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翻译部分
英语原文
O N M INING-I NDUCED H ORIZONTAL S HEAR DEFORMATIONS OF THE
GROUND SURFACE
Gang Li1, Robert Paquet1, Ray Ramage1 and Phil Steuart1
ABSTRACT:Horizontal shear deformations have not been commonly considered in subsidence engineering and risk management practices. This situation is quite different from many other engineering disciplines. This article presents the authors’ initial findings of case studies from a number of collieries across all NSW Coalfields. The objective of this article is to highlight the significance of a ground deformation mode, that is, horizontal shear, and its implications to subsidence engineering and risk management. A Shear Index is suggested to facilitate studies of mining-induced shear deformations of the ground surface.
INTRODUCTION
This article presents an argument that conventional subsidence parameters specifying horizontal deformations, in particular, horizontal strains (i.e. change in length), are inadequate for subsidence engineering and risk management. The above-mentioned inadequacy can become practically important in areas where only low magnitude of conventionally defined horizontal strains is detectable due to deep cover depths (or relatively low “extraction
width-to-cover depth” ratios).
Through the preliminary investigation of a number of coals in NSW, the study found there is clear evidence to suggest that the above-mentioned inadequacy is related to a lack of understanding of mining-induced horizontal deformations of the ground surface, in particular, horizontal shear deformations.
Despite theoretical definitions found in limited literature on mine subsidence (e.g. 1992), horizontal shear deformations have not been commonly considered in subsidence engineering and risk management practices. This situation is quite different from many other engineering disciplines.
HORIZONTAL SHEAR DEFORMATIONS
When two adjacent cross sections of a stem has a pair of horizontal force perpendicular to stem axis but works in the opposite direction of breaking, and it produces deformation that two section along the lateral force direction of relative rupture occurred. The deformation called shear deformation.
Indicators of horizontal shear deformations, as identified by this study, comprise:
1.Observed subsidence effects on civil structures indicating influence of shear deformations and significance of
this deformation mode in terms of its impacts and frequency of occurrences.The shear effects at a particular site are demonstrated in Figure 1;
2. S tatistical information suggesting a strong correlation between the shear -affected structures and strip footings, which have less capacity to resist or accommodate horizontal shear deformations as compared with that for other types of footings considered in this study.The analyses show that the transverse shear deformation effect has a significant influence on the thick reinforced concrete slabs and the concentrated load condition;
3. Observed patterns of mining-induced surface fractures and deformations (in plan view) suggesting influence of shear, for example, i) en-echelon fractures near chain pillars where shear deformations were active or ii) occurrences of surface wrinkles where the effects of horizontal shear were clearly visible
4. Importantly, horizontal shear deformations of ground surface as indicated in 3D survey data obtained from a number of collieries across all NSW Coalfields (to be further discussed).
However, rigorous definition, in accordance with the principles of continuum mechanics (e.g. Jaeger, 1969), of horizontal shear strains is not possible using 3D survey data from a straight line of survey points.It follows that if warranted considering the significance of the surface features and their capacity to resist or accommodate shear deformations, the current surveying practices may need to be changed to obtain properly defined horizontal shear strains (or principal strains). To utilise the large amount of subsidence data in existence in the mining industry, an alternative (and approximate) Shear Index is suggested in order to gain an understanding of the general characteristics of mining-induced horizontal shear deformations. This Shear Index is derived based on the component of horizontal movements perpendicular to a survey line or a line of interest. The formula for deriving this index is the same as that for the conventionally defined tilt. Physically, this index reflects angular changes in the horizontal plane but it is not possible to tell what causes such changes, being either shear or rigid body rotation or both. However, the distribution pattern of this index can help to understand the development of shear deformations and to find "trouble spots" (refer to further discussions presented in the Section below).
FURTHER DISCUSSIONS ON HORIZONTAL SHEAR DEFORMATIONS
Figure 2 shows the distribution pattern of horizontal movements perpendicular to a survey line across a longwall panel and the corresponding Shear Index as discussed above.
Although the site is located in the Hunter Coalfield with shallow cover depths, this case is selected as it provides a clear demonstration of the following observations common to the studied cases from all NSW Coalfields:
?A complex history of the horizontal movements perpendicular to the cross line (Figure 2a) involving a reversal of
movement direction after the extraction face passed the survey site by a certain distance. This distance varied from site to site. Similar findings were reported by Holla and Thompson (1992) and Mills (2001);
?Indications of horizontal shear deformations (near both solid ribs in this case, as shown by the Shear Index plotted
in Figure 2b), noting the reversal in the sense of shearing after the extraction face has passed the survey site. The reversal in the sense of shearing has a potential to enhance the effects of shear deformations, and
?The occurrences of permanent horizontal deformations.
IMPLICATIONS
From the 3D survey data collected from a number of collieries across all NSW Coalfields, the characteristics (i.e. the magnitude, nature, distribution and timing of occurrences) of the conventionally defined subsidence parameters are compared with those of the following horizontal deformational parameters:
(i) Mining-induced horizontal movements perpendicular to survey grid lines, and
(ii) The corresponding Shear Index as discussed above.
