第一单元 课文A
on the other hand
How to Be a Successful Language Learner?
怎样成为一名成功的语言学习者
"Learning a language is easy.Even a child can do it!"
“学好一种语言很容易。连孩子都做得到！”
Most adults who are learning a second language
大多数学习第二语言的成年人
would disagree with this statement.
不会同意这一说法。
For them,learning a language is a very difficult task.
对于他们来说，学习语言是一项很困难的任务。
They need hundreds of hours of study and practice,
他们需要数百小时的学习和练习，
and even this will not guarantee success
就是这样也不能保证
for every adult language learner.
每一位成年语言学习者都能成功。
Language learning is different from other kinds of learning.
语言学习不同于基它种类的学习。
some people who are very intelligent
有些很聪明并在自己领域
and successful in theier fields find it difficult
很有成就的人却发现
to succeed in language learing.
学好语言很难。
Conversely,some people who are successful language learners
相反，有些成功的语言学习者
find it difficult to succeed in other fields.
发现他们在其它领域取得成就也很难。
Language teachers often offer advice to language learners;
语言教师通常给语言学习者提出建议：
"Read as much as you can in the new language."
“尽量多读外语。”
"Practice speaking the language every day."
“每天练习说外语。”
"Live with people who speak the language."
“和说外语的人多接触。”
"Don't translate--try to think in the new language."
“不要翻译——努力用外语思维。”
"Learn as a child would learn;play with the language."
“像孩子那样学习；轻轻松松学语言。”
But what does a successful language learner do?
可是成功的语言学习者是怎么做的呢？
Language learning research
语言学习研究表明，
shows that successful language language learners are similar in many ways.
成功的语言学习者许多方面是相似的。
First of all,successful language learners are independent learners.
首先，成功的语言学习者是独立的学习者。
They do not depend on the book or the teacher;
他们不依赖书本或老师；
they discover their own way to learn the language.
他们找到自己学外语的方法。
Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain,
他们不等着老师去解释，
they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves.
而是自己努力去找出句型和规则等。
They are good guessers who look for clues and form their own conclusions.
他们很会猜测，会找出线索并得出自己的结论。
When they guess wrong,they guess again.
要是猜错了，他们会再猜。
They try to learn from their mistakes.
他们会努力从自己的错
误中学到东西。
Successful language learning is active learning.
成功的语言学习是积极主动的学习。
Therefore,successful learners do not wait for a chance to use the language;
因此，成功的语言学习者不坐等说外语的机会；
they look for such a chance.
他们会寻找这样的机会。
They find people who speak the language
他们找到那些说外语的人
and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake.
并请他们纠正自己犯的错误。
They will try anything to communicate.
他们会尽一切努力与人交流。
They are not afraid to repeat what they hear or to say strange thing;
他们不害怕重复所听到东西，也不担心自己会说些莫名其妙的话。
they are willing to make mistakes and try again.
他们情愿犯些错误，然后再重来。
When communication is difficult,
在交流有困难时，
03:40.16 they cna accept information that is inexact or incomplete.
他们能够接受不准确或不完整的信息。
It is more important for them
于他们来说，
to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word.
用外语思维比了解每个词的意思更为重要。
finally,successful language learners are learners with a purpose.
最后，成功的语言学习者是目的明确的学习者。
They want to learn the language because they are interested in the language
他们是因为对外语和说外语的人
and the people who speak it .
感兴趣才学外语的。
It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people
他们认为有必要学习外语以便
and to learn from them.
能与说外语的人交流并向他们学习。
They find it easy to practice using the language regularly
所以他们感到经常练习说外语并不难。
because they want to learn with it.
因为他们想利用外语学习新东西，
What kind of language learner are you?
你是哪一种语言学习者呢？
If you are a successful language learner,
你若是一名成功的语言学习者，
you have probably been learning independently,
你大概一直在独立地、
actively,and purposefully.
主动地、目的明确地学习。
On the other hand,if your language learning has been less than successful,
反之，如果你的外语学得一直不太成功，
you might do well to try some of the techniques outlined above.
你不妨试试上面概括的一些技巧。
Text B
课文 B
Language
语言
when we want to tell other people what we think,
当我们要把自己的想法告诉别人时，
we can do it not only with the help of words,but also in many other ways.
我们不仅可以借助于词语，还可用许多其它方法。
For instance,We sometimes move our heads up and down when we want to say "yes"
比方说，我们想说“是”的时候通常点点头；
and we move our heads from s
ide to side when we want to say"no"
而想说“不”的时候就摇摇头。
People who can neither hear nor speak (that is,deaf and dumb people)
那些既听不见也不能说的人（即聋哑人）
talk to each other with the help of their fingers.
则用手势相互交谈。
People who do not understand each other's language have to do the same.
人们彼此语言不通时也这么做。
The following story shows how they sometimes do it.
下面的故事就表现他们有时是这么做的。
An Englishman who could not speak Italian was once traveling in Italy.
有一次，一位不会说意大利语的英国人曾在意大利旅行。
One day he entered a restaurant and sat down at a table.
一天他走进一家钣店并坐在一张桌旁。
When the waiter came,the Englishman opened his mouth,
当侍者走过来时，这位英国人张开嘴，
put his fingers in it,took them out again and moved his lips.
把手指放在嘴里，又拿了出来，并动了动嘴唇。
In this way he meant to say, "Bring me something to eat."
他想以此说，“给我拿点吃的来。”
The waiter soon brought him a cup of tea.
侍者很快给他端来一杯茶。
The Englishman shook his head and the waiter understood that he didn't want tea,
这位英国人摇摇头，侍者明白了他并不想要茶。
so he took it away and brought him rome coffee.
于是他把茶端走又给他端来了咖啡。
The Englishman,who was very hungry by this time and not at all thirsty,
这位英国人这时已非常锇但一点也不渴，
looked very sad.
所以他看上去很不高兴。
He shook his head each time the waiter brought him something to drink.
侍者每次给他端来喝的东西时，他都摇摇头。
The waiter brought him wine,then beer,
侍者给他端来了葡萄酒，接着是啤酒，
then soda-water,but that wasn't food,of course.
然后是苏打水，可这些当然都不是吃的。
07:21.00 He was just going to leave the restaurant when another traveler came in.
