大学英语自学教程下UNIT1
Unit 1 Text A
What Is a Decision?
[00:32.72]决策是什么?
[00:35.84]A decision is a choice
[00:40.28]made from among alternative courses of action that are available.
[00:43.66]决策即是从几种可行的行为中做出选择.
[00:47.05]The purpose of makinga decision
[00:51.10]is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives.
[00:54.82]决策的目的是为了建立和达到组织的目标.
[00:58.54]The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists,
[01:01.56]决策的原因是存在着问题,
[01:04.57]goals or objectives are wrong
[01:06.99]目标有误,
[01:09.41]or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.
[01:12.03]或有某种东西妨碍着它的实现.
[01:14.66]Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management.
[01:18.38] 因此决策的过程对于管理是必不可和的.
[01:22.10]almost everything a manager does involves decisions,
[01:25.63]几乎管理者所做的所有事情都涉及到决策.
[01:29.16]indeed,some suggest that the management process is decisions making. [01:33.09]确实,有人认为管理过程就是决策过程.
[01:37.02]Although managers cannot predict the future,
[01:40.05]虽然管理者不能预测未来,
[01:43.08]many of their decisions require that they condider possible future events. [01:47.05]但他们的许多决策还是要求他们考虑到未来可能发生的事情.
[01:51.02]Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be
[01:54.76]通常管理者必须对未来的情况做出最佳预测,
[01:58.49]and try to leave as little as possible to chance,
[02:01.42]从而使偶然性尽可能少地发生.
[02:04.34]but since uncrtainty is always there,risk accompanies decisions.
[02:08.27]但因为总存在着不确定性,所以风险常伴随着决策.
[02:12.21]Sometimes the consequences of a poor decision are slight;
[02:15.47]有时候不明知的决策的结果没什么大不了的,
[02:18.74]at other times they are serious.
[02:21.02]有时却非常严重.
[02:23.31] Choice is the opportunity to select among alternatives.
[02:26.69] 选择就是从可供选择的事物中进行选择的机会.
[02:30.07]If there is no choice,there is no decision to be made.
[02:33.25]如果没有选择,就不会有决策.
[02:36.42]Decision making is the process of choosing,
[02:39.69]决策是选择的过程,
[02:42.95]and many decisions have a broad range of choice.
[02:46.03]许多决策有很广的可选范围.
[02:49.12]For example,
[02:50.88]例如:
[02:52.64]a student may be able to choose among a number of different courses
[02:55.97]例如:为了完成得到大学学位的决策,
[02:59.30]in order to implement the decision to obtain a college degree.
[03:02.44]一个学生可以从许多不同的课程中选择.
[03:05.57]For managers,every decision has constraints based on policies,
[03:09.40]对管理者来说,每次决策都受到政策,
[03:13.23]procedures,laws,precedents,and the like.
[03:16.31]程序,法律,惯例等等因素的制约.
[03:19.39]These constraints exist at all levels of the organization.
[03:22.51]这些制约存在于各级组织中.
[03:25.64]Alternatives are the possible courses of action from which choices can be made. [03:29.61] 供选择的事物是指可供从中选择的可能的行为过程.
[03:33.58]If there are no alternatives,there is no choice and,therefore,no decision. [03:37.55]如果没有供选择的事物,就不能做出选择,因此,就没有决策.
[03:41.52]If no alternatives are seen,
[03:43.56]如果找不到可供选择的事物,
[03:45.59]often it means that a thorough job of examining the problems has not been done. [03:49.22]通常意味着对这个问题还没有做彻底的审查.
[03:52.86]For example,managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion;
[03:56.83]例如:管理者有时用二者择一的方式来处理问题,
[04:00.80]this is their way of simplifying complex problems.
[04:03.44]这是他们简化复杂问题的方式.
[04:06.07]But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives.
[04:09.65]但这种简化的倾向使得他们看不到其他可供选择的办法.
[04:13.23]At the managerial level,
[04:15.11] 在管理级别上,
[04:16.99]decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them, [04:21.02]决策包括限定并确定可选择的事物,
[04:25.04]and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited.
[04:28.53]其范围从极其有限到实际上无限多.
[04:32.01] Decision makers must have some way of determining
[04:34.94]决策者必须有办法决定
[04:37.86]which of several alternatives is best,
[04:40.24]在若干种可供选择的事物中哪能种是最优的,
[04:42.62]that is which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals. [04:46.64]也就是哪种最有助于完成组织目标.
[04:50.66]An organizational goal
[04:54.50]is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach.
[04:57.98]组织目标是组织所追求达到的事件的结束或状态.
[05:01.45]Because individuals(and organizations)frequently have different ideas about [05:08.61]how to attain the goals,
[05:10.65]因为个体(和组织)关于如何达到目的常有不同的观点,
[05:12.69]the best choice may depend on who makes the decision
[05:15.66]哪能种是最优的选择可能要看是谁做出决策.
[05:18.64]Frequently,departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually
[05:23.11]通常,一个组织中的各部门或单位做出的决策对他们个体来说是有益的,
[05:27.58]but that are less than optimal for the larger organization.
[05:30.45]但对更大的组织来说则不是最理想的.
[05:33.32]Called suboptimization,
[05:35.40]所谓的局部最优化,
[05:37.48]this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function
[05:41.45]这种权衡增加了对一个单位或一项职能的好处,
[05:45.42]but decreases the advantages to another unit or function.