Implications from the findings of the current study so far are summarised as follows.
1.Horizontal Shear Deformations – There is a need to recognise horizontal shear deformation as a significant
mode of mining-induced deformations at the ground surface. Specific attention should be paid to surface
features with inadequate shear resistance and to areas with deep cover depths (or relatively low “extraction width-to-cover depth” ratios) where the conventionally defined horizontal strains predicted may suggest low risks.
2. Assessment of Subsidence Impacts on Civil Structure s – Further to Point (1) above, there is a need to recognise the limitations of subsidence models based on conventionally defined horizontal strains and AS 2870-1996 (Standards Australia, 1996) when predicting subsidence impacts on civil structures. Consequently, there is a need to identify areas where changes and improvements to these models are required.
3. Civil Structures on Sloping Ground – Further to Point (1) above, specific attention should be paid to civil structures on the sloping ground. In this case, there is a potential for enhanced shear deformations due to the participation of down-slope movements. In addition, the performance of any footings to resist or accommodate shear deformations in this environment needs to be investigated and understood.
4. Capacity of Surface Features to Resist or Accommodate Shear Deformations – This is an area where knowledge has not been clearly established for subsidence engineering and management. The situation here, again, is different from many other engineering disciplines when shear deformations are concerned. There is a need to undertake necessary research into this area.
5. Mining-induced Surface Wrinkles – Mining-induced surface wrinkles (Figure 3), or compression humps, are one of the significant factors for subsidence impacts on civil structures. Where these deformational features occurred in areas with low predicted horizontal strains according to conventional subsidence models, geological structures were often blamed for their occurrences resulting in unpredicted or higher-than-predicted impacts on civil structures. However, recently conducted field investigations have not been able to provide a clear link between geological structures and such surface wrinkles, while there is a continuing need for an improved understanding of these features to develop effective early warning and risk management systems. The identification of horizontal shear deformations can offer an explanation (Figure 4), additional to geological structures and the conventionally defined compressive horizontal strains, for the occurrences of these deformational features.
6. Management of Subsidence-related Risks to Linear Infrastructure Items – The results of this study suggest a need to review the adequacy of risk management systems for important linear infrastructure items such as roads, rails, canals or pipelines, if these management systems have been developed based primarily on conventional subsidence models taking into consideration parameters predicted or measured along the lengths of such infrastructure items and/or if the features in questions do not have sufficient capacity to resist or accommodate lateral movements or shear deformations.
7. Survey Practices - As discussed above, to obtain properly defined shear strains or principal strains, the survey practices need to be changed. The suggested change is related primarily to the layout of survey grids, for example, 3D surveys of two (or multiple) parallel grid lines separated by an appropriately defined distance.
SUMMARY
Based on the investigation of the NSW coalfield measurement, this paper analysis the horizontal shear deformation on civil structure influence. This paper research the application of the horizontal shear deformation in the subsidence engineering and risk management system. Finally, the author put forward concerning the horizontal shear deformation field research direction and the prospect of certain.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The assistance by NSW Mine Subsidence Board with field investigations and data analysis in relation to civil structures is specifically acknowledged. This article is published with the permission of the NSW Department of Primary Industries. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors.
REFERENCES
Holla, L and Thompson, K, 1992. A study of ground movement in three orthogonal directions due to shallow
multi-seam longwall mining, The Australian Coal Journal, No.38, pp3-13.
Jaeger, J C, 1969. Elasticity, Fracture and Flow with Engineering and Geological Applications, pp268 (Chapman and Hall Science Paperbacks).
Mills, K W, 2001. Observations of horizontal subsidence movement at Baal Bone Colliery, in
Proceedings 5th Triennial Conference on Coal Mine Subsidence Current Practice and Issues, pp 99-111.
Peng, S S, 1992. Surface Subsidence Engineering, pp162 (Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and
Exploration, Inc, Littleton, Colorado).
Ramsay, J G, 1980. Shear zone geometry: a review. J. Struct. Geol., Vol. 2, pp83-99 Standards Australia, 1996. Residential Slabs and Footings – Construction (AS 2870-1996).