他正要离开时，另一位旅客进来了。
When this man saw the waiter,he put his hands on his stomach.
这个人看到了侍者就把双手放到肚子上。
That was enough: in a few minutes
这就足够了：几分钟之后
there was a large plate of macaroni and meat on the table before him.
一大盘通心粉和肉就摆在了他面前。
As you see,the primitive language of signs is not always very clear.
可见，这种原始的确良手势语言不总是非常明确的。
The language of words is much more exact.
词语的语言要准确得多。
Words consist of sounds,
词语由声音组成
but there are many sounds which have a meaning and yet are not words.
然而有许多声音虽有一定的意义却不是词语。
For example,we may say "Sh-sh-sh" when we mean "keep silent."
例如，我们想说“保持安静”时就会说“嘘——嘘——嘘”
。
When babies laugh,we know they are happy,
当婴儿笑时，我们知道他们很高兴。
and when they cry,we know they are iii or simply want something.
当他们哭时，我们知道他们病了或只是想要某个东西。
It is the same with animals.
动物也是这样。
When a dog says "G-r-r" or a cat says "F-f-f" we know they are angry.
当一条狗发出，“G——r——r”的声音或一只猫发出“F——f——f”的声音时，我们知道它们生气了。
But these sounds are not language.
但是这些声音不是语言。
Language consists of words which we put together into sentences.
语言是由我们用于组成句子的词语组成的。
But animals can not do this:a dog can say "G-r-r" when he means "I am angry,"
可是动物不会这么做么：狗想说“我生气了”时会叫“G——r——r”，
but he cannot say first "I' and then "am" and then "angry."
但它不能说“我”，然后说“生气”，然后说“了”。
A parrot can talk like a man;
鹦鹉可以像人一样说话；
it can repeat whole sentences and knows what they mean.
它可以重复整句话，也知道这句话意思。
We may say that a parrot talks,but cannot say that it really speaks,
我们可以说鹦鹉学舌，但我们不能说它真正会说话，
because it cannot form new sentences out of the words it knows.
因为它不能用所知道的词语组成新的句子。
Only man has the power to do this.
只有人才有这种能力。
00:02.39 第二单元 课文A
Taxes,Taxes,and More Taxes
税、税、没完没了的税
Americans often say that them are only two things a person
一个人一生中只有两件事
can be sure of in life death and taxes.
可以肯定会发生：死亡和纳税。
Americans do not have a comer on the "death" market,
美国人并不垄断“死亡”市场，
but many people feel that the United States
但许多人感到，美国却以最重的赋税
leads the world with the worst taxes.
在世界上名列前茅。
Taxes consist of the money which people pay to support their government.
税是人们为支持政府所支付的金钱。
There are generally three levels of government in the United States:
在美国，政府大致分三级：
federal,state,and city; there fore,there are three types of taxes.
联邦政府、州政府和市政府；因此美国有三类税。
Salaried people who earn more than a few thousand dollars
收入数千美元的工薪人员
must pay a certain percentage of their salaries to the federal government.
必须按工资的一定比例向联邦政府交税。
The percentage varies from person to person.
这个比例因人而异，
It depends on their salaries.
视工资数额而定。
The federal government has a graduated income tax,
联邦政府实行累进税制，
that is,the percentage of the tax (14 to 70 percent)
一般为14%—70%。
inc
reases as a person's income increases.
即纳税比例随个人收入的增加
With the high cost of taxes,
由于赋税很重，
people are not very happy on April 15,when the federal taxes are due.
每年4月台票15日人们便不高兴，因为这一天是缴纳联邦税的日子。
The second tax is for the state government:
第二类税是州政府税，
New York,California,North Dakota,or any of the other forty-seven states.
例如纽约、加里福尼亚、北达科他或其他47州中任何一州都要征收州政府税。
Some states have an income tax similar to that of the federal government.
有些州征收个人所得税的办法与联邦政府的办法相似。
Of course,the Fercentage for the state tax is lower.
当然州政府的征税比例要低些。
Other states have a sales tax,
有些州征收销售税，
which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state.
也就是对你在该州购买的任何商品征收一定比例的税。
For example,
比如，
a person might want to buy a packet of cigarettes for twenty-five cents.
某人想要习25美分一包的香烟。
If there is a sales tax of eight percent in that state,
如果该州的销售税率为8%，
then the cost of the cigarettes is twenty-seven cents.
那么买一包香烟实际要支付27美分。
This figure includes the sales tax.
27美分中包括了销售税。
Some states use income tax in addition to sales tax to raise their revenues.
还有些州为了增加收入，既征收销售税又征收个人所得税。
The state tax laws are diverse and confusing.
各州的税收法很不一样，非常混乱。
The third tax is for the city.
第三类税是市政府税。
This tax comes in two forms:
市政府税分两种：
property tax (people who own a home have to pay taxes on it)
财产税（例如拥有房产的人应缴纳房产税）
and excise tax,which is charged on cms in a city.
和执照税（例如对城市里的汽车所征收的税）。
The cities use these funds for education,police and fire departments,
城市将这些资金用于教育、公安和消防部门
public works and municipal buildings.
以及市征工程和建筑。
Since Americans pay such high taxes,
由于赋税重，
they often feel that they are working one day each week just to pay their taxes.
美国人常常感到一个星期里有一天的时间是为了纳税而工作的。
People always complain about taxes.
人们对征税总是怨声载道，
They often protest that the government uses their tax dollars in the wrong way.
常常抗议政府使用税款不当。
They say that it spends too much on useless and impractical programs.
他们说，政府有些花钱很多的项目不切实际、毫无用处。
Although Americans have different views on many issues,
美国人虽说在许多问题上观点不同，
they tend to agree on one subject: tax
es are too high.
但在一个问题上似乎是一致的，即征税太高。
Text B
课文B
Advertising
广告
Advertising is only part of the total sales effort,
广告仅是整个促销活动的一部分，
but it is the part that attracts the most attention.
但它是最引人注目的一部分。
This is natural enough
这很自然，
because advertising is designed for just that purpose.
因为广告制作的目的就在于此。
In newspapers,in magazines,in the mail,on radio and television,
通过报纸、杂志、邮件、广播与电视，
we constantly see and hear
我们不断地看到和听到
the messages for hundreds of different products and services.
