北京中医药大学考博英语真题及其解析
1.Relaxation,_______fresh air,pure water and clean food,is essential to a sound mind and healthy body.
A.much less than
B.no less than
C.no more than
D.any less than
2.It is far better to do well a bit of work which is well_______
a large fortune.
A.worthy to be done than have
B.worth doing than to have
C.worthwhile to do than have
D.worthy of doing than have
3.Understanding the cultural habit of another nation, especially_______containing as many different subcultures as the United States,is a complex task.
A.one
B.the one
C.that
D.such
4.Whether or not the next plan will yield any positive results _______to be seen.Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.
A.remain
B.remains
C.is remained
D.have remained
5.If ever again_______happens an accident like this,we will have only ourselves to blame.
A.it
B.so
C.there
D.that
1.Bno less than“与……同样(重要)”。全句意为:“放松休息,就像新鲜空气、纯净水、清洁的食品一样,是健康的身心所不可缺少的。”
2.Bto have a large fortune与to do well a bit of work…是并列不定式。另外，worth,worthy,worthwhile在用法上的区别是:(1)worth 是介词,后接动名词或名词，形成介词短语。接动名词时,与主语是动宾关系，其形式是主动的，意义是被动的。如:The book is worth reading.
(2)worthy是形容词,置于be动词后或名词后面,做后位修饰语,其结构是:be worthy of doing sth.,sth.is worthy to be done。(3)worthwhile 是形容词，要与形式主语it并用：It is worthwhile to read the book.worth 和worthy都不能用于这种结构。
3.Aone指代前面提到的具有泛指含义的可数名词单数,在该句中指代another nation,句中属于泛指，可见B是错误的。such指代前面讲过的整个情况，多用作主语。that指物时常用来指代不可数名词,指代可数名词时具有特指含义。
4.Bwhether引导名词性从句做主语,谓语动词应为单数。另外，remain一般不用被动式,所以B为正确选项。
5.C这是there be句型的异化形式，即there be句型中还可以用be 以外的不及物动词，如live,stand,exist,come,remain等。
6.The students were much encouraged_______a chance to talk with the Americans in English.
A.to get
B.gotten
C.to have got
D.having got
7.When a person is in a happy frame of mind,he may agree on the thing that he won’t tolerate_______when he is not in the right frame of mind.
A.doing
B.to do
C.done
D.to be done
8.Recently many schools have faced what could be called the
crisis of comprehension or,in simple terms,the phenomenon of students with phonic and grammar skills still_______unable to understand what they read.
A.are
B.to be
C.being
D.have been
9.I_______the train but I overslept that morning.
A.could catch
B.might catch
C.must have caught
D.could have caught
10.It is very kind of you to do the washing-up,but you_______ it.
A.mustn’t have done
B.wouldn’t have done
C.mightn’t have done
D.didn’t have to do
6.C句中不定式表示原因:“学生有机会用英语与美国人交谈，很受鼓舞。”所以应用不定式完成式。如果句子用的是一般现在时are,那么选A是对的。
7.Atolerate要求动名词做宾语,只能选A。
8.C动名词being做students的逻辑谓语,相当于…students…being unable to understand what they read。整个动名词短语做of的宾语，所以只能选C。
