1. Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hund reds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface，the d eep—ocean bottom is a hostil e environment to humans，in some ways as forbid ding and remote as the void of outer space．
(定语后置in some ways…)
由于完全没有光，而且承受着比在地球表面大数百倍的极大压力，深海底部对人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境，在某些方面就像外层空间一样险恶和遥远。
分句1：Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures
分句2：hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface
分句3：the d eep—ocean bottom is a hostil e environment to humans
分句4：in some ways as forbid ding and remote as the void of outer space
分句2修饰分句1结尾的短语intense pressures，
分句1是分句3的状语
分句3是整个长句子的主句
分句4是分句3的后置定语，修饰分句3的a hostil e environment to humans
主句前后分别有状语和定语的修饰成分，但是本句其实不是复合句。句子的核心意思是深海对于人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境。
2. Basic to any und erstanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second Worl d War is the country's impressive population growth．
(倒装结构Basic to any understanding…is…)
要理解二战之后20年中的加拿大，就必须了解该国惊人的人口增长。
分句1：Basic to any und erstanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second Worl d War
分句2：is
分句3：the count ry's impressive population growth
分句1，2，3共同构成倒装句，正常的语序应该是3，2，1，即：该句的正常语序是The country's impressive population growth is basic to any und erstanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second Worl d War．
本句是一个简单句，只不过使用了倒装，谓语动词是is.
3.As a result，claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provid es other benefits to health have become wid ely publicized and form the basis for folkl ore．
(同位语从句claims that…)
结果，那些认为只食用绿色食品就能防治疾病或增进健康的观点广为人知，并成为一些民间说法的基础。
分句1：that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provid es other benefits to health
分句2：claims have become wid ely publicized and form the basis for folkl ore
分句1作为分句2主语"claim" 的同位语从句嵌套在分句2中。因此本句的主句就是分句
2. 同位语从句是that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provid es other benefits to health：吃有机食品就能防治疾病或增进健康。
4.There are numerous unsubstantiated reports that natural vit amins are superior to synthetic ones，that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs，that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains and the like．
(并列同位语从句reports that…，that…，that…)
关于天然维生素优于人造维生素，受精蛋比未受精蛋的营养价值更高，未经熏蒸消毒处理的谷物比经过处理的好等等报道屡见不鲜，但都没有得到证实。
分句1：There are numerous unsubstantiated reports
分句2：that natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones
分句3：that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs
分句4：that unt reated grains are better than fumigated grains and the like
分句1是整个长句的主句，分句2、分句3和分句4是并列关系，共同构成分句1的同位语从句。本句的意思是有很多没有经过证实的报道，然后并列了三个未经过证实的报道的从句。
5·The d esperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that reconstruction had to be
und ertaken also in the North，though l ess spectacularly．
(同位语从句fact that…)
南方极为严重的困境使北方同样需要开始重建(尽管不像南方那么引人注目)这一事实显得
不太重要。
分句1. The d esperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact
分句2. that reconstruction had to be und ertaken also in the North
分句3. though l ess spectacularly （省略）
分句2是嵌套在分句1中的，做分句1中的fact的同位语从句。
分句3是分句2中的让步状语从句，并有省略现象存在，完整的说法是：though the reconstruction is l ess spectacular.
6·The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an expl osion of real estate d evel opment and fuel ed what we now know as urban sprawl．
(宾语从句what we now know as)
现在可以获得这些环绕几乎每个大城市边缘地区的土地，这一可能性激发了一场房地产开发的热潮并造成了我们现在称为城区无计划扩展的现象。
分句1：The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an expl osion of real estate d evel opment and fuel ed
分句2：what we now know as urban sprawl
分句2嵌套在分句1里，即分句1是主句，分句2是宾语从句，主句结构经过精简应该是
The new accessibility of land sparked an expl osion of real estate d evel opment and fuel ed urban sprawl.
整句话的谓语动词是sparked 和fuel ed, 两个并列的动词。
本句的理解困难还来自于抽象词fuel，它作为名词的含义广为人知，是能源、燃料，作为动词的时候的意思就可以引申为（供给燃料）激发，促使、造成。
7.But these factors d o not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very cl ose to their time of giving birth．
(Of结构作定语：of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosa urs…)
但这些因素并不能解释这个有趣的问题：为何在一个特定的地点会如此集中地出现即将临产的怀孕鱼龙群。
分句1：But these factors d o not account for the interesting question
分句2：of how there came to be such a concent ration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very cl ose to their time of giving birth
分句1中嵌套着分句2.
分句2是of结构作后置定语修饰说明question的内容。
8. Amid rumors that there were prehistoric mammoths wand ering around the unknown region and that somewhere in its wil d s was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 mil es in extent，the two captains set out．
(同位语从句rum ors that…)
当时有一些传言，说有史前的猛犸在这一陌生的区域活动，而且在这一区域的某个地方有一座巨大的盐石山，其面积达80英里长50英里宽。就在这些传言中，两位上尉出发了。
分句1：Amid rumors
分句2：that there were prehistoric mammoths wand ering around the unknown region
分句3：and that somewhere in its wil d s was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 mil es in extent 分句4：the two captains set out.
整个句子的主句是分句4.
"Amid" 表示“在......之中", 是介词，它引导的分句1嵌套着分句2和分句3，并且在整句话中作状语。而分句2和分句3是并列关系的同位语从句来修饰分句1中的rumors，作rumors的同位语从句，用来说明谣言的具体内容。
9. In the seventeenth century the organ, the cl avichord, and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group，a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century．
(同位语a supremacy)
17世纪时风琴、敲弦琴和拨弦琴成为键盘乐器类的主要成员，这种至高无上的地位一直由它们保持，直到18世纪末被钢琴所取代。
分句1：In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord, and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group，
分句2：a supremacy
分句3：they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century
分句2是分句1的同位语，用来修饰说明分句1中的the chief inst ruments of the keyboard group
分句3是省略了"that" 的定语从句，修饰分句2.
10．A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the int roduction of ped als to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instrument capabl e of myriad tonal effects from the most d elicate harmonies to an almost orchest ral full ness of sound，from a liquid，singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance．
(介词结构from…to…作定语)
持续到19世纪的一系列机械上的改进，包括引入踏板以维持音调或使其柔和，改善金属框架，以及使用最佳牲能的钢丝，最终产生了一种具备无数音调效果的乐器——这些效果涵盖了从最精致的和声到几乎全部的管弦乐音响，从明快流畅的吟唱音调到尖锐的打击乐器的恢弘气氛。
分句1：A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth cent ury
分句2：including the int roduction of pedals to sust ain tone or to soften it
分句3：the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality
分句4：finally produced an instrument capabl e of myriad tonal effects
分句5：from the most d elicate harmonies to an almost orchest ral fullness of sound，
分句6：from a liquid，singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance
本句的真正的主句结构其实是由分句1和分句4构成，即A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth cent ury finally produced an instrument capabl e of myriad tonal effects. 分句2和分句3并列修饰说明分句1中的A series of mechanical improvements，而分句5和分句6并列，修饰说明了分句4中的an instrument capabl e of myriad tonal effects.
11．The largest later named Puebl o Bonito(Pretty Town)by the Spanish, rose in five terraced stories，contained more than 800 rooms，and coul d have housed a popul ation of 1，000 or more．
最大的一座后来被西班牙人称为Puebl o Bonito(美丽的城镇)，是一个五层梯式楼，有800多间房子，能够容纳1 000人以上。
分句1：The largest rose in five terraced stories，contained more than 800 rooms，and coul d have housed a population of 1，000 or more
分句2：later named Puebl o Bonito(Pretty Town)by the Spanish
分句1嵌套了分句2，分句1的主语是the largest, 这是“the + 形容词”表示一个名词的结
构，相当于“the largest one" 的省略的说法。
分句2是省略了“which was" 的定语从句，用来修饰分句1的主语the largest, 分句1内部是由三个并列的谓语构成的句子。
12．Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films mad e before 1927 as “sil ent”，the film has never been，in the full sense of the word, sil ent．
(倒装accustomed though we are…=though we are accustomed…)
虽然我们习惯于将1927年以前的电影叫做“无声电影”，但是就“无声’’这个词的完整意义上说，电影从未真正的无声过。
分句1：Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films mad e before 1927 as “sil ent”
分句2：the fil m has never been sil ent
分句3：in the full sense of the word
本句的难点是在分句1是倒装句，正常语序是Though we are accustomed to speaking of the films mad e before 1927 as sil ent. 分句3是一个插入语，嵌套在分句2中，所以本句真正强调的核心是the film has never been sil ent.