数以百计的不同产品与服务的信息。
For the most part,
劝说我们购买和享受的
they are the kinds of things that we can be persuaded to buy
多数是这样一些东西：
--food and drinks,cars and television sets,furniture and clothing,
食品、饮料、汽车、电视机、家具、服装
travel and leisure time activities.
以及旅游与休闲活动。
The simplest kind of advertising is the classified ad.
最简单的广告是分类广告。
Every day the newspapers carry a few pages of these ads;
报纸每天都刊登好几页这类广告
in the large Sunday editions there may be several sections of them.
某些报纸的星期日增版上可能有许多栏目的分类广告。
A classified ad is usually only a few lines long.
一条分类广告通常只有几行字，
It is really a notice or announcement that something is available.
实际上一个通知或通告，说明能够提供某种东西。
Newspapers also carry a large amount of display advertising.
报纸也刊登大量的醒目广告，
Most of it is for stores or for various forms of entertainment.
其中多数为商店广告或各种娱乐活动的广告。
Newspapers generally reach an audience only in a limited area.
报纸的读者通常受地区的限制。
To bring their message to a larger audience,
为了扩大读者的范围，
many who want to put out their ads use national magazines.
不少人利用全国性尽可能志做广告
Many of the techniques of modem adverrising were developed in magazine ads.
人们在杂志广告中创造了许多现代化的广告技术。
The use of bright colors,attractive pictures,
采用鲜艳的色彩、迷人的画面、简短的文字说明
and short messages is all characteristic of magazine ads.
——这些都是杂志做广告的特点。
The most important purpose is to catch the eye.
其根本目的是引人注目。
The message itself is usually short,
文字部分一般很短，
often no more than a slogan which the public identifies with the product.
常常只是一句广告口号语，但它能使公众联想起有关的产品。
The same techniques have been carried over into television advertising.
杂志的广告
技术现在已被移用到电视中。
Voices and music have been added to color and pictures
色彩与画面配上解说与音乐，
to catch the ear as well as the eye.
既好看又动听。
Television ads are short--usually only 15,30,or 60 seconds,
电视广告时间委短，通常只有15秒、30秒或60秒钟，
but they are repeated over and over again
但它反复播放，
so that the audience sees and hears them many times.
可以使观众看许多遍。
Commercial television has mixed entertainment and advertising.
商业电视把娱乐与广告混杂在一起。
If you want the entertainment,
你若要看娱乐节目，
you have to put up with the advertising--
就要耐着性子同时看广告，
and millions of people want the entertainment.
而千百万人都是想看娱乐节目的。
The men and women in the sales department
销售部的人员负责。
are responsible for the company's advertising.
公司的广告宣传
They must decide on the audience they want to teach.
他们要决定广告宣传的对象，
They must also decide on the best way
决定采用什么广告手段
to get their message to their particular audience.
使广告信息传播给特定的观众。
They also make an estimate of the costs before management approves the plan.
他们还要在管理部门审批广告计划之前估算广告费用。
In most large companies
多数大公司的
management is directly involved in planning the advertising.
管理人员都直接参与广告计划的制定。
00:02.39 第三单元 课文A
The Atlantic Ocean
大西洋
The Atlantic Ocean is one of the oceans
大西洋是分隔新大陆
that separate the old World from the New.
与旧大陆的大洋之一。
For centuries it kept the Americas
几个世纪里，
from being discovered by the people of Europe.
它使南北美洲未被欧洲人发现。
Many wrong ideas about the Atlantic
许多有关大西洋的错误
made early sailors unwilling to sail far out into it.
导致早期的海员不愿意远航驶入大西洋。
One idea was that it reached out to "the edge of the world."
一个想法是，大西洋洋已远达“世界的边缘”，
Sailors were afraid that they might sail right off the earth.
海员们担心他可能会航行到地球队边上彻底掉下去；
Another idea was that at the equator the ocean would be boiling hot.
另一个想法是，在赤道处，大西洋的海水是滚烫的。
The Atlantic Ocean is only half as big as the Pacific,
尽管大西洋的面积只有太平洋的二分之一，
but it is still very large.
但它仍然非常大。
It is more than 4,000 miles (6,000 kin) wide where Columbus crossed it.
哥伦布穿越的那部分有4000多英里（6000公里）宽。
Even at its narrowest it is about 2,000 miles (3,200 kin) wide.
即使在最窄处，也有大约2000英里（3200公里）宽。
Thi
s narrowest place is between the bulge
最窄处在美非大陆
of south America and the bulge of Africa.
凸出部分之间。
Two things make the Atlantic Ocean rather unusual.
使大西洋不同寻常原因有二：
For so large an ocean it has very few islands.
首先，如此大的海洋只有很少几个岛屿；
Also, it is the world's saltiest OCean.
其次，它是世界上含盐分最多的海洋。
There is so much water in the Atlantic
大西洋里的水
that it is hard to imagine how much there is.
多得不可想象。
But suppose no more rain fell into it
假设不再有雨水落进大西洋，
and no more water was brought to it by rivers.
河水也不再流入
It would take the ocean about 4,000 years to dry up.
大西洋也需要大约四千年的时间才能干涸。
On the average the water is a little more than two miles (3.2 km) deep,
平均水深两英里（3。2公里）多一点，
but in places it is much deeper.
但有些地方更深。
The deepest spot is near Puerto Rico.
最深处在波多黎各岛附近，
This "deep" measures 30,246 feet--almost six miles (9.6 km).
深达30246英尺，几乎有六英里（9。6公里）。
One of the longest mountain ranges of the world
世界上一条最长的山脉
rises from the floor of the Atlantic.
从大西洋海底升起，
This mountain range runs north and south down the middle of the ocean.
它由北向南延伸，直达大西洋中部，
The tops of a few of the mountains reach up above the sea and make islands.
几座山峰露出海面便形成岛屿。
The Azores are the tops of peaks in the mid-Atlantic mountain range.
亚速尔群岛是大西洋中部山脉的峰尖。
Several hundred miles eastward from Florida
从佛罗里达往东几百英里处的
there is a part of the ocean called the Sargasso Sea.
一部分洋面称为马尾藻海。
Here the water is quiet,for there is little wind.