9.D这是一个含蓄虚拟条件句，前半部分假设，后半部分真实，因此应选could have caught，意为“我本来能赶上火车的，可是那天早上我睡过头了”。区别这类含蓄虚拟条件句的关键词是but。
10.Ddidn t have to do it“不用非得洗(碗)”，符合句意。
本文由“育明考博”整理编辑
精品文档 中山大学肿瘤学 考博真题 （临床部分看万德森的临床肿瘤学；基础部分结合曾益新的肿瘤学及温伯格的癌生物学一起理解看；06及17年真题实在找不齐，抱歉。）
2002年 一、必答题 1、试述放射生物学的“4R”及临床意义 2、肿瘤外科手术治疗的临床意义 . 精品文档 3、化学治疗根治肿瘤的理论基础及临床应用原则 4、癌变的二阶段学说 5、 p53的生理功能及功能异常与肿瘤的关系 6、细胞凋亡的特征及生理意义 二、选答题 1、放射治疗的远期并发症是什么？如何预防？ 2、肿瘤基因治疗的方法。 3、大剂量MTX治疗及用CF解救的方法及原理。 4、上颌窦癌的临床表现及治疗原则。 5、鼻窥镜在鼻咽癌诊治中的应用 6、简述作用于抗癌新靶点的药物并举例说明 7、试述90年代后使用于临床的对恶性肿瘤有效的新药物，并举例说明 8、试述ⅢB期非小细胞肺癌获取细胞学或病理学诊断的方法。 9、中上段食管癌的临床表现 2003年 一、必答题 1、癌发生的二阶段学说 2、基因突变的方式与原癌基因活化 3、p53基因生物学特性与意义 4、信号传导通路的组成 二、选答题 5、调亡的特点及生物学意义 6、肿瘤多步骤转移基本过程 7、基因突变形式几检测方法 8、化疗药物多药耐药性发生机制 9、基因治疗策略 10、腹部肿块的类型并举例 11、说明胸部肺癌转移的各站淋巴结 . 精品文档 12、食道癌的X线表现 13、四度白细胞减少患者合并严重感染的处理
14、简述抗肿瘤药物的副作用及代表药物 15、拓扑异构酶I和II的作用及区别，抑制剂的代表药物 16、简述肿瘤外科在肿瘤治疗中的作用 2004年 一、必答题 、简述肿瘤外科在肿瘤综合治疗中的作用。1 、术前放疗的原则2 3、根治性化疗的理论基础和原则 4、肿瘤免疫治疗有哪些方法？ 5、蒽环类最常见的副作用有哪些？如何防治？ 6、肿瘤细胞信号传导有哪些基本组成要素？ 7、信号转导的组成二、选答题 8、肺癌淋巴引流分组 9、肿瘤外科发展趋势 10、试述肿瘤的异型性 11、Herceptin的原理、适应症及禁忌症 12、什么是预防性手术，有哪些 13、低恶性非霍奇金淋巴瘤治疗原则 14、凋亡特征及发展机制 15、中晚期胸上段食管癌的临床症状有哪些，为什么？ 16、AFP在肝癌诊治中的意义 17、肝动脉栓塞化疗的 18、基因突变有哪些及有哪些检查方法 19、常见致癌因素及其致癌特点 20、烃化剂作用机理，举出3种药物 . 精品文档 21、抗癌药物的不良反应有哪些，各举1例 22、根治性颈淋巴洁清扫并发症有哪些，如何预防 23、提高结肠癌疗效有哪些方法 24、肿瘤局部，远处扩散机制 25、鼻咽癌放疗后主要远期后遗症有哪些，哪些方法预防或减少发生 2005年 一、必答题 1、恶性肿瘤细胞放疗损伤的4R 变化及其临床意义。 2、肿瘤外科在恶性肿瘤多学科综合治疗中的地位。 3、自体造血干细胞移植的适应症。对何种肿瘤最有效。 4、拓扑异构酶对恶性肿瘤的意义？举出针对拓扑异构酶Ⅰ、Ⅱ的化疗药名称各一个。 5、肿瘤多步骤转移机制。 6、细胞信号传导途径的基本组成要素。 二、选答题 7、从放疗的局部治疗角度论述放射治疗领域的新进展。（何领域？何进展？反正是这 方面 8、目前抗癌药物的开发和应用，除细胞毒药物外，尚有那些药物作用靶点。并举例说
西安交通大学考博英语试题及其解析 I.In each question,decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET,(15points) EXAMPLE: I was caught_the rain yesterday. A.in B.by C.with D.at ANSWER:(A) l.Those two families have been quarrelling__each other for many years. A.to B.between C.against D.with 2.There are many things whose misuse is dangerous,bur it is hard to think of anything that can be compared___ A.in B.with C.among D.by 3."How often have you seen cases like this?"one surgeon asked another."Oh,__times,I guess,"was the reply. A.hundred of B.hundreds C.hundreds of D.hundred 4.Give me your telephone number__I need your help. A.whether B.unless C.so that D.in case 5.You sang well last night.We hope you'll sing__. A.more better B.still better C.nicely D.best 6.Those people__a general understanding of the present situation. https://www.doczj.com/doc/7215565456.html,ck of B.are lacking of https://www.doczj.com/doc/7215565456.html,ck D.are in lack 7.Alone in a desert house,he was so busy with his research work