13.For a number of years the sel ection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or l ead er of the orchest ra，and very often the principal qualification far hol ding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces．
(特殊结构not…SO much as…——与其说…不如说…)
在好些年内，为各部影片选择配乐的权力完全掌握在乐队指挥或队长手中，而通常担任这种职位的资格与其说是技巧或鉴赏品位，不如说是个人拥有音乐作品的丰富收藏。
分句1：.For a number of years the sel ection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or l ead er of the orchestra
分句2：and very often the principal qualification far hol ding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces
分句1 和分句2是两个并列关系的分句，分句2的难点在于not……so much as的结构。
14·Coincid ent with concerns about the accel erating l oss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biol ogical diversity，the number of species in a particular ecosystem，to the health of the Earth and human well-being．
(倒装coincident with concerns…has been…=…has been coincident with concerns…)
在对物种和动物栖息地加速消失表示关注的同时，人们也越来越认识到生物多样化，即一个特定生态系统中物种的数量对地球的健康以及人类幸福的重要性。
此句是完全倒装句，谓语动词是has been，真正的主语是has been 后面的内容。Coincid ent with concerns about the accel erating l oss of species and habitat s是表语。
原来的正常语序是：A growing appreciation of the importance of biol ogical diversity，the
number of species in a particul ar ecosystem，to the health of the Earth and human well-being has been coincid ent with concerns about the accel erating l oss of species and habitats
其中the number of species in a particular ecosystem 是插入语，作为同位语出现，用来解释说明biol ogical diversity
在这句话真正的主语中有一个" the importance of A to B" 的结构，应该翻译为“A对B的重要性”。原句中就是"the importance of biol ogical diversity to the health of the Earth and human well-being " 叫做“生物多样性对于地球和人类幸福健康的重要性"。
15.The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the worl d's rain forests d oes not seem surprising，consid ering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species．
(同位语从句fact that…；定语从句that comprise the bulk…)
考虑到组成大部分物种的昆虫的巨大数量，认为半数的已知物种栖息在世界的雨林中这一事实看起来并不令人吃惊。
分句1：The fact d oes not seem surprising.
分句2：that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the worl d's rain forests
分句3：consid ering the huge numbers of insects
分句4：that comprise the bulk of the species
分句1中嵌套着分句2，分句2解释说明分句1的主语the fact, 是同位语从句；分句3是主句的状语，分句4是定语从句，修饰分句3的the huge numbers of insects
16.To appreciate fully the diversity and abund ance of life in the sea，it helps to think small．(特殊结构it helps to…做…有帮助)
要充分认识海洋生命的多样性和丰富性，从小的角度思考有帮助。
目的状语：To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea,
主句：it helps to think small．（这里的it是形式主语，没有实际意义）
1 7.Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks，but a coll ection of facts cannot be call ed science any more than a pil e of bricks can be call ed a house．
(特殊结构not any more than像…一样不…)
科学建立在事实上，就像房子用砖砌成一样。但收集的事实不能被叫做科学，就像一堆砖不能被称为房子一样。
分句1：Science is built with facts
分句2：just as a house is built with bricks,
分句3：but a coll ection of facts cannot be call ed science any more than a pil e of bricks can be call ed a house.
这句话的难点在于“not ... any more than 像…一样不…”，相当于“a pil e of bricks can not be call ed a house"，
18. In a period characterized by the aband onment of so much of the realistic tradition by authors such as John Barth，Donal d Barthelme，and Thomas Pynchon, Joyce Carol Oates has seemed at times d eterminedly ol d-fashioned in her insistence OD the essentially mimetic quality of her fiction．
(特殊结构characterized by…——以…为特征)
尽管处于一个以抛弃大量现实主义传统(以作家约翰·巴思、唐纳德·巴塞尔姆和托马斯．品钦为代表)为特征的时代，乔伊斯·卡罗尔·欧茨因为坚持自己小说本质上模仿的特点，有时候看起来是一个坚定的守旧派。
分句1. characterized by the aband onment of so much of the realistic tradition by authors such as John Barth，Donal d Barthel me，and Thomas Pynchon,
分句2. Joyce Carol Oates has seemed at times d eterminedly ol d-fashioned in her insistence OD the essentially mimetic quality of her fiction．
分句1 做时间状语“In a period”的后置定语，补充修饰period，相当于省略了“which was”的定语从句。分句2 是主句。
整个句子的难点在于找主句。其实分句1的末尾是"such as" 引导的三个人名的并列，在最后一个人名Thomas Pynchon前有"and", 说明这个列举对象中的最后一个。所以整个句子的主干在T P 这个人后面出现。
19．If it were not for this faculty, they woul d d evour all the food availabl e in short time and woul d probably starve themselves out of existence．
(虚拟语气)
如果不是具有这种能力，它们就会在短时间内吞掉所有能得到的食物，而且很可能会因饿死而灭绝。
分句1. If it were not for this faculty
分句2. they woul d d evour all the food availabl e in short time
分句3. woul d probably starve themselves out of existence
分句1 是虚拟语气的条件从句
分句2、3是并列关系，并且是主句。
20．Peopl e in the United S tates in the nineteenth century were haunted by the prospect that unpreced ented change in the nation's economy woul d bring social chaos．
(同位语从句prospect that…)
19世纪的美国人因为害怕国家经济中史无前例的变化会带来社会混乱这一前景而提心吊胆。
分句1. Peopl e in the United States in the nineteenth century were haunted by the prospect 分句2. that unpreced ented change in the nation's economy woul d bring social chaos．
2嵌套在1中，做1中prospect 的同位语从句；1是主句，2 具体解释说明prospect。
21．Accompanying that growth was a struct ural change that featured increasing economic diversification and a grad ual shift in the nation's labor force from agriculture to manufacturing and other nonagricultural pursuits．
(倒装Accompanying that growth was a structural change that…=A structural change…was accompanying that growth)
伴随着这一增长的是一个结构变化，它以经济的不断多样化和国家劳动力从农业到制造业和其他非农业职业的逐渐转化为特征。
分句1. Accompanying that growth was a structural change
分句2. that featured increasing economic diversification and a gradual shift in the nation's labor force from agriculture to manufacturing and other nonagricultural pursuits
2嵌套在1中，做1中的struct ural change 的定语从句，这个定语从句结构较复杂，由两个and连接三个并列的名词性成分。
分句1是主句，且采用完全倒装的形式。
22．As the rol es men and women played in society became more rigidly d efined, so did the rol es they pl ayed in the home．
(倒装so did…)
随着男人和女人在社会中扮演的角色被限定得更加严格，他们在家中的角色也是如此。
分句1. the rol es became more rigidly d efined
分句2. men and women pl ayed in society
分句3. so did the rol es
分句4. they pl ayed in the home．
1和2嵌套，2是修饰1中的rol e 的定语从句。3和4嵌套，4是3中的rol es的。
1和3并列，3是由so引导的部分倒装句。
23. Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals，sometimes easily recognizabl e as such，often distorted into gorgeous，weird，but always functional shapes．(倒装Surrounding the column are…)
围绕着蕊柱的是三个萼片和三个花瓣，有时很容易辨认出来，但经常被扭成华丽、
奇特但总是有用的形状。
完全倒装句，正常语序是：
Three sepals and three petals are surrounding the column, sometimes easily recognizabl e as such，often distorted into gorgeous，weird，but always functional shapes．
24．With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second Worl d War and the economic boom that foll owed it，young peopl e married and established househol ds earlier and began to raise l arger families than had their pred ecessors during the Depression．
(倒装than had their predecessors—比较结构的第二部分)
随着二战带来的持续繁荣以及随之而来的经济增长，年轻人比大萧条中的同龄人结婚成家更早，而且养育的家庭比他们的前辈更大。
分句1. the growing prosperity brought on by the Second Worl d War
分句2. the economic boom that foll owed it
分句3. young peopl e married and established househol ds earlier
分句4. began to raise larger families than had their pred ecessors during the Depression．1和2并列，3和4并列
1和2 是伴随状语
3和4是主句
25．The railroad coul d be and was a d espoil er of nature；furthermore，in its manifestation of speed and noise，it might be a d espoil er of human nature as well．
(关联结构could be and was)