这里水面平静，几乎没有一丝风。
In the days of sailing vessels the crew were afraid they would be becalmed here.
在使用帆船的时代，般员们担心他们会因无风而在此处无法航行，
Sometimes they were.
有时的确如此。
Ocean currents are sometimes called "rivers in the sea."
洋流有时被称为“海上河流”。
One of these "rivers" in the Atlantic is called the Gulf Stream.
大西洋其中有一条“河流”被命名为墨西哥湾流，
It is a current of warm water.
是条暖流；
Another is the Labrador Current--cold water coming down from the Arctic.
另一条叫拉布拉多流，这是来自北冰洋的寒流。
Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow.
洋流对其充经地区的气候有影响。
The Atlantic furnishes much food for the people on its shores.
大西洋为岸上的人们提供了丰富的食物。
One of its most famous fishing regions,the Grand Banks,is near New
-found land.
最有名的渔业区之一是大浅滩渔业区，位于纽芬兰附近。
Today the Atlantic is a great highway.
今天的大西洋是一条主要交通干线。
It is not,however,always a smooth and safe one.
所以大西洋并不总是一个平静和安全的海洋。
Storms sweep across it and pile up great waves.
然而，横扫而来的暴风雨卷起层层巨浪
Icebergs float down from the Far North across the paths of ships.
遥远的北极漂浮而下的冰川穿过般只经过的航道，
We now have such fast ways of traveling
今天我们拥有的快捷旅行方式
that this big ocean seems to have grown smaller.
使大西洋显得小了。
Columbus sailed for more than two months to cross it.
哥伦布花了两个多月的时间才穿越大西洋，
A fast modem steamship can make the trip in less than four days.
今天现代化的快速轮船只需不到四天的时间就可以完成 旅行。
Airplanes fly from New York to London in only eight hours
从纽约到伦敦飞行只需8小时，
and from South America to Africa in four!
而从南美到非洲四小时就够了。
Text B
课文 B
The Moon
月球
We find that the moon is about 239,000 miles
我们发现月球离地球大约有大约23。9万英里
(384,551 km) away from the earth,
（384，551万公里），
and,to within a few thousand miles,its distance always remains the same.
它与地球保持这个距离，变化不超地几千英里。
Yet a very little observation shows that the moon is not standing still.
然而略加观察就可以发现月球并非静止不动。
Its distance far the earth remains the same,
它与地球之间的距离不变，
but its direction continually changes.
但其方位却不断变化。
We find that it is traveling in a circle--
我们发现月球以圆周或者
or very nearly a circle--round the earth,
非常接近圆周绕地球一周。
going completely round once a month,or,more exactly,once every 27 1/3 days.
月球是我们在太空中紧近的邻居。
It is our nearest neighbour in space,
如同我们自己一样，
and like ourselves it is kept tied to the earth
地球引力月球
by the earth's gravitational pull.
与球紧紧联系在一起。
Except for the sun,the moon looks the biggest object in the sky.
除太阳以外，月球是空中看起来最大的物体。
Actually it is one of the smallest,
其实它是最小的天体之一，
and only looks big because it is so near to us.
只是因为离我们很近，所以看起来大。
Its diameter is only 2,160 miles (3,389 kin),
它的直径只有2160英里（3389公里），
or a little more than a quarter of the diameter of the earth.
或者说比地球直径的四分之一略多一点。
Once a month,or,more exactly,once every 29 1/2 days,
我们所说的“满月”每月有一次，确切地说，每29天半有一次，
at the ti
me we call "full moon,"its whole disc looks bright.
这时整个月面明亮照人。
At other times only part of it appears bright,
其它时间，月球只有一部分发亮，
and we always find that this is the part which faces towards the sun,
我们发现这正是面朝太阳的那一部分，
while the part facing away from the sun appears dark.
而背靠太阳的那部分显得淡无光。
Artists could make their pictures better if they kept this in mind--
假使美术家们记住月球只有受到太阳照射的那部分才是明亮的，
08:40.99 only those parts of the moon which are lighted up by the sun are bright.
他们的绘画也许会更美好。
This shows that the moon gives no light of its own.
这也说明月球本身并不发光，
It merely reflects the light of the sun,
它如同悬挂在天空中的一面巨大的镜子，
like a huge mirror hung in the sky.
仅仅反射太阳光。
Yet the dark part of the moon's surface is not absolutely black;
不过月球表面黑暗的并不是绝对的漆黑。
generally it is just light enough for us to be able to see its outline,
一般说来它的亮度刚好足以让我们看清它的轮廓，
so that we speak of seeing "the old moon in the new moon's arms."
因此我们将这一景色称为“新月抱旧月”。
The light by which we see the old moon
看旧月所凭借的光线
does not come from the sun,but from the earth.
来自地球而不是太阳。
We know well how the surface of the sea or of snow,
我们很清楚海面、雪面
or even of a wet road,
或者湿漉漉的路面
may reflect uncomfortably much of the sun's light on to our faces.
如何将大量的太阳光反射到我们的脸上，
In the same way
使我们感觉不舒服。
the surface of the whole earth reflects enough of the sun's light
整个地球表面同样将充足的太阳光反射到月球表面，
on to the face of the moon for us to be able to see
使我们得以看见
the parts of it which would otherwise be dark.
本来会是很暗的那部分月面。
If there were any inhabitants of the moon,
假使月球上有居民，
they would see our earth reflecting the light of the sun,
他们也会见到反射太阳光的地球
again like a huge mirror hung in the sky.
如同悬挂在天空中的一面巨大的镜子；
They would speak of earthlight just as we speak of moonlight.
他们也会像我们谈论地球之光。
"The old moon in the new moon' s arms"
“新月抱旧月”
is nothing but that part of the moon's surface on which it is night,
只不过是在夜间被地球
lighted up by earth light.
照亮的那部分月面。
In the same way,
同样，
the lunar inhabitants would occasionally see part of our earth in full sunlight,
月球人有时也会见到地球的一部分阳光普照，
and the rest lighted only by moonlight;
而剩下的另一部分被月光照
亮，
they might call this "the old earth in the new earth's arms."
