A new type of Nb (Ta)–Zr(Hf)–REE –Ga polymetallic deposit in the late Permian coal-bearing strata,eastern Yunnan,southwestern China:Possible economic signi ?cance and genetic implications
Shifeng Dai a ,?,Yiping Zhou b ,Mingquan Zhang b ,Xibo Wang a ,Jumin Wang b ,Xiaolin Song b ,Yaofa Jiang c ,Yangbing Luo a ,Zhentao Song a ,Zong Yang b ,Deyi Ren a
a State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining,China University of Mining and Technology,Beijing 100083,China
b Yunnan Institute of Coal Geology Prospection,Kunming 650218,China c
Xuzhou Institute of Architectural Technology,Xuzhou 221116,China
a b s t r a c t
a r t i c l e i n f o Article history:
Received 1March 2010
Received in revised form 14April 2010Accepted 14April 2010
Available online 22April 2010Keywords:
Nb(Ta)–Zr(Hf)–REE –Ga deposit Pyroclastic origin Coal-bearing strata Late Permian age
Eastern Yunnan,China
This paper describes a new type of Nb(Ta)–Zr(Hf)–REE –Ga polymetallic deposit of volcanic origin in the late Permian coal-bearing strata of eastern Yunnan,southwestern China.Well logging data (especially natural gamma-ray),geochemical data (high concentrations of Nb,Ta,Zr,Hf,REE,and Ga)and mineralogical compositions (Nb(Ta)-,Zr(Hf)-,or REE-bearing minerals rarely observed),together with the volcanic lithological characteristics indicate that there are thick (1–10m,mostly 2–5m)ore beds in the lower Xuanwei Formation (late Permian)in eastern Yunann of southwestern China.The ore beds are highly enriched in (Nb,Ta)2O 5(302–627ppm),(Zr,Hf)O 2(3805–8468ppm),REE (oxides of La –Lu +Y)(1216–1358ppm),and Ga (52.4–81.3ppm).The ore beds are mainly composed of quartz,mixed-layer illite –smectite,kaolinite,berthierine,and albite.Four types of ore beds in the study area were identi ?ed,namely,clay altered volcanic ash,tuffaceous clay,tuff,and volcanic breccia.Preliminary studies suggest that the high concentrations of otherwise rare metals were mainly derived from the alkalic pyroclastic rocks.The modes of occurrence,spatial distribution,and enrichment mechanism of the rare metals,however,require further study.
?2010Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.
1.Introduction
Niobium and Ta are widely used in electronics,spacecraft production,mechanical manufacturing,and atomic reactor operation due to their special metallurgical characteristics,such as fatigue resistance,corrosion resistance,resistance to deformation,heat conduction,superconductivity,unipolar conduction,and gas absorp-tion properties (Kapoor et al.,2003;Valant et al.,2007;Guo and Wang,2009).Nb and Ta have long been regarded as geochemical “identical twins ”in fractionation processes linked with the evolution of the mantle and crust (Taylor and McLennan,1985;Hofmann,1988;Sun and McDonough,1989;Wedepohl et al.,1991;Green,1995).The two rare metals can be enriched in coal or coal-bearing strata under certain geological conditions,and if present in suf ?cient quantities could be potentially utilized (Zhou et al.,1989,1994;Dai et al.,2007;Seredin and Finkelman,2008).Thus,understanding the concentra-
tions and origins of Nb and Ta in coal-bearing strata is signi ?cant both geochemically and economically.
Generally there are four types of Nb –Ta ore deposits in nature,namely,pegmatite,pneumatolyto-hydrothermal,contact metamor-phic,and sur ?cial deposits.The Nb-and Ta-bearing minerals of these ore deposits generally are niobite,pyrochlore,Ba-pyrochlore,fergu-sonite,and coltan (Wang et al.,1994;Green,1995;Horbe and da Costa,1999;Dostal and Chatterjee,2000;Pal et al.,2007;Guo and Wang,2009;Küster,2009).Owing to their similar geochemical characteristics,the elements Nb,Ta,Zr,Hf,and REE generally coexist in nature (Liu and Cao,1987;Zhou et al.,2000).The types of Nb –Ta ore deposits found in China consist of granite pegmatite,granite,and metamorphic high-temperature hydrothermal sedimentary deposits (Guo and Wang,2009).The granite pegmatite and granite deposits are the most important industrial Nb –Ta ore deposits;metamorphic high-temperature hydrothermal sedimentary deposits have not been mined economically in China (Guo and Wang,2009).
High concentrations of Nb,Ta,Zr,Hf,and REEs in coal-bearing strata can be found but are not common (Tang and Huang,2004;Seredin and Finkelman,2008).The abundances of Nb,Ta,Zr,Hf,and REEs in coals are close to those in claystones in coal-bearing strata (Tang and Huang,2004).Ketris and Yudovich (2009)showed that the
International Journal of Coal Geology 83(2010)55–63
?Corresponding author.State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining,China University of Mining and Technology,D11,Xueyuan Road,Haidian District,Beijing 100083,China.Tel./fax:+861062341868.
E-mail address:daishifeng@https://www.doczj.com/doc/6918783053.html, (S.
Dai).0166-5162/$–see front matter ?2010Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.doi:
10.1016/j.coal.2010.04.002
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International Journal of Coal Geology
j o u r n a l ho m e p a g e :w w w.e l s ev i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /i j c o a l g e o
coal Clarke values of Nb,Ta,Zr,and Hf are3.7,0.28,36,and1.2ppm, respectively.Ronov et al.(1990)noted that Clarke values of Nb,Ta,Zr, and Hf in sedimentary rocks are7.6, 1.0,170,and 3.9ppm, respectively.Zhou et al.(2000)and Dai et al.(2007)showed that intra-coalbed alkalic tonsteins(3–5cm thickness)of the late Permian age were characteristically enriched in Nb,Ta,Zr,Hf,and Ga,as compared with acid and basic tonsteins;however,Nb-,Zr-,REE-and Ga-bearing minerals were rarely observed in the alkalic tonsteins (Zhou et al.,2000;Dai et al.,2007).In this paper,we report a new type of thick Nb(Ta)–Zr(Hf)–REE–Ga polymetallic ore bed in the late Permian coal-bearing strata of eastern Yunnan,southwestern China, which appears to have a volcanic origin similar to alkalic tonsteins in coal.
2.Geological setting
Yunnan province is located in southwestern China(Fig.1).The strata in eastern Yunnan include the Xuanwuyan,Xuanwei(both Upper Permian),Kayitou,Feixianguan,and Yongningzhen Forma-tions(all Lower Triassic)(Dai and Chou,2007).Quaternary strata disconformably overlie the Yongningzhen Formation(China National Administration of Coal Geology,1996).
The Xuanwei Formation(P2x)contains major coal-bearing strata in eastern Yunnan.It is mainly composed of grey?ne-grained sand-stone,siltstone,silty mudstone,mudstone,and coal seams,as well as the thick polymetallic ore beds of pyroclastic origin described in this study(Fig.2).The Xuanwuyan Formation is characterized by green amygdaloidal basalt in the lower portion and tholeiitic basalt in the upper portion(Fig.2).Note that the polymetallic ore beds are located in the lower Xuanwei Formation(P2x1;Fig.2)where coals rarely occurred.
The Kangdian Oldland is the major sediment source region for the coal basins situated in eastern Yunnan(Fig.1).In the northern part of eastern Yunnan,the sedimentary environments during late Permian varied west to east from Piedmont alluvial plain,through littoral alluvial plain(basal clinoform)to littoral plain.However,in the southern part of eastern Yunnan,epicontinental littoral clino-form,Luxi–Luoping submarine trench,and limited carbonate platform depositional environments occurred(Dai et al.,2008a). The northern Vietnam Oldland,located to the southernmost part of eastern Yunnan,is the dominant sediment source region for the limited carbonate platform in southeastern Yunnan(Fig.1;Dai et al.,2008a,b).
The Lower Triassic formations and their depositional environ-ments were described in detail by Dai et al.(2008a).
3.Samples and methods
Well logging data,including natural gamma-ray,apparent resis-tivity,and density pro?les of the Xuanwei Formation were collected from more than300drill holes in eastern Yunnan.Previous ex-perience indicates that coals containing alkalic tonsteins with high concentrations of Nb,Ta,Zr,Hf,REE,and Ga usually have positive natural gamma-ray anomalies(Zhou,1994;Dai et al.,2007);thus, based on the comparison of lithologic character of core samples and the physical properties(especially natural gamma-ray data;for example,the positions of the collected samples in the borehole from Qujing area are792.9–793.05m and198.44–801.25m,Fig.2
)
Fig.1.Depositional environments of the late Permian in eastern Yunnan Province,China.I,Kangdian Oldland;II,northern Vietnam source region;1,Piedmont alluvial plain; 2,littoral alluvial plain(basal clinoform);3,littoral plain.4,Epicontinental littoral clinoform.5,Luxi–Luoping submarine trench.6,Limited carbonate platform(Dai et al.,2008a). 56S.Dai et al./International Journal of Coal Geology83(2010)55–63
obtained from well logging,core samples were collected that mainly corresponded to the positive natural gamma-ray anomalies in the sequence (Fig.2).Samples from strata underlying and overlying the selected core samples were also collected for comparative purposes.In this study,data from three typical areas,Qujing (well no.2009-BX-4;samples from top to bottom are BX-B1to BX-B14),Zhenxiong (well no.2009-YN-5;samples from top to bottom are YN-1to YN-43),and Zhaotong counties (well no.2009-LY-10;samples from top to bottom are LY-1to LY-5)in eastern Yunnan are described.Note that we have limited permissions regarding these samples;therefore,the well number was shortened and the full number is not provided.