铁路可以，事实上也是自然的掠夺者；而且，在其速度和噪音的表现上也可能是人性的掠夺者。
分句1. The railroad coul d be and was a d espoil er of nature
分句2. it might be a d espoil er of human nature as well．
1和2 是并列（由分号连接的两个并列分句）
26．In the rail roads' prime years，bet ween 1 890 and 1920，there were a few individuals in the United States，most of them with solid railroading experience behind them，who mad e a profession of writing about railroading--works offering the ambience of stations，yards，and l ocomotive cabs．
(同位语most of them；定语从句who made a profession of writing)
在1890年到1920年间铁路的黄金时期，美国有几个人(他们大多有丰富的铁路经验)以写铁路题材为职业——作品围绕车站、停车场和机车。
分句1. there were a few individuals in the United St ates
分句2. most of them with solid railroading experience behind them
分句3. who mad e a profession of writing about rail roading
分句4. works offering the ambience of stations，yards，and l ocomotive cabs．
1是主句
2和3是嵌套
2作为1中a few individuals 的同位语，对它进一步解释说明
29．On the other hand，when it comes to substantive--particularly behavioral-information，crows are l ess well known than many comparably common species and，for that mat ter，not a few quite uncommon ones：the endangered California cond or，to cite one obvious exampl e．(特殊结构for that matter)
另一方面，当涉及实质性的，特别是行为方面的信息时，乌鸦就不如许多比较而言很普通的鸟类那样为人所知；而且，也不如许多很不寻常的鸟类，举一个明显的例子，如像濒危的加利福尼亚大秃鹫那样为人所知。
分句1. when it comes to substantive--particularly behavioral-information
分句2. crows are l ess well known than many comparably common species and, for that matter，not a few quite uncommon ones：the endangered California cond or，to cite one obvious exampl e．
1和2是并列，分句1是时间状语，2是主句，其中包含插入语结构以及冒号连接的解释说明的成分
30．Keen observers and quick l earners，they are ast ute about the intentions of other creatures，including researchers，and ad ept at avoiding them．
(并列同位语keen observers and quick learners)
乌鸦是敏锐的观察家和快捷的学习者，它们对其他生物(包括研究人员)的意图感觉非常敏锐，并且善于躲开它们。
分句1. they are astute about the intentions of other creatures，including researchers
分句2. and ad ept at avoiding them．
1和2是并列。句子开头的“keen observers and quick learners”是主语they的同位语。
31．These researchers have sought to d emonst rate that their work can be a valuabl e tool not only of science but also of history，providing fl esh insights into the daily lives of ordinary peopl e whose existences might not otherwise be so well d ocumented．
(宾语从句demonstrate that…；特殊结构otherwise)
这些研究人员已经力图证实他们的工作不仅可以成为科学而且还是历史的宝贵工具，为了解普通人的日常生活提供崭新的观点，否则这些普通人的生存状态不可能被记载得这么好。
分句1：These researchers have sought to d emonst rate that
分句2：their work can be a val uabl e tool not only of science but also of history
分句3：providing fl esh insights into the daily lives of ordinary peopl e
分句4：whose existences might not otherwise be so well d ocumented．
分句1是整个长句子的主句
分句2是分句1的宾语从句
分句3是以现在分词形式表示伴随状态
分句4是分句3的定语从句。
32．Legend has it that sometime toward the end of the Civil War(1861--1865)a government train carrying oxen traveling through the northern plains of eastern Wyoming was caught in a snowstorm and had to be aband oned．
(特殊结构Legend has it that…=There is a legend that…)
传说在内战(1861--1865)快结束的某个时候，一列载着牛群的政府的火车在穿过怀俄明州东部的北部平原时遇到了暴风雪，因此不得不被遗弃。
分句1：Legend has it that
分句2：sometime toward the end of the Civil War(1861--1865)a government train carrying oxen traveling through the northern plains of eastern Wyoming was caught in a snowstorm
分句3：and had to be aband oned
分句1是整个长句子的形式主句
分句2是分句1的具体解释，也是真正的主句。这里出现了几个分词形式，如“carrying oxen”“traveling through……”等，完全可以换成“that/which carries……”，这里都是现在分词做后置定语，起修饰限定作用。
分句3是2的并列。
33．It is a lifel ong process，a process that starts l ong before the start of school and one that shoul d be an integral part of one's entire life．
(并列同位语a process that…，and one that…)
教育是一个终生的过程，早在人们上学之前就开始了。它应成为人的一生中不可缺少的一部分。
分句1：It is a lifel ong process，
分句2：a process that starts l ong before the st art of school
分句3：and one that shoul d be an integral part of one's entire life
分句1是整个长句子的形式主句
分句2是分句1的同位语，是对1的进一步解释说明
分句3是2的并列句，同为对1的解释说明
34．Life's transition from the sea to the land was perhaps as much of an evolutionary
chall enge as was the genesis of life．
(特殊结构as much…as；倒装as was the genesis of life)
生命从海洋到陆地的过渡可能是一个像生命起源那样的进化挑战。
分句1：Life's transition from the sea to the land was perhaps as much of an evolutionary chall enge
分句2：as was the genesis of life
分句1是整个长句子的主句，虽然这一部分很长，但主谓宾只有一套，而且顺序是正常的
分句2是倒装句，按正当语序相当于“the genesis of life was as……（省略）”
35．In agriculture，the t ransformation was marked by the emergence of the grain el e vators，the cotton presses，the warehouses，and the commodity exchanges that seemed to so many of the nation's farmers the visibl e sign of a vast conspiracy against them．
(特殊结构marked by；定语从句that seemed…the visible sign…)
在农业上，这一变化的标志是谷物升降机、皮棉打包机厂、货栈和商品交换的出现,对全国的众多农民来说它们是反对农民的大阴谋的明显标志。
分句1：In agriculture，the transformation was marked by the emergence of the grain
el evators，the cotton presses，the warehouses，and the commodity exchanges
分句2：that seemed to so many of the nation's farmers the visibl e sign of a vast conspiracy against them
分句1是整个长句子的主句，其中宾语部分是由几个并列短语构成的
分句2是分句1的定语从句，进一步解释了这些东西何以成为了“标志”
1和2嵌套
36．And there were factories in occupations such as metalwork where individual contractors presid ed over what were essentially handicraft proprietorships that coexisted within a singl e buil ding．
(where引导定语从句；what引导的从句作presided over的宾语)
仍然有像金属制造厂一类的工厂，在那里个体承包商管理在同一幢楼里的本质上是手工艺品所有人的工场。
分句1：And there were factories in occupations such as metalwork
分句2：where individ ual contractors presid ed over
分句3：what were essentially handicraft proprietorships
分句4：that coexisted within a singl e buil d ing
分句1是整个长句子的主句
分句2是分句1的定语从句，用来修饰met alwork
分句3是2的宾语从句
分句4是3的定语从句，修饰handicraft proprietorships
1和2嵌套; 2和3嵌套; 3和4嵌套
37．But as the number of wage earners in manufacturing rose from 2.7 million in 1880 to 4.5 million in 1900 to 8．4 million in 1920．the number of huge plants like the Bal dwin Locomotive Works in Philad elphia burgeoned，as did the size of the average plant．
(倒装结构as did…)
但随着制造业中挣工资的人数从1880年的270万上升到1900年的450万到1920年的840万，像费城的包德温机车工厂这样的大型工厂的数量也大幅增加，同时普通工厂的规模也剧增。
分句1：But as the number of wage earners in manufacturing rose from 2.7 million in 1880 to 4.5 million in 1900 to 8．4 million in 1920
分句2：the number of huge pl ants like the Bal dwin Locomotive Works in Phil ad elphia burgeoned
分句3：as did the size of the average plant
分句2是整个长句子的主句
分句1是分句2的状语, 开头由as 引导；
分句3是2的并列句，同时它是一个as引导的倒装结构
38．What we tod ay call American folk art was, ind eed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday “folks” who, with increasing prosperity and l eisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits．
(what引导的从句作主语；介词结构(art) of，by，and for…——…所有、所创和所享的(艺术))
我们今天所称的美国民间艺术确实是被普通民众所有、所创和所享的艺术。随着日渐繁荣和不断增加的空闲，这些民众为各种艺术，尤其是肖像艺术创造了一个市场。
分句1：What we tod ay call American folk art
分句2：was, ind eed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday “folks”
分句3：who, with increasing prosperity and l eisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits
分句1是2的主语从句，做整句话的主语；
分句2中的was 是句子的谓语动词；ind eed是插入语；剩下的部分是宾语；
分句3是2的定语从句，修饰folks，中间虽然有多个插入语，但仍是一个分句
39．But in the heyday of portrait painting--from the late eighteenth century until the 1850’s—anyone with a modicum of artistic ability coul d become a limner as such a portraitist was call ed.