中文译文
受开采影响地表横向剪切变形
Gang Li1, Robert Paquet1, Ray Ramage1and Phil Steuart1
1NSW Department of Primary Industries - Mineral Resources
摘要：横向剪切变形尚未普遍应用于沉陷工程风险管理。这种情况完全不同于许多其他工程学科。本文介绍了作者在新南威尔士多个煤矿煤田的初步调查结果的案例研究。本文的目的是突出地面变形模型的重要意义，即，横向剪切及其在沉陷工程风险管理中的应用。文中采用抗剪指标来研究受开采影响地表横向剪切变形。
简介
本文介绍的论点，利用传统的沉降参数指定的水平变形，特别是横向剪切菌株（即长度变化），对于沉陷工程与风险管理系统是不合适的。由于深覆盖层深度（或较低的提取width-to-cover深度”的比率），只有在低程度的传统定义横向拉力是可检测的，上述不足会成为实际监测中的重要影响部分。
作者通过对新南威尔士多个煤矿煤田的初步调查研究发现，有明确的证据表明，上述不足是由于缺乏有关地表受采动影响产生的变形，特别是对地表横向剪切变形的认识。尽管关于横向剪切变形的理论上的定义在有关矿山沉陷的一些文献（例如，Peng，1992）中可以找到，但横向剪切变形尚未普遍在沉陷工程风险管理应用。这种情况是完全不同与其他许多工程学科。
横向剪切变形
当杆件在两相邻的横截面处有一对垂直于杆轴，但方向相反的横向力作用时，其发生的变形为该两截面沿横向力方向发生相对的错动，此变形称为剪切变形。
本文中的主要研究横向剪切变形的指标,内容包括:
1．观测沉降在剪切变形和指示意义的变形模式方面对土木结构的影响,考虑到它的影响和出现的频率。如图1剪切效应在一个特定的位置中发生;
图 1 土木结构受水平剪切变形的影响
2.根据统计资料表明，本研究中认为受剪切效应影响的结构体和地带地基有关，这种地基相对于其他类型的地基具有较少的抵抗或容纳横向剪切变形的能力, 分析表明，横向剪切变形对钢筋混凝土厚板及集中荷载的影响很大；
3.通过观察受采动影响的地面裂缝和变形（从三维角度来看）形式，例如，
i）在剪切变形活跃的护巷煤柱附近有雁列式裂缝；
ii）在横向剪切变形影响的地表产生清晰可见的表面褶皱。
4.重要的是，利用三维测量获得的一系列在的新南威尔士州煤田煤矿的观测数据都表明受开采影响的地表存在横向剪切变形（待进一步讨论）。然而，从严格的意义上讲，根据连续介质力学原理（例如Jaeger，1969），横向剪切应变是不能使用在一条直线上的点的三维测量数据。也就是说，只要合理的考虑地表特征的重要性，以及他们抵制或容纳剪切变形的能力，目前的测量规范可能需要改变以获得横向剪切应变（或主应变）的准确定义。
利用矿山测量中大量的沉降原始观测数据，另一种（或近似）切变指数以便了解具有一般特征受采动影响的横向剪切变形。该剪切指数是由水平运动在观测测线或感兴趣的线上的垂直分量推导得出。该公式推导过程和由常规定义的倾斜得出的是一样的。从物理意义上讲，该指数反映水平角的变化，但是我们不知道它是由剪切或刚体转动引起的，还是两者共同作用的结果。然而，这个指数的分布规律可以帮助我们了解横向剪切变形的发展规律和发现“出错点”（在以下部分进一步讨论中解释）。
横向剪切变形进行进一步的讨论
图2显示了水平移动在长壁板垂直观测线和上面讨论过的相应的切变指数的分布规律。虽然试验中的观测站是位于浅埋深的Hunter煤田,选取该观测线的原因是由于它可以的论证所有新南威尔士煤田的共同研究特点:
一个复杂的垂直于纵线的水平移动曲线图 (图2-a)，该纵轴大小等于以一定距离提取的观测站反向移动距离的平方。这个距离为相邻两观测站之间的距离。类似的研究结果在Holla and Thompson (1992)和 Mills (2001)都有提到；
水平剪力变形的大小(在这种情况下，固体两侧板的切变指数标绘在图2 –b中),我们发现在提取的切变数据在负方向上通过观测站。在这个意义上的逆转剪切有增强剪切变形影响的作用；
该区域内存在永久横向剪切变形。
影响
分析新南威尔士煤田中一些煤矿的三维测量数据，通过传统意义上的沉降参数特征(即量值大小、特征、分类及其出现的时间)和下列的水平变形参数的进行对比研究:
(i)受开采影响的垂直于测量观测线的水平移动；
(ii) 上文已经讨论过的相应的切变指数。
从当前进行的测量结果，分析研究地表受横向剪切应变的影响，总结如下:
1．横向剪切变形——我们必须认识到横向剪切变形是受开采影响的地表移动变形中一个重要的组成部分。具体要关注抵抗剪切能力不足的地表和在深厚覆盖层深度(或相对较低的“提取width-to-cover深度”比率)的地区,通常利用传统意义上的水平变形进行预测，这些地区的沉陷很小。