The minerals were identi ?ed by microscopic analysis under transmitted light and by powder X-ray diffractometry (XRD).The XRD analysis was performed on a powder diffractometer with a Ni-?ltered Cu-K αradiation and a scintillation detector.The XRD pattern was recorded over a 2θinterval of 2–70°,with a step size of 0.02°.
The samples were ground to less than 200mesh for geochemical analyses,and were digested using an UltraClave Microwave High Pressure Reactor.The basic load for the digestion tank was composed of 330ml distilled H 2O,30ml 30%H 2O 2,and 2ml 98%H 2SO 4.The reagents for sample digestion were 5ml 65%HNO 3and 1ml 40%HF.Initial nitrogen pressure was set at 50bars and the highest tem-perature was set at 240°C.Inductively-coupled plasma mass spec-trometry (ICP-MS)was used to determine the concentrations of Nb,Ta,Zr,Hf,REE,and Ga in samples,following the general guidelines for ICP-MS (DZ/T0223-2001,2001).4.Results and discussion
4.1.Enrichment of (Nb,Ta)2O 5,(Zr,Hf)O 2,REE (La –Lu+Y),and Ga Tables 1and 2list the concentrations of (Nb,Ta)2O 5,(Zr,Hf)O 2,REO (La –Lu+Y),and Ga in vertical sections through the ore beds of the late Permian coal-bearing strata in the Qujing,Zhenxiong,and Zhaotong areas,as well as the averages for each section and com-parisons with Chinese industrial standards.As compared with the upper continental crust reported by Rudnick and Gao (2004),the concentrations of Ga and the oxides of these rare metals are high in the ore beds.Based on the Chinese industry standards,Speci ?cations for Rare Metal Mineral Exploration (DZ/T 0203-2002,2002)and Speci ?cations for Rare Earth Mineral Exploration (DZ/T 0204-2002,2002),the required (Nb,Ta)2O 5concentrations for marginal and industrial grade Nb(Ta)ore deposits of weathered crust type are 80–100ppm and 160–200ppm,respectively;equivalent concentrations are 40–60ppm and 100–120ppm for the Nb(Ta)ore deposits of river placer type (Table 2).The concentration of (Nb,Ta)2O 5in the ore deposits from eastern Yunnan is therefore much higher than that of marginal and industrial grade weathered crust and river placer deposit types.Additionally,the concentrations of rare metals of (Zr,Hf)O 2,REO,and Ga are also up to the standards of ore mineralization or industrial utilization (Committee of National Reserves,1987;DZ/T 0203-2002,2002;DZ/T 0204-2002,2002).4.2.Ore bed characteristics
The polymetallic ore beds,with thicknesses of 1–10m and mostly 2–5m,all occur in the lower Xuanwei Formation (P 2x 1).However,the ore beds were all described in the past as normal sedimentary rocks (such as mudstone,siltstone,or silty mudstone)during drill core sample identi ?cation and description.The macrolithology of the ore beds can nevertheless be differentiated from more normal sedimentary rocks as described below.Moreover,compared to the normal sedimentary rocks in the sequence,natural gamma-ray data of the ore beds show a signi ?cant positive anomaly in well logging (Fig.2),probably due to high concentrations of U and Th and their decay products,as well as the radioactive isotope of potassium (40K)(Zhou et al.,2000).Evaluation of core sample lithology and well logging data from more than 300drill holes indicate that such ore beds are widely distributed in the lower Xuanwei Formation from eastern Yunnan and from some areas of western Guizhou and southern Sichuan provinces.
In most cases,the petrology,mineralogy,and geochemistry of the ore beds are similar to those of intra-seam alkalic tonsteins.The geochemical and mineralogical differences between intra-seam alkalic and intra-seam acid/medium-acid tonsteins in eastern Yunnan,western Guizhou,and Chongqing are detailed described by Zhou et
al.
Fig.2.The Xuanwuyan and Xuanwei Formations in Qujing area and the natural gamma-ray logging curve.
57
S.Dai et al./International Journal of Coal Geology 83(2010)55–63
(2000)and Dai et al.(2007).Both the ore beds and the intra-seam tonstein bands are of pyroclastic origin and are characterized by high concentrations of Nb,Ta,Zr,Hf,REE(La–Lu+Y),and Ga.
The high Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf ratios of the core samples from Qujing (average17.4and39,respectively),Zhenxiong(average15.7and 53.9),and Zhaotong(average14.5and43.5)provide evidence that
Table1
Concentration of rare metals in the ore beds from eastern Yunnan(ppm).
Sample
no.
Nb2O5Ta2O5ZrO2HfO2La2O3Ce2O3Pr2O3Nd2O3Sm2O3Eu2O3Gd2O3Tb2O3Dy2O3Ho2O3Er2O3Tm2O3Yb2O3Lu2O3Y2O3REO Ga
Qujing area
BX-B155125.261241456110713.25318.0 1.2624.9 6.5344.18.1724.7 3.8523.9 3.3229168350.7 BX-B258233.271541699719623.19326.1 1.8135.38.2950.39.0725.3 3.6322.6 3.234093563.0 BX-B342122.8488411039281110840570.9 2.5251.08.645.57.7322.1 3.0518.8 2.66263221182.1 BX-B457728.065801459523528.210625.5 1.6229.57.3249.69.7531.0 5.1832.2 4.6430796853.0 BX-B574834.3727416442293511643582.1 3.1764.912.076.414.341.4 6.0435.6 5.11448269789.5 BX-B651823.754531137015717.46519.6 1.5223.5 5.4833.1 5.9820.7 3.623.7 3.4519264241.0 BX-B754527.4623714414933942.717339.8 2.4937.37.8444.57.7721.2 3.0620.0 2.87254114461.0 BX-B847422.351151156817021.88723.3 1.7726.6 6.1737.3 6.8521.7 3.320.5 2.8923573140.3 BX-B966934.9782516541088211543381.3 3.066.512.672.412.536.8 5.3829.0 4.01395255992.1 BX-B1035016.8351386.713830136.513931.0 1.6428.0 5.434.6 6.4420.1 3.1421.2 3.1319796639.0 BX-B1141119.7423310214333642.516835.7 2.2133.1 6.0136.5 6.821.8 3.3920.8 3.14217107649.0 BX-B1235917.9403290.98419425.59721.1 1.3722.3 4.8329.5 5.5417.6 2.7417.1 2.6317570136.8 BX-B1358929.2665014911528836.214333.1 2.1735.08.2456.511.333.2 5.0330.0 4.38371117253.7 BX-B1461128.9721615742382310237374.8 4.0365.411.775.915.044.6 6.5338.2 5.58467253185.2 Average52926.0587813319141252.019841.6 2.1838.87.9349.09.0827.3 4.1425.3 3.64297135859.7 Zhenxiong area
YN-121311.5260847.211521826.410219.4 6.3517.4 2.8115.6 2.767.8 1.348.8 1.317962447.5 YN-241142.3104161795511813.55526.47.4053.011.6374.013.8639.3 6.4638.8 5.6643795558.6 YN-31577.39166329.79018518.5599.4 1.9812.7 2.1612.7 2.33 6.8 1.237.8 1.156247237.0 YN-447828.9677811422450660.021537.2 4.5442.47.9347.69.1426.1 4.1926.1 3.79295150866.5 YN-519611.0246842.114726833.112422.6 3.5821.0 3.3819.5 3.6010.3 1.6210.2 1.4910977838.3 YN-61639.20196033.015628235.212620.6 3.8314.6 2.5716.1 3.2510.0 1.6710.6 1.568877247.1 YN-722612.8287046.016929237.214729.3 6.1427.2 4.2022.7 4.0111.2 1.7410.2 1.4911087349.3 YN-838922.0544987.323743843.812519.0 2.8127.9 5.5936.47.0921.3 3.4922.0 3.25226121851.0 YN-943925.4629297.936570374.821829.8 4.0440.07.3343.68.2423.1 3.6122.8 3.35260180757.9 YN-1037219.8415963.027163876.228741.9 4.9632.5 5.7633.9 6.3718.8 2.9518.4 2.73215165554.8 YN-111728.91189929.5381307.4248.0 2.7211.4 1.738.1 1.34 3.40.54 3.50.514328438.8 YN-121779.38188829.46315314.35510.4 2.8111.8 1.859.2 1.50 3.90.59 3.80.574737942.4 YN-131527.66150622.211520322.57410.3 2.019.5 1.7510.8 2.10 6.10.98 6.00.896352832.8 YN-1434818.2462868.414823725.37414.3 3.3222.5 4.8128.8 5.2914.8 2.2213.9 2.0017777253.7 YN-1520311.0230337.322245852.415613.8 2.1215.7 2.7515.6 2.767.8 1.217.7 1.1488104743.9 YN-161698.70212233.78321830.715941.411.043.9 6.3729.8 4.6511.1 1.529.3 1.3313878944.2 YN-1718710.3240739.420464349.517530.39.1826.3 3.4917.3 2.868.0 1.238.0 1.1380126049.7 YN-181779.83210934.741683510839154.27.6031.0 3.5920.1 4.1413.6 2.2413.9 2.16140204258.7 YN-19116 6.09145222.49518521.98417.6 3.4617.4 2.4412.5 2.12 5.90.90 5.50.817252634.2 YN-2027614.9343956.88416619.16514.6 3.3320.9 3.4315.8 2.54 6.4 1.01 6.10.908849753.6 YN-2128316.9365561.29717917.95515.9 3.8821.7 3.5816.9 2.69 6.7 1.02 6.30.958751567.0 YN-22153489.62355133719135547.217665.710.710320.712221.557.68.2847.0 