2018考博英语翻译练习题及答案【十篇】 仰望天空时，什么都比你高，你会自卑;俯视大地时，什么都比你低，你会自负;只有放宽视野，把天空和大地尽收眼底，才能在苍穹泛土之间找到你真正的位置。无须自卑，不要自负，坚持自信。以下我无忧考网为考生整理的《2018考博英语翻译练习题及答案第二部分【十篇】》供您查阅。 2018考博英语翻译练习：泡腊八蒜 考博英语翻译题型多为汉译英，各博士招生院校大多都有此题型，考博英语复习初期阶段新东方在线考博频道为考博生们整理了一些考博英语翻译练习，供大家平日复习。 泡腊八蒜是中国北方，尤其是华北地区的一个习俗。顾名思义，就是在阴历腊月初八的这天来泡制大蒜。其实材料非常简单，就是醋和大蒜瓣儿。做法也是极其简单，将剥了皮的蒜瓣儿放到一个可以密封的罐子、瓶子之类的容器里面，然后倒入醋，封上口放到一个冷的地方。慢慢地，泡在醋中的蒜就会变绿，最后会变得通体碧绿的，如同翡翠碧玉。老北京人家，一到腊月初八，过年的气氛一天赛过一天，
华北大部分地区在腊月初八这天有用醋泡蒜的习俗。 译文参考： Laba garlic bulbs in the north,particularly in North China,a custom. As the name suggests,at the eighth daytime of the twelfth lunar day the Chinese people are apt to cook garlic.In fact,the materials is very easy, that is,vinegar and garlic petal.Approach is extremely simple too,the rinded garlic cloves can be sealed into a jar,flasks and the favor inside the container,then pour vinegar,sealed port into a cold location. Slowly, the garlic drenched in vinegar ambition turn green,and finally transform entire body green as emerald jade.Old Beijing human,1 to the eighth daytime of the twelfth lunar month,one day outdo the air of Chinese New Year day in most parts of north China this day be serviceable in the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month vinegar and garlic bulbs custom. 解析： 大蒜：garlic
2017年北京清华大学考博英语真题 1. The leaders of the two countries feel it desirable to funds from armaments to health and education. A. derive B. deprive C. dispatch D. divert 2. To fund the event and also promote the marketing value of the National Games, the organizing committee set up the Marketing Development Department (MDD). A. beneficent B. expensive C. costly D. luxurious 3. Japanese workers still put in an impressive 42 hours each week, but they are by the South Koreans and Singaporeans who spend an average 46 hours at the grindstone. A. outdone B. outweighed C. outrun D. outrivaled 4. With the economy of the country going strong, the mood is optimism. A. presiding B. circulating C. floating D. prevailing 5. The hunter knows quite well that wild animals go seeking their in the jungle after dark. A. victim B. favorite C. prey D. sacrifice 6. The company, EDS, is smart enough to its 90,000-person workforce into independent micro teams that work directly with individual clients on creative business solutions. A. break out 、 B. break off C. break from D. break down 7. They agreed to take their disputes before the committee and by its decisions. A. stand B. observe C. abide D. precede 8. Very few people could understand the lecture the professor delivered because its subject was very . A. obscure B. indefinite C. dubious D. intriguing 9. Please don’t too much on the painful memories. Everything will be all right.
