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08年法学专业英语参考答案

08年法学专业英语参考答案
08年法学专业英语参考答案

08年法学专业英语参考答案

案例一、LUCY et al v. ZEHMER et al

1.请简述本案的事实(FACTS) 10分1952年12月20日,原告之一W.O. Lucy与被告A.H. Zehmer签署了一张字据,其上写明“兹协议向W.O.Lucy出售Ferguson农场,价格50,000美元,产权于出售时转移”。据被告的证词,当时被告喝醉酒了,以为原告的要约只是开玩笑的,被告在字据上写明了“备忘录”字样,还要求他的妻子也在上面签字,他并没有将之交给原告,原告将字据捡起,以5美元约束该交易,被告一再声称他并没有出售农场的意向,一切都是开玩笑。

12月20日,原告向其兄J.C.Lucy(也是共同原告之一)转移一半土地权益,

1953年1月13日被告在回信中再次申明他从来没有同意出售农场。

原告起诉,要求实际履行该售地合同。

2.本案的争议点(ISSUE)是什么?5分本案的争议点是双方达成的协议究竟是本着订立合同的意向还是仅仅是一个玩笑。

3.你是否认为,不管被告喝了多少酒,醉到什么程度,判决结果是否都会对他不利?5分否

如果被告醉酒到了完全无法理解自己所签署字据的性质和后果,字据不具备合同的效力。因为在一方没有认识能力的情况下,根本不存在双方当事人的合意。

4.被告为什么先后签了两份协议?5分第一份协议上的是以“我同意出售”开头的,而第二份协议的开头是“我们同意出售”。被告撕毁第一份协议而写就第二份协议是为了让被告的妻子也签署这份字据,而不再是被告一个人签署。

5.法官在其判决意见的第二自然段列举了一系列事实的目的何在?5分

法官列举了诸如被告的妻子还建议被告开车送原告回家等事实,是为了证明被告当天的言行和被告证词是完全不符合的,被告声称当时被告“喝高了,所做的交易只是两个醉鬼打赌吹牛而已”。

6.你认为本案被告“表达出来的意思”与“保留于内心的意思”是相同的还是不同的?5分根据合同的外表和一系列事实诸如双方讨论了40分钟才签署协议;被告重写协议以满足原告对签署人的要求;合同的完整性甚至对执行合同都有详尽的规定等;原告取得协议后并没有被对方要求追回等等。充分证明签署该合同完全是一个正式的商事交易,而非被告所称的“开玩笑”而已。

被告提出了所谓“保留于内心的意思”是很难被外人揣摩到的,非常主观,完全可以信口雌黄,为自己的利益服务。法官很明显绕开了究竟被告“保留于内心的意思”究竟是什么的问题。但是从证据上看,被告“保留于内心的意思”和“表达出来的意思”应该是相同的,也就是意欲出售土地。

7.为什么法官要判决W.O. Lucy and J.C. Lucy胜诉?5分在合同法领域,就像在其他领域一样,我们必须探究一个人的外在意思表示,确定他的意图究竟是什么,而不是他的内在的秘而不宣的意思表示。法律是根据一个人的言行的合理意

图来确定他的意图的。如果一方当事人的言行仅有一个合理的意思,他的“未表达的意图”就不重要了,除非他言行的不合理意思已经被对方所知道。

本案中,根据合理的标准,被告的言行仅有一个合理的意思,那就是意欲订立合同,合同即告成立。而被告的言行使得一个理性人相信被告意欲订立合同的情况下,被告无权声称自己仅是开玩笑。

案例二、Chateau des Charmes Wines Ltd. V. Sabate USA Inc.

1.在本案中,“法院选择条款”被包含在什么文件中?联邦地区法院是如何认定这一条款的?8分

“法院选择条款”包含在被告之一Sabate France 寄给Chateau des Charmes的一张发票(invoice)中。联邦地区法院认为这一条款是整个销售合同的一部分,因此法院驳回起诉,认定应该在法国进行审判。

2.简要叙述本案双方当事人达成了什么样的协议?8分卖方Sabate France通过其在美国加州的一家子公司出售葡萄酒瓶,买方Chateau des Charmes Wines Ltd.是一家加拿大的葡萄酒制造企业。2000年1月,买方电话卖方下了一个订单,就付款和运输条款达成一致意见,没讨论其他条款,双方之前也没有交易记录。之后买方又电话下了一个新的订单,条款与前一订单一致。两个口头合同标的总计1,200,000个瓶塞。

卖方共分11批运送商品,每批运输前后,都随附发票。每张发票正面都用法语写明“本合同项下产生的任何争议仅受Perpignan城商业法庭管辖。”而背面有一个条款“协议项下任何争议都应提交卖方公司注册地法院管辖。”