6.56754198684.5 YN-2325312.9286045.122833537.410213.5 1.6215.9 3.5124.8 5.1516.2 2.6315.4 2.2115595855.9 YN-2421511.7230239.723343057.320842.6 3.3532.0 4.4124.3 4.5614.1 2.3414.3 2.16136120858.1 YN-2526812.3294751.959311981857361419.4982.28.2838.3 6.8519.7 3.2320.2 3.0817*******.2 YN-2626214.3288346.923850272.732250.7 5.0127.0 4.4026.4 5.2116.5 2.3413.7 2.0517*******.3 YN-2722911.8214133.3810152121173367.5 6.7235.3 3.8120.8 4.1914.5 2.3515.4 2.41120356869.1 YN-2827514.6291953.719239846.518032.7 5.9724.7 4.0221.6 4.0410.5 1.539.4 1.40131106344.6 YN-2933318.5345158.518937243.514222.7 5.8626.2 3.9118.0 4.1512.8 1.9212.1 2.0415*******.2 YN-3021712.4244841.218231333.811217.5 4.0418.6 3.2217.0 2.667.4 1.06 6.80.968880745.4 YN-31119 6.75132420.616828634.911914.6 2.7911.8 1.7710.7 1.97 6.10.90 5.90.915972339.4 YN-3219611.1242239.411221624.39717.6 5.0416.1 2.6014.5 2.657.7 1.238.1 1.217259745.2 YN-3322713.2313950.923355266.421521.9 2.3921.4 3.7923.9 4.7113.8 2.2214.3 2.22141131840.4 YN-3438821.9569291.336667167.219428.2 3.1133.0 6.0538.17.4122.6 3.7624.3 3.70222169047.7 YN-352988.76232637.032570674.122521.0 1.9719.0 2.9218.5 3.9113.7 2.7119.6 3.31105154241.2 YN-3637819.2482976.323159464.326461.312.655.18.6249.59.6128.9 4.4328.6 4.51344176071.0 YN-3733216.7385261.824350849.216623.2 5.1427.2 5.0430.9 6.0917.5 2.7517.4 2.67194129857.4 YN-381657.74178030.012424728.810617.3 2.7714.4 2.3714.8 2.767.9 1.207.4 1.088166036.1 YN-391537.87177229.611023526.79515.5 2.6714.8 2.2712.7 2.21 6.00.95 5.80.917060044.4 YN-4050428.9715411516937533.511124.7 6.2128.6 3.9918.7 3.098.7 1.328.6 1.2410289566.6 YN-4122211.1308747.65212913.25413.1 3.5816.1 3.0317.6 3.047.9 1.197.5 1.159341580.9 YN-421709.60232537.413124926.78511.7 3.0612.4 2.2014.1 2.667.6 1.15 6.7 1.017863453.7 YN-4327315.5376159.931360110341610334.023456.236874.120127.615623.12856556756.3 Average28616.0374560.020541549.617730.6 5.4732.3 5.7333.8 6.4018.2 2.7616.8 2.51214121652.4 Zhaotong area
LY-124513.9295661.39715917.15513.1 3.1815.9 3.2620.1 3.5910.0 1.398.1 1.1611252048.1 LY-276848.8901819732471710239382.6 6.2466.913.178.214.641.6 6.236.853********.9 LY-361837.1968418460686910838661.5 3.8863.512.477.114.641.2 6.2538.2 5.64495278972.0 LY-444527.771961371473 4.326 6.4 1.49 4.70.93 6.3 1.26 4.20.75 5.80.833318499.7 LY-588544.4126512546520717.87730.2 4.5924.8 3.7219.7 3.7711.8 1.9813.6 2.0412******* Average59234.4830116722140549.818738.7 3.8835.1 6.6940.37.5421.8 3.3120.5 2.93226127181.3 58S.Dai et al./International Journal of Coal Geology83(2010)55–63
the high rare metal concentrations were derived from alkalic volcanic ashes (Zhou et al.,1982,2000;Green,1995;Dai et al.,2007).Zhou (1994),Hong (1993),Zhou et al.(2000),and Dai et al.(2007;unpublished data)noted that intra-seam alkalic tonsteins in the late Permian coal-bearing strata from southwestern China have higher Nb,Ta,Zr,and Hf,and higher Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf ratios as well,as compared with silicic and ma ?c tonsteins.For example,Hong (1993)found that alkalic tonsteins in late Permian coals of southern Sichuan province,located to the northern Yunann province,have 461ppm Nb 2O 5,40.3ppm Ta 2O 5and 9.59Nb/Ta ratio (?ve samples).Dai et al.(unpublished data)showed that the alkalic tonsteins in the late Permian coals of Songzao coal ?eld,located to the northeastern Yunnan Province contain 494ppm Nb 2O 5and 29.8ppm Ta 2O 5and have a higher Nb/Ta ratio (9.29)(nine samples).
The common Nb-,Zr-,REE-,and Ga-bearing minerals (e.g.,columbite,pyrochlore,samarskite,zircon,and hafnon)have been rarely observed in these ore beds either by XRD or under optical microscope,and thus it can be deduced that the rare metals probably occur as absorbed ions.Zhou et al.(2000)suggested that these elements occur as adsorbed ions in the alkalic tonsteins associated with the late Permian coals of southwestern China.
Despite the similar geochemical and mineralogical compositions,the stratigraphic occurrence (lower portion of the Upper Permian and not intra-seam),greater thickness,and lesser degree of alteration and degradation differentiate the polymetallic ore beds from intra-seam tonstein bands.The intra-seam alkalic tonsteins usually have a thickness of 3–5cm and a full alteration/degradation from pyroclasts to kaolinite and a trace amount of mixed-layer illite –smectite.
The contact between the ore beds and their underlying strata is abrupt.Figs.3and 4,for example,show the abrupt contact between the ore bed and its underlying carbargillite in the Qujing area of eastern Yunnan.The particle size of the pyroclastic ore bed decreases from bottom to top,showing a clear normal grading.The underlying carbargillite is a normal sedimentary rock and contains some plant fragments (Fig.5).However,plant fragments are found only rarely in the overlying ore bed.High-temperature quartz with well-developed crystal faces (Fig.6A),high-temperature cracks (Fig.6B),or with good embayed and/or sharp-edged outlines (Figs.4and 5)in the ore bed indicates a pyroclastic origin.
Based on macroscopic and microscopic observations,four types of the ore beds have been identi ?ed.(1)Clay altered volcanic ash,in which the pyroclasts have a size less than 0.0625mm and show signi ?cant alteration.The macrostructure is similar to that of dense tonsteins as described by Zhou et al.(2000)(Fig.7A).(2)Tuffaceous clay,with a particle size of 0.0625–1mm.A large proportion of the pyroclasts in the tuffaceous clay are altered,but some fragmental textures can still be seen at a macroscopic or microscopic scale (Fig.7B).(3)Tuff,with a particle size generally of 1–2mm and normal grading.Most of the pyroclasts in this material retain their original morphological features and have not been subjected to degradation
(Fig.7C).The above three types of ore beds (1–3)are composed of quartz,mixed-layer illite –smectite,kaolinite,and berthierine.(4)Volcanic breccia,poorly sorted and with a particle size larger than 2mm (Fig.7D).The volcanic breccias are mainly composed of quartz,plagioclase (albite),mixed-layer illite –smectite,and berthierine.Carbonatization is very common in the volcanic breccia due to epigenetic hydrothermal ?uids (Figs.8and 9).
In most cases,the ?rst and second types of the ore beds (types 1and 2above)are dominant in eastern Yunnan and the last two types (types 3and 4)occur only in localised parts of the lower Xuanwei Formation in the northeast of eastern Yunnan.
It is suggested that the rare metals Nb,Ta,Zr,REE,and Ga in the ores were mainly derived from the alkalic pyroclasts;however,intergranular textures were also observed in the volcanic breccia,with some ma ?c minerals in ?lling the voids structured by plagioclase (Fig.10);these indicate that the original magma was probably ma ?c.The ma ?c structure and the high concentrations of the rare metals derived from the alkaliic pyroclastic rocks indicate that the formation of ore beds was rather complicated.
Table 2
Concentration of rare metals in thick polymetallic ore beds from Qujing,Zhenxiong,and Zhaotong areas,as well as marginal and industry grades of deposits of weathering crust and river placer (ppm).Sample
Number of samples Thickness (m)
(Nb,Ta)2O 5
(Zr,Hf)O 2
REO Ga
Coast sand deposit
Weathering crust deposit LREEs
a
HREE a Marginal grade n.a.0.5–1.0a ,0.5b 80–100a 40–60b 400–6003000500–1000300–500Industry grade n.a.160–200a 100–120b
1600–24008000
800–1500600–1000
30c ,20d 2009-BX-414 2.55556011135859.72009-YN-543163023805121652.42009-LY-10
5
3
627
8468
1271
81.3
a Weathering crust.
b River placer.
c Ga industrial grade in coal.d
Ga industrial grade in
bauxite.