(as引导方式状语从句)
但是在肖像画的全盛期——从18世纪晚期一直到19世纪50年代——任何一个稍有艺术能力的人都能够成为一个绘画者(人们当时就是这样称呼一个肖像画家的)。
分句1：But in the heyday of portrait painting--from the late eighteenth century until the 1850’s—anyone with a modicum of artistic ability coul d become a limner as
分句2：such a port raitist was call ed.
分句1是整个长句子的主句，中间是插入语部分
分句2是分句1的方式状语从句，由as引导，表示“就像”。
40．The sculptural l egacy that the new United States inherited from its col onial pred ecessors was far from a rich one，and in fact，in 1776 sculpture as an art form was still in the hands of
artisans and craftspeopl e．
(并列句；特殊结构far from)
新生的美国从其殖民地时期的先辈那里继承的雕塑遗产远远谈不上丰富，而且，实际上在1776年雕塑作为—种艺术形式仍然掌握在手艺人和工匠的手里。
分句1：that the new United States inherited from its col onial pred ecessors
分句2：The sculptural l egacy was far from a rich one
分句3：and in fact，in 1776 sculpture as an art form was still in the hands of artisans and craftspeopl e
分句2和3是整个长句子的主句
分句1是修饰分句2中的主语"the sculptural l egacy" 的定语从句；
分句3是2的并列分句；所以整个句子有两套并列的主谓结构；
41．On the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was d esired，Americans turned to foreign sculptors，as in the 1770's when the cities of New York and Charl eston, South Carolina，commissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marbl e stat ues of William Pitt．
(句子主干是Americans turned to foreign sculptors；两个when都引导定语从句：occasion when…，1770's when…；as(in the 1770's)的意思是“正如”)
在少数情况下，当需要一件精美的雕刻品时，就像1770年纽约与南卡罗来纳的查尔斯顿城委托英国人约瑟夫·威尔顿制造威廉·皮特的大理石雕像一样，美国人求助于外国人。
分句1：On the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was d esired
分句2：Americans turned to foreign sculptors
分句3：as in the 1770's when the cities of New York and Charl eston, South Carolina，commissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marbl e stat ues of William Pitt．
分句2是整个长句子的主句；分句1是分句2的状语；分句3由as引导，表示正如
42．Ad d to this the timidity with which unschool ed artisans —originally trained as stonemasons，carpenters，or cabinetmakers— attacked the medium from which they were to make their images，and one und erstands more fully the d evel opment of sculpture mad e in the United States in the late eighteenth century．
(add to this the timidity…=add the timidity…to this为祈使句，相当于一个条件句：if one adds to this the timidity…)
这个再加上没有受过学校教育的艺人——他们最初是被训练为石匠、木匠或家具木工的——对待他们要制作成雕像的媒介物的胆怯，使人更充分地了解18世纪晚期美国雕刻艺术的发展。
分句1：Ad d to this the timidity
分句2：with which unschool ed artisans—originally trained as stonemasons，carpenters，or cabinetmakers— at tacked the medium
分句3：from which they were to make their images
分句4：and one und erstands more fully the d evel opment of sculpture mad e in the United States in the late eighteenth century．
分句4是整个长句子的主句
分句1、2、3是分句4的条件从句，证据意为：“把这些结合起来，你就会明白……”
分句2作为定语从句修饰timidity；分句3是修饰medium的定语从句
43．Instead of trying to keep d own the body temperature d eep insid e the body, which woul d involve the expenditure of water and energy，d esert mammals all ow their temperat ures to rise to what woul d normally be fever height，and temperatures as high as 46 d egrees Celsius have been measured in Grant's gazell es．
(what引导的从句作rise to的宾语)
沙漠哺乳动物并不试图将体温控制得很低，因为这么做将会涉及水和能量的消耗，而是允许体温上升到平常是高烧的温度——有人在格兰特羚羊身上曾测到高达46摄氏度的体温。
分句1：Instead of trying to keep d own the body temperature d eep insid e the body
分句2：which woul d involve the expendit ure of water and energy
分句3：d esert mammals all ow their temperatures to rise to
分句4：what woul d normally be fever height
分句5：and temperat ures as high as 46 d egrees Celsius have been measured in Grant's gazell es．
分句3、5是整个长句子的主句
分句1是分句3的状语；分句2是分句1的定语从句；分句4是3的宾语从句。
1和2嵌套；3和4嵌套；3和5并列
44．Rent control is the system whereby the l ocal government tells buil d ing owners how much they can charge their tenants in rent.
(whereby=by which，引导定语从句，表示手段)
租金管制是政府借以告诉房主他们可以收取多少租金的系统。
分句1：Rent control is the system
分句2：whereby the l ocal government tells buil ding owners
分句3：how much they can charge their tenants in rent.
