燃料low octane fuel 低辛烷值燃料fabricated 装配式的Para.4function 运行, 运转introduce,introducing 输入remainder 剩余部分discharge 排出Para.5,6turbine assembly 涡轮部件aircooled blade 气冷叶片consequently 随之而来的, 因此, 所以Para.7embody 体现be embodied in M 体现在M中be directlyproportional to…与…成正比be inversely proportional to…与…成正比Para.9trace 描绘show up 表示Para.10attain 达到, 实现conversely 相反地Para.11adiabatic 绝热的friction 摩擦conduction 传导turbulence 紊流Para.12propelling nozzle 推力喷管momentum 动量deceleration 减速Page 14Para.13effect 实现conversion 转换convert 转换sonic 音速的subsonic 亚音速的supersonic 超音速的encounter 遇到venturi 文氏管Para.14interference 干扰component failure 部件失效eddy 涡流turbulence 紊流Para.15frontal area 迎面面积straightthroughflow system 直流式系统reverse flowsystem 回流式系统subsequent 接下来的Para.17conventionally 惯例地percentage 部分，百分比duct 管道，用管道输送remainder 剩余物deliver 送，流to be conducive to…有利于…specific fuelconsumption 燃油消耗率Para.18design feature 设计特征bypass engine 双涵道发念头bypass ratio 涵道比twinspoolconfiguration 双转子结构propfan 桨扇发念头turbopropeller 涡轮螺桨发念头Para.19bypass airstream 外涵道气流overboard 向船外，排出ducted fan 涵道式电扇发念头aft fan 后电扇发念头Part 3Para.1centrifugal 离心的axial 轴流的couple 耦合，联接coupling 联轴器coupler联轴器shaft 轴Para.2centrifugal (flow)compressor 离心压气机impeller 叶轮diffuser 扩散器axial (flow)compressor 轴流压气机multistage unit 多级装置alternate 交替的rotor blade转子叶片stator vane 静子叶片diffuse 扩散boost 增压booster 增压器Para.3with regard to 关于robust 坚固，结实develop andmanufacture 设计与制造consume 消耗，使用attain 达到air flow 空气流量，空气流adoption 采取favour (Am. E favor) 喜爱，偏爱ruggedness坚固性rugged 坚固的outweigh 胜过，重于Fig. 31rotating guidevane 旋转导流叶片intake chute 进气斜道swirl vane 旋流叶片Para.5diffuser vane 扩散器叶片doubleentry impeller双面进气叶轮plenum chamber 稳流室Para.6induce 吸入radially 径向地intake duct 进气管initial swirl 预旋Para.7divergent nozzle 扩散排气管Para.8tip speed 叶尖速度Para.9maintain 坚持leakage 泄漏clearance 间隙Para.10construction 结构center around(about, at, in, on, round, upon)…以…为中心ball bearing 滚珠轴承roller bearing 滚柱轴承split 分隔detachment 拆开，别离Para.11forged 铸造的radially disposedvanes 径向排列的叶片in conjunctionwith… 和…共同swept back 后掠Para.12attach 联接tangential 相切的inner edge 内缘in line with… 与…一致buffeting impulse 扰流抖振脉冲Para. 13rotor assembly 转子部件airfoilsection 翼型截面mount 装置bearing 轴承incorporate 安有，装有in series 依次地design condition 设计状态incorporation 引入，采取variable statorvane 可调静子叶片succeeding stage下一级Para. 14gradual reduction 逐渐减小annulus 环型stator casing 静子机匣maintain 坚持density 密度convergence 收敛taper，tapering 带斜度，带锥度arrangement 结构Para. 16 multispoolcompressor 多转子压气机optimum 最佳（的），最优（的）flexibility 适应性，灵活性Para. 17handle 处理duct 管道，用管道输送exhaust system 排气系统propelling nozzle 推力喷管match 使匹配obsolete 已不必but 除…….之外Para. 18trend 趋势stage 阶段, 级undergo 接受split 分隔core 核心gas generator 燃气产生器optimumarrangement 最佳结构Para. 19induce 吸入，引入，引导sweep, swept 扫，猛推adjacent 相邻的translate 翻译，转换decelerate 减速serve 起……作用deflection 偏转straightener 整流器swirl 旋流diagrammatically 图示地accompany 陪伴progressive 不竭的，逐渐的Para. 20breakaway 别离stall 失速precede 在……前面Para. 21incidence 攻角tolerate 允许interstagebleed 级间放气intermediatestage 中间级Para. 22proportion 比例pl. 尺寸, 年夜小coaxial 同轴的inner radius 内半径supercharge 增压akin 相似的Para.23to center around(round, on, upon, about, at, in)…以…为中心alignment 对中, 同心cylindrical 圆筒形的bolted axial joint轴向螺栓联接bolted center linejoint 中心线螺栓联接Para.24secure 固定assemble 装配weld 焊接periphery 边沿drum 鼓筒Para.25circumferential 周向的fixing 装置, 固定maintainability 维护性blisk 整体叶盘Para.26gradient 梯度balance out 抵消twist 扭angle of incidence攻角boundary layer 附面层, 鸿沟层stagnant 滞止的compensate for 赔偿camber 弯度extremity 端部endbend 端弯Para.27retaining ring 坚持环in segments 成组的shroud 叶冠Para.28dissimilar 不相似的, 不合的workable 可用的, 可运转的implement 实现, 执行, 完成retain 坚持Para.29impose upon… 强加于…之上depart from 偏离intention 意图positive incidencestall 正攻角失速negative incidencestall 负攻角失速blading 叶栅sustain 接受得住surge 喘振instantaneous 即刻的expel 排出margin 欲度instability 不稳定性Para. 