中山大考博英语真题 Directions: In each question, decide which of the choices given will most suitably complete the sentences if inserted at the place marked. Write your choices on the Answer Sheet. 31. The secretary was harshly——by her boss for misplacing some important files. A) rebuked B）teased C) washed D) accused 32. The jet airliner has ——from the Wright brothers’ small airplane. A) Involved B) evolved C) devolved D) revolved 33. Chinese products enjoy high international prestige because of their, quality. A) Indistinctive B) indisputable C) indispensable D) indistinguishable 34. This can something that the students may not have comprehended in English. A) Signify B) specify C) clarify D) testify 35. I must you on your handling of a very difficult situation. A) meditate B) complement C) elaborate D) compliment 36. I've had my car examined three times now but no mechanic has been able to the problem. A) deduce B) notify C) highlight D) pinpoint 37. Architectural pressure groups fought unsuccessfully to save a terrace of eighteenth century houses from _ A) abolition B) demolition C) disruption D) dismantling 38.Having decided to rent a flat, we____ contacting all the accommodation dt, agencies in the city. A) set out B) set to C) set about D) set off 39. The police decided to the department store after they had received a bomb warning. A) evict B) expel C) abandon D) evacuate 40. If the work-force respected you, you wouldn't need to your authority so often, A) affirm B) restrain C) assert D) maintain 41. Miss Rosemary Adang went through the composition carefully to all errors from it. A) eliminate B) terminate C) illuminate D) alleviate 42. Several months previously, the workers had petitioned the company for a 25 percent wage increase and of stricter safety regulations. A) implement B) endowment C) enforcement D) engagement 43. The rebel army __ the democratic government of the, country lawlessly. A) overthrew B) overtook C) overturned D) overruled 44. Judges are ____increasingly heavy fines for minor driving offences A). B) demanding C) imparting D) imposing 45. The of all kinds of necessary goods was caused by natural calamity. A) variety B) scarcity C) solidarity D) commodity 46. It is essential to be on the for any signs of movement in the undergrowth since there are poisonous snakes in the area. A) guard B) care C) alert D) alarm
四川大学2012考博英语真题及答案详解 阅读 1）Sign has become a scientific hot button. Only in the past 20 years have specialists in language study realized that signed languages are unique—a speech of the hand. They offer a new way to probe how the brain generates and understands language, and throw new light on an old scientific controversy: whether language, complete with grammar, is something that we are born With, or whether it is a learned behavior. The current interest in sign language has roots in the pioneering work of one rebel teacher at Gallaudet University in Washington, D. C., the world’s only liberal arts university for deaf people. When Bill Stokoe went to Gallaudet to teach English, the school enrolled him in a course in signing. But Stokoe noticed something odd: among themselves, students signed differently from his classroom teacher. Stokoe had been taught a sort of gestural code, each movement of the hands representing a word in English. At the time, American Sign Language (ASL) was thought to be no more than a form of pidgin English (混杂英语). But Stokoe believed the “hand talk” his students used looked richer. He wondered: Might deaf people actually: have a genuine language? And could that language be unlike any other on Earth? I t was 1955, when even deaf people dismissed their signing a s “substandard”. Stokoe’s idea was academic heresy (异端邪说). It is 37 years later. Stokoe—now devoting his time to writing and editing books and journals and to producing video materials on ASL and the deaf culture—is having lunch at a cafe near the Gallaudet campus and explaining how he started a revolution. For decades educators fought his idea that signed languages are natural languages like English, French and Japanese. They assumed language must be based on speech, the modulation (调节) of sound. But sign language is based on the movement of hands, the modulation of space. “What I said,” Stokoe explains, “is that language is not mouth stuff—it’s brain stuff.” 