分句1是整个长句子的主句
分句2是分句1的定语从句，whereby相当于我们熟悉的by which
分句3是2的宾语从句，修饰tell 的内容宾语（因为tell有双宾语）
45．They were spurred by the inflation of the 1970's，which，combined with California's rapid population growth, pushed housing prices, as well as rents, to record l evels．
(which引导非限定性定语从句)
它们受到了20世纪70年代通货膨胀的刺激，这次通货膨胀与加利福尼亚人口的迅速增长结合在一起，将房价与租金推到了创纪录的水平。
分句1：They were spurred by the inflation of the 1970's
分句2：which, combined with California's rapid population growth, pushed housing prices，as well as rents, to record l evels
分句1是整个长句子的主句
分句2是分句1的定语从句，修饰inflation；其中"combined with California's rapid population growth,"是过去分词短语作插入语。
46．Implicit in it is an aesthetic principl e as well：that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which sculptors must bring their own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony．
(倒装结构Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well=An aesthetic principle is implicit in it as well，that引导的句子做principle的同位语)
其中也蕴涵一个美学原则：用于雕刻的媒介物有一定的美和富于表现力的特性，雕刻家必须使他们自己的审美感与这些特性融为和谐的—体。
Implicit 是形容词，表示“隐含的，含蓄的”，形容词开头表示这句话是个完全倒装句，整句话的谓语动词是is。
47．With the turn-of-century Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditional sources of inspiration，such as wood en African figures and masks，there arose a new urge for hands-on, personal execution of art and an interaction with the medium．
(there arose…是一个存在句)
随着世纪之交的手工艺运动和非传统灵感源泉(像非洲形体和面具)的发现，出现了一种亲自实践、亲手制作艺术和与媒介物直接接触的新要求。
本句为单句，with引导并列的两个短语作为伴随状态，整个句子的主句为"there arose a new urge for hands-on, personal execution of art and an interaction with the medium", 这是由there引导的存在句式，真正的主语为a new surge.... , 谓语动词是arose
49．In the 1500s when the Spanish moved into what later was to become the southwestern United States, they encountered the ancestors of the mod ern day Puebl o, Hopi, and Zuni peopl es．
(when引导定语从句，what引导的从句作moved into的宾语)
16世纪西班牙人进入后来成为美国西南部的地方时，他们遇到了今天皮艾布鲁人、霍比人和株尼人的祖先。
分句1：in the 1500s…
分句2：when… , 修饰分句1的1500s
分句3：what… , 作move into 的宾语从句
分句4：they encountered…
分句4是主句，分句1是时间状语。
50．During the 1940's el ectron microscopes routinely achieved resolution better than that possibl e with a visibl e light microscope，whil e the performance of x-ray microscopes resisted improvement．
(that指代前面的resolution，possible with a visible 1ight microscope作that的定语)
20世纪40年代，电子显微镜通常比可见光显微镜的分辨能力更强，而X光显微镜的表现却没有改进。
这句话有两套主谓结构，分句1：el ectron microscopes routinely achieved resolution bet ter than that possibl e with a visibl e light microscope
主语是el ectron microscopes，谓语动词achieved, 宾语是resolution. 它的后面有一个比较级结构，其中的that指代resolution, 后面possibl e with a visibl e 1ight microscope 是形容词短语做后置定语修饰that.
分句2：whil e the performance of x-ray microscopes resisted improvement．
分句2是由whil e 引导，表示“同时”，它与分句1完全并列。
52．Satire jars US out of complacence into a pl easantly shocked realization that many of the values we unquestioningly accept are false．
(out of…into…摆脱…，进入…；that引导的从句many of the values…are false作realization的同位语；we unquestioningly accept作values的定语)
讽刺作品使我们摆脱了自满情绪，并在愉快与震惊之中认识到：许多我们毫无疑问地接受的价值观是错误的。
分句1：Satire jars US out of complacence into a pl easantly shocked realization （主句）
分句2：that many of the values are false（修饰realization的同位语从句）
分句3：we unquestioningly accept （修饰val ues的定语从句，省略了that)
53．With spontaneous irreverence，satire rearranges perspectives, scrambl es familiar objects into incongruous juxtaposition and speaks in a personal idiom instead of abst ract platitud e．(and连接并列句)
讽刺作品用自然流露的嘲讽态度再设了视角，将熟悉的事物自相矛盾地置于一起，使用个性化语言，而不是抽象的陈词滥调。
本句为单句，主语是satire, 谓语为3个平行的动词：rearranges, scrambl es, speaks…
With 引导介词短语为伴随状态。
54．It has lived because read ers appreciate a refreshing stimulus, an irreverent remind er that they lived in a worl d of platitudinous thinking, cheap moralizing, and foolish phil osophy．(that引导的从句作reminder的同位语)
它之所以存在，是因为读者欣赏它使人耳目一新的刺激，它毫不客气地提醒：他们活在一个充满陈腐思想、廉价的道德说教与荒谬哲学的世界里。
分句1：It has lived 主句
分句2：because read ers…原因状语从句
分句3：that they lived…修饰remind er 的同位语从句
55．Sol diers rarely hol d the id eals that movies attribute to them, nor d o ordinary citizens
d evot
e their lives to unselfish service o
f humanity．
(特殊结构attribute to—赋予，归因于；nor放在句首引起倒装)
军人很少拥有人们在电影中赋予他们的那种理想，普通公民也很少奉献他们的生命为人类无私地服务。
分句1：Sol diers rarely hol d the id eals
分句2：that movies attribute to them 作定语从句，修饰分句1中的id eals,
分句3：nor d o ordinary citizens…否定词开头引导的倒装句，正常语序是ordinary citizens d o not d evote their lives to unselfish service of humanity．
1和3并列; 1和2嵌套
56．In ad dition to having to be a generalist whil e specializing in what may seem to be a narrow fiel d，the researcher is faced with the probl em of primary materials that have littl e or no d ocumentation．
(what引导的从句作specializing in的宾语)
除了在专攻似乎是一个狭窄领域时不得不成为多面手以外，研究人员还面临着关于原始材料的文献很少或者根本没有这一问题。
分句1：in ad dition to…整句话的状语成分
分句2：what may seem …分句1中的specializing in的宾语
分句3：the researcher is…这句话的主句
分句4：that has lit tl e…分句3中的primary materials 的定语从句
57. Moreover，the d egree to which cones are nat urally slightly open or tightly cl osed helps
d etermin
e which bill d esign is the best．
(句子主干是the degree…helps determine…，从句to which cones are naturally slightly open or tightly closed作degree的定语)
而且球果自然地轻微开口或紧紧关闭的程度有助于确定哪种喙的设计是最好的。
58. It was she，a Baltimore printer，who published the first official copies of the Declaration，the first copies that includ ed the names of its signers and therefore heral d ed the support of all thirteen col onies．
(It was…who为强调句；the first copies为前面the first official copies的同位语)
就是她，一位巴尔的摩的印刷商，出版了《独立宣言》的最早的官方版本，即包括《独立宣言》签署者名字并因此预告所有13个殖民地的支持的早期版本。
整个句子的主句是“She, a Baltimore printer, published the first official copies of the Declaration，the first copies that includ ed the names of its signers and therefore heral d ed the support of all thirteen col onies. "
强调句中去掉“It be ....+ that... " 不影响原句的结构，原句仍然是一个完整句。
“a Baltimore printer”是主语she 的同位语。
59. By comparison with these familiar yardsticks，the distances to the gal axies are
incomprehensibly large，but they too are mad e more manageabl e by using a time calibration，in this case the distance that light t ravels in one year.
与这些熟悉的尺度相比，到太空的距离远得难以理解，但它们也通过使用一个时间的标尺而变得更加容易对付了，在这种情况下是光在一年内走过的距离。
分句1：the dist ance…
分句2：but they too
分句3：that…
1和2并列
2和3嵌套
60.The primary reason was skepticism that a rail road built through so chall enging and thinly settl ed a stretch of d esert，mountain，and semiarid plain coul d pay a profit．
(that引导的从句作skepticism的同位语)
主要原因是存在一种怀疑主义，人们怀疑途经如此富于挑战性、人口稀疏的大片沙漠、山脉和半干旱平原的一条铁路能否获得利润。
分句1：The primary reason was skepticism
分句2：that a railroad built through so chall enging and thinly set tled a stretch of d esert，mountain，and semiarid plain coul d pay a profit.