2．土木结构受沉降影响预计——进一步在(1)的基础上, 有必要认识到基于传统意义上的水平应变和AS 2870 - 1996(澳大利亚标准协会,1996年)的沉降模型在预计沉陷对土木结构影响时的局限性。因此,当需要使用该模型时，有必要确定模型在哪些地方需要进行改变和改进。
3．民用建筑受地面倾斜的影响——进一步在(1)的基础上,具体应重视位于倾斜地面上的
民用建筑。在这种情况下, 由于“下沉—倾斜”运动的参与，产生一个增强横向剪切变形的变量。此外, 在上述这种环境中，任意地基抵抗或适应剪切变形的特征都需要研究和分析。
4．地表抵抗或适应剪切变形的特性能力——这一领域知识尚未建立明确的沉降工程和预计体系。这里的情况,当与剪切变形有关时，再一次,不同于许多其他工程学科。因此，非常有必要进行这一领域的研究。
5．受开采影响的地表褶皱——受开采影响的地表褶皱(图3),或压缩隆起,是沉降对土木结构影响的一个重要因素。这些可变形特性发生在利用传统模型低精度预测水平应变的地区，这些地质构造经常被误认为是由于没有进行预测或高于预测横向剪切应变对土木结构的影响而产生的。然而,最近进行的一系列现场测量研究，都没能提供一个清晰的证据证明有关地质结构和这些区域地表上的褶皱之间存在着这种联系,因此有必要进一步理解这些特性,进而开发有效的早期预警和风险管理系统。横向剪切变形的存在能对地质结构和传统意义上的压卧式应变出现这些变形特性提供一个解释(图3)。
图3 受开采影响的地表褶皱
6．线性基础设施沉陷危险管理系统项目——这项研究的结果显示，在重要的线性基础设施上需要建立足够的危险管理系统进行预测,如公路、铁路、运河或管道,如果这些主要基于考虑参数预测或沿长度的测量等的传统沉降模型的管理系统已经开发出来。我们就能够预测这些基础设施项目是否有足够的能力来抵抗或适应水平移动或剪切变形。
7．实地测量——正如上面所讨论的,获得剪切应变或主要应变的精确定义, 需要改进实地测量的方法。我给的建议是改变主要测量观测线或网的布局。例如, 可以通过使用一个适当定义的距离，进行两个(或多个)并联观测线的三维测量。
图4a 剪切变形之前的应变圆形图4b 剪切应变之后为应变椭圆（After
Ramsay, 1980）由于AB轴缩短，地表可能
出现褶皱
总结
本文通过对新南威尔士州煤田的调查研究和实地测量，分析了横向剪切变形对土木结构的影响。文中深入研究了横向剪切变形在沉陷工程和风险管理系统中的应用。最后，作者提出了关于横向剪切变形领域一定的研究方向和前景。
致谢
感谢新南威尔士州煤田沉陷管理科提供的沉降与民用建筑实地测量数据和数据分析
结果。这篇文章发表通过了新南威尔士州部门的主要产业的许可。本文表达的观点仅代表作者自己的观点。
参考文献
[1]Holla, L and Thompson, K, 1992. A study of ground movement in three orthogonal directions due to shallow multi-seam longwall mining, The Australian Coal Journal, No.38, pp3-13.
[2]Jaeger, J C, 1969. Elasticity, Fracture and Flow with Engineering and Geological Applications, pp268 (Chapman and Hall Science Paperbacks).
[3]Mills, K W, 2001. Observations of horizontal subsidence movement at Baal Bone Colliery, inProceedings 5th Triennial Conference on Coal Mine Subsidence Current Practice and Issues, pp 99-111.
[4]Peng, S S, 1992. Surface Subsidence Engineering, pp162 (Society for Mining, Metallurgy, andExploration, Inc, Littleton, Colorado).
[5]Ramsay, J G, 1980. Shear zone geometry: a review. J. Struct. Geol., Vol. 2, pp83-99
[6]Standards Australia, 1996. Residential Slabs and Footings – Construction (AS 2870-1996).