他们也会把这一景色称为“新地抱旧地”。
00:01.54 第四单元
Improving Your Memory
增强你的记忆力
Psychological research has focused on a number of basic principles
心理学研究集中在一些怎样帮助记忆的
that help memory:
一些基本原则上，
meaningfulness, organization, association,and visualization.
如意义、组织、联想和形象化。
It is useful to know how these principles work.
知道这些原则怎样起作用是很有用的。
Meaningfulness affects memory at all levels.
意义影响到各个层次上的记忆。
Information that does not make any sense to you is difficult to remember.
对你没有意义的信息是很难记住的。
There are several ways in which we can make material more meaningful.
有几种方法可以使要记的材料更有意义。
Many people, for instance, learn a rhyme to help them remember.
比如说，许多人通过学押韵的小诗来记东西。
Do you know the rhyme
你知道有一首押韵
"Thirty days has September, April, June, and November..."?
说:"九,六,十一还有四,每月天数整三十....."吗?
It helps many people remember which months of the year have 30 days.
这首小诗帮助许多人记住了一年中哪 几个月有30天。
Organization also makes a differenoe in our ability to remember.
组织也对我们 记忆能力有一定的影响。
How useful would a library be if the books were kept in random order?
如果某个图书馆里的书都是乱七八糟地摆放着，这人图书馆会有什么用呢？
Material that is organized is better remembered than jumbled information.
有组织的材料要比一堆杂乱的信息好记。
One example of organization is chunking.
组块就是一个例子。
Chunking consists of grouping separate bits of information.
组块是把那些一点一点的分散的信息分组。
For example, the number 4671363
例如，4671363这个数
is more easily remembered if it is chunked as 467,13,63.
如果能分成467、13和63三块，就更容易记。
Categorizing is another means of organization.
分类是另一种组织方法。
Suppose you are asked to remember the following list of words:
假设要求你记住下列生词：
man, bench, dog, desk, woman, horse, child, cat, chair.
男人、凳子、狗、书桌、女人、马、小孩、猫、椅子。
Many people will group the words into similar categories
很多人把这些词分成相近的类别，
and remember them as follows:
以下列方式记忆它们：
man,woman,child;cat,dog,horse;bench,chair,desk.
男人、女人、小孩；猫、狗、马；凳子、椅子、书桌。
Needless to say,
无庸多言，
the second list can be remembered more easily than the first one.
第二种记表比第一种更好记。
Association refers to taking the material we wa
nt to remember
联想指的是把我们要记忆的材料
and relating it to something we remember accurately.
同我们已经准确记得的东西联系起来。
In memorizing a number,
你记某个数字的时候
you might try to associate it with familiar numbers or events.
可以设法把它同你熟悉的数字或事件联系起来。
For example,the height of Mount Fuji in Japan--12,389 feet --
例如日本富士山的高度是12389英尺，
might be remembered using the following associations:
可以用下面的联想法记忆它们：
12 is the number of months in the year,
12是一年中的月数，
and 389 is the number of days in a year (365)
389是一年中天数（365）
added to the number of months twice (24).
加上两倍的月数（24）。
The last principle is visualization.
最后一条原则是形象化。
Research has shown striking improvements in many types of memory tasks
研究表明，如果要求人们把要记忆的东西形象化，
when people are asked to visualize the items to be remembered.
很多种记忆任务的完成都能有显著的进步。
04:28.93 In one study,
在有一项研究中，
subjects in one group were asked to learn some words using imagery,
一组实验对象被要求利用想象学习一些生词，
while the second group used repetition to learn the words.
另一组则通过多次重复去学习这些生词。
Those using imagery remembered BO to 90 percent of the words,
利用想象记忆生词的人记住了80%—90%的生词，
compared with 30 to 40 percent of the words for those who memorized by repetition.
相比之下，用重复法记忆生词的人只记住了30%—40%。
Thus forming an integrated image
由此看出，
with all the information placed in a single mental picture
将全部信息放置在单个心理画面中，从而形成一个整体形象，
can help us to preserve a memory.
可以帮助我们保存记忆。
Text B
第二单元 课文B
Short-term Memory
短时记忆
There are two kinds of memory: shoat-term and long-term.
记忆有两种：短时记忆和长时记忆。
Information in long-term memory
存储于长时记忆中的信息
can be recalled at a later time when it is needed.
能够在以后的需要时回忆起来。
The information may be kept for days or weeks.
这种信息可以保存几天或几个星期不忘。
Sometimes information in the long-term memory is hard to remember.
长时记忆的信息有时难以记住。
Students taking exams often have this experience.
参加考试的学生经常有这种体验。
In contrast,
与此相反，
information in shoat-term memory is kept for only a few seconds,
短时记忆中的信息通常是通过反复重复该信息记住的，
usually by repeating the information over and over.
只能保存几秒钟。
For example, you look up a number in the telephone book,
比如你在
电话簿上查某个电话号码。
and be{ore you dial, you repeat the number over and over.
在你拨这个号码之前，你先重复它几遍。
If someone interrupts you, you will probably forget the number.
如果有人这时打扰了你，你很可能就把这个号码忘了。
In laboratory studies,
实验室中的研究发现，
subjects are unable to remember three letters after eighteen seconds
如果不让实验对象自我重复三个字母，那么18秒之后，
if they are not allowed to repeat the letters to themselves.
实验对象就记不住就三个字母了。
Psychologists study memory and learning with both animal and human subjects.
心理学家用动物和人作为实验对象研究记忆和学习。
The two experiments here show how short-term memory has been studied.
这儿的两个实验说明短时记忆是怎样研究的。
Dr. Hunter studied short-term memory in rats.
亨特博士研究了老鼠的短时记忆。
He used a sperial apparatus which had a cage for the rat and three doors.
他用了一个专门设备，设备里有一个装老鼠的笼子，并有三个门。
There was a light in each door.
每个门那里都有一盏灯。
First the rat was placed in the closed cage.
先把老鼠放进关闭的笼子里。
Next, one of the lights was turned on and then off.
然后打开其中一盏灯，接着再把这 个灯关上。
There was food for the rat only at this door.
只有在这个门处才给老鼠放上食物。
After the light was turned off,
这个灯关掉之后，
the rat had to wait a short time before it was released from its cage.
要让老鼠等一会儿才把它从笼子里放出去。
Then, if it went to the correct door,
要让老鼠等一会儿才把它从笼子里放出去。
it was rewarded with the food that was there.