这个分句的主语核心词是a rail road, 谓语动词是coul d pay，宾语是profit
分句2 是修饰分句1 中的skeptism的同位语从句。
61. The argument that humans，even in prehistoric times，had some number sense，at l east to the extent of recognizing the concepts of more and l ess when some objects were ad d ed to
or taken away from a small group, seems fair, for studies have shown that some animals possess such a sense．
(复合句，主句的主干是the argument…seems fair，其中从句that humans…had some number sense做argument的同位语)
人类甚至在史前已经有数字感，至少到有些物体被加到一小组里或者被拿走时能够辨别出“多了”还是“少了”的程度，这一观点似乎很合理，因为研究已经表明有些动物就有这样的意识。
分句1. The argument seems fair 整句话的主句。
分句2. that humans, even in prehistoric times, had some number sense，
分句3. at l east to the extent of recognizing the concepts of more and l ess
分句4. when some objects were ad d ed to or taken away from a small group
分句5. for studies have shown that some animals possess such a sense．
分句2 是修饰分句1中的主语the argument的同位语从句，用来具体解释argument是什么。它包含一个插入结构：even in prehistoric times。
分句3和4都是嵌套在分句2里的。
62. A useful d efinition of an air pollutant is a compound ad d ed directly or indirectly by humans to the atmosphere in such quantities as to affect humans, animals, vegetation, or materials adversely．
(特殊结构such…as to——如此…以致)
空气污染物的一个有用定义是：一种直接或间接加入到空气里的化合物，其数量足以对人类、动物、植物或物质产生不利影响。
分句1. A useful d efinition of an air pollutant is a compound
分句2. ad d ed directly or indirectly by humans to the atmosphere in such quantities as to affect humans, animals, vegetation, or materials adversely
分句2是分句1中的compound的后置定语，由过去分词ad d ed引导，相当于which was ad d ed directly or ......
63．The acute，growing public awareness of the social changes that had been t aking place for some time was tied to tremend ous growth in popular journalism in the late nineteenth century，including growth in quantity and circul ation of both magazines and newspapers．(awareness…was tied to tremendous growth…为句子主干)
公众对一段时间内一直在发生的社会变化敏锐的、不断增强的意识，与19世纪晚期通俗新闻的巨大增长(包括杂志和报纸在数量和发行量上的增长)紧密相连。
分句1. The acute，growing public awareness of the social changes was tied to tremend ous growth in popular journalism in the late nineteenth century
分句2. that had been taking pl ace for some time
分句3. including growth in quantity and circul ation of both magazines and newspapers
分句1是句子主干，分句2是分句1的同位语从句，修饰其中的social changes; 分句3 including现在分词是分句1中修饰tremend ous growth的定语。
64．A d etail ed study has been mad e of the prints using photogrammet ry，a technique for obtaining measurements through photographs，which created a d rawing showing all the curves and contours of the prints．
(被动语态)
已经使用照相测量法(一种通过照相获得测量数据的技术)对这些脚印进行了一项详细的研究，这种方法产生了一张显示脚印所有曲线和轮廓的照片。
分句1. A d et ail ed study has been mad e of the prints using photogrammetry
分句2. a technique for obtaining measurements through photographs
分句3. which created a drawing showing all the curves and contours of the prints
1是主干，2是分句1中: photogrammetry的同位语；3是定语从句。
65．Footprints thus provid e US not merely with rare impressions of the soft tissue of early hominids，but also with evid ence of upright walking that in many ways is cl earer than can be obtained from the analysis of bones．
(特殊结构not merely…but also；比较结构)
因此脚印不仅仅为我们提供早期人类软组织的稀有印记，而且为我们提供了直立行走的证据，这些证据在许多方面比骨头分析所提供的证据更清楚。
历年考研英语真题长难句解析 考研英语试卷中，阅读理解和翻译共有50分，占到了全卷分数的半壁江山。毫不夸张地说，把这两部分做好，在英语考试中取得理想的成绩便不再是奢望。那么怎么样才能做好这一部分的试题呢？关键要通过大量的练习，增强阅读英文句子，尤其是其中长难句的能力。长难句一般是指结构复杂难以理解的句子，也有一些其实结构并不复杂，但因为句子很长也很容易让人困惑。长难句出现不多，但是常常大大增加我们理解的难度，成为我们获取高分的拦路虎. 下面就近八年来考研试题中阅读理解和翻译中出现的长难句都列出来，分析它们的结构，指出其中的考查难点，并对如何恰当翻译它们给出建议,，希望大家能从中得到一些启发。 1. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, (an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business). 句子主干：Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased …shareholders as a class, (which was) an element… 语法难点：本句是典型的非限定性定语从句，难点在其主语和宾语都有较长的短语和of 结构限定，并且分句是由两个and相连的3个部分组成的。分句an element…landowners 又带有两个定语从句，一个是(which was) representing…, 另一个是(which was) detached…。 可见，定语从句的难点在于经常省略引导词+be的结构，从而在理解上容易和分词结构相混淆。 句子翻译：对资本和企业的这种大规模的非个人操纵大大增加了股东作为一个阶级的数量和重要性。这个阶层作为国计民生的一部分，代表了非个人责任的财富与土地及土地所有者应尽义务的分离，而且也几乎与责任管理相分离。 翻译技巧：实际上定语从句并不符合汉语的使用习惯。所以翻译时遇上定语从句，一定不要机械地按照原来的顺序生搬硬套。像这样分句较长的情况，把主句和分句拆为两句是比较好的方法。所以这里从这个阶层开始另起一句。 2. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboune sprang up to house large, comfortable classes( who had retired on their incomes,and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders’meeting to dictate their orders to the management.) 句子主干：Towns…sprang up…classes who…, and who… 语法难点： 1)有并列从句。分析句子主干很容易看到这也是一个典型的定语从句结构，分句由who…, and who…两个并列结构组成。注意like并不是谓语而是介词短语作定语，真正的主句谓语是sprang of.retire on指依靠什么而退休（多跟表收入的名词）. 2) that of drawing dividends 结构中，draw是收取的意思，dividend指红利，that of sth结构是名词性的，that of sth相当于which is结构，目的都是修饰前面的名词。注意后面还有attending…是省略了which were的定语从句，把of sth结构和定语从句交替使用是英语中长难句的惯用手法，目的是避免行文的单调，考生朋友们要注意分辨。 句子翻译：像Bournemouth和Eastboune这样的城市兴起了，大批隐退的享乐阶层人士
考研英语：历年真题经典长难句深度解析 一、It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself. 1.重点词汇及短语： describe…with…用……描述…… articulate 【生义】v. 清楚地表达，描述【熟义】adj. 明晰清楚的 reaction n. 反应 grasp v. 理解，领会（尤指复杂的事情或观点） 2.句子成分分析：本句为主从复合句，主干是It is also the reason...。why引导定语从句，解释说明the reason。定语从句中包含了一个时间状语从句when we try to describe music with words。关系副词why引导限定性定语从句，修饰先行词reason，在定语从句中充当原因状语。例如：He didn’t tell me the reason why he was so upset. 从句引导词选用关系副词why还是关系代词that/which，取决于先行词reason在从句中充当的成分：先行词reason在从句中作副词性成分，应该用why。例如：Please tell me the reason why he was late.（先行词reason在从句中作原因状语）；先行词reason在从句中作