30provision 提供margin 欲度hydraulic 液压的pneumatic 气动的electronic 电子的Para. 31cost effective 本钱效益好的prevail 流行，胜利Para. 32rigid 刚性的clearance 间隙alloy 合金nickel based alloy镍基合金titanium 钛in preference to 优先于rigidity todensity ratio 刚度密度比Para. 33prime 主要的fatigue strength 疲劳强度notch 切口，开槽ingestion 吸气inferior 差的decline 下降rub 碰磨ignite 扑灭airworthiness 遨游翱翔性能hazard 危险Para. 34dominate 起支配作用Para. 35solid forging 实锻件chord 弦midspan 叶片中部snubber 减振器clapper 拍板fabricate 制造skin 蒙皮honeycomb 蜂窝Para. 36robust section 坚固截面ingestioncapability 吸气能力Part4Para.1fuel supply nozzle燃油喷嘴extensive 广泛的，年夜量的accomplish 完成Para.2range 规模CCentigrade orCelsiusturbine nozzle涡轮导向器Para.3consequent 随之产生的，结果的Para.4kerosene, cerosine煤油light, lit orlighted 扑灭blow, blew，blown 吹alight 燃烧的Para.5flame tube 火焰筒liner 衬筒meter, metering 调节配量Para.6snout 进气锥体downstream 下游，顺流swirl vane 旋流叶片perforated flare 带孔的喇叭管primary combustionzone 主燃区upstream上游，逆流promote 增进，引起recirculation 环流，回流Para.7secondary air hole二股气流孔toroidal vortex 喇叭口形涡流anchor, anchoring 锚，固定hasten 增进，加速droplet 小滴ignitiontemperature 燃点Para.8conical 锥形的intersect 相交turbulence 紊流break up, breakingup 割裂，破碎incoming 进来的Para.9nozzle guide vane 涡轮导向叶片amount to 占…比例, 达到progressively 逐渐地dilution zone 掺混区remainder 剩余物insulate M from N 使M与N隔离Para.10,11electric spark 电火花igniter plug 燃烧塞selfsustained 自持的Para.12airstream =airflowdistinct =different typeinjection 喷射，喷入ejection 喷射，喷出atomize 使雾化spray nozzle 喷嘴prevaporization 预蒸发Para.13vapor 蒸汽vaporize 蒸发vaporizer 蒸发器feed tube 供油管vaporizing tube 蒸发管atomizer flametube装有雾化喷嘴的火焰筒Para.14multiple(combustion) chamber 分担燃烧室tuboannular(combustion) chamber 环管燃烧室cannular(combustion) chamber 环管燃烧室annular(combustion) chamber 环形燃烧室Para.15F.g.46Para.16dispose 安插delivery 排气Para.17interconnect 互相连通propagate传播Para.18bridge a gapbetween填补空白，使连接起来evolutionary 成长，演变arrangement 结构overhaul 年夜修compactness 紧凑性Para.19contain 包含，装置be open to 与…相通Para.20elimination 消除propagation 传播Para.21virtually 实际上oxidize 氧化carbon monoxide 一氧化碳nontoxic 无毒的carbon dioxide 二氧化碳Para.22aerate, aerating 吹气，供气overrich pocket 过富区fuel vapour 燃油蒸汽carbon formation积碳形成Para.23incur 招致extinction 熄灭relight 重新扑灭perform,performing 完成，执行spray nozzleatomizer 喷嘴雾化器Para.25intensity 强度compact 紧凑的exceptionally 格外地，特别地Para.26calorific value 热值British thermalunit (BTU)英国热量单位=252卡expenditure 使用，消耗Para.27altitude cruise 高空巡航Para.29weak limit 贫油极限rich limit 富油极限extinguish 熄灭extinguisher 灭火器dive 爬升idle, idling 空载，慢速mixture strength 混合物浓度Para.30stability loop 稳定区Para.32emission 排放物pollutant污染物create 产生，形成legislatively 立法地hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物oxides of nitrogen氧化氮Para.34suppression 抑制desirable 合乎需要的conflict 冲突compromise 折中combustor 燃烧室substantially 实际上Para.35coating 涂层insulation 隔热，隔离Para.36corrosion 腐化creep failure 蠕变失效fatigue 疲劳Part5Para.1accessory,accessories 附件solely = onlyextract,extracting 提取to expose M to N 使M流露于NM is exposed to NPara.2torque 扭矩Para.3intermediate 中间的interpose 置于…之间to be derivedfrom… 从…获得, 取自freepower turbine自由动力涡轮to be