Fig.3.The abrupt contact (macroscopic)between the ore beds and normal sedimentary carbargillite in Qujing area.
59
S.Dai et al./International Journal of Coal Geology 83(2010)55–63
5.Conclusions
Preliminary studies showed that Nb(Ta)–Zr(Hf)–REE –Ga polyme-tallic deposits,with a thickness of 1–10m and mostly 2–5m,in the lower late Permian coal-bearing strata (Xuanwei Formation),widely distribute in eastern Yunnan and probably in some areas of western Guizhou and southern Sichuan provinces of southwestern China.From the genetic view,the thick beds rich in Nb (Ta),Zr(Hf),REE,
and
Fig.4.The abrupt contact (microscopic)between the polymetallic ore beds and normal sedimentary carbargillite in Qujing area,and high-temperature quartz as well.
60S.Dai et al./International Journal of Coal Geology 83(2010)55–63
Ga belong to a new type of ore deposit that has not been reported before.The high concentrations of otherwise rare metals were mainly derived from alkalic pyroclasts,similar to the intra-seam alkalic tonsteins in the late Permian coals from southwestern China.Four types of ore beds have been identi ?ed,namely clay altered volcanic ash,tuffaceous clay,tuff,and volcanic breccia.Minerals in the ore beds mainly consist of quartz,mixed-layer illite –smectite,kaolinite,berthierine,and albite.
This study showed the preliminary data and recognition of the new ore deposit in southwestern China.The modes of occurrence,spatial distribution,enrichment mechanism,and extraction methods of the rare metals require deeper study and now are in progress.Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (no.40725008)and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no.40725008,40831160520).Special thanks were given to a group of young men and young women in Yunnan Institute of Coal Geology Prospection for their help in sample collection.References
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62S.Dai et al./International Journal of Coal Geology 83(2010)55–63
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如何看懂电路图1－－学电子跟我来系列文章 电子设备中有各种各样的图。能够说明它们工作原理的是电原理图，简称电路图。 电路图有两种，一种是说明模拟电子电路工作原理的。它用各种图形符号表示电阻器、电容器、开关、晶体管等实物，用线条把元器件和单元电路按工作原理的关系连接起来。这种图长期以来就一直被叫做电路图。 另一种是说明数字电子电路工作原理的。它用各种图形符号表示门、触发器和各种逻辑部件，用线条把它们按逻辑关系连接起来，它是用来说明各个逻辑单元之间的逻辑关系和整机的逻辑功能的。为了和模拟电路的电路图区别开来，就把这种图叫做逻辑电路图，简称逻辑图。 除了这两种图外，常用的还有方框图。它用一个框表示电路的一部分，它能简洁明了地说明电路各部分的关系和整机的工作原理。 一张电路图就好象是一篇文章，各种单元电路就好比是句子，而各种元器件就是组成句子的单词。所以要想看懂电路图，还得从认识单词——元器件开始。有关电阻器、电容器、电感线圈、晶体管等元器件的用途、类别、使用方法等内容可以点击本文相关文章下的各个链接，本文只把电路图中常出现的各种符号重述一遍，希望初学者熟悉它们，并记住不忘。 电阻器与电位器 符号详见图 1 所示，其中（ a ）表示一般的阻值固定的电阻器，（ b ）表示半可调或微调电阻器；（ c ）表示电位器；（ d ）表示带开关的电位器。电阻器的文字符号是“ R ”，电位器是“ RP ”，即在 R 的后面再加一个说明它有调节功能的字符“ P ”。 在某些电路中，对电阻器的功率有一定要求，可分别用图 1 中（ e ）、（ f ）、
（ g ）、（ h ）所示符号来表示。 几种特殊电阻器的符号： 第 1 种是热敏电阻符号，热敏电阻器的电阻值是随外界温度而变化的。有的是负温度系数的，用NTC来表示；有的是正温度系数的，用PTC来表示。它的符号见图（ i ），用θ或t° 来表示温度。它的文字符号是“ RT ”。 第 2 种是光敏电阻器符号，见图 1 （ j ），有两个斜向的箭头表示光线。它的文字符号是“ RL ”。 第 3 种是压敏电阻器的符号。压敏电阻阻值是随电阻器两端所加的电压而变化的。符号见图 1 （ k ），用字符 U 表示电压。它的文字符号是“ RV ”。这三种电阻器实际上都是半导体器件，但习惯上我们仍把它们当作电阻器。 第 4 种特殊电阻器符号是表示新近出现的保险电阻，它兼有电阻器和熔丝的作用。当温度超过500℃ 时，电阻层迅速剥落熔断，把电路切断，能起到保护电路的作用。它的电阻值很小，目前在彩电中用得很多。它的图形符号见图 1 （ 1 ），文字符号是“ R F ”。 电容器的符号 详见图2 所示，其中（ a ）表示容量固定的电容器，（ b ）表示有极性电容器，例如各种电解电容器，（ c ）表示容量可调的可变电容器。（ d ）表示微调电容器，（ e ）表示一个双连可变电容器。电容器的文字符号是 C 。 电感器与变压器的符号 电感线圈在电路图中的图形符号见图 3 。其中（ a ）是电感线圈的一般符号，（ b ）是带磁芯或铁芯的线圈，（ c ）是铁芯有间隙的线圈，（ d ）是带可调磁芯的可调电感，（ e ）是有多个抽头的电感线圈。电感线圈的文字符号是“ L ”。
序号品牌外被材质线规导体结构导体直径线材外径额定电压额定温度导体电阻允载电流备 注 1LTK NHFR3302 32#7/0.080.240.56±0.0530V105℃597ohm/㎞ 1.3±0.3A常规线 2LTK NHFR3302 30#7/0.100.300.55±0.0530V105℃381ohm/㎞ 2.3±0.3A特制线 3LTK NHFR3302 30#7/0.100.300.70±0.0530V105℃381ohm/㎞ 2.3±0.3A常规线 4LTK NHFR3302 28#7/0.1270.380.85±0.0530V105℃239ohm/㎞ 3.0±0.3A常规线 5LTK NHFR3302 28#7/0.1270.380.70±0.0530V105℃239ohm/㎞ 3.0±0.3A配小端子特制线6LTK NHFR3302 28#19/0.080.380.60±0.0530V105℃239ohm/㎞ 3.0±0.3A配小端子特制线7LTK NHFR3302 26#7/0.160.480.88±0.0530V105℃150ohm/㎞ 4.0±0.4A常规线 8LTK NHFR3302 26#7/0.160.48 1.00±0.0530V105℃150ohm/㎞ 4.0±0.4A特制线 9LTK NHFR3302 24#11/0.160.61 1.00±0.0530V105℃94.2ohm/㎞ 5.3±0.4A 10LTK NHFR3302 22#17/0.160.76 1.30±0.0530V105℃59.4ohm/㎞7.2±0.4A 11LTK NHFR3302 20#26/0.160.94 1.50±0.0530V105℃36.7ohm/㎞9.4±0.5A 12大碌FEP10064 32#19/0.050.240.41±0.0530V105℃450ohm/㎞ 