名词性成分，应该用that/which。例如：Please tell me the reason that/which made him late.（先行词reason在从句中作主语） 3.参考译文：这也是为什么当我们试图用语言描述音乐时，我们只能表达出自己对音乐的感受，而无法领悟音乐本身。 二、Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: "The creation of the 'statistics board' was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science's overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.” 1.重点词汇及短语： impel v. 促使，迫使【用法】impel sb to do sth迫使某人做…… statistics board 统计板 concern n. 忧虑，担心；重要的事情concern about/over/with 对……关心application n. 申请书；应用；应用程序 2.句子成分分析：本句的主干是...McNutt said...。分词短语Asked whether...the change作句子的状语。引号中的内容是said的宾语，其主干是The creation of the "statistics board" was motivated...and is part of...。句中的broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research解释说明concerns的内容。句中的to increase...we publish解释说明drive的内容，
高考英语长难句解析练习篇答案版 1.(2017年全国1卷阅读理解A篇)It’s an amazing accomplishment and one we cannot achieve without generous support from individuals, corporations, and other social organizations. 句意：这是一个惊人的成就，一个没有来自个人、公司和其他社会组织的慷慨的支持我们就不可能取得的成就。 分析：本句为复合句。其中，one指代前面的accomplishment，后面为定语从句，修饰先行词one，且从句使用了cannot和without表示双重否定。 2.(2017年全国1卷阅读理解D篇)Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up — and out — the side of the hole. 句意：接着把管子放在恰当的位置，使得管子的一端放在杯子里，管子的其余部分向上延伸到坑的外部。 分析：本句为复合句。主句lay the tube in place为祈使句；so that引导目的状语从句，从句是and连接的并列句。 3.(2017年全国1卷阅读七选五)If anyone had told me three years ago that I would be spending most of my weekends camping, I would have laughed heartily. 句意：如果三年前有人告诉我会用大部分的周末时间来野营，我会狂笑不已。分析：本句为主从复合句。if引导的是条件状语从句，因表示对与过去事实相反的假设，所以本句中条件句使用过去完成时。此外从句中包含了一个that引导宾语从句。 4.(2017年全国1卷阅读七选五)This brief visit with Mother Nature cost me two days off from work, recovering from a bad case of sunburn and the doctor’s bill for my son’s food poisoning. 句意：这次跟自然母亲的短暂亲近用去了我两天的假期，被严重晒伤的皮肤还需慢慢恢复，而且还花费了一笔钱为我儿子食物中毒看医生。 分析：句中cost后的直接宾语有三个，即A，B and C三个并列宾语。 5.(2017年全国1卷完形填空)Little did I know that I would discover my love for ASL. 句意：我不知道我竟然会爱上美式手语。 分析：此句为倒装句，little为否定词，当否定词位于句首时，句子要使用部分倒装。 6.(2017年全国1卷完形填空)What I saw was completely unlike anything I had experienced in the past. 句意：我所看到的和我之前经历的完全不同。 分析：此句中what 引导的是主语从句，作句子的主语。此外，I had experienced in the past为定语从句，修饰先行词anything。 7. (2017年全国1卷完形填空)Instead, if there had been any talking, it would have caused us to learn less. 句意：相反，如果有任何交谈，那会导致我们学到较少的东西。 分析：本句为复合句。if引导的是虚拟条件句，表示对过去的虚拟，所以本句中条件状语从句使用过去完成时there had been；主句使用“would have done”结构。
如何掌握长难句 复杂长句是考研阅读理解短文的最显著特点之一，是文章语言难度所在，也是命题者常常出题之处。因此具备较好的剖析复杂长句的能力，对于考研阅读理解至关重要。复杂长句典型的特点是，多个语法现象或特殊句式同时出现在一个较长的句子中，使句子修饰词很多，句中套句，成分中套成分，从而造成考生对其准确意义的理解困难。 对于复杂长句，不管其结构多么复杂多变、盘根错节，只要把握住句子结构的主脉络抓住句子的关键词和关键信息，再根据自己所掌握的各种语法知识及一些特殊句式的构成规律，就可理清头绪，找到思路。由于复杂长句很难理解，考生在平时阅读时应多加练习。 下面分8类总结了最典型的70句真题长难句，希望考生复习时能多揣摩，如能将其中英文全部背熟，长难句肯定过关。 第一节比较结构 1.There are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. 【参考译文】现在已有一些机器人系统能够进行精确到毫米以下的脑部和骨骼手术---这要比极具技巧的医生单单用手精确得多。 2.I have discovered，as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress，that abandoning the doctr ine of “juggling your life”，and making the alternative move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status． 【参考译文】或许正像凯尔西在不堪积劳重负而公开地辞去她在《她》杂志社的编辑一职之后—样，我已经发现，放弃那种“为生活忙碌”的人生信条并转而追求比较悠闲的生活带给你的回报远远大于经济成功和社会地位。 3.While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline—after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late’80s—and is still linked to the politics of thrift，in Britain，at least among the middle-class down shifters of my acquaintance，we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives. 【参考译文】在美国，这一返朴趋势是以经济衰落的反应为开始的---那是在80年代末期裁员而引起大量的失业之后---现在依然与提倡节俭的政纲相关；而在英国，最起码在我所熟识的中产阶级返朴归隐者中，追求简约生活的原因就多种多样了。
2016年托福阅读长难句式中的复杂问题解析 托福阅读中难句的把握技巧至关重要，因为段落中的难句可能就涉及到文章的思想内容，所以我们面对托福阅读的难句也应该有一套对策，那么具体应该怎么做呢。以下把握难句的技巧就送给大家。希望给备考新托福的同学提供正确有效的学习与应试方法。 除了词汇量较大以外，句子结构复杂也是托福阅读的障碍之一。面对难句，必须迅速把握其主干和重点，因为考试时涉及答案的主要是句子的主干和重点，对于句子简化题(sentence simplification)尤其如此。要把握难句的主干和重点，首先要弄清它们的类型。简而言之，托福中的难句主要包括下列类型： 1.定语(包含后置定语与定语从句) 2.同位语 3.并列结构 4.that引导的各种从句 5.插入结构 6.独立主格 7.倒装句 8.强调句 9.虚拟语气 对于不同类型的难句，把握主干的方法也不一样。以倒装句为例，主要有下列情况： 1.方位副词放在句首 Herein lay the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine。 2.介词放在句首 Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets。 3. 形容词放在句首 Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well: that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which sculptors must bring own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony。 4.过去分词放在句首 Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”，the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent。 5.现在分词放在句首 Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans。 句子倒装的目的主要有两个： 一是被提前的部分被强调，如上述的第四句：Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”，其中的accustomed按照正常语序应该放在are 之后：Though we are accustomed to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”。之所以将accustomed提前，是为了强调它。二是为了句子的平衡，否则将导致头重脚轻的效果，如上述的第一句、第三句和第五句。以第五句为例，按照正常语序应该是：Fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans were missing until recently。但是这种句子结构比较糟糕，因为主语及其修饰语过长(从句首直到cetaceans)，
英译汉——长难句子结构分析经典50句子 1. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. [参考译文] 美国的经济是以基本的私有企业和市场导向经济为架构的，在这种经济中，消费者很大程度上通过在市场上为那些他们最想要的货品和服务付费来决定什么应该被制造出来。 2. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it. [参考译文] 因此，在美国的经济体系中，个体消费者的需求与商人试图最大化其利润的欲望和个人想最大化其收入效用的欲望相结合，一起决定了什么应该被制造，以及资源如何被用来制造它们。 3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. [参考译文] 另一方面，如果大量制造某种商品导致其成本下降，那么这就有可能增加卖方和制造商能提供的供给，而这也就会反过来降低价格并允许更多的消费者购买产品。 4. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual. [参考译文] 在美国经济中，私有财产的概念不仅包含对生产资源的所有权，也指其他一些特定的权利，如确定一个产品价格和与另一个私人个体(经济单位) 自由签定合同的权利。 5. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employers are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. [参考译文] 同时这些计算机记录下哪些时间是最忙的，哪些员工工作效率最高，这样就能相应地做出人员人事安排。而且它们(计算机)也能为促销活动找到那些拥有优先权的顾客。 6. Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.