21. The study of sign language is thought to be _____C___. A) a new way to look at the learning of language B) a challenge to tradi t ional, views on the nature of language C) an approach: to simplifying the grammatical structure of a language D) an attempt to clarify misunderstanding about the origin of language（C） 22. The, present growing interest in sign language was stimulated by ___C_____. A) a famous scholar in the study of the human brain B) a leading specialist in the study of liberal arts C) an English teacher in a university for the deaf D) some senior experts in American Sign Language（C） 23. According to Stokoe, sign language is _____B___. A) a Substandard language B) a genuine language C) an artificial language D) an international language（B）
清华大学考博历年真题常用词汇集锦 EM-,EN-,IM-,IN-in,upon 进入,在上 字首em,en,im,in是英文重要的构词成分.共有四种拼法,em与en 源自希腊文的副词与介系词,im与in来自拉丁文的介系词,有in,within,upon之意.所接的字根第一个音,若是p,b,m三个双唇音之一,则拼作em或im,以双唇音接双唇音,方便发音,如embargo n.[禁止入港],empirical a.[经验上的],impart v.[传授,告知]等字均是.字根的第一个音若不在双唇音之列,则拼成en或in,如enamor v.[迷住],incise v.[切开,雕]等等. embargo禁止入港,禁止,阻碍 embark乘船;从事,著手 embarrass使困窘,使局促不安 embed嵌入,深植 embellish美化,装饰 emblem象徵,徽章 embody具体表现,编入 embrace拥抱,包含,接受 embroil使混乱 empathy共感,神入 emphasize强调 empirical实验上的 employ雇用,利用,使用 empower授权与 enact演出 enamor迷住 encase纳入套内,纳入箱内 enchant使迷住,迷惑 enclave被包领土 enclose围绕 encompass包围 encounter邂逅,遭遇 encourage鼓励,激励 encroach侵占,侵入 endeavor努力 endemic某地特有的
endorse背书;赞同 endow赋与 endure忍受,忍耐,持久 energy精力,活力 enfold围绕,笼罩,包封 enforce加强,力劝,迫使 engage从事,忙於 engender酿成,产生 engrave刻,铭记(於心) enhance增加,提高 enjoin命令,禁止 enjoy欢喜,享受 enlist服役,从军 enrage激怒,使暴怒 enrapture使狂喜 enrich使丰富,充实,装饰 enroll入学,登记,入伍 enshrine奉祀於庙堂中,奉为神圣enshroud覆盖,遮蔽 enslave奴役 ensnare诱入陷阱 ensure保证 entangle使困惑,使陷入 enthrall迷住 entice吸引,引诱 entitle给与名称,使有资格,使有权利entrance使出神,使神魂颠倒 entreat恳求 entrench挖壕沟以保护,确立 entrust交托 envelop包围,围绕 environment环境 environs周围,郊外 envisage想像,设想 envision拟想(未来) envoy使者
2018年中山大考博英语真题 Directions: In each question, decide which of the choices given will most suitably complete the sentences if inserted at the place marked. Write your choices on the Answer Sheet. 31. The secretary was harshly——by her boss for misplacing some important files. A) rebuked B）teased C) washed D) accused 32. The jet airliner has ——from the Wright brothers’ small airplane. A) Involved B) evolved C) devolved D) revolved 33. Chinese products enjoy high international prestige because of their, quality. A) Indistinctive B) indisputable C) indispensable D) indistinguishable 34. This can something that the students may not have comprehended in English. A) Signify B) specify C) clarify D) testify 35. I must you on your handling of a very difficult situation. A) meditate B) complement C) elaborate D) compliment 36. I've had my car examined three times now but no mechanic has been able to the problem. A) deduce B) notify C) highlight D) pinpoint 37. Architectural pressure groups fought unsuccessfully to save a terrace of eighteenth century houses from _ A) abolition B) demolition C) disruption D) dismantling 38.Having decided to rent a flat, we____ contacting all the accommodation dt, agencies in the city. A) set out B) set to C) set about D) set off 39. The police decided to the department store after they had received a bomb warning. A) evict B) expel C) abandon D) evacuate 40. If the work-force respected you, you wouldn't need to your authority so often, A) affirm B) restrain C) assert D) maintain 41. Miss Rosemary Adang went through the composition carefully to all errors from it. A) eliminate B) terminate C) illuminate D) alleviate 42. Several months previously, the workers had petitioned the company for a 25 percent wage increase and of stricter safety regulations. A) implement B) endowment C) enforcement D) engagement 43. The rebel army __ the democratic government of the, country lawlessly. A) overthrew B) overtook C) overturned D) overruled 44. Judges are ____increasingly heavy fines for minor driving offences A). B) demanding C) imparting D) imposing 45. The of all kinds of necessary goods was caused by natural calamity. A) variety B) scarcity C) solidarity D) commodity 46. It is essential to be on the for any signs of movement in the undergrowth since there are poisonous snakes in the area. A) guard B) care C) alert D) alarm