1.30±0.3A 13大碌FEP10064 28#7/0.1270.300.65±0.0530V105℃220ohm/㎞ 2.10±0.3A 14大碌FEP10064 26#7/0.160.480.70±0.0530V105℃220ohm/㎞ 3.15±0.3A 15成佳FEP10064 32#7/0.080.240.38±0.0530V105℃613ohm/㎞ 1.30±0.3A 16成佳FEP10065 30#7/0.10.300.5±0.0530V105℃318ohm/㎞ 1.70±0.3A 17成佳FEP10064 28#7/0.120.380.65±0.0530V105℃232ohm/㎞ 2.10±0.3A 18成佳FEP10064 26#7/0.160.480.70±0.0530V105℃150ohm/㎞ 3.15±0.3A 19丰泰FEP10064 28#7/0.120.380.65±0.0530V105℃232ohm/㎞ 2.10±0.3A 20丰泰FEP10064 26#7/0.160.480.60±0.0530V105℃150ohm/㎞ 3.15±0.3A 21LTK PVC1007 30#7/0.100.30 1.12±0.05300V80℃354ohm/㎞ 2.3±0.3A 22LTK PVC1007 28#7/0.1270.38 1.20±0.05300V80℃223ohm/㎞ 3.0±0.3A 23LTK PVC1007 26#7/0.160.48 1.30±0.05300V80℃139ohm/㎞ 4.0±0.5A 24LTK PVC1007 24#11/0.160.61 1.43±0.05300V80℃88.9ohm/㎞ 5.3±0.5A 25LTK PVC1007 22#17/0.160.76 1.58±0.05300V80℃57.5ohm/㎞7.2±0.5A 26LTK PVC1007 20#26/0.160.94 1.76±0.05300V80℃36.7ohm/㎞9.4±0.7A 27LTK PVC1007 18#41/0.16 1.18 2.00±0.05300V80℃23.3ohm/㎞12.5±0.7A
1.SSB变桨系统地面出厂试验时，在调整95°限位开关及挡块位置时操作人员不慎将60947-5-1#95°限位开关直动头冲断。 2.G8-064315变桨控制柜，实验时变桨速度过快，执行速度远大于设定速度。初步判 断电机驱动器损坏，造成无法正常使用。 3. 473399－60#旋编编码器做变桨功能试验时，编码器存在角度无变化故障 4、466631－04#旋编编码器做变桨功能试验时，编码器存在角度跳变故障 5. 叶轮功能试验时，由于操作人不慎误将G8-070588变桨控制柜内的1F1防雷模块的火线与零线接反，导致1F1防雷模块烧坏。 6.变桨控制柜实验时系统报电机过温PTC故障，经更换柜内9A1模块后此故障消除。 7、变桨控制柜实验时系统报电机过温PTC故障，经更换柜内9A1模块后此故障消除。 8、G8-070093#变桨控制柜实验时柜内12A1模块指示灯不亮，经更换此故障消除。 9. 旋编编码器做变桨功能试验时，编码器角度始终保持在0°无变化，无法正常使用。 10、旋编编码器旋转时有卡阻现象，并且内部有异响。无法正常使用 11. 95°限位开关压下直动头不能正常复位，造成该95°限位开关无法正常使用。 12. 变桨系统中有2个限位开关触头有卡阻现象，活动不自如，无法正常使用。 13. 叶轮组在调试时发现，闭合电容开关时，9U1不动作，面板上显示9U1故障，无法正常使用 14. LED显示H.N,面板显示：变流器故障，散热片温度故障，无法正常使用。 15. 变桨柜G8-065677打开电容开关后面板显示电容电压9U1为故障状态，9U1不动作，无法正常使用。 16. SSB控制柜配套带来的旋转编码器形状不同, 一套三个旋编信号线接头位置不同,装后性能不受影响。
常用K线组合图解 1．阳包阳线最后一根日线被第二阳线所包含，此为涨势缩小的证明。尤其出现在主升走势中，表示即将形成天井．在这时多头应速平仓为宜。 图示：操作提示；卖 2．阴包阳线次日大阴线将前日的小阳线怀抱住，为卖势信号，若在高位区应果断卖出，而在长期升势中，如出现此线形，应即抛售。 图示：操作提示：卖 3．阳包阴线次日的太阳线将前日的小阴线怀抱住了，此为—种极佳的买势信号，特别是在低价区出现或在长期下跌走势中，如最后出现怀抱阳线则可以买进。 图示：操作提示：买 4阴包阴线在位于下降走势中，最后的一根阴线为倒数第二根所包含表示卖力缩小，预示底部将出现，可逢低买入。 图示：操作提示：买 5．浪高线一种波涛汹涌的欲掀大浪之势，到最后看两根日线的发展情形，第—根为小阳线．上下影线较长，表示上升受阻，收盘实体为小的阳线，表示存在多空分歧，次日的开盘成为关键。如次日仍然无大发展，仅出孕出线，故整个大涨之势即告终止，浪高线的顶端如出现长的上影线，表示这—波涨势尾声，获利卖出为好。
图示：操作提示；卖 6．逆势线逆势线和下放三星的情况十分类似，是在下跌走势中遭遇极大阻力，由于多方全力反扑，故收大阳线阻挡前路，这种形态一旦出现容易使底部反转，故以适量买人为宜。 图示：操作提示：买 7.低档转化线在下挫走势中，突然冒出一根太阳线阻挡前路，究竟是喜是忧无法确定，必须再往后看衔接什么日线。不过可确信的是下挫之势已受阻碍，再住下跌亦十分有限。 图示：操作提示；观望 8．插入线在较长期的下降走势之中．突然插入一根反转阳线，被套者不必抛售，应适时补仓，执行买人方针．如连续出现10根创新低的阴线时，当出现阳线插入的情况，此为市道转强的先兆，应迅速买人。 图示：操作提示：买 9．阳切人线第二天开盘的阳线切在前日之最低点（包括影线在内），属于看涨信号，是酒田战法的主要线形之一，此线形出现即有大行情来临。
方案与施工图关系 施工图总图与方案对照 方案甲方签字确认后施工图开始时方案要向施工图提供以下资料，并且提供方案文本、模型，召开碰头会讲解方案注意事项。 双方交接基础 定位图 1.建筑提供图纸务必不要做任何旋转移动。如果有移动，请保证甲方提供图纸有备份。 2.有些情况甲方没有完全的建筑户型图和总平面建筑坐标定位图有些建筑位置不确定的 情况下可以不准确。负责人要尽快与甲方联系索要正确的建筑户型与建筑坐标定位图并且对方案加以确认。 总平面图 3.项目设计红线范围、绿地范围。需要甲方确定，并与合同面积一致。（设计基础，方案 须定） 4.项目地块范围内所有，所有建筑最终一层及地下一层总平面施工图。（设计基础，方案 须定） 5.各项出入开口位置，包括车库、建筑、通风口、较大雨水井。（前期准备，方案须定） 6.方案泡泡图中重要节点位置，方便施工图重点考虑保证项目品质。（有文本情况下，也 要进行讲解。保证施工效果与方案一致。） 7.最终甲方确定签字的方案及文本，方案高清总平面图。 8.提供地下管线、设施、水、电、燃气、电讯等方位标以及高覆土等资料。 9.确认化粪池，变电箱，雨水井的位置。 10.控制线不准确的问题导致方案从整体形势上不可靠。导致后期施工图重调整方案。
尺寸图 1.项目设计范围内节点间的尺寸合理度。如：220m为一般人行的疲劳值，节点设置适当 考虑。其余不同项目自行调整（包括道路、广场、消防登高。） 2.各项与建筑之间的合理度。（尽量别挑战最低限1.5m，绿地尺寸考虑人的跨度，建筑考 虑散水） 3.三级道路与二级道路衔接如果方案需要倒角，非特殊要求1m/1.5m可满足。 市政道路消防车转弯半径若不符6m，和建筑联系，切勿自行调整，景观设计消防转弯半径 内侧为6m。供消防车操作的场地坡度不宜大于3%。小区内尽端式道路不宜大于120m，应 设置不小于12m*12m消防回车场。 4.两排车位的间距至少6m。通常3个停车位栽一棵树。 5.在场地设计中D/H=1,2,3为最广泛应用的数值。 D/H=1：当处于45°仰角时，是观赏任何建筑细部的最佳位置，相当于视点距离建筑物等高的位置; D/H=2：当处于27°仰角时，视点距建筑物有建筑物2倍的距离，这时，及能观察到建筑的细部，又能感觉到对象的整体性，进则观察细部，退则观察整体，乃观察建筑的最佳观察点。 D/H=3：当处于仰角18°时，视距相当于建筑物高度的3倍，能感觉到以周围建筑为背景的十分清楚主体对象。 竖向 1.除特殊情况，根据场地自然和外网排水，设计考虑造价，因地适宜。（方便自己，为甲 方节省不必要的钱，不要为了好看而大规模造地形）。 2.构筑物在场地的位置，高度尺寸提供参考，要有效果图。（必须给，影响场地效果）（如： 4m高的喷泉半径5m，在直径11m的广场，人站广场边缘，距喷泉视角最小为34°）。 详看尺寸第五条。