[05:48.75]却减少了对其他单位或职能的好处.
[05:52.08]For example,the marketing manager may argue effectively for an increased advertising budget. [05:56.05]例如:销售经理可能为了提高广告预算而极力说服他人.
[06:00.02]In the larger scheme of things, however,
[06:02.36]可在更大的方案中,
[06:04.70]increased funding for research to improve the products
[06:10.44]might be more beneficial to the organization.
[06:12.94]提高研究基金以改进产品可能对整体组织更大有益处.
[06:15.43]These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives
[06:22.38]that organizations wish to attain simultaneously.
[06:25.16] 因为组织希望同时达到许多目标,这此权衡就会发生.
[06:27.94]Some of these objectives are more important than others,
[06:31.03]其中一些目标较其他目标更重要,
[06:34.11]but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department.
[06:38.63]但其顺序和重要程度在人与人,部门与部门之间则常常不同.
[06:43.15]Different managers define the same problem in different terms.
[06:46.41]不同的管理者用不同的术语定义同样的问题.
[06:49.68]When presented with a common case,sales managers tend to see sales problems,
[06:53.65]当面对一件日常事例时,销售经理倾向于去看销售环节的问题,
[06:57.62]production managers see production problems,and so on.
[07:00.28]生产经理则看生产环节的问题等等.
[07:02.95]The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based,in part,
[07:07.08] 在某种程序上,多种目标的先后顺序和重要性
[07:11.20]on the values of the decision maker.
[07:13.54]也基于决策人的价值观念.
[07:15.88]Such values are personal;they are hard to understand,
[07:18.91]这此价值观具有个人色彩,因为其可变性和复杂性,
[07:21.94]even by the individual,because they are so dynamic and complex.
[07:25.57]即使对个体而言,也很难以理解.
[07:29.20]In many business situations different people's values about
[07:32.43]在许多交易情形下,不同的人们关于风险和盈利的
[07:35.65]acceptable degrees of risk and profitability
[07:41.22]cause disagreement about the correctness of decisions.
[07:44.09]可接受程度的价值观念带来对决策正确性的不同意见.
[07:46.96]People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon.
[07:50.74] 人们经常假设一项决策是孤立的现象.
[07:54.51]But from a systems point of view,problems have multiple causes,
[07:58.04]但从系统的观点看,问题有多种原因,
[08:01.57]and decisions have intended and unintended consequences.
[08:05.11]决策有预期的和非预期的结果.
[08:08.65]An organization is an ongoing entity,
[08:11.43]一个组织是一个正在发展中的实体,
[08:14.21]and a decision made today may have consequences far into the future.
[08:16.99]现在的决策可能给将来带来深远的影响.
[08:19.77]Thats the skilled manager looks toward the future consequence of current decisions [08:23.86]因而熟练的管理者会看到当前决策对未来的影响.
Text B Secrets of Success at an Interview
[08:30.82]面试成功的秘诀
[08:33.70]The subject of today's talk is interviews.
[08:36.04] 今天谈论的话题是面试.
[08:38.37]The key words here are preparation and confidence, which will carry you far.
[08:41.65] 面试的关键是准备和自信,这将对你具有深远的意义.
[08:44.93]Do your homework first.
[08:46.60] 首先你要做准备工作.
[08:48.27]Find out all you can about the job you are applying for
[08:50.65] 尽量了解你所申请的工作,
[08:53.03]and the organization you hope to work for.
[08:55.07]以及你所希望为之工作的组织机构.
[08:57.10]Many of the employers I interviewed made the same criticism of candidates.
[09:00.28] 我会见过的许多雇主都对应聘者做了同样的批评,
[09:03.45]"They have no idea what the day to day work of the job brings about.
[09:06.13]"他们不知道日常工作做些什么.
[09:08.81]They have vague notions of 'furthering the company's prospects'
[09:11.54]他们空具'改进公司的前景'
[09:14.27]or of 'serving the community',
[09:16.00]或'服务社区'的模糊概念,
[09:17.74]but have never taken the trouble to find out the actual tasks
[09:22.70]they will be required to do."
[09:24.38]却从来不肯下功夫去发现他们将需要做的实际工作."
[09:26.05]Do not let this be said of you.
[09:27.77] 不要让这些话涉及到你.
[09:29.50]It shows an unattractive indifference to your employer and to your job
[09:32.23]这表明你对雇主和工作没有吸引力,不感兴趣.
[09:34.96]Take the time to put yourself into the interviewer's place.
[09:37.38] 花时间设身处地地为面试接见者想一想.
[09:39.81]He wants somebody who is hard-working
[09:42.00]他需要的是具有友爱的人格,努力工作,
[09:44.18]with a pleasant personality and a real interest in the job.
[09:46.85]并且对工作怀有真正兴趣的人.
[09:49.53]Anything that you find out about the prospective employer
[09:54.29]can be used to your advantage during the interview
[09:56.47] 你所了解到的朋关未来雇主的任何信息都会在面试中对你有利,
[09:58.65]to show that you have bothered to master some facts
[10:03.01]but the people who you hope to work for.
[10:05.00]它表明你曾费心去了解你希望为之工作的人的有关事情.
[10:06.98]Write down(and remember) the questions you want to ask the interviewer(s) [10:10.01]记录下(并且记住)面试中你想问的问题,
[10:13.04]so that you are not speechless when they invite your questions.