independentof…不受…的限制Para.4mean 平均的deflection 偏转in proportion to 按比例sectionalthickness 截面厚度disproportionately不相称地Para.5broadly 主要地aerofoil shape 翼型形状impulse turbine 冲击式涡轮reaction turbine 反作用式涡轮incorporate 采取cartridge starter 弹药筒式起念头air starter 空气起念头Para.7to force one’s wayinto 有力地冲入spin 旋转whirl 旋转Para.8to be governed by 取决于, 由…决定substantially 实际上, 年夜体上excessive 过分的residual 剩余的，剩余detrimental =harmfulstrut 支柱, 支杆Para.9twist, twisted 带扭向的stagger angle 斜罩角Para.10mean section 中间截面Para.12selfaligningcoupling 自动调节联轴器Para.15machined forging 机加锻件flange 法兰，装置边bolt 螺栓，用螺栓联结perimeter 周边，圆周to have provisionfor…为…作好准备attachment 联接, 装置Para.16heat conduction 热传导Para.17degree of reaction反力度Para.18fix 确定, 决定,trailing edge 排气边so as to (do) 为了prevent M (from)+ingPara.19attach联接, 装置fixing 联接have a bearing on …对…有影响rim speed 轮缘速度de Laval bulb root圆头叶根supersede 取代, 取代firtree fixing 纵树榫头联接involve 需要, 要求serration 榫齿stiffen 加劲, 固牢Para.20contraction 收缩shroud 叶冠fit 配备, 装置segment 部分, 片peripheral 外围的, 周边的abradable lining 易磨涂层A.C.C. activeclearance control shroudless blade 无冠叶片Para.21revolve 旋转extract 提取conventional 惯例的Para.22impractical 不实际的dual alloy disc 双金属轮盘blisk 整体叶轮cast 铸造bond 粘接Para.23match 匹配nozzle guide vane 涡轮导向叶片back pressure 反压surge 喘振choke 壅塞，阻塞Para.24obstacle 障碍impart to…给与tensile stress 拉应力limiting factor 限制因素Para.25endure 接受nickel alloy 镍合金ceramic coating 陶瓷涂层enhance 增强Para.26resistance 抵当，耐fatigue cracking 疲劳破坏Para.27ferritic 铁素体terrific 可怕的，极妙的austenitic 奥氏体alloying element 合金元素extend 延长fatigue resistance抗疲劳性powder metallurgy 粉末冶金Para.28in connection with关于，与…有关glowing redhot 赤热发光ounce 盎施=28.35 gbending load 弯曲载荷thermal shock 热冲击corrosion 腐化oxidization 氧化Para.29foregoing 前面的, 上述的it follows that 因此, 可见permissible 允许的metallurgist 冶金学家Para.30creep 蠕变finite useful life有限使用寿命failure 失效Para.31forge 铸造forging 锻件cast 铸造creep property 蠕变性能fatigue property 疲劳性能Para.32reveal 揭示, 显示a myriad of 无数crystal 晶体equiaxed 等轴的service life 使用寿命directionalsolidification 定向凝固useful creep life 有效蠕变寿命single crystalblade 单晶叶片substantially 实质上, 显著地Para.33reinforced ceramic加固陶瓷Para.34balancing 平衡operation 工序in view of 考虑到Part 6Para.1aero 航空的pass 排送resultant thrust 合成推力，总推力create 引起，产生contribute 提供absorb 吸收exert an influenceon…对…产生影响jet pipe 尾喷管propelling nozzle 推力喷管outlet nozzle 出口喷管Para.2distortion 扭曲, 变形cracking 产生裂纹Para.3thrust reverser 推力反向装置noise suppressor 消音器entail 需要, 要求low bypass engine低涵道比发念头mixer unit 掺混装置encourage 增进Para.4exhaust cone 排气锥hold 坚持residual whirl 剩余旋流strut 支板straighten 整流Para.5in relation to…对…来说choked 壅塞, 阻塞upstream totalpressure 上游总压pressure thrust 压力推力momentum 动量Para.6wastage 损失, 消耗with advantage 有效地convergentdivergentnozzle 收扩喷管recover 重新获得Para.7flared 扩张的restriction 限制progressively 逐渐地longitudinal 纵向的Para.9fixed area nozzle 固定面积喷口variable areanozzle 可变面积喷口offset 抵消Para.13nickel 镍titanium 钛ventilate,ventilating 通风lag, lagging 用隔热资料呵护insulating blanket隔热层fibrous 纤维状的stainless steel 不锈钢dimple 使起波纹acousticallyabsorbent material 吸声资料Para.14 doublewallconstruction 双壁结构induce 引导ejector action 喷射器作用engine nacelle 发念头短舱Para.15streamline fairing流线型整流板vent hole 通气孔。