UL线材标准规格 UL1007，300V 80°，电子线32AWG -16AWG ,单根或者裸铜，镀锡铜丝，标准UL758 -。电子电器设备内部连接线， UL1015，600V 105°电子线32AWG -10AWG ,单根或者裸铜，镀锡铜丝，标准UL758 。电子电器设备内部连接线， UL1032 ,1000V 90°电子线30AWG -4AWG ,单根或者裸铜，镀锡铜丝，标准UL758 。电子电器设备内部连接线 UL1061，300V 80°电子线30AWG -16AWG ,单根或者裸铜，镀锡铜丝，标准UL758 。电子电器设备内部连接线 UL1185,300V 80°单芯屏蔽线，30-4AWG 单根或者裸铜，镀锡铜丝，用于录放音系统，电子电路等 UL1429,150V 80°交联PVC 线30-16AWG ,单根或者裸铜，镀锡铜丝标准UL758 电子电器设备内部连接线 UL1430,300V 105°交联PVC 线30-16AWG ,单根或者裸铜，镀锡铜丝标准UL758 电子电器设备内部连接线 UL1431 600V 105 交联PVC 线30-16AWG ,单根或者裸铜，镀锡铜丝标准UL758 电子电器设备内部连接线 UL1704,300V 150° 32-10AWG 镀银，镀锡，镀镍软铜丝，铁氟龙线航空冶金石油仪器仪表，变压器电机引出线 UL2096 多芯屏蔽电线 300V 80度30-16AWG 绞合裸铜，2-8芯，镀锡铜丝，电器电子内部连接器，UL758 UL2405 双芯屏蔽电线，300V 80度，30-16AWG 电脑，视听设备内部线 UL2464,300V 80°电脑线，无屏蔽，单屏蔽，双屏蔽，30AWG-18AWG 绞合裸铜，镀锡铜丝，电子电器内外部连接线 UL2468,300V 80°排线，30W AG-16AWG 单根，绞合铜丝，电器电脑内部连接线 UL2517/2464/20276-SSS,300V 105°28-16AWG 移动线缆，电子电器，通用线缆，机器人用线缆 UL2547,80°多芯屏蔽线缆80度，30-16AWG 2-3芯，录放音响电子系统 UL2651 排线300V 105度灰排彩排线，用于IDC 连接器配合PICH 2.54/2.0/1.27/1.0MM UL2678 A TA300V 105 度灰排线，用于ATA 连接器配合PICH 0.635MM UL2725,30V 80° 30-28AWG 2-13芯，用于2类系统视听电子设备内外部连接线 UL2835 30V 60度，屏蔽，无屏蔽，32-22AWG 用于2级电路电子设备内部连接线，游戏机线 UL2851 30V 80度 UL3854 30V 80度 UL2919,30V 80°低电压电脑线，1+4，3+4、5、6、7，，，RGB 显示器，电子计算机，商用计算机 UL2960 30V 60度低压电脑线 UL2969 30V 80度 UL20276，30V 80°多芯电脑线，25P 用于2类电子设备内外部连接线 UL3173 600V 125度无卤交联线电气设备内部连接线 UL3265 150V 125 度，无卤交联线，电子电器内部连接线 UL3266,300V 125°无卤交联线，32-10AWG 电子电器内部连接线 UL3271 600V 125度，无卤交联线，汽车或者电器、设备内部连接线 UL3275 无卤交联线，1000V 105度，电器设备内部连接线26AWG-9AWG UL3302 无卤交联线，30V105度电子电器内部2类电路连接线 UL3363 无卤加强交联线，300V 125度，电子电器设备内部连接线 UL3385 无卤交联线，300V 105 度电子电器内部连接线 UL3386 无卤交联线600V 105度电子电器内部连接线 UL20851 无卤HDMI 多媒体连接线 30V 80度， UL20855 无卤DVI 电缆 UL21088 无卤IEEE1394 高速介面链接线 CA T-3E 三类局部区域网络电缆 CA T-5E 超五类局部区域网络电缆 UTP/FTP/STP CA T-6E 超六类局部区域网络电缆 CA T-7 七类局部区域网络电缆 A V 汽车花线，0.5、0.75、0.85、1.25平方毫米 A VS 特薄心汽车花线 0.3、0.5、0.75、0.85、1.25、3.0、5.0平方毫米 A VSS 超薄型汽车花线0.3、0.5、0.85、1.25平方毫米
Lust变桨系统调试说明 1、操作说明： 为确保系统调试安全，必须预先进行以下措施： ①现场调试人员必须佩戴好安全帽； ②400V电源的三相线、零线和地线必须可靠连接，避免缺相或漏接； ③上电前确认主控箱和轴控箱的开关处于断开状态； ④所有连接电缆连接正确（电机后面的编码器电缆号是S1、S2和S3；冗 余编码器的电缆号是T1、T2和T3，若反接，会出现飞车故障）； ⑤上电前将电机的轴键拆除或利用扎带将其捆扎牢固； ⑥上电前确认电机与底座是否可靠固定； ⑦电池箱箱盖闭合（完成检查）； 2、系统紧急顺桨： ①Profibus通信故障（或者不正常）； ②Pitch Master故障； ③电机侧编码器故障； ④安全链信号输入无＋24V（硬输入点）； ⑤未提供＋24COM(硬输入点)； ⑥Emergency mode位为1； 3、手动模式 手动模式用于机械调零和现场安装调整用，转动速度为2.5度/秒。 手动模式前提条件： ①手动模式信号为1（硬输入点），并观察主控箱的9A1的第8通道的灯是 否点亮； ②Profibus通信正常，或者短接17K7的13、14引脚； ③Normal Operation Mode设置为0； ④Emergency Mode位为0； ⑤转动任一个桨叶时，另外两个桨叶为91度位置（或者通过关闭轴箱的电 源模拟）； ⑥轴箱电池开关处于断开状态； ⑦手动旋钮的通道选择的0、1、2和3分别对应空档、轴控箱1、轴控箱2 和轴控箱3；转动方向旋钮控制的是电机的正传和反转； 4、自动模式
自动模式必须满足以下条件： ①先闭合主控箱的400V电源； ②Profibus通信正常； ③将Fault Reset置位1，然后置0； ④闭合轴箱的电池开关和电源开关前确保通信的Emerge Mode（读）为0 和Normal Operation Mode（写）为0；硬接点的Safety Signal（为高电平）、+24V和0V有正常连接，Manual Operation为0。否则会出现飞车现象； ⑤轴控箱上电顺序：先闭合电池开关（5Q1），然后闭合电源开关（6S1）。 正常状态下电机会由于内部的电路的控制不会出现转动； ⑥自动控制是通过通信软件控制，先设置好控制桨叶的目标角度、转速（建 议为3度/秒以下）和加速度（建议0.5～2度/秒2），然后将Normal Operation Mode置1，启动自动模式；若要中途停止，只能通过以下任一方式：将Normal Operation Mode置0、将对应的91度限位开关触发和关闭轴控箱电源（6S1）； 5、限位开关 91度限位开关用于控制Pitch Master（主控变频器）的输出控制，当触发了该限位开关后，7K6复位，然后电机会停止，相对而言动作比较缓慢； 96度限位开关用于控制电机和Ptich Master的ENPO信号，当触发了该限位开关后，6K2和6K3复位，然后电机立即停止，相对而言动作比较迅速。 6、Bypass Bypass信号是用于旁通2个限位开关触发了以后继续启动电机转动，有硬信号和软信号之分。 Bypass软信号是对应91度限位开关。当91度触发了以后，利用通信将对应桨叶的Bypass信号置1，然后电机才可以往96度方向转动；而需要往0度方向转动不需要将对应桨叶的Bypass信号置1（实际上该Bypass信号用途不大）； Bypass硬信号是对应96度限位开关，当96度触发了以后，利用硬结点的Bypass信号置1，然后电机只可以往0度方向转动； 7、温度预处理说明 根据通信中的所有温度值，需要在控制当中进行预处理，其温度的预处理值建议如下（根据Lust技术人员的建议）： ①Pitch Master停机温度值为80度；
手相图解大全 手相图解大全，我们可以发现，一个人的运气好，他的气色就好，手的色泽看起来也一样比较健康；同样地，他的手相纹路看起来比较清晰，直观上就是一个思路清楚而理性的人；如果一个人的手相纹路很复杂，直观上就是一个思绪较复杂的人，而且事实上也正是如此。由此可见‘以相取人’是很符合自然现象的，这也就是‘手相’预测的基本原理，手相图解大全。 手相图解大全：1.生命线 生命线——即生命纹。从大拇指与食指中间的掌边开始,往掌底走的纹路。手相图解大全，生命纹的长短并不代表寿命的长短,而是代表生命力的强弱,所以生命纹其实应该叫做生命力纹。 生命纹长、深、红润的，生命力强,对疾病的抵抗力强,不容易生病；相反,如果纹浅、弱,就比较衰弱。 纹粗的，适合劳动或运动；手相图解大全，纹细的，适合用脑。 生命纹包围的掌丘范围大的,也是精力充沛,爱欲旺盛；范围小的嬴弱,容易疲倦。 生命纹开头(靠掌边)有链形纹的,儿童时期体弱多病。 生命纹尾端有如流苏,要防老人病。 生命纹上有岛纹,代表某一时间生病或住院,岛纹大小代表病情的轻重与时间长短。 手相图解大全：2.智能线 智能线——即脑纹。是掌相中最重要的一纹,中国手相中此纹代表自己,又称人纹。起点与生命线同,向小指方向走,至无名指与小指指缝间停最好,太短不够聪明,太长则精明过度,亦不好。
脑纹以深细为佳,表示思想能够集中,头脑聪明。 脑纹上有岛纹就表示思想不集中,记意力弱或脑部受挫。 脑纹起点有链形，外在环境影响求学。 智能纹与生命纹起点一起,两纹合为一,一段距离后才分开,表示内向,谨慎,考虑周详。手相图解大全，连的太长,则多虑,容易犹豫不决。 如果生命线和智能线起点一起随后马上分开走,个性果断,能随机应变。 如果两线分开有距离,是大胆外向的个性,天不怕地不怕。 如果两线起点分开超过半公分以上,就成莽撞不经大脑的个性了。 手相图解大全：3.感情线 感情线——即天纹或父纹。从小指下掌边起向食指方向走,以走入食指与中指缝为中庸。 若一直前进至食指下,属于心灵之域,较注重精神的爱；进入中指下面,属肉体之爱,并不注重海誓山盟。 如果在中指下往下弯,就爱得任性,不择手段。 若感情线长而且有分岔往下弯,则是舍一切为情牺牲。 感情线深细的,感情也细腻,感情线粗浅的,感情也粗放。 感情线头端(掌边)如果上下都有像羽毛状的斜纹,表示这人很热情。 若线下没羽毛纹,只有线上有,那是机智线,表示反应好能随机应变。 感情纹如果是链形,多愁善感。手相图解大全 感情纹有岛形纹,如出现在无名指下,代表眼睛有问题,近视、弱视或闪光。 若岛纹出现在其它位置,是感情上的困扰。 感情线断裂,象征感情受到很大的挫折。 手相图解大全：4.婚姻线 婚姻线——在小指下的掌边,介于小指和感情纹之间,有的人只有一条,有的则有数条纹。 数目并不重要,总会有一条较深的纹。如果有两条一样深,就怕会容易陷入三角纠纷。 若婚姻纹超过六条,而且找不出主线,则婚姻关系较乱；手相图解大全，婚姻纹长,择偶条件苛,对配偶的要求也高,婚姻上会有压力。 若长到无名指下并接处太阳线,可有好亲家,带来财富声望。 若冲破太阳线,则有负面效果,以至于影身响声望和财富。 婚姻纹尾部如果分岔,容易分手。 手相图解大全，有岛纹则可能因某种原因分居。 婚姻线尾部往上翘，缺乏结婚的意愿。 手相图解大全：5.命运线 命运线——是从手掌底部往上升的纹,有的人可以直抵中指根部,也可称为事业纹。 有的事业线不是一条直纹,而是断断续续好几条,表示工作不稳定,或经常变更工作环境. 事业纹升到脑纹(智能线)就停止,表示是由自己智能决定而停止工作。 如果升到岛纹而停止,则表是因感情问题而停止工作。 有两条事业纹,可以兼职或发展另一副业。 手相图解大全：6.成功线（太阳线）