如果老鼠走对了门，它就可以得到放在那里的食物作为奖励。
Hunter did this experiment many times.
这个实验亨特做了多次。
He always turned on the lights in a random order.
他每次开灯并不按顺序，而是随机地。
The rat had to wait different intervals
老鼠在被从笼子里放出去之前
before it was released from the cage.
需要等的时间长短不一样。
Hunter found that if the rat had to wait more than ten seconds,
亨特发现，如果老鼠等的时间超过了十秒钟，
it could not remember the correct door.
它就记不得哪是正确的。
Hunter's results show that rats have a short-term memory of about ten seconds.
亨特的研究结果表明，老鼠短时记忆在十秒上下。
Later,Dr.Henning studied how students who are learning English as a second language
后来，汉宁博士研究把英语作为第二语言来学的学生
remember vocabulary.
怎样记单词
The subjects in his experiment
后来，汉宁博士研究把英语作为第二语言来学的学生怎样记单词。
were 75 stude
nts at the University of California in Los Angeles.
他的实验对象是加里福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校的75名学生。
They represented all levels of ability in English:beginning,
他们代表了各个英语能力水平的学习：从初级、
intermediate, advanced, and native-speaking students.
中级、高级到本族水平。
To begin, the subjects listened to a recording of a native speaker
开始时，实验对象们听一段
reading a paragraph in English.
说本族语的人读一段录音。
Following the recording, the subjects took a 15-question test
听完录音之后，他们参加了一个由15个题目组成的测试，
to see which words they remembered.
看看他们记住了哪些单词。
Each question had four choices.
每个问题都有四个选择项。
The subjects had to circle the word they had heard in the recording.
实验对象们应圈出他们在录音中听到的单词。
Some of the questions had four choices that sound alike.
有些问题的四个选择项
For example,weather,whether,wither,
如weather、 whether 、wither
and wetter are four words that sound alike.
wetter的读音很相似，
Some of the questions had four choices that have the same meaning.
另有些问题的四个选择项词义一样，
Method, way, manner,and system would be four words with the same meaning.
如method way manner system。
Some of them had four Unrelated choices.
还有些问题，它们的选择项彼此之间没有关系，
For instance,weather,method,love,
例如 weather method love result
and result could be used as four unrelated words.
这四个词便是如此。
Finally the subjects took a language proficiency test.
最后，这些实验对象们参加一次语言水平测试。
Henning found that students with a lower proficiency in English
汉宁发现，英语水平低的学生
made more of their mistakes on words that sound alike;
读音相似的词记错更多；
students with a higher proficiency
英语水平高的学生
made more of their mistakes on words that have the same meaning.
词义相同的词记错更多。
Helming's results suggest that beginning students
汉宁的实验结果表明，
hold the sound of words in their short-term memory,
初级英语水平的学生在他们的短时记忆中保存了词的声音，
while advanced students hold the meaning of words in their short-term memory.
而高级英语水平的学生则在他们的短时记忆中保、存了词的意义。
第五单元 课文A
Fallacies about Food
关于食品的错误观点
Many primitive peoples believed
很多原始人相信，
that by eating an animal they could get some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves.
动物就可以获得这种动物的某些长处。
They thought, for example,
比如，他们认为，
that eating deer would make them runas fast as the deer.
吃鹿肉能使他
们跑得像鹿一样飞快。
Some savage tribes believed that eating enemies
一些野蛮部落则相信，
that had shown bravery in battle would make them brave.
吃那些在战斗中表现骁勇的敌人能使他们也勇敢。
Man-eating may have started because
吃人现象开始发生可能是因为
people were eager to become as strong and brave as their enemies.
人们渴望变得像他们的敌人一样强壮和勇敢。
Among civilized people
在文明人中，
it was once thought that ginger root by come magical power
生姜曾被认为具有魔力，
could improve the memory.
能提高人们的记忆力。
Eggs were thought to make the voice pretty.
蛋则被认为能使人的声音甜美。
Tomatoes also were believed to have magicai powers.
人们也相信西红柿有魔力，
They were called love apples
称之为爱情苹果。
and were supposed to make people who ate them fall in love.
人们以为，谁吃了西红柿，谁就会陷入情网。
Later another wrong idea about tomatoes grew up--
后来，又出现了关于西红柿的另一种错误说法——
the idea that they were poisonous.
即西红柿有毒。
How surprised the people who thought tomatoes poisonous would be
如果有这种想法的人知道二战期间
if they could know that millions of pounds of tomatoes
成百万磅的西红柿被供应给在海外作战的士兵，
were supplied to soldiers overseas during World War II.
他们该多惊讶呀。
Even today there are a great many wrong ideas about food.
即使今天仍有许多关于食物的错误说法。
Some of them are very widespread.
其中一些还流传甚广。
One such idea is that fish is the best brain food.
这些说法中有一种是，鱼是最好的健脑食品。
Fish is good brain food just as it is good muscle food and skin food and bone food.
鱼是良好的益脑食品，正如它对肌肉、皮肤和骨骼是有闪的食品一样。
But no one has been able to prove
但还没有 人能够证明，
that fish is any better for the brain than many other kinds of food.
鱼的益脑作用比许多别的食品要强。
Another such idea is that you should not drink water with meals.
另一种错误的说法是，吃饭时我不应该喝水。
Washing food down with water as a substitute for chewing is not a good idea,
喝水将食物冲下而替代咀嚼固然不是好办法，
but some water with meals has been found to be helpful.
但人们发现吃饭时喝些水是有益的。
It makes the digestive juices flow more freely and helps to digest the food.
水能够促进消化液的分泌，从而帮助消化。
Many of the ideas which scientists tell us have no foundation
科学家告诉我们，
have to do with mixtures of foods.
很多毫无根据的说法与混合食物有关。
A few years ago the belief became general that orange juice and milk
几年前，这种
看法变得十分普遍，
should never be drunk at the same meal.
即桔汁和牛奶决不可在同一餐中饮用。
The reason given was that the acid in the orange juice
所给的理由是桔汁中的果酸会使牛奶凝结，
would make the milk curdle and become indigestible.