[10:15.56]这样他们请你提问时你就不会哑口无言了.
[10:18.08]Make sure that holidays and pay are not the first things you ask about.
[10:21.06]你一定不要首先问及休假和报酬.
[10:24.04]If all your questions have been answered during the interview,reply:
[10:26.77]如果你的问题在面试中都得到了回答,你应该这样说:
[10:29.50]"In fact,I did have several questions,but you have already answered them all." [10:32.62]"事实上,我的确有一些问题,但你们已经做出了回答."
[10:35.74]Do not be afraid to ask for clarification
[10:40.18]of something that has been said during the interview
[10:42.21] 面试中如果你想确认所谈及的内容中有什么隐含意义,
[10:44.23]if you want to be sure what was implied, but do be polite.
[10:47.01]不要害怕请示明示,但一定要有礼貌.
[10:49.80]Just before you go to the interview,
[10:51.68] 在去面试之前,
[10:53.56]look again at the original advertisement that you answered,
[10:55.93]再看看你应征的原始广告,
[10:58.31]any correspondence from your prospective employer,
[11:00.58]你未来雇主的所有信件,
[11:02.86]photocopies of your letter of application or application form and your resume. [11:06.10]你的求职信或求职表的复印件和你的简历.
[11:09.34]Then you will remember what you said and what they want.
[11:11.82] 这样你就记住了你所说的和他们所希望的.
[11:14.30]This is very important if you have applied for many jobs in a short time [11:17.12]如果你在适时间内申请了许多工作,这点就很重要.
[11:19.94]as it is easy to become confused and give an impression of inefficiency.
[11:23.02]因为你很容易搞混乱了,给人以效率低的印象.
[11:26.11]Make sure you know where and when you have to report for the interview. [11:28.93] 确信何地何时你必须去面试.
[11:31.75]Go to the building(but not inside the office)a day or two before,if necessary [11:35.47]如果必要的话,面试前两天到面试的大楼(但不是办公室里)去一趟,
[11:39.19]to find out how long the journey,takes and where exactly the place is
[11:42.22]弄清路有多远和确切的地点.
[11:45.25]Aim to arrive five or ten minutes early for the actual interview,
[11:47.89] 为真正的面试做好早到5分钟或10分钟的打算,
[11:50.53]then you will have a little time in hand
[11:52.50]那么,你手头儿还有一点儿时间,
[11:54.48]and you will not panic if you are delayed.
[11:56.51]就不会为延误而惊慌.
[11:58.55]You start at a disadvantage if you arrive worried and ten minutes late. [12:01.42]如果你急急忙忙地赶到,迟到10分钟,一开始你就处于不利地位.
[12:04.30]Dress in clean,neat,conservative clothes.
[12:06.62] 穿着要干净,整洁,保守.
[12:08.95]Now is NOT the time to experiment with the punk look
[12:11.59]现在不是尝试名牌打扮
[12:14.22]or (girls) to wear low-cut dresses with mini skirts.
[12:16.65]或女孩穿着领口开得很低的上衣和迷你裙的时候.
[12:19.08]Make sure that your shoes,hands and hair(and teeth) are clean and neat. [12:22.50]确信你的鞋子,手,头发(和牙齿)干净,整洁.
[12:25.93]Have the letter inviting you for an interview
[12:28.00] 准备好出示邀请你来面试的信件,
[12:30.08]ready to show in case there is any difficulty in communication.
[12:32.76]以防万一在交流中出现麻烦.
[12:35.44]You may find yourself facing one int-erviewer or a panel.
[12:38.01]你可能会发现你自己面对着一个接见者或一个专门小组.
[12:40.58]The latter is far more intimidating, but do not let it worry you too much. [12:43.55]后者令人害怕得多,但不要让它使你过分担忧.
[12:46.51]The interviewer will probably have a table in front of him/her.
[12:49.04] 会见者前面可能会放一张桌子,
[12:51.58]Do not put your things or arms on it.
[12:53.64]不要把你的东西和胳膊放在桌子上.
[12:55.71]If you have a bag or a case,put it on the floor beside your chair.
[12:58.49]如果你有一个包或一个箱子,把它放在你棒子旁边的地板上.
[13:01.27]Do not clutch it nervously or,worse still,drop it,spilling everything.
[13:04.90]不要紧张地用手抓着,甚而更糟的是,掉在地上,把所有的东西都掉出来了
[13:08.53]Shake hands if the interviewer offers his hand first.
[13:10.90]如果接见者首先伸过手来,你就和他握手.
[13:13.26]There is little likelihood that a panel of five
[13:17.81]wants to go though the process of all shaking hands with you in turn.
[13:20.48]几乎不可能五个人的专门小组中大家轮流与你握手.
[13:23.16]So you do not be upset if no one offers.
[13:25.38]所以如果没人主动伸手时,你不要感到不安.
[13:27.60]Shake hands firmly--a weak hand suggests a weak personality,
[13:30.68]握手要坚定有力---软弱无力的手说明导弹的个性,
[13:33.77]and a crushing grip is obviously painful.
[13:35.84]而挤压式的紧握显然是痛苦的.
[13:37.92]Do not drop the hand as soon as yours has touched it
[13:40.10]不要刚一接触就放下你的手,
[13:42.28]as this will seem to show you do not like the other person.
[13:44.87]因为这样似乎表明你不喜欢对方.
[13:47.45]Speak politely and naturally even if you are feeling shy.