Non-Destructive Testing and Evaluation Non-Destructive Testing and Evaluation Non-destructive testing (NDT) is awide group of analysis techniques used in science and industry to evaluate the properties of a material, component, or system without causing damage. This is in contrast to destructive testing, which is used to determine the properties of a material by causing damage to the material. NDT is commonly used in the aerospace, automotive, and construction industries to ensure the safety and reliability of products and structures. In this essay, we will discuss the importance of non-destructive testing and evaluation and its various techniques. First and foremost, non-destructive testing and evaluation play a crucial role in ensuring the safety and reliability of products and structures. By using NDT techniques, manufacturers and engineers can detect flaws, defects, and discontinuities in materials and components without causing any damage. This allows for the early detection and prevention of potential failures, which is essential for maintaining the integrity of critical infrastructure and ensuring the safety of end users. There areseveral commonly used NDT techniques, each with its own advantages and limitations. One of the most widely used techniques is ultrasonic testing, which uses high-frequency sound waves to detect internal and surface defects in materials. Another common technique is radiographic testing, which uses X-rays or gamma rays tocreate images of the internal structure of a material. Other techniques include magnetic particle testing, liquid penetrant testing, and eddy current testing. Each of these techniques has its own unique applications and is used depending on the specific requirements of the material or component being evaluated. Inaddition to ensuring the safety and reliability of products and structures, non-destructive testing and evaluation also play a critical role in quality controland process optimization. By using NDT techniques, manufacturers can identify and eliminate defects in the early stages of production, leading to cost savings and improved efficiency. Furthermore, NDT can be used to monitor the performance and integrity of materials and components over time, allowing for predictive maintenance and extending the lifespan of critical infrastructure. Despite its numerous advantages, non-destructive testing and evaluation also have some limitations. One of the main challenges is the need for highly trained and skilledpersonnel to perform NDT techniques accurately and reliably. Additionally, some NDT techniques may be time-consuming and require specialized equipment, which can increase the overall cost of testing. Furthermore, certain materials and components may be difficult to inspect using conventional NDT techniques,requiring the development of new and innovative methods. In conclusion, non-destructive testing and evaluation are essential tools for ensuring the safety, reliability, and quality of products and structures. By using a variety of NDT techniques, manufacturers and engineers can detect flaws and defects in materials and components without causing any damage, leading to cost savings, improved efficiency, and extended lifespan of critical infrastructure. While NDT has its limitations, ongoing research and development in this field continue to expand the capabilities of non-destructive testing and evaluation, making it an indispensable part of modern industry.。