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
The smart grid Smart grid is the grid intelligent (electric power), also known as the "grid" 2.0, it is based on the integration, high-speed bidirectional communication network, on the basis of through the use of advanced sensor and measuring technology, advanced equipme nt technology, the advanced control method, and the application of advanced technology of decision support system, realize the power grid reliability, security, economic, efficient, environmental friendly and use the security target, its main features include self-healing, incentives and include user, against attacks, provide meet user requirements of power quality in the 21st century, allow all sorts of different power generation in the form of access, start the electric power market and asset optimizatio n run efficiently. The U.S. department of energy (doe) "the Grid of 2030" : a fully automated power transmission network, able to monitor and control each user and power Grid nodes, guarantee from power plants to end users among all the nodes in the whole process of transmission and distribution of information and energy bi-directional flow. China iot alliance between colleges: smart grid is made up of many parts, can be divided into:intelligent substation, intelligent power distribution network, intelli gent watt-hourmeter,intelligent interactive terminals, intelligent scheduling, smart appliances, intelligent building electricity, smart city power grid, smart power generation system, the new type of energy storage system.Now a part of it to do a simple i ntroduction. European technology BBS: an integration of all users connected to the power grid all the behavior of the power transmission network, to provide sustained and effective economic and security of power. Chinese academy of sciences, institute of electrical: smart grid is including all kinds of power generation equipment, power transmission and distribution network, power equipment and storage equipment, on the basis of the physical power grid will be modern advanced sensor measurement technology, network technology, communication
文献综述怎么写 1) 什么是文献综述? 文献综述是研究者在其提前阅读过某一主题的文献后，经过理解、整理、融会贯通，综合分析和评价而组成的一种不同于研究论文的文体。 2) 文献综述的写作要求 1、文献综述的格式 文献综述的格式与一般研究性论文的格式有所不同。这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法和结果，而文献综述介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以上方面的评述。因此文献综述的格式相对多样，但总的来说，一般都包含以下四部分：即前言、主题、总结和参考文献。撰写文献综述时可按这四部分拟写提纲，再根据提纲进行撰写工作。 前言，要用简明扼要的文字说明写作的目的、必要性、有关概念的定义，综述的范围，阐述有关问题的现状和动态，以及目前对主要问题争论的焦点等。前言一般200-300字为宜，不宜超过500字。 正文，是综述的重点，写法上没有固定的格式，只要能较好地表达综合的内容，作者可创造性采用诸多形式。正文主要包括论据和论证两个部分，通过提出问题、分析问题和解决问题，比较不同学者对同一问题的看法及其理论依据，进一步阐明问题的来龙去脉和作者自己的见解。当然，作者也可从问题发生的历史背景、目前现状、发展方向等提出文献的不同观点。正文部分可根据内容的多少可分为若干个小标题分别论述。 小结，是结综述正文部分作扼要的总结，作者应对各种观点进行综合评价，提出自己的看法，指出存在的问题及今后发展的方向和展望。内容单纯的综述也可不写小结。 参考文献，是综述的重要组成部分。一般参考文献的多少可体现作者阅读文献的广度和深度。对综述类论文参考文献的数量不同杂志有不同的要求，一般以30条以内为宜，以最近3-5年内的最新文献为主。 2、文献综述规定 1. 为了使选题报告有较充分的依据，要求硕士研究生在论文开题之前作文献综述。 2. 在文献综述时，研究生应系统地查阅与自己的研究方向有关的国内外文献。通常阅读文献不少于30篇，且文献搜集要客观全面 3. 在文献综述中，研究生应说明自己研究方向的发展历史，前人的主要研究成果，存在的问题及发展趋势等。 4. 文献综述要条理清晰，文字通顺简练。 5. 资料运用恰当、合理。文献引用用方括号[ ]括起来置于引用词的右上角。 6. 文献综述中要有自己的观点和见解。不能混淆作者与文献的观点。鼓励研究生多发现问题、多提出问题、并指出分析、解决问题的可能途径，针对性强。 7. 文献综述不少于3000字。 3、注意事项 ⒈搜集文献应尽量全。掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提，否则，随便搜集一点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好的综述。 ⒉注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性。在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同，有的文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异，因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠性和科学性较好的文献。 ⒊引用文献要忠实文献内容。由于文献综述有作者自己的评论分析，因此在撰写时应分清作者的观点和文献的内容，不能篡改文献的内容。引用文献不过多。文献综述的作者引用间接文献的现象时有所见。如果综述作者从他人引用的参考文献转引过来，这些文献在他人
山东科技大学 本科毕业设计（论文）开题报告题目基坑工程的综合监测 学院名称测绘科学与工程学院 专业班级 学生 学号 指导教师 填表时间：年 5 月 6 日
填表说明 1.开题报告作为毕业设计（论文）答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一。 2.此报告应在指导教师指导下，由学生在毕业设计（论文）工作前期完成，经指导教师签署意见、相关系主任审查后生效。 3.学生应按照学校统一设计的电子文档标准格式，用A4纸打印。 4.参考文献不少于8篇，其中应有适当的外文资料（一般不少于2篇）。 5.开题报告作为毕业设计（论文）资料，与毕业设计（论文）一同存档。
设计（论文） 题目 基坑开挖监测 设计（论文）类型（划“√”）工程实际科研项目实验室建设理论研究其它√ 一、本课题的研究目的和意义 随着城市建设的发展，基坑施工的开挖深度越来越深，从最初的5～7m发展到目前最深已达20m多。由于地下土体性质、荷载条件、施工环境的复杂性，对在施工过程中引发的土体性状、环境、邻近建筑物、地下设施变化的监测已成了工程建设必不可少的重要环节。 对于复杂的大中型工程或环境要求严格的项目，往往难从以往的经验中得到借鉴，也难以从理论上找到定量分析、预测的方法，这就必定要依赖于施工过程中的现场监测。首先，靠现场监测据来了解基坑的设计强度，为今后降低工程成本指标提供设计依据。第二，可及时了解施工环境——地下土层、地下管线、地下设施、地面建筑在施工过程中所受的影响及影响程度。第三，可及时发现和预报险情的发生及险情的发展程度，为及时采取安全补救措施充当耳目。监测在取得大量测试数据同时对工程总结经验、完善基坑的支撑、提高设计水平有着重要意义。 根据我市周边地区的基坑工程事故分析可知，由于部分单位不重视基坑施工过程的监测，从而造成了较严重的工程事故，甚至造成了人员伤亡事故。如基坑围护结构的失稳，周边建筑的裂缝及地下设施的破坏。因此，当前对于我基坑开展监测工作已经变得越来越重要。