[13:50.13] 即使你感到害羞,说话也要礼貌,自然.
[13:52.81]Think before you answer any questions.
[13:54.83]在回答任何问题之前都要先想想.
[13:56.86]If you cannot understand, ask:
[13:58.99] 如果你没有理解,可以这样请示:
[14:01.12]"Would you mind rephiasing the question, please?"
[14:03.15]"请您再重复一下这个问题,好吗?"
[14:05.19]The question will then be repeated in different words.
[14:07.41]会见者就会用不同的话重复一遍这个问题.
[14:09.63]If you are not definitely accepted or turned down on the spot,
[14:12.31] 如果当场你没有明确地被接受或拒绝,
[14:14.99]ask:"When may I expect to hear the results of this interview?"
[14:17.81]你就要问:"我可以期望在何时所到面试的结果呢?"
[14:20.63]If you do receive a letter offering you the job,
[14:22.85] 如果你确实收到了提供给你工作的信函,
[14:25.07]you must reply by letter(keep a photocopy) as soon as possible. Good luck! [14:28.85]你必须忙地回复信函(保留复印件). 祝好运
大学英语自学教程下 大学英语自学教程是由北大、清华、人大等名校百名命题专家，严格按照最新自考大纲及最新教材精心编写而成的。下面是给大家整理的大学英语自学教程下，供大家参阅! 大学英语自学教程内容简介 1. 本系列试卷由北大、清华、人大等名校百名命题专家，严格按照最新自考大纲及最新教材精心编写而成，并辅以部分阅卷教师的指点和参与，从而有着极强的标准性、权威性、预测性; 2. 本系列试卷注重考前模拟循序渐进、阶次提高，从而逐步进入最佳临战状态;本套试卷共十份，建议每周做一份，切忌一曝十寒; 3. 最好按正式考试时间(上午或下午，150分钟)不间断地独自完成所有试题，尽量不要超过时间，不要急于看答案，以达到真正的模拟考核; 4. 做完一套试题后，请对照试卷后的答案及评分标准给自己评定一个分数，最后认真研究试题解析，弄懂每一道题的解题思路，不要背题目、背答案，题目做错了，要深究做错的原因，同样的错误只允许犯一次，最好找到教材或同步辅导的相关章节进行有针对地复习，以达到举一反三、融会贯通效果; 5. 本系列试卷为完全标准预测，分值权重、题型题量、题的难易度、时间安排等均与最新真题一致，所以考生在进行自测时，最好有意识地调整做题心态，以逐步养成良好的考场状态; 6. 考生应及时总结每套试卷在模拟考核中的得与失，力争做一套就有收获，每做一套就有提高，日积月累，就会有质的突破; 7. 本系列试卷后附有最新真题及答案，考生可在做完预测试卷后，试着做真题，逐步掌握考试命题规律，以便在考场上能做到驾轻就熟，成竹在胸。 大学英语自学教程下册 A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them. Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management. Almost everything a manager does involves decisions, indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making. Although managers cannot predict the future, many of their decisions require that they consider possible
视频互动讲义四 课次: 英语二第4次视频互动教学 时间: 月日周三19:30-21:00 主题: 第七、八单元重点回顾，语法讲解，实战演练 主讲: 高伟老师 同学们，大家好！经过前三次的洗礼，你们对英语二教材中的重点知识点的回顾应该有一种感觉：在学习完精讲课件、背过教材中的单词和词组后，应该通过我的讲义对教材有一个更为深层的认识，似乎考点到处密布，要求我们掌握的东西越来越多。请大家冷静，不要烦躁----想通过英语二并非易事，但也绝非不可能。我们只要有信心，有毅力，我想任何考试都不是不可战胜的。 解惑： turn down：关小，拒绝 turn in：上缴，交出 turn into：变成 turn off/on：关掉/接通，打开 turn out：制造，生产，结果是 turn over：移交，翻过来 turn to：变成，借助于 turn up：出现，发生。 near与nearly：前者更多使用的是介词，表示“在附近，近”，后者更多为副词用法，表示“几乎，差不多”。另外，关注一下nearby。 devise与device：前者是动词，表示“想出，设计出”，后者名词，表示“办法，装置”。 drop与fall：两个都是动词，前者表示“失手落下”，后者表示“跌到，落下”。 decline表示“婉拒”，refuse表示“拒绝”，口气更为强烈。 一、第七单元重点内容的回顾
Text A 1.find----finding(s)：注意词性转换。 2.★be concerned with/about(As far as I’m concerned)：注意词组的固定用法。 3.★attach importance(oneself)to：注意词组的固定用法。 4.generally speaking：注意固定用法。 5.★in terms of：注意与by means of区别。 6.★carry out：注意词组搭配，同时注意与carry有关的所有词组。 7.★desire----★desirable----desired：注意词性转换并注意虚拟语气的使用。 8. ★take to：注意词组搭配，有关与take搭配的词组。 9.enjoy----enjoyment：注意词性转换。 10.★in a (great)variety of：注意词组固定搭配。 11.★It is...belief that：注意belief(fact, suggestion, doubt…)后面从句的连接词that。 12.put to good use：注意词组搭配。 13. impart… to：注意词组搭配。 14. it can be argued that…：注意句型，翻译常考。 15.relevant to：注意词组搭配。 16.leader----leadership：注意词性的转换。 17. set… as objective：注意词组搭配。 18.the attainment of a balanced development of the person：注意中文翻译的准确性。 Text B 1.★get through：注意有关get词组应记牢。 2.look ahead to：注意词组搭配。 3.★run out(of)：注意词组含义及搭配。 4.allocate for(to)：注意词组含义。 5.★adjust(to)----adjustment(to)：注意词性的转换。
全国英语四级考试方法和技巧（实用篇） 一．听力 1．短对话 ①.答案往往在后半人的话语中（带有转折词、原因词、总结性的 ），重点也会引申推出选项答案。 ②.从答案选项中推敲，往往关键词听到与材料一致的， 很可能是陷阱（答案往往是总结、规纳性、替换词、意思一致性） ③.场景考点（每年必考），即听关键词（材料中心词往往对应于相应的 场合）比如，看电影想到影剧院，吃、点菜想到餐馆，时间飞机定票等 想到机场更多得自己不断总结此类关键词。 以后便能条件反射迅速选出答案 总结：听懂抓住重点部分信息，关键中心词必须会把握（语气、转折性 、总结性词等后为主），答案以同义词转换 +意思一致，不改变义反映。切忌无中生有，凭主观来选择。 实在是没听懂或没把握住意思和中心词，看选项来确定（同词不选， 与对话内容无关不选，意思和其他完全不一致排除，带大写性关键词 独一的也不选） 更多在于根据真题总结，以上尽为参考和练习 (充分利用时间提前看题为之重要 ) 2．短文 正题：听到什么与选项对应，意思不变情况下往往是答案 此类型关键就是一个能听及时，准确，把握此特点那听到什么与选项 一致就是答案；另一点误区选项意思与文章无关、无中生有、作者主 观臆断、某一选项与其他选项无关、相差太大往往是误区项；还有一 点题目是按照文章顺序来的，答案也往往顺着题目来的。 总结重点：关键性、重点和中心词必须听到，听之前各选项一定有所 了解，确定中心词并带着它有针对性去听文章。更多在于自己的总结 ，以上仅为参考和供练习。 3 填词 听之前有所了解文章大意， 第一遍听把单一性词填个大概并写点第一句关键意思和单词 ;第二遍完全填满单词并附带着写下第一长句， 确定和大概写出第二、三句长句关键词 ; 第三遍校对单词，并尽量补满长句。 更多在于自己的总结和听写的练习。 二．仔细阅读 1. 做之前花一、二分钟了解大意思（必要） CET4知识点