Isochem ®GMC6MAGNETICALLY DRIVEN SEALLESS GEAR PUMPPulsafeeder’s Isochem ® GMC6 Series is a compact magnetically driven sealless gear pump designed for safely handling highly corrosive, hazardous, explosive, or toxic chemicals and industrial applications . The GMC6 provides safe leak free service since the magnetic coupling eliminates the need for traditional shaft sealing methods such asmechanical seals and shaft packing which are the primary source of leakage in rotating shaft pumps. Furthermore, expensive seal flushing or lubrication systems are eliminated.Consequently, mean time between failures is maximized while maintenance and operation costs are minimized!Operating Benefits• Flows to 10.0 gpm (37.8 lpm)• Pressures up to 150 psi (10.3 bar) • Laminar, non-pulsating flow• Compact, close-coupled foot print eliminates issues related to alignment between pump and motor • Leak free service minimizes exposure of your personnel to hazardous chemicals• Ideal for viscosities from less than 1 to 100,000 cPs • Suitable for vacuum service•Can be used for metering or transfer of expensive, hazardous and corrosive chemicals over the entire pH rangeKey Features• Neodymium (standard) or Samarium cobalt coaxial synchronous magnets• High torque magnetic coupling minimizes possibility of decoupling• Internal pressurized lubrication system • Inline discharge and suction connections • Sealless, leak free operationMaterials of Construction• Pump Housing: 316, Alloy 20, Hastelloy-C • Gears: 316, Alloy C, Alloy 20, Teflon®, PEEK, Carbon• Wear Plates : Carbon, Teflon®, PEEK, Ceramic • Bearings: Teflon®, Carbon (Grade 76), Carbon (Grade P90)• Containment Can: Single or Double 316SS, Hastelloy-C• Magnets: Neodymium or Samarium Cobalt •O-Ring Seal: PTFE or 316SS spiral wound PFA encapsulatedAftermarket & Accessory Offerings• KOPkit ® • Cal Column • Strainer• Pressure Relief Valves • Back Pressure Valves • GaugesIsochem ®GMC6GENERAL SPECIFICATIONSPulsafeeder, Inc.2883 Brighton Henrietta Town Line Rd. Rochester, NY 14623Phone: +1 (585) 292-8000******************•Pulsafeeder is an ISO 9001:2008 certified company.Tech_Sheet_Isochem_GMC6 03/2019© Copyright 2019 Pulsafeeder.Curves shown represent Maximum Differential Pressure 1,3.Contact your Pulsafeeder representative for more information on: ~ Operating up to 125 psi MDP 1,3 with optional narrow width gears ~ Operating at viscosities greater than 100 cPsPort Size and Type ¾“ FNPT, BSPT, 150 lb. RF Flange Direction of Rotation Bi-directional Theoretical Displacement 0.684 gal/100 rev. (25.9 cc/rev)Maximum Differential Pressure (MDP)1,3125 psi (6.9 bar)Max. Diff. Pressure (MDP) 1,3Plastic Gears 50 psi (3.4 bar)Max. Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP)2,3150 psig (10.3 barg) MAWP 2,3 Plastic Gears 100 psig (6.9 barg) Maximum Speed 1750 rpm Maximum Capacity at 0 psig 10.0 gpm (37.8 lpm) Maximum Viscosity 100,000 cPs Maximum Process Fluid Temperature 450 F (232 C) Minimum Process Fluid Temperature -40 F (-40 C) Fluid pH Range 0-14 Gear Type Compact Spur Gear Bearing Type Sleeve Magnetic Torque Rating 146-219 in-lbs. Motor Frame Sizes – NEMA 56C, 143/45TC Motor Frame Sizes – IEC 80, 90 B3 / B14 Flange Weight, Less Motor 28 lbs. (62 kg)1. MDP. Maximum differential pressures between inlet (suction) and outlet (discharge) ports2. MAWP. Maximum allowable continuous outlet (discharge) pressure3. Operating above MDP will require offsetting inlet (suction) pressureGMC6 for 56C, 143/45TC motors. Reference onlyGMC6 for IEC 80 motor. Consult factory for 90. Reference Only。