使之变得难以消化。
As a matter of fact,milk always meets in the stomach a digestive juice which curdles it;
但事实上，牛奶在胃里总是与一种使之凝结的消化液混合。
the curdling of the milk is the first step in its digestion.
04:05.83 牛奶的凝结是其被消化的第一步。
A similar wrong idear is that fish and ice cream
另一种类似 的错误观点是，
when eaten at the same meal form a poisonous combination.
在同一餐中吃鱼和水淇淋会使二者形成一种有毒的化合物。
Still another wrong idea about mixing foods
还有一种关于混合食物的错误观点，
is that proteins and carbohydrates should never be eaten at the same meal.
即蛋白质和碳水化合物决不可在同一餐中食用。
Many people think of'bread, for example,as a carbohydrate food.
比如，很多人认为面包是一种碳水化合物食品。
It is chiefly a carbohydrate food, but it also contains proteins.
面包主要是碳水化合物食品，但它也含有蛋白质。
In the same way,milk, probably the best single food,
同样地，牛奶可算是最佳的单一食品了，
contains both proteins and carbohydrates.
但它却同时含有蛋白质及碳水化合物。
It is just as foolish to say that one should never eat meat and potatoes together
决不能把肉类和土豆放在一起吃，这种说法是愚蠢的，
as it is to say that one should never eat bread or drink milk.
就像是说不要吃面包或不要喝牛奶一样。
Text B
课文B
Do Animals Think?
动物会思考吗？
The question has often been asked,Do animals think?
人们经常会问这个问题，动物会思考吗？
I believe that some of them think a great deal.
我相信一些动物思考甚多。
Many of them are like children in their sports.
很多动物能你孩子一样地游戏。
We notice this to be true very often with dogs and cats;
我们注意到猫和狗是这样的，
but it is true with other animals as well.
但别的动物也如此。
Some birds are very lively in their sports;
一些鸟类在游戏时非常活泼，
and the same is true with some insects.
一些昆虫也如此。
The ants,hardworking as they are,have their times for play.
蚂蚁尽管工作很勤劳，但仍有时间玩耍。
They run races;they wrestle;and sometimes they have mock fights together.
它们赛跑、摔跤，有时还一起进行模拟战斗。
Very busy must be their thoughts while engaged in these sports.
它们在从事这些游戏时，思想一定很忙碌。
There are many animals, however,
但还有很多动物从不玩耍。
that never play;their thoughts seem to be of the more sober kind.
它们的思想似乎属于比较严肃那一类的。
We never see frogs engaged in sport.
我们从没有见过青蛙做什么游戏。
They all the time appear to be very grave.
所有时候它们都显得很庄重。
The same is true of the owl,
猫头鹰也这样，
who always looks as if he were considering some important question.
总是显出一副似乎正在思考重要问题的样子
Animals think much while building their houses.
动物在建造家园进思考很多。
The bird searches for what it can use in building its nest,
鸟类在搜寻它所能用来
and in doing this it thinks.
筑巢的东西时总在思考。
The beavers think as they build their dams and their houses.
海狸在建房和建筑时也思考问题。
They think in getting their materials,
它们琢磨如何找到材料，
and also in arranging them,and in plastering them together with mud.
安置材料之后找用泥浆把它们粘在一起。
Some spiders build houses
一些蜘蛛编织的“房子”队了有思考能力的动物外，
which could scarcely have been made except by some thinking creature.
别的动物几乎不可能造出来。
As animals think, they learn.Some learn more than others.
正如动物会思考一样，它们也会学习。一些动物比另一些动物学得快。
The parrot learns to talk,though in some other respects it is quite stupid.
鹦鹉虽然在一些别的方面挺笨，但能学话。
The mocking bird learns to imitate a great many different sounds.
反舌鸟能学会模仿很多不同的声音。
The horse is not long in learning many things connected
马在学习干很多与它的活儿
with the work which he has to do.
有关的事情上还不算慢。
The shepherd dog does not know as much about most things as some other dogs,
牧羊犬对很多事情不如别的狗知道得多，
and yet he understands very well how to take care of sheep.
可它非常明白应该如何看管好羊群。
Though animals think and learn,
虽然动物既思考也学习，
they do not make any real improvement in their ways of doing things,as men do.
但在做事的方法上并不能像人那样有真正的改进。
Each kind of bird has its own way of building a nest,
每种鸟都有其独特的筑巢方式，
and it is always the same way.
但总是一成不变。
And so of other animals.
别的动物也如此。
They have no new fashions,and learn none from each other.
它们缺乏新的花们，也不会相互学习。
But men,as you know,are always finding new ways of building houses,
而人呢，正如你知道的那样，总在发现建造房屋的新方法，
and improved methods of doing almost all kinds of labor.
并入进了几乎所的工作的方法。
Many of the things that animals know how to do
有许多事情动物知道怎么做，
they seem to know either without learning,
但它们要么未经过学习就会，
or in some way which we cannot understand.
，要么是以某种我们不了解的方式学会的。
They are said to do such things by instinct;
据说它们凭本能就会做这些事，
but no one can tell what instinct is.
但没人能说清什么是本能。
It is by this instinct that birds build their nests
正是通过这种本能，鸟类搭巢，
and beavers their dams and huts.
海狸筑堤造窝。
If these things were all planned and thought out just as men plan new houses,
如果这些事情像人设计新房子一样有所计划，
there would be some changes in the fashions of them,and some improvements.
有所设想，式样上就应该有所变化，有所改进。
I have spoken of the building instinct of beavers.
我已经谈过海狸 的建筑本能。
An English gentleman caught a young one and put him at first in a cage.
一个英国绅士捉了只小海狸，先把它关在笼子里。
After a while he let him out in a mom
过了一会儿绅士把它放到一个有各种东西的房间里。
where there was a great variety of things.
小海狸一被放出来，
As soon as he was let out he began to exercise his building instinct.
就开始运用它的建筑本能。
He gathered together whatever he could find,
它把所能找到的各种东西集中起来，
brushes,baskets,boots,clothes,sticks,bits of coal,etc.,
如刷子、篮子、靴子、衣服、棍子、
and arranged them as if to build a dam.
小煤块等，把它们摆放得好像筑堤一样。
Now,if he had had his wits about him,
那么，如果海狸真有才智的话，
he would have known that there was no use in building a dam
它本应该知道
where there was no water.