大学英语自学教程下大学英语自学 大学英语自学教程是由北大、清华、人大等名校百名命题专家，严格按照最新自考大纲及最新教材精心编写而成的。下面是给大家的大学英语自学教程下，供大家参阅! 1. 本系列试卷由北大、清华、人大等名校百名命题专家，严格按照最新自考大纲及最新教材精心编写而成，并辅以部分阅卷教师的指点和参与，从而有着极强的标准性、权威性、预测性; 2. 本系列试卷注重考前模拟循序渐进、阶次提高，从而逐步进入最佳临战状态;本套试卷共十份，建议每周做一份，切忌一曝十寒; 3. 最好按正式考试时间(上午或下午，150分钟)不间断地独自完成所有试题，尽量不要超过时间，不要急于看答案，以达到真正的模拟考核; 4. 做完一套试题后，请对照试卷后的答案及评分标准给自己评定一个分数，最后认真研究试题解析，弄懂每一道题的解题思路，不要背题目、背答案，题目做错了，要深究做错的原因，同样的错误只允许犯一次，最好找到教材或同步辅导的相关章节进行有针对地复习，以达到“举一反三、融会贯通”效果;
5. 本系列试卷为完全标准预测，分值权重、题型题量、题的难易度、时间安排等均与最新真题一致，所以考生在进行自测时，最好有意识地调整做题心态，以逐步养成良好的考场状态; 6. 考生应及时总结每套试卷在模拟考核中的得与失，力争做一套就有收获，每做一套就有提高，日积月累，就会有质的突破; 7. 本系列试卷后附有最新真题及答案，考生可在做完预测试卷后，试着做真题，逐步掌握考试命题规律，以便在考场上能做到驾轻就熟，成竹在胸。 A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in the way of aomplishing them. Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management. Almost everything a manager does involves decisions, indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making. Although managers cannot predict the future,
大学英语自学教程(上册) unit 23 非言语交际 23-A. Non-verbal Communication If anyone asked you what were the main means of communication between people, what would you say? That isn’t a catch question. The answer is simple and obvious. It would almost certainly refer to means of communication that involve the use of words. Speakers and listeners-oral communication, and writers and readers-written communication. And you’d be quite right. There is, however, another form of communication which we all use most of the time, usually without knowing it. This is sometimes called body language. Its more technical name is non-verbal communication. Non-verbal, because it does not involve the use of words. NVC for short. When someone is saying something with which he agrees, the average European will smile and nod approval. On the other hand, if you disagree with what they are saying, you may frown and shake your head. In this way you signal your reactions, and communicate them to the speaker without saying a word. I referred a moment ago to "the average European”, because body language is very much tied to culture, and in order not to misunderstand, or not to be misunderstood, you must realize this. A smiling Chinese, for instance, may not be approving but somewhat embarrassed. Quite a lot of work is now being done on the subject of NVC, which is obviously important, for instance, to managers, who have to deal every day with their staff, and have to understand what other people are feeling if they are to create good working conditions. Body language, or NVC signals, are sometimes categorized into five kinds: 1.body and facial gestures; 2.eye contact; 3.body contact or "proximity"; 4.clothing and physical appearance; and 5.the quality of speech. I expect you understood all those, except perhaps "proximity." This simply means "closeness". In some cultures-and I am sure this is a cultural feature and not an individual one-it is quite normal for people to stand close together, or to more or less thrust their face into yours when they are talking to you. In other cultures, this is disliked; Americans, for instance, talk about invasion of their space. Some signals are probably common to all of us. If a public speaker (like a professor, for example) is all the time fiddling with a pencil, or with his glasses, while he is talking to you, he is telling you quite clearly that he is nervous. A person who holds a hand over his mouth when he is talking is signaling that he is lacking in confidence. If you start wriggling in your chairs, looking secretly at your watches or yawning behind your hands, I shall soon get the message that I’m boring you. And so on. I'm sure you could make a whole list of such signals-and it might be fun if you did. All the signals I have mentioned so far can be controlled. If you are aware that you are doing these things, you can stop. You can even learn to give false signals. Most public speakers are in fact nervous, but a good speaker learns to hide this by giving off signals of confidence. Other kinds of NVC are not so easy to control. Eye contact, for instance. Unless you are confessing intense love, you hardly ever look into someone else’s eyes for very long. If you try it, you’ll find they will soon away, probably in embarrassment.