3.在本案中,涉及“法院选择条款是否已成为当事人双方的协议的一部分”,联邦上诉法院的法官认为应当适用什么法律?请简述其理由10分联邦上诉法院的法官认为应该适用CISG,即《联合国货物销售合同公约》

(1)该合同的卖方在法国、美国,买方在加拿大,完全符合CISG第一条第一款的规定“销售合同双方的营业地分处不同的国家”。而美国、法国和加拿大都是CISG的缔约国,没有任何一国作出了影响公约对本案适用的保留。

(2)美国总统已经提交参议院批准,参议院也批准生效了。说明CISG是有法定效力的联邦法。因而,公约约束法院选择条款等实体问题。

(3)并不与姐妹州巡回法院适用州法而不是CISG的那些先例相冲突。那些法院排除CISG 的适用分别是因为A合同标的主要是服务和劳力B合同是关于州际纠纷,而非国际商业纠纷。

4.联邦上诉法院的法官是如何认定本案中的“法院选择条款”的?请简述其理由。10分联邦上诉法院的法官认为本案中的“法院选择条款”不是合同的一部分。

(1)公约规定了分析国际货物销售合同的一个清晰的体系“合同订立并不一定要书面形式;要约只要明示或默示确定了商品数量、价格、品名即可;承诺生效合同即告成立。”而本案中,双方就瓶塞的种类、数量和价格达成了一致的口头协议,合同即有效订立。并且在协议中并未有“法院选择条款”。

(2)之后的发票里的规定并未构成对合同的修改,并没有订立新合同。因为增加“法院选择条款构成了实质性变更”,而买方并没有作出能证明是同意发票中法庭选择条款的任何行为,只是履行口头合同项下的义务。双方没有订立新合同的意思表示一致。

(3)买方虽然没有对发票里的条款表示反对,并不代表双发就发票条款达成了协议。根据CISG第八条第三款,在确定一方当事人的意旨或一个通情达理的人应有的理解时,应适当考虑到与事实有关的一切情况,包括谈判情况、当事人之间确立的任何习惯做法、惯例和当事人其后的任何行为。事实上,买方没有作出任何表示“同意”发票条款的任何行为。

5.为什么本案诉讼在联邦法院而不是州法院提起?4分

因为本案涉及国际货物买卖诉讼,联邦法院对此拥有管辖权,州法院系统没有管辖权。

案例三、Barle v. Home Owner Coop.

1.请以图示方法简要介绍本案的基本事实10分

学生笔记空间

2.为什么被告要建立其全资拥有的Westerlea Inc.?10分

被告建立其全资拥有的Westerlea,Inc的原因是被告不能获得一个承包商来建造房屋,于是成立一个公司,实现其目的。被告本来是一个合作社法人(cooperative corporation),是由老兵组成的一个企业,目的旨在为其建造廉价房屋,虽然作为法人存在,但其主要目的是为其成员提供服务和利润,而不是为了法人组织本身谋利。从获得贷款、招徕承包商的角度来看,Westerlea的公司类型明显更能获得债权人和承包商的青睐。当然也不排除被告建立一个子公司纯粹为其自身利益考虑。因为子公司具有独立的法人资格,当子公司破产时,母公司不用为其承担连带责任。被告有操纵W公司的空壳,归入W公司的利益,一旦W公司破产,推卸掉责任,把负担丢给债权人。

3.被告向子公司共投入多少资金?分哪两类?为什么要这么投?10分

原告共投入资金¥25,639.38,分两次投入,初始资本25,000.附加资本$639.38。初始资本是建立子公司所必须的资本。对于操作房地产的企业而言,初始投资要有所表示,至少让债权人获得信心。附加资本也仅是使公司维持基本的运转,迫不得已而为。正如异议法官所指出

的,W公司股东投入非常有限,经营被被告控制,在经济景气时可能保持收支平衡(Break-even),经济形势不好时,只能破产倒闭了事。以案例有限的资料,估计被告为了维持W公司的艰难负债经营,投入的少量资金。从资金总量来看,杯水车薪,于事无补,最后只能走上破产之路。

4.原告在本案中共有哪几点上诉理由,其中哪一点是主要的?为什么?10分

原告提出了三点上诉理由

(1)原审法院错误地拒绝“揭开公司面纱”,没能否认Westerlea的独立性

(2)被告以其自身财产抵押以清偿破产之债,债权人有理由得到清偿

(3)请求适用不当得利原理返还债权人的利益

其中第(1)点是主要的,它是原告一审中失败的关键因素,而且后两者是以第(1)点为基础的。

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