General English Admission Test For Non-English Major Ph.D. program (Harbin Institute of Technology) Passage One Questions 1-7 are based on the following passage: According to a recent theory, Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems were formed over two billion years ago from magmatic fluids that originated from molten granitelike bodies deep beneath the surface of the Earth. This theory is contrary to the widely held view that the systems were deposited from metamorphic fluids, that is, from fluids that formed during the dehydration of wet sedimentary rocks. The recently developed theory has considerable practical importance. Most of the gold deposits discovered during the original gold rushes were exposed at the Earth’s surface and were found because the y had shed trails of alluvial gold that were easily traced by simple prospecting methods. Although these same methods still leas to an occasional discovery, most deposits not yet discovered have gone undetected because they are buried and have no surface expression. The challenge in exploration is therefore to unravel the subsurface geology of an area and pinpoint the position of buried minerals. Methods widely used today include analysis of aerial images that yield a broad geological overview, geophysical techniques that provide data on the magnetic, electrical, and mineralogical properties of the rocks being investigated, and sensitive chemical tests that are able to detect : the subtle chemical halos that often envelop mineralization. However, none of these high-technology methods are of any value if the sites to which they are applied have never mineralized, and to maximize the chances of discovery the explorer must therefore pay particular attention to selecting the ground formations most likely to be mineralized. Such ground selection relies to varying degrees on conceptual models, which take into account theoretical studies of relevant factors. These models are constructed primarily from empirical observations of known mineral deposits and from theories of ore-forming processes. The explorer uses the models to identify those geological features that are critical to the formation of the mineralization being modeled, and then tries to select areas for exploration that exhibit as many of the critical features as possible. 1. The author is primarily concerned with . A. advocating a return to an older methodology. B. explaining the importance of a recent theory. C. enumerating differences between two widely used methods D. describing events leading to a discovery 2. According to passage, the widely held view of Archean-age gold-quartz vein
清华大学日语语言文学专业考博复习资料参考书-育明考博 一、清华大学人文学院日语语言文学考博内容分析（育明考博辅导中心) 专业方向招生人数初试内容 复试内容050200外国语言文学日语语言文学 约1人①101英语、102俄语、104德 语、105法语 ②848日语语言文学501综合考试育明考博辅导中心张老师解析： 1、清华大学人文学院日语语言文学考博的报录比平均在5:1左右（竞争较激烈） 2、本专业有两位导师：隽雪艳、王成 3、同等学力考生在初试合格后须加试报考专业两门硕士专业学位课程和自然辩证法。 4、初试英语拉开的分差较小，两门专业课拉开的分差非常大。要进入复试就必须在两门专业课中取得较高的分数。专业课的复习备考中“信息”和“方向”比单纯的时间投入和努力程度更重要。 5、清华大学考博初试外语中不含听力。 6、学院并不指定外语和专业课复习的参考书。 育明教育考博分校针对清华大学各专业考博开设的辅导课程有：考博英语课程班·专业课课程班·视频班·复试保过班·高端协议班。每年专业课课程班的平均通过率都在80%以上。根植育明学校从2006年开始积累的深厚高校资源，整合利用历届育明优秀学员的成功经验与高分资料，为每一位学员构建考博成功的基础保障。 （清华大学人文学院考博资料获取、课程咨询育明教育张老师叩叩：772678537） 二、清华大学人文学院外国语言文学专业历年考博复试分数线（育明考博课程中心） 育明考博辅导中心张老师解析： 1、人文学院外国语言文学专业共有6个研究方向，各研究方向之间报录比差别还是比较大的。 2、根据最新的信息，学院将会逐步增加硕博连读的名额，减少在职定向读博的名额。 3、初试英语拉开的分差较小，两门专业课拉开的分差非常大。要进入复试就必须在两门专业课中取得较高的分数。专业课的复习备考中“信息”和“方向”比单纯的时间投入和努力程度更重要。年份 录取成绩要求复试人数/招生人数2014年外语50分、专业课50分 综合考试60分 12人/9人（不包括骨干计划）2015年外语50分、专业课50分 综合考试60分15人/11人（不包括骨干计划）
北京语言大学考博英语真题及其解析Directions:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about preparing in the academic community.Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph(41-45).The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered.There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points) Long before Man lived on the Earth,there were fishes,reptiles, birds,insects,and some mammals.Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today,others are now extinct,that is,they have no descendants alive now. 41Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin,so that, apart from color,we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago.That kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land,often of the plants that grew on it,and even of its climate. 42Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action,and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water.Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals,birds,and insects of which we know noting.Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi. 43There were also crablike creatures,whose bodies were covered