New technique of the computer network Abstract The 21 century is an ages of the information economy, being the computer network technique of representative techniques this ages, will be at very fast speed develop soon in continuously creatively, and will go deep into the people's work, life and study. Therefore, control this technique and then seem to be more to deliver the importance. Now I mainly introduce the new technique of a few networks in actuality live of application. keywords Internet Network System Digital Certificates Grid Storage 1. Foreword Internet turns 36, still a work in progress Thirty-six years after computer scientists at UCLA linked two bulky computers using a 15-foot gray cable, testing a new way for exchanging data over networks, what would ultimately become the Internet remains a work in progress. University researchers are experimenting with ways to increase its capacity and speed. Programmers are trying to imbue Web pages with intelligence. And work is underway to re-engineer the network to reduce Spam (junk mail) and security troubles. All the while threats loom: Critics warn that commercial, legal and political pressures could hinder the types of innovations that made the Internet what it is today. Stephen Crocker and Vinton Cerf were among the graduate students who joined UCLA professor Len Klein rock in an engineering lab on Sept. 2, 1969, as bits of meaningless test data flowed silently between the two computers. By January, three other "nodes" joined the fledgling network.
机械设计理论 机械设计是一门通过设计新产品或者改进老产品来满足人类需求的应用技术科学。它涉及工程技术的各个领域，主要研究产品的尺寸、形状和详细结构的基本构思，还要研究产品在制造、销售和使用等方面的问题。 进行各种机械设计工作的人员通常被称为设计人员或者机械设计工程师。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性，还必须在机械制图、运动学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。如前所诉，机械设计的目的是生产能够满足人类需求的产品。发明、发现和科技知识本身并不一定能给人类带来好处，只有当它们被应用在产品上才能产生效益。因而，应该认识到在一个特定的产品进行设计之前，必须先确定人们是否需要这种产品。 应当把机械设计看成是机械设计人员运用创造性的才能进行产品设计、系统分析和制定产品的制造工艺学的一个良机。掌握工程基础知识要比熟记一些数据和公式更为重要。仅仅使用数据和公式是不足以在一个好的设计中做出所需的全部决定的。另一方面，应该认真精确的进行所有运算。例如，即使将一个小数点的位置放错，也会使正确的设计变成错误的。 一个好的设计人员应该勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承担一定的风险，当新的方法不适用时，就使用原来的方法。因此，设计人员必须要有耐心，因为所花费的时间和努力并不能保证带来成功。一个全新的设计，要求屏弃许多陈旧的，为人们所熟知的方法。由于许多人墨守成规，这样做并不是一件容易的事。一位机械设计师应该不断地探索改进现有的产品的方法，在此过程中应该认真选择原有的、经过验证的设计原理，将其与未经过验证的新观念结合起来。 新设计本身会有许多缺陷和未能预料的问题发生，只有当这些缺陷和问题被解决之后，才能体现出新产品的优越性。因此，一个性能优越的产品诞生的同时，也伴随着较高的风险。应该强调的是，如果设计本身不要求采用全新的方法，就没有必要仅仅为了变革的目的而采用新方法。 在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不受各种约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不致于堵塞创新的思路。通常，要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。很有可能在最后选定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。
建筑变形监测毕业论文 摘要 随着经济和城市化进程的不断发展，建筑越来越呈现向多层、高层和超高层发展的趋势。而多层及高层建筑在建造的过程中必然产生一定的水平或者垂直位移，严重者甚至会危及建筑的安全，造成国家和人民重大的经济损失。因此，建筑物的变形监测与预报是建筑施工中的一个不可或缺的重要环节，也是测绘工程领域研究的热点问题之一。变形监测是一种监测变形体安全性的重要手段，它通过实时获取变形体的动态位移信息来预警变形体的安危状况。在测量工作的实践和科学研究的活动中,变形监测都占有重要的位置。本文主要针对多层及高层建筑物，研究探讨建筑工程变形监测常用技术方法以及如何在保证建筑工程自身稳定的同时，有效控制建筑的变形以保证工程及周围环境安全的技术和方法。总之，建筑变形监测己经成为建筑设计、监测、施工中的一项重要内容。本文重点分析比较几种不同变形观测的方法，特别是建筑基坑变形、建筑沉降位移、水平位移、倾斜位移、沉降位移、挠度的变形监测。 关键词：建筑物、变形监测、建筑基坑变形、水平位移、倾斜位移、沉降位移、挠度
Abstract With the continuous development of economy and city development, building more and more presents to multi-layer, high-rise and super high-rise development trend. And the multi-storey and high-rise buildings in the process of construction will have certain vertical or horizontal displacement, and even endanger the safety of buildings, caused significant economic losses to the country and the people. Therefore, deformation monitoring and prediction of building is one of the most important aspects of building construction, and is also one of the hot issues in the field of Surveying and mapping engineering. Deformation monitoring is an important means of monitoring the deformation body safety, it gets the deformation body through real-time dynamic displacement information security warning of deformable body. In the practice of and scientific research on measurement of work activities, deformation monitoring plays an important role. In this paper, multi-storey and high-rise building, research building engineering deformation monitoring technology methods and how to ensure the construction itself at the same time, the deformation of the effective control of construction to ensure that the technology and method of construction safety and surrounding environment. In short, the building deformation monitoring has become a building design, construction, monitoring is an important content in. This paper focuses on the analysis and comparison of several different deformation observation method, especially in the construction of foundation pit defo rmation, building settlement displacement, horizontal displacement, tilt displacement, displacement, deflection deformation monitoring.