附录二 参考答案 U n i t 1 Ⅳ.B i l i n g u a l S t u d i e s 2.T r a n s l a t i o n (1)h a v eb e e n r e v e r e da sm a s t e r s i nE u r o p e (2)T h e r e i s n o t h i n g m o r em y s t e r i o u s t h a n (3)t h em a i n l a n do fC h i n ah a v en o t y e t e s t a b l i s h e d t h e m s e l v e s a s av e r y s t r o n gp r e s e n c e (4)a r eh a r d e r ,t o u g h e r a n d s t r o n g e r t h a n (5)i sm o r eb e a u t i f u l t h a na p i c t u r e (6)m o r eo f a na r t i s t t h a no f a t e a c h e r (7)p l a y e dw i t hm o r ed a r i n g t h a n s k i l l (8)w i s e r t h a n t ob e l i e v e ;w i t h o u t a s e c o n d t h o u g h t (9)m o r e t h a n i t d i d l a s t y e a r Ⅴ.V o c a b u l a r y B u i l d e r 2.B u s i n e s sE n g l i s h W o r dB u i l d i n g A c t i v i t i e s (1)C 一(2)B 一(3)A 一(4)C 一(5)A 一(6)C (7)A 一(8)C 一(9)B 一(10)C 一(11)B 一(12 )A ⅥW r i t i n g 1.E n g l i s h W r i t i n g B a s i c s :D i c t i o n (1)E x e r c i s e (A ):(a )s t r a y ;一一(b )l i c k i n g ;一一(c )s o a k ;一一(d )e n v e l o p e d ;一一(e )p r e s s e d ,t h i e v e d ,f l a s h e d ...o v e r E x e r c i s e (B ):(a )W e s h o u l da l s oc o n s i d e r p u b l i c r e l a t i o n s .(b )T h e r e f o r e ,y o u r p r o p o s a l s e e m s t ou s u n p r a c t i c a l .(c )H i s d e v e l o p m e n t o f a s e r i e s o f n e wr e s e a r c hm e t h o d s l e d t oh i s g r e a t s u c c e s s .(d )N o tm a n y t e a c h e r s c a n t e a c he f f e c t i v e l y .(e )E v e n t u a l l y an e wf a dw i l l r e p l a c e t h i s s c o o t e r c r a z e .E x e r c i s e (C ):(a )T h e n e w s a b o u t t h i s e l e c t i o n s c a n d a l w a s f i r s t r e p o r t e d i n t h e l o c a l n e w s p a p e r .(b )N o s c i e n t i s t k n o w s e x a c t l y w h e r e t h e i n f o r m a t i o nh i g h w a y w i l l l e a du s .(c )C o m p e t e n c ea l o n es h o u l d b e a b l et o d e c i d e w h e t h e rat e a c h e rs h o u l d b e a l l o w e d t o t e a c h .(d )T h e s t o c k h o l d e r s c a nh a r d l y b e c r e d u l o u s e n o u g h t o b e l i e v ew h a t t h e y a r e t o l d .(e )T h e m o s ta n n o y i n g t a s ki m p o s e d o n t h e y o u n g i m p a t i e n t m o t h e ri st h e c h a n g i n g o f e n d l e s s d i a p e r s .( b e s t o w =授予;含褒义e .g .b e s t o wa nh o n o r o n t h eh e r o )(f )T h es i t u a t i o n h a sb e c o m e v e r y s e r i o u sa n d r e q u i r e si m m e d i a t e a t t e n t i o n . 332 附录二
《大学英语自学教程》（上册）课后习题答案 Unit 1 Text A Exercises for the Text I. 1.d 2.a 3.c 4.d 5.d II. 1.task 2.intelligent 3.research 4.clue 5.conclusion 6.repeat https://www.doczj.com/doc/6f5299168.html,municate 8.purpose 9.probably 10.outline III. 1.Instead of 2.therefore 3.more...than 4.even 5.First of all 6.because 7.on the other hand 8.finally 9.looking for 10.Conversely IV. 1.Research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways. https://www.doczj.com/doc/6f5299168.html,nguage learning is active learning.Therefore,successful learners should look for e very chance to use the language. https://www.doczj.com/doc/6f5299168.html,nguage learning should be active,independent and purposeful. 4.Learning a language is different from learning maths. 5.The teacher often imparts successfull language learning experiences to us. Vocabulary Exercises I. 1.a.success b.successful c.successfully 2.a.indepence b.depend c.dependent 3.a.covered b.uncover c.discovered 4.a.purposeful b .purposefully c.purpose II. 1.inexact 2.technique 3.outlined https://www.doczj.com/doc/6f5299168.html,municate 5.regularly
大学英语自学教程电子版教材上册大学英语自学教程(上) 01-A. How to be a successful language learner? ―Learning a language is easy, even a child can do it!‖ Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement. For them, learning a language is a very difficult task. They need hundreds of hours of study and practice, and even this will not guarantee success for every adult language learner. Language learning is different from other kinds of learning. Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learning. Conversely, some people who are successful language learners find it difficult to succeed in other fields. Language teachers often offer advice to language learners: “Read as much as you can in the new language.”“ Practice speaking the language every day. ”“Live with people who speak the language.”“Don‘t translate-try to think in the new language.”“ Learn as a child would learn; play with the language.” But what does a successful language learner do? Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways.