，在没有水地方筑堤是毫无意义的。
It is plain that,
很明显，
while animals learn about things by their senses as we do,
当动物像人一样依靠感官学习时，
they do not think nearly as much about what they learn,
它们不像人一样对学习的东西深入思考，
and this is the reason why they do not improve more rapidly.
而这就是为什么它们不能得到更快提高的原因。
Even the wisest of them, as the elephant and the dog,
即使它们中紧聪明的动物，如大象和狗，
do not think very much about what they see and hear.
对所见所闻也思考不够。
Nor is this all.
这还不是全部原因。
There are some things that we understand,
我们人能理解的一些东西，
but about which animals know nothing.
动物对此则一无所知。
They have no knowledge of anything that happens outside of their own observation .
它们不了解发生在自己观察范围之外的事情。
Their minds are so much unlike ours
它们头脑与我们的大不一样，
that they do not know the difference between right and wrong.
以致无
法知道对错之分。
第六单元 课文A
Diamonds
金刚石
Diamonds are rare, beautiful, and also quite useful.
金刚石是稀有物质，美丽，并且有使用价值。
They are the hardest substance found in nature.
金刚石是自然界所发现的最坚硬的物质。
That means a diamond can cut any other surface.
这意味着金刚石能够切割其他任何物体表面。
And only another diamond can make a slight cut in a diamond.
只有金刚石才能在金刚石上刻划很浅的痕迹。
Diamonds are made from carbon.
金刚石的成分是碳。
Carbon is found in all living things,both plant and animal.
碳存在于包括动物与植物在内的一切生物体中。
Much of the carbon in the earth comes from things that once lived.
地球上的大部分碳来源于曾是有生命的物体。
Scientists know that the combination of extreme heat and pressure
科学家认识到极高的温度和压力
changes carbon into diamonds.
使碳变成了金刚石。
Such heat and pressure exist only in the hot,liquid mass of molten rock
这样的高温与高压仅存在一地球内部深处
deep inside the earth.
炽热的液态熔岩中。
It is thought that millions of years ago
据认为，千百万年前
this liquid mass pushed upward through cracks in the earth's crust.
液态熔岩从地壳的裂缝间挤出地表。
As the liquid cooled, the carbon changed into diamond crystals.
当熔岩冷却时，其中的碳便成了金刚石晶体。
There are only four areas where very many diamonds have been found.
人们发现只有四个地区金刚石储藏量较多。
The first known area was in India,
第一个周知的地区在印度，
where diamonds were found thousands of years ago.
那里的金刚石是几千年前发现的。
In the 1600's,
16世纪初，
travelers from Europe brought back these beautiful stones from India.
来自欧洲的旅行家们将这些美丽的宝石从印度带回欧洲。
Diamonds became very popular with the kings and queens of Europe.
于是金刚石成为欧洲各国国王与王后的宠爱之物。
In the 1720's, diamonds were discovered in Brazil.
17世纪20年代巴西发现了金刚石。
This discovery came at a good time, too.
这次发现恰逢其时，
India's supply of diamonds was finally running out after 2,500 years of mining the stories.
因为在印度经过2500年的开采，金刚石的资源已接近枯竭。
In the 1800's,
18世纪初，
two other important areas were found in Russia and South Africa.
又发现了另外两个重要的金刚石产区：一个在俄国，另一个在南非。
Today,most diamonds used in industry come from Russia.
当今，多数工业用金刚石产自俄罗斯，
Most diamonds used as gems come from South Africa.
而制作珠宝用的金刚石大部分产于南非。
Only 25 percent of all diamonds mined are good enough for cutting i
nto gems.
在所开采的全部金刚石中，仅有25%属于优质，适合加工成珠宝。
Most of the diamonds in India were found in stream beds.
在印度，大部分金刚石是在河床上发现的。
People would pick up handfuls of gravel from the bottom of the streams
人们从河底里拾起一把把砂砾，
and sort out the diamonds.
然后从中挑出金刚石。
These diamonds were probably carried from where they were formed
这些金刚石可能是从其形成的地方
to India by great sheets of moving ice
被大块移动的冰川带到印度的。
that covered parts of the earth 20,000 years ago.
二万年前地球的部分地区是被冰川覆盖着的。
Most diamonds today are not found in stream beds, however.
但是现在大部分金刚石已不是从河床上找到的，
They are mined from rock formations deep inside the earth called pipes.
而是从地下深称做火山筒脉的岩层结构中开采出来的。
Scientists believe
科学家相信，
04:04.19 that these axe parts of volcanoes that were formed when molten rock
这种火山筒是火山的一部分，
pushed upward through the earth's crust.
它是熔岩向上冲出地壳时形成 的。
The hard rock in which diamonds are found is called blue ground,
含有金刚石的岩层叫蓝地，
because it is somewhat blue.
因为它多少有点蓝色。
The blue ground is blasted into large pieces of rock
开采时先将蓝地炸成大块石料，
which are carried to the surface by elevator.
以免金刚石受到破坏。
Then the rocks are carefully so that the diamonds are not destroyed.
洗矿台的面板上涂有厚厚一层油脂，
Next, the crushed material is taken over to washing tables.
当碎砂石从面板上流过时，
Here, it flows over boards thickly mated with grease.
金刚石粘在油脂上，
Since diamonds stick to grease,
而其它砂石与泥土
they are left behind by the rocks and mud whieh flow down the tables.
则从洗矿台上流走。
Diamonds,as they are found, do not look very impressive.
金刚石刚开采时并无动人之处，
They are gray, greasy-looking pebbles.
只是灰色滑溜的小卵石。
Experienced diamond miners can tell a diamond immediately.
有经验的金刚石开采者以立即人辨出金刚石，
But some people have carried around an unusual pebble for weeks
但有些人随身带着一块不寻常的石头，
before finding out that they had got a diamond.
过了好几个星期才搞清楚，这是一块金刚石。
Text B
课文B
The Difference between Plants and Animals
动物与植物的区别
If you were asked.
如果有人问你，
"What is the difference between a plant and an animal?"
动物与植物有什么区别？”
What answer do you think you would give?
你想你会怎么回答呢？
Your first thought might be that a plant has leaves and roots and flowers,
你首