英文翻译 A comprehensive overview of substations Along with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life. Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。Therefore, power transmission and distribution is critical. Substation is to enable superior power plant power plants or power after adjustments to the lower load of books is an important part of power transmission. Operation of its functions, the capacity of a direct impact on the size of the lower load power, thereby affecting the industrial production and power consumption.Substation system if a link failure, the system will protect the part of action. May result in power outages and so on, to the production and living a great disadvantage. Therefore, the substation in the electric power system for the protection of electricity reliability,
外文翻译 英文原文 Belt Conveying Systems Development of driving system Among the methods of material conveying employed，belt conveyors play a very important part in the reliable carrying of material over long distances at competitive cost．Conveyor systems have become larger and more complex and drive systems have also been going through a process of evolution and will continue to do so．Nowadays，bigger belts require more power and have brought the need for larger individual drives as well as multiple drives such as 3 drives of 750 kW for one belt(this is the case for the conveyor drives in Chengzhuang Mine)．The ability to control drive acceleration torque is critical to belt conveyors’performance．An efficient drive system should be able to provide smooth，soft starts while maintaining belt tensions within the specified safe limits．For load sharing on multiple drives．torque and speed control are also important considerations in the drive system’s design. Due to the advances in conveyor drive control technology，at present many more reliable．Cost-effective and performance-driven conveyor drive systems covering a wide range of power are available for customers’ choices[1]. 1 Analysis on conveyor drive technologies 1．1 Direct drives Full-voltage starters．With a full-voltage starter design，the conveyor head shaft is direct-coupled to the motor through the gear drive．Direct full-voltage starters are adequate for relatively low-power, simple-profile conveyors．With direct fu11-voltage starters．no control is provided for various conveyor loads and．depending on the ratio between fu11-and no-1oad power requirements，empty starting times can be three or four times faster than full load．The maintenance-free starting system is simple，low-cost and very reliable．However, they cannot control starting torque and maximum stall torque；therefore．they are
一、激励理论的背景 在经济发展的过程中,劳动分工与交易的出现带来了激励问题。激励理论是行为科学中用于处理需要，动机，目标和行为四者之间关系的核心理论。行为科学认为人的动机来自需要，由需要确定人们的行为目标，激励则作用于人内心活动，激发，驱动和强化人的行为。哈佛大学维廉詹姆士研究表明：在没有激励措施下,下属一般仅能发挥工作能力的20%～30%，而当他受到激励后,其工作能力可以提升到80%～90%，所发挥的作用相当于激励前的3到4倍。日本丰田公司采取激励措施鼓励员工提建议，结果仅1983年一年，员工提了165万条建议，平均每人31条，它为公司带来900亿日元利润，相当于当年总利润的18%。由于激励的效果明显，所以各种组织为了提高生产效率，有些专家学者就开始了对激励理论的研究之中，探索激励的无穷潜力。 二、国外研究现状 国外对于激励理论有了大量的研究并获得了丰硕的成果。总体来说，可以分为两类激励理论。一类是以人的心理需求和动机为主要研究对象的激励理论，熟称“内容型激励理论”。另一类是以人的心理过程和行为过程相互作用的动态系统为研究对象的激励过程理论,它也被称作是“行为型激励理论”。 1 内容型激励理论 1.1 奠瑞的人类人格理论 这种理论认为，在面临着动态且不断变化的环境时，人们都是自适应的。它把需求分成了两种类型，即生理需求和心理需求。前者与人体基本生理过程的满足感有关，而后者所关注的是情绪上和精神上的满足感。 1.2 马斯洛的“需要层次”理论 美国心理学家马斯洛(A.H.Maslow)进一步发展了莫瑞的研究，在1954年出版的《动机与人格》一书中对该理论作了进一步的阐释。马斯洛认为人的需要可以划分为五个层次，从低到高依次为生理需要，安全需要，社交需要，尊熏需要，自我实现需要，且这五个层次的顺序，对每个人都是相同的。只有当较低层次的需要获得了基本满足后，下一个较高层次的需要才能成为主导需要。 1.3 赫茨伯格的激励—保健双因素理论 美国心理学家赫茨伯格因素理论打破了这一假设。他于1959年在《工作的激励》一书中提出了保健——激励因素理论，简称双因素理论。即保健因素和激励因素。保健因素可以用来体现高水平员工的不满意，激励因素可以用来体现高水平员工的满意度。他认为只有激励因素才能促发员工积极性,提高生产效率。 2 行为型激励理论 2.1 洛克的目标设置理论 2O世纪6O年代末，埃德温·A·洛克和他的同事们花了许多年的时间研究目标对于人类行为和绩效的效果。他们的研究导致了目标设置理论的创立并不断地得到验证，提出：指向一共同目标的工作意向是工作效率的主要源泉。他还提出了具体的设置目标的步骤。 2.2 亚当斯的公平理论 美国心理学家亚当斯(J.s.Adams)对员工受激励程度的大小与他人之间的关系进行研究，并在《工人关于工资不公平的内心冲突同其生产率的关系》(1962年与罗森合写)，《工