2016年大学英语四级各题型备考方法英语四级考试对于大学生来说很重要，因此小编今天就来和大家谈一谈英语四级备考方法，希望对大家有帮助。 1、首先定位自己的英语水平 了结自己，了解四级，可谓是知己知彼，百战不殆。首先可以以自己所参加的几次综合考试或四级考试，以及做全真题的成绩和感受来定位自己的英语水平，至少是英语应试的水平。可以大略地确定自己的长处和短处。长处继续发扬，短处必须恶补。因为时不我待。 2、词汇的积累和熟练 词汇是参加任何英语考试的基础，特别是作为全国大学英语级别考试中初级水平的四级考试。希望朋友们在5月末之前必须把四级大纲所规定4500词汇浏览3遍。注意是浏览!不一定都要背诵。这样可以在辅导班的第3阶段或者自己准备做全真题时，不会无所适从。词汇的记忆和积累，精记和泛记结合起来。精记以词汇书为主，做到”四到“：手到(拼写)，口到(朗读)，心到(专心)和脑到(分析构词法，成串记忆，考点)。同时用卡片或小手册强化记忆每页中难以记住的重要词汇。泛记是积累英语词汇的最有效的方法，但是短时间难以达到大纲所规定的量，不过可以作为辅助手段。就是在平时的阅读，听力，练习，甚至生活中用心捕捉和四级单词和相关单词，特别是某些四级词汇的搭配。 3、语法结构的加强
尽管现在单独作为考试题型的语法结构越来越少，可是在任何一个四级和六级的考试题型中，语句的理解还是以语法结构为基础，特别是结构。同时精选10篇左右文章细看、精看，涉及到每个词，结构，篇章来温习和锻炼自己长句，复杂句等的理解，同时逐步加快速度，可以提高自己在考试中，特别是阅读理解中理解的速度。 4、听力的磨练 听力薄弱的原因很多，词汇量，语音，语法结构(意群)，语气语调重读(语感)，锻炼，技巧等。在加强自己词汇量，语法结构的理解，以及语音尽量标准的基础上，每天或至少经常加强听力练习，以听和四级命题相类似的练习为主。如果不懂，可以反复听几遍。少看或尽量推迟看文字材料。把简短对话和文章结合起来听。同时附以听写短句。难度可以逐步加大。对于基础不好的同学，可以选择比较简单的材料分项训练(时间，数字，地点，转折……)。 5、阅读理解的掌握 阅读是四级中最重要的部分，得阅读者，得天下。但是反之亦然。所以应该极力重视。但是阅读是综合才能。词汇，结构，逻辑，篇章，理解等对阅读产生很大的影响。在加强基本功的基础上，在附以技巧和训练。现在朋友们的阅读不必上量上速度，要精看，找出自己理解的长处和短处(特别是错误后的反省)注意阅读步骤的培养：浏览——看题——找答案点——理解含有答案点句子或段落——看和理解选项——对比和对应选项和答案点。掌握技巧和方法是现在必须要做的，所以完成一篇文章后，最好要返看，提炼自己的得失，总结出题特点和思路，同时提炼好的词汇搭配，结构甚至写作中可以用到的精彩句子。然后逐步加大量和提高自己的速度。
The second lecture of College English Hi, everyone! Are you satisfied with the first lecture? Today we’ll continue to learn unit one. Ⅰ.Review something in lecture one: A. Useful phrases: 1.disagree with …(与…意见有分歧)； 2.hundreds of(成百的)； 3. be different from…(与…不同)； 4. succeed in sth…(成功的做某事)； 5. as much as you can(尽可能的多)； 6. practice doing sth(练习做某事)； 7. try to do…(试图做某事)； 8. be similar in sth…(在某些方面是相似的)； 9. first of all(首先)；10. depend on(依靠、依赖)；11. instead of sth/doing sth(不是某事或不是做某事)；12. wait sb to do…(等着某人去做某事)；13. learn from sth/sb(从某件事或从某人那儿学到…)；14. make a mistake(犯错误)；15. be afraid to do(害怕去做…)；16. be willing to do…(愿意去做…)；17. be interested in sth(对…感兴趣)；18. in order to(为了)；19. communicate with sb(同某人进行交流)； 20. on the other hand(另一方面)；21. might do well to do sth(不妨做某事)。 B. Some important words: 1.successful； 2. disagree； 3.statement； 4. guarantee； 5. intelligent； 6. conversely； 7. similar； 8. independent；9. conclusion；10. communicate；communication；11. purpose, purposefully；12. regularly；13. technique；14. outline. C. Key to part exercises: (from page 8 to 12) 一、课文练习： Ⅰ.d, a, c, d, d; Ⅱ. 1.task; 2.intelligent; 3.tudy; 4.clue; 5.conclusion; 6.repeat; https://www.doczj.com/doc/6f5299168.html,munication; 8.purpose; 9.probably; 10.outline Ⅲ. 1. Instead of; 2.therefore; 3. more…than; 4.even; 5.first of all; 6.because; 7.on the other hand; 8.finally; 9.looking for; 10.conversely Ⅳ.1.见课文； 2. Language learning is active learning. Learners should take advantage of every chance to use the language. 3. Language learning should be active, independent and purposeful. 4.见一讲作业。 5. The teachers often pass on their successful experience in language learning to us. 二、词汇练习： Ⅰ.1.2.4.见一讲词汇讲解部分； 3. cover: v 覆盖； uncover: v 揭开，为cover的反义词；discover: v 发现，同义词：find, 习题答案为：covered; uncover; discovered Ⅱ.1.inexact; 2.technique; 3.outlined; https://www.doczj.com/doc/6f5299168.html,municate; 5.regularly; 6.clue; 7.intelligent;