常用钢板厚度规格大全： 0.2；0.25；0.3；0.35；0.4；0.45；0.5；0.55；0.6；0.7； 0.75；0.8；0.9；1.0；1.1；1.2；1.25；1.4；1.5；1.6；1.8； 2.0；2.2；2.5；2.8； 3.0；3.2；3.5；3.8； 4.0；4.5； 5.0； 5.5； 6.0； 7.0； 8.0； 9.0；10；11；12；13；14；15；16；17；18；19；20；21；22；23；24；25；26；27；28；29；30；32；34；36；38；40；42；44；46；48；50；52；54；56；58；60 无缝钢管的规格尺寸 1寸钢管公称口径是25mm.；外径33.70mm；壁厚3.2mm 4分、6分、1寸是英制说法。是按1英寸=25.4mm来算的，取近似数。 4分管1\2"---公称口径15mm ；外径（公称尺寸）21.30mm；壁厚2.80mm. 6分管3\4"---公称口径20mm ; 外径（公称尺寸）26.90mm; 壁厚2.80mm. 5/4’’--公称口径32mm; 外径（公称尺寸）42.40mm; 壁厚3.50mm. 1吋管1"---公称口径25mm ; 外径（公称尺寸）33.70mm; 壁厚3.20mm. 2吋管2’’---公称口径50mm; 外径（公称尺寸）60.3mm; 壁厚3.80mm. 3吋管3’’----公称口径80mm; 外径（公称尺寸）88.90mm; 壁厚4.0mm 4吋管4’’----公称口径100mm; 外径（公称尺寸）114.30mm; 壁厚4.0mm. 也就是说平时家用的是4分管直径是15，或者2寸管直径就是50 最新圆管理论重量表大全|常用圆管理论重量价格表|圆钢尺寸规格 表 最新圆管理论重量表大全|常用圆管理论重量价格表|圆钢尺寸规格表 圆钢材质：10#、20#、35#、45#、Q215-235、20Cr、40Cr、20CrMo、35CrMo、42CrMo、40CrNiMo、GCr15、65Mn、50Mn、50Cr、3Cr2W8V、
线材规格,线材规格表 线材规格相关参数： ★额定温度：80°C 额定电压：300V ★标准：UL758，UL1581及CSA C22、2 ★导体使用32-16AWG单根或绞合裸铜或镀锡铜线★通过UL VW-1及CSA Ft1垂直耐燃测试 ★无铅聚氯乙烯尽缘 ★尽缘厚度均匀，方便剥皮及剪裁 线材规格表(图一)
线材规格表(图二 ) 相关文章 ·套筒规格,套筒规格表 ·螺钉规格,螺钉规格表 ·铣刀规格,铣刀规格表 ·膨胀螺栓规格,膨胀螺栓规格表 ·螺帽规格,螺帽规格表 ·I型六角开槽螺母规格 ·方斜垫圈规格表 ·外舌止动垫圈规格 ·级高强螺栓规格 ·压铆螺母规格,压铆螺母标准 ·六角承孔头螺丝规格表 ·螺栓规格,螺栓的规格 上一篇：膨胀螺栓规格,膨胀螺栓规格表下一篇：铣刀规格,铣刀规格表收录时间:2011年02月16日 20:44:49 来源: 作者: 点击: 次
UL1185电子线 规格型号：UL1185 浏览数：249 产品描述： 说明： .导体：30-4AWG缠绕屏蔽线 .额定温度：80℃ .额定电压：300V .可通过UL VW-1垂直耐燃测试 .工作温度：-20℃~80℃上海日宇电子器材有限公司
UL2468并排线低铅低镉并排线列表 导体绝缘电气特性包装包装 线号导体构造导体直径芯数厚度间距外径 导体电阻 (Ω/KM) 耐电压米/卷 2 3 4 5 267*61500305 7 8 23 3 2411*461500305 5 69 2 3 2217*4551500305 59 6 UL2464表 Conductor 导体 Insulation Diameter Core number Single Shield 单层屏蔽 Double Shield 双层屏蔽 线号线数/线径绝缘线径芯线数Shield OD (MM)Shield OD (MM)
变桨系统带载测试平台试验大纲 1 前言 本部分规定了各种型号的电动变桨驱动系统工作性能的测试要求和测试方法。适用于各种电动 变桨驱动系统出厂性能验收和新产品性能测试。 2 测试内容 电机负载测试内容主要分成三个部分： 1）变桨系统带载功能性测试 2）变桨系统带载故障模拟测试 3）变桨系统带载连续运行测试 测试的主要部件为：变桨电机、刹车系统、伺服驱动器、蓄电池、编码器。 3 测试依据 2MW 风机根据《变桨驱动系统采购规范》SB-030.02.05-A 3.6MW 风机根据《变桨驱动系统采购规范》V-69.2-BV.MR.00.00-A-D GB/T 1311-2008《直流电机试验方法》 GB/T 1029-2005《三相同步电机试验方法》 4 变桨系统带载功能测试 4.1 变桨电机额定负载测试 需测试电机在额定负载下的变桨位置、电机转速、转矩响应特性。位置给定范围为（0°～30°）， 测试变桨速度为2°/S。 测试需要得到如下响应曲线图：电机运动位置给定曲线、电机位置响应曲线、电机速度响应曲 线、电机转矩响应曲线、电机电流变化曲线、电机温升曲线。 Y520000064-2 变桨系统带载测试平台试验大纲共3 页第 2 页 FDJL-JS-027 4.2 变桨电机变化负载测试 需测试电机在变化负载下的变桨位置、电机转速、转矩响应特性。位置给定范围为（0°～30°）， 变化负载范围为额定负载的±50%，测试变桨速度为2°/S。 测试需要得到如下响应曲线图：电机运动位置给定曲线、电机位置响应曲线、电机速度响应曲 线、电机转矩响应曲线、电机电流变化曲线、电机温升曲线。 4.3 变桨电机最大负载测试 需测试电机在最大负载下（3s 内）的变桨位置、电机转速、转矩响应特性。位置给定范围为（0°～ 30°），测试变桨速度为2°/S。 测试需要得到如下响应曲线图：电机运动位置给定曲线、电机位置响应曲线、电机速度响应曲
掌纹图解（之）成功线和太阳线汇总 掌纹图解（之）成功线和太阳线汇总 1 成功线_太阳线_运势线 太阳线(成功线)：太阳线又称成功线或是名利线，顾名思义，这是一条和事业成败关係相当密切的线，事业线的好坏，还需太阳线的扶助。 太阳线大都是在掌的中间或下方，有的是从生命线上升，有的是起于智慧线或感情线。一个人，掌中若有一条形状很优美的成功线，那它一定具有吸引他人能力，而且也有支配他人的势力，这种人极易为众人所赞同。太阳线若纹乱，行事方针常变动，目标难定，聪明反被聪明误，而不论事情成功或失败，都难从中得到快乐。 太阳线又名（成功线）可由各不同的位置升起，但其尖端都伸向太阳丘（无名指根部）。可以看出成功运势的好坏；这条线固然以长的为好，但是长而无劲者，总不如短而有劲的； 命运线表示竞争激烈的社会生活，太阳线则表示受赏识或得人缘线条，容易成功，因此纵然命运线很好，而没有太阳线的话，凭你如何奋斗，还是得不到人家的赏识，相反地，虽然命运线极为贫弱，而太阳线至为明显，则必将遇到赏识
与援助，得到超越自己能力以上的评价，太阳线与命运线均明显，则容易得到人缘受人器重。收集整理归档资料－壳子太阳线由手掌底部向太阳丘上升 具有此线的人，不但在社会上有名声，而且也获得事业成功或财运的吉相，如果再和事业线并行，其幸福更加倍增加。 太阳线起自掌之基部，直上太阳丘 表示此人年轻时走运，一切发展都很顺利，一生荣华富贵，可名利俱收。 太阳线由火星平原上升 在历尽艰辛之后，过了中年可获成功之吉相，但太阳线务必强而有力直升太阳丘才行。太阳线起自掌心表示这人中年之后才能渐有发展，中年前波折重重。 太阳线发起自月丘 表示需靠他人相助才能得到成功。 太阳线起自生命线内的金星丘
一、常用电路图- 1 -1．单按钮控制两台电动机顺序启动反序停止- 1 - 3．用两个时间继电器控制电动机间歇正反转- 2 -4．三地控制三相电动机正反转- 3 -5．两地控制一台电动机- 4 -6．频敏变阻启动原理图- 4 - 7．用一个时间继电器,和三个按钮,控制一个灯220和电机380,要求电机能自动运行60秒停止- 5 - 8. 接近开关导通后电机停止接近开关断开后延时N秒电机启动- 5 - 9.运用时间继电器使电磁铁动作2秒后复位,经过3分钟后动作2秒后复位,再经过5分钟后动作2秒复位- 6 - 10. 利用电接点压力表自动控制水泵- 6 - 11. 两台电动机既可分别启动和停止,也可以同时启动和停止. - 7 - 12. 正转停止后,必须过预定的时间(如5S)后才能反转,反转停止后,必须过预定的时间(如5S)后才能正转- 7 - 13. 用三个时间继电器控制正反转并要有间隙- 8 - 14. 三相异步电动机转子串联电阻启动- 8 -
15. 三相异步电动机启动控制线路图（带故障指示灯）- 9 - 16. 双控及多地控制（照明) - 10 - 18. 使电机有点动还有正常运行- 11 - 19. 用3个继电器控制电动机断相保护- 11 - 20. 用四个时间继电器控制正反转并要有间隙- 12 - 21. 三相电动机在220V电压下正反转能耗制动- 12 - 22. 三个地方控制一盏灯- 13 - 23. 星三角降压的电路用4个交流接触器和一个时间继电器要做成可以正反转的电路并且可以自动和手动的- 13 - 24. 延边三角形降压启动的原理图- 14 - 25. 点动与长动的正反转控制电路- 14 - 26. 用按钮开关(常开）启动电动机，用行程开关(常闭）停止电动机实物接线图- 15 -27用按钮开关(常开）启动电动机，用行程开关(常开）停止电动机实物接线图- 15 -28．四个地方控制一盏灯- 16 -29. 单相电能表加装互感器- 16 -31. 用一个3a的按钮通过继电器控制一个12v15a的电机- 17 -