第一篇： 航空博物馆与航空展示公园 巴特罗米耶杰·基谢列夫斯基 飞翔的概念、场所的精神、老机场的建筑---克拉科夫新航空博物馆理性地吸取了这些元素，并将它们整合到一座建筑当中。Rakowice-Czyzyny机场之前的旧飞机修理库为新建筑的平面和高度设定了模数比例。在此基本形态上进一步发展，如同裁切和折叠一架纸飞机，生成了一座巨大的建筑。其三角形机翼是由混凝土制成，却如同风动螺旋桨一样轻盈。这个机翼宽大通透，向各个方向开敞。它们的形态与组织都是依据内部功能来设计的。机翼部分为3个不平衡的平面，使内外景观在不断变化中形成空间的延续性，并且联系了建筑内的视觉焦点和室外的展览区。 新航空展示公园的设计连接了博物馆的8栋建筑和户外展览区，并与历史体验建立联系。从前的视觉轴线与通道得到尊重，旧的道路得到了完善，朝向飞机场和跑道的空间被限定出来。每栋建筑展示了一个主题或是一段飞行史。建筑周围伸展出巨大的平台，为特殊主题的室外展览提供了空间。博物馆容纳了超过150架飞机、引擎、飞行复制品、成套的技术档案和历史图片。这里的特色收藏是飞机起源开始的各种飞行器，如Jatho1903、Grade1909、莱特兄弟1909年的飞机模型和1911年的鸽式单翼机。 The first passage: Museum for aviation and aviation exhibition park Bartiomiej Kislelewski The idea of flying, the spirit of place, the structure of the historic airfield – the new Museum of Aviation in Krakow takes up these references intellectually and synthesizes them into a building. The old hangars of the former airport Rakowice Czyzyny set the modular scale for the footprint and the height of the new building. Developed from this basic shape, as if cut out and folded like a paper airplane, a large structure has been generated, with triangular wings made of concrete and yet as light as a wind-vane propeller. The wings are generously glazed and open in all directions. Their form and arrangement depend on the interior uses. In the floor plans of the wings, the three offset
大数据外文翻译参考文献综述 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 原文： Data Mining and Data Publishing Data mining is the extraction of vast interesting patterns or knowledge from huge amount of data. The initial idea of privacy-preserving data mining PPDM was to extend traditional data mining techniques to work with the data modified to mask sensitive information. The key issues were how to modify the data and how to recover the data mining result from the modified data. Privacy-preserving data mining considers the problem of running data mining algorithms on confidential data that is not supposed to be revealed even to the party
running the algorithm. In contrast, privacy-preserving data publishing (PPDP) may not necessarily be tied to a specific data mining task, and the data mining task may be unknown at the time of data publishing. PPDP studies how to transform raw data into a version that is immunized against privacy attacks but that still supports effective data mining tasks. Privacy-preserving for both data mining (PPDM) and data publishing (PPDP) has become increasingly popular because it allows sharing of privacy sensitive data for analysis purposes. One well studied approach is the k-anonymity model [1] which in turn led to other models such as confidence bounding, l-diversity, t-closeness, (α,k)-anonymity, etc. In particular, all known mechanisms try to minimize information loss and such an attempt provides a loophole for attacks. The aim of this paper is to present a survey for most of the common attacks techniques for anonymization-based PPDM & PPDP and explain their effects on Data Privacy. Although data mining is potentially useful, many data holders are reluctant to provide their data for data mining for the fear of violating individual privacy. In recent years, study has been made to ensure that the sensitive information of individuals cannot be identified easily. Anonymity Models, k-anonymization techniques have been the focus of intense research in the last few years. In order to ensure anonymization of data while at the same time minimizing the information