文章长度：229 words 建议做题时间：7分钟实际做题时间：______ Low levels of literacy and numeracy have a damaging impact on almost every aspect of adult life, according to a survey published yesterday, which offers evidence of a developing underclass. Tests and interviews with hundreds of people born in a single week in 1958 1 illustrated the handicap of educational underachievement. The effects were seen in unemployment, low incomes, depression and social 2 . Those who left school at 16 with poor basic skills had been employed for up to four years less than good readers at the time they reached 37. Professor John Bynner of City University, who 3 out the research, said that today’s 4 people would face even greater problems because the supply of manual jobs had 5 up. Poor readers were twice as likely to be on a low 6 and four times as likely to live in a household where neither partner worked. Women in this position were five times as likely to be classified as 7 , while both sexes tended to feel they had no control over their lives, and to be 8 of others. Those with low literacy and numeracy skills were seldom involved in any 9 organization and much less likely than others to have 10 in a general election. There had been no improvement in the level of interviewees since the sample was surveyed at the age of 21. A) activity B) carried C) wage D) dried E) kept F) vividly G) clearly H) community I) inactivity J) respectful K) unqualified L) depressed M) doubtful N) idle O) voted Your answer: 1______2______3______4______5______6______7_____8______9_____10_____
华夏大地教育网英语二重点班的同学们，大家好！我是华夏大地教育网英语一精讲和英语二重点班的辅导老师高伟。欢迎大家来到华夏大地重点班英语2的辅导课堂。为了帮助大家能在英语2考试中顺利通过，华夏大地教育网在此构建了英语2重点班的学习辅导活动。在听取重点班的讲解之前，我希望大家能对教材内容有一个较为清晰的认识，做到熟悉文章内容即可。在每期重点班里，讲解内容分为三部分：1、对教材每一课需要大家注意的重点词汇、词组和重点句型做一个详细的回顾；2、针对大家平时在学习英语中感到头疼的重点语法内容展开详细的介绍；3、实战演练，针对英语2考查题型，在解题思路上做一个明确的阐述。重点班每次上课的时间为一个半小时，要求大家在听讲解的过程中仔细体会讲义中的精华。同时对于每次提前给大家留的讲义作业版，要求大家在上课前主动地去思考、完成。只有你找到了在做题时与老师的分析方法不同之处，才会明白英语考试并非如大家想像得那么困难，同时也可以结合自己的一些优势不断更新符合自身的解题方法。 词汇是基础，只有在掌握了一定的词汇量后，才能更透彻地理解讲义的内涵。同时，要求同学们关注历年真题，既做到熟悉真题的难度，及时补救复习中的漏洞，同时要有效地控制做题的时间。当然，我更希望大家都能以一种快乐、沉稳的心态应对考试。让我们向快乐出发，向英语二的封锁线跃进！ 第一单元知识点的回顾 Text A choose----choice：词型转换常考，同时注意该词的过去式和过去完成式。 ★available:这个词考频很高。如果在答案中出现了该词，从选择上应予优先考虑。这个词 出现的句子中经常会同时出现ticket, food, book等相匹配，出现的地点可以是theatre, supermarket等。 decide----decision：注意词组搭配(make-)和词性上的变化。 purpose：既可以考词意，也可以考后面的谓语动词的形式。凡是出现purpose, aim, objective, plan，dream, goal等有含有目的性的词做主语时，后面的谓语动词一定是be to do的形式，同时关注这些词是否为复数形式。如果是，谓语动词一定是复数性的 (are/were/have)。 achieve----achievement：注意词性转换。 ★in the way：妨碍，挡路，阻碍，以…的方式。区别in a way：从某种程度上。★on the way (to)在去…路上(★on the way home)和by the way：顺便说一句。 ★★involve(d)----involvement(in)：注意词性转换，词义及介词搭配。