北美规格材目测分等概述 郭伟任海青殷亚方江京辉龙超 摘要：目测分等方法是北美一种很重要的锯材分等体系，即依据目测分等规则通过肉眼观测方式测定木材的缺陷状况进而确定规格材的材质等级。因此，对木材缺陷与材质等级之间关系的正确把握以及对分等规则的正确应用，是对规格材进行科学、正确分等的基本要求。合理地依据目测分等规则划分规格材等级，不仅可以使规格材生产厂家的经济效益最大化，而且有利于规格材产品使用性能的充分、合理发挥。经过目测分等的规格材具有客观的力学性质以及外观质量等级，可以为其作为结构用材使用时提供科学的依据。直到今天，目测分等方法依然是北美进行规格材分等的主要分等方法和基础。文中介绍了北美目测分等方法的发展、原理、意义以及世界上其他一些国家和地区的目测分等标准，并对中国目测分等标准与北美目测分等规则进行了比较，希望对完善我国的目测分等规则有所启示。 关键词：规格材，目测分等，缺陷 Summary of Visual Grading on Structural Lum ber in North America Guo Wei Ren Haiqing Yin Yafang Jiang Jinghui Long Chao Abstract：Lumber visual grading is one of the most important lumber grading systems in North America，which finishes lumber grading by watching and measuring the lumber superficial quality or characterisfics So the feature of grading method requires the graders master the grading rules and grade the lumber as quickly as possible，as the precondition of suficient use．Visual grading not only promotes the profits of the graded lumber production，but also exerts the lumber~value．So far，visual grading is still the basic and main grading method in North America．This paper introduces some basic information about visual grading，such as the history，principle and significance of the visual grading of lumber in North America，and introduces some other standards about visual grading in the world，then make a comparison between Chinese Code and NLGA．The authors hope it can avail domestic visual grading ru les about structural lumb er products． Key words：stru ctural lumber，visual grading，characteristics 规格材(dimension lumber)在我国相关标准中的定义是指按轻型木结构设计的需要，木材截面的宽度和高度按照规定尺寸加工的规格化木材[5]。在北美分等体系中，“结构用锯材”是按照板材、横梁和纵梁、柱和方材、规格材4种使用功能进行分等。在“结构用锯材”中，规格材根据其最终用途又可以划分为4个类别，分别是：结构用轻型框架、轻型框架、搁栅和厚板、墙骨。 目测分等方法(也称目测分级，Visual grad．ing)是指用肉眼观测方式对木材强度划分等级，主要是通过对规格材表面的各种影响强度或相关性能的缺陷进行评估实现的。采用北美目测收稿分等方法划分等级的规格材的弹性模量变异系数最高为25％。随着锯材生产的发展，目测
PROJECT GUP CCV风场变桨调试TO GUP Customer ENGINEER MOOG Service Remark GUP CCV风场变桨调试 1、变桨柜内无电检查 1.1 查验系统元器件包括电缆有无缺陷。 a、检查柜体在运输过程中是否存在由于震动造成的一些元器件损伤，主要是看元器件有无硬件损伤。 b、检查所要连接的重载电缆有无绝缘破损情况，Harting有无损坏。 c、查看柜内有无铁屑、铜丝等金属危险品 确保上电后设备及人身的安全。 1.2 校线检查 1.2.1 24V控制滑环线缆检查 使用万用表对从滑环进轮毂的线缆进行校线检查，确保接线没有错误。 注意：防雷模块的区别 6R1：接Profibus通讯线为5V防雷模块 16R1、17R1为24V防雷模块 注：此项接线必须校线检查，不然24V如果接线短路，就会造成防雷模块的损坏。 1.2.2 400V线缆检查 使用万用表对从机舱进轮毂的线缆进行校线检查。 注：400V的线缆校线检查必须提高警惕，严禁出现零线与火线或者地线与火线接反的情况！！！ 目前在已经调试的风场中 1）尚义风场发现400V的防雷模块损坏较多，查出原因为机舱出火线与地/零线接反导致防雷模块的损坏2）在武川风场出现有，机舱零线未接紧，上电之后，系统缺零导致烧坏AC400充电器以及24V开关电源。 1.2.3 测量Canbus终端电阻60±5? 可测量BVL E线harting上，白棕两线间阻值 1.2.4 激活profibus终端电阻 DP插头上拨动开关处于ON状态 1）未接主控通讯线时，可测得6R1：1-2间阻值为220±10? 2）若连接主控通讯线之后阻值在110±5? 注：此阻值测量是在主控与变桨均未上电情况下测量的 1.2.5 线路测量 连接外部电源线之后（外部给变桨供电400V电源开关必须保持断开），闭合变桨柜体内所有开关（电池柜5Q1,axis1,axis2,axis3开关保持断开），做上电之前的线路测量 1）检测L1、L2、L3、N、PE线间的短路测量。 2）24+与L1、L2、L3、N、PE线间的短路测量。 3）24-与L1、L2、L3、N、PE线间的短路测量。 4）测量柜内各个端子排N线与N线以及PE线间的导通性。 注意：各个电压等级之间不能有回路电压串入 5）检测PITCHmaster进线进出线的对地的短路测量 确保上电之前线路无短路情况，保护设备及人身安全 1.2.6 电池电压测量 查看连接电池的短接线，保证电池短接线完全连接好，不能有虚接现象。 依次测量每个电池柜的电压，查看电池柜电压是否平衡，一般在230V左右，若出现电池柜电压偏低情况，上电后优先闭合这个电池柜开关，优先充电。
夹板 夹板，也称胶合板, 行内俗称细芯板。由三层或多层一毫米厚的单板或薄板胶贴热压制而成。是目前手工制作家具最为常用的材料。 规格： 夹板一般长为2440MM，宽为1220MM，厚度分为 3 厘板、 5 厘板、9 厘板、12 厘板、15 厘板和18 厘板六种规格（ 1 厘即为1mm ）。当然，还有21厘和25厘，厚度基本可以根据不同的要求生产。 胶合板的工艺 胶合板是由原木旋切成单板或木方刨切成薄木，再用胶粘剂胶合而成的三层或三层以上的薄板材。通常用奇数层单板，并使相邻层单板的纤维方向互相垂直排列胶合而成。因此有三合、五合、七合等奇数层胶合板。 从结构上看，胶合板的最外层单板称为表板，正面的表板称为面板，它是用质量最好的单板材。反面的表板称为背板，用质量次之的单板材。而内层的单板材称为芯板或中板，用质量最差的单板材组成。 胶合板的特点： 一、胶合板既有天然木材的一切优点，如容重轻、强度高、纹理美观、绝缘等，又可弥补天然木材自然产生的一些缺陷如节子、幅面小、变形、纵横力学差异性大等缺点。 二、胶合板生产能对原木的合理利用。因它没有锯屑，每2.2－2.5立方米原木可以生产1立方米胶合板，可代替约5立方米原木锯成板材使用，而每生产1立方米胶合板产品，还可产生剩余物1.2－1.5立方米，这是生产中密度纤维板和刨花板比较好的原料。 由于胶合板有变形小、幅面大、施工方便、不翘曲、横纹抗拉力学性能好等优点。故该产品主要用在家具制造、室内装修、住宅建筑用的各种板材。其次是造船、车箱制造、各种军工、轻工产品以及包装等工业部门之用。 胶合板的分类： 胶合板按用途分为普通胶合板（适应广泛用途的胶合板）和特种胶合板（能满足专门用途的胶合板）。 胶合板的质量要求包括外观等级、规格尺寸、物理力学性能三项内容。 外观等级、规格尺寸、物理力学性能三项检验均合格地判断该产品为合格品，否则判断为不合格。胶合板出厂时应具有生产厂质量检验部门的产品质量鉴定证明书，注明胶合板的类别、规格、等级、胶合强度和含水率等。 （1）普通胶合板的规格尺寸胶合板的厚度为2.7mm，3.3mm,4.5mm,5.5mm，6mm.....．自6 mm起,按lmm递增。厚度自4mm以下为薄胶合板。3mm，3.5mm，4mm厚的胶合板为常用规格。其他厚度的胶合板应经供需双方协议后生产。 （2）外观等级普通胶合板按加工后胶合板上可见的材质缺陷和加工缺陷分为四个等级：特等、一等、二等、三等，其中，一、二、三等为普通胶合板的主要等级。