新托福阅读长难句120句(分析+译文 12月16日 1. Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface,the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans,in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space. (定语后置in some ways… 由于完全没有光,而且承受着比在地球表面大数百倍的极大压力,深海底部对人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境,在某些方面就像外层空间一样险恶和遥远。 分句1:Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures 分句2:hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface 分句3:the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans 分句4:in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space 分句2修饰分句1结尾的短语intense pressures, 分句1是分句3的原因状语 分句3是整个长句子的主句 分句4是分句3的后置定语,修饰分句3的a hostile environment to humans 整个句子结构是: 原因状语+主句+后置定语 这是主句前后分别有状语和定语的修饰成分,但是本句其实不是复合句。句子的核心意思是深海对于人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境。
历年考研英语真题长难句解析 1. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America. 【译文】这不是昙花一现。在过去几年里，英国和美国的通货膨胀率始终低于预测水平。 【析句】这是一个并列句，前后用分号隔开两个子句，是递进关系。在第一句中，no可以用not a代替。在后一个句子中，inflation是主语，lower是谓语系动词的表语， than expected和in Britain and America，以及前面的over the past couple of years都是介词短语作状语。 【讲词】a flash in the pan意为"昙花一现的人或事"。Many people believe that the young singer is a flash in the pan.(许多人认为那位歌手红不了多久。) When I first heard the news,I too dismissed it as a flash in the pan.(我一开始听到这个消息时，也认为这事长不了。) 2. Economists have been particularly surprised by favourable inflation figures in Britain and the United States,since conventional measures suggest that both economies,and especially America's,have little productive slack. 【译文】经济学家对英美两国有利的通胀率感到特别诧异，因为传统的计量方法表明两国经济，特别是美国经济几乎没有生产萧条的时
2021考研英语经典长难句分析 考研英语备考很多事情都要提上日程了，看看哪些是该注意的，下面由我为你精心准备了“2021考研英语经典长难句分析”，持续关注本站 将可以持续获取更多的考试资讯! 2021考研英语经典长难句分析 A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure “gender parity” on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.(2020年text3) 分析长难句，我们贯穿始终的分析方法便是四步法： 一、寻标志，断长句 1.我们常用的标志有标点、从属连词、并列连词以及长的名词性短语。以这一长难句为例，我们可以依照逗号来断句，将整个句子分为三个结构。结构一：A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad;结构二：to ensure “gender parity” on boards and commissions, 结构三：provide a case in point. 二、抓住干，识修饰 说到句子的主干，无非就是句子的主谓宾，句子的核心是谓语，这一长难句中的谓语动词是provide，也许有同学会觉得sponsored也是一个动词，但是我们细心观察后面跟的是by这样的介词，这让我们想到了很熟悉的结构——N.+定语。所以这个句子虽然很长，但却是一个简单句，只有一套主谓宾。主语是A pair of bills，宾语是a case，sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad是定语，修饰限定bills，to ensure “gender parity” on boards and commissions,也是定语，修饰限定前面的bills。
解析高考英语阅读中的长难句 一、判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是主从复合句 ( 1 ) We took pity on the people in the disaster-hit area in Yushu and many students raised money for them. ( 2 ) Having suffered a number of health problems, former Olympic President Samaranch died on April 21 in Barcelona. ( 3 ) The Internet is an exciting tool that not only puts vast information at your fingertips but expands options. 二、长难句阅读法：结构分析法：明晰句子结构，把握句子的基本框架。 A.判断该句是简单句、并列句还是复合句； B.找出句子的主干成分(主语和谓语)，分清句子附属成分，理解句子大意。 C.层层分析，层层剥离 判断 句子 简单句并列句复合句 主干并列连词从属连词 句子较长，一个从句套着另一个从句，环环相扣。不管句子有多长有多复杂，它只由两部分构成，即主干和修饰成分。主干是整个句子的骨架，主要指主谓宾结构或主系表结构。而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用，它既可以是单词，也可以是短语，更常见的则是从句，尤其是定语从句和状语从句。我们应通过仔细分析，将每个修饰成分划出来，找出句子的主干，这样整个句子结构就清晰了。 三、长难句之分门别类篇 1.带有较多成分的简单句：去枝叶, 留主干。 Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers, almost three times the number hired last year, to help reduce unemployment pressures . (2009 江苏) 2.含有多个从句的复合句：找从属连词,分析从句, 理解句意。 Whereas a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage，it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say that he didn’t know that his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa. 并列和主从复合句并存的处理方法——先读懂并列句，再看主从复合句 If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like “Shakespeare”, “Samuel Johnson”, and “Webster”, but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man who didn’t even speak English—William, the Conqueror. 3.含有插入语的句子: 忽略插入成分,直奔句子主题.
高考英语阅读理解长难句解析 第一部分：高中英语长难句解析 在阅读中，我们经常会遇到一些长而难的句子。长难句通常含有较多、较长的修饰成分、并列成分或从句。长难句的丰富内容和复杂结构往往会导致理解的困难。理解长难句的关键是了解长难句的类型，理清句子成分，抓住句子中的关键部分。 纵观历年高考英语试题，可以发现阅读文章中出现了许多结构复杂的句子。不难理解，命题者在句子难度上大做文章，无非是想通过增加句子长度和使用复杂结构来打断和干扰考生正常的阅读习惯和思维方式，从而达到考查考生综合阅读能力的目的。下面我们来了解长难句最常见的形式。一、复合从句 这些句子往往较长，一个从句套着另一个从句，环环相扣，使得考生搞不清楚整个句子结构。其实，不管句子有多长有多复杂，它只由两部分构成，即主干和修饰成分。主干是整个句子的骨架，主要指主谓宾结构(如: I want a ticket.)或主系表结构(如:The man is a teacher.)。而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用，它既可以是单词，也可以是短语，更常见的则是从句，尤其是定语从句和状语从句。这些从句都很常见，考生比较熟悉，但很多时候不少考生分不清单词、短语和从句之间的相互关系，这样会导致整个句子分析混乱。 这时，考生应通过仔细分析，将每个修饰成分划出来，找出句子的主干，这样整个句子结构就清晰了。 二、分隔结构 为了调整语气和增加补充信息，更主要的是为了平衡句子结构，避免头重脚轻，使语义严密，结构紧凑，可将语法关系密切的两个句子成分用其他语法成分分隔开来，这就是所谓的分隔结构。考试中出现较多的是插入语、用破折号插入的新话题或补充信息。此外，还有一些句子成分（一般是定语）过长而出现后置，也可以看作是插入现象，只不过它只是句子原有成分位置的调整，没有新增信息。 三、成分省略 在英语句子中，节约用词是一条重要的修辞原则。省略主要是为了避免重复，突出关键词并使上下文紧密连接。成分省略一般和从句相结合，一正一反，使句子富于变化，增强表现力。 例如在以than，as引导的比较状语从句中，一些成分往往被省略，会给理解带来一定的影响，而且这类句子出现频率较高，考生需要熟记。
1.First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab polytechnique. （NMET2003.C篇）这个定理，先是由十七世纪法国数学家皮尔法特提出，曾使一批杰出的数学 大师为难，包括一位法国女科学家，她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展， 她曾女扮男装为了能够在伊科尔理工学院学习。 简析：夹杂过去分词短语，现在分词短语，动名词及两个定语从句。 2. It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers, although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is introduced, the printers start working overtime. That is, the growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to the increased use of the Internet. （NMET2003.E篇） 由于因特网的使用，计算所使用的纸张的数量是很难的，然而几乎任何在办 公室工作的人能告诉你，当引进电子邮件后，打印机就开始超时工作。也就是说近年来人们对于纸张的日益需求主要是由于因特网越来越多的使用。 简析：夹杂较复杂的句型结构，关键词just about几乎；overtime超时地。 3. Perhaps the best sign of how computer and internet use pushes up demand for paper comes from the high-tech industry itself, which sees printing as one of its most promising new market. （NMET2003.E篇）或许，表明电脑及因特网使用促进人们对于纸张的需求的最好迹象源于高科 技产业本身，印刷业被认为是高科技产业极有前景的新市场之一。 简析：夹杂较复杂的句型结构，关键词promising有前途的。 4. The action group has also found acceptable paper made from materials other than wood, such as agricultural waste. （NMET2003.E篇）这个行动组也发现一种人们可接受的纸，制成这种纸的原料不是木料，而是农业废料。 简析：关键词other than而不是。 5. Mostly borrowed from English and Chinese, these terms are often changed into forms no longer understood by native speakers. （NMET2003.D
专八翻译长难句结构分析最经典50句 50 1. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. [参考译文] 美国的经济是以基本的私有企业和市场导向经济为架构的，在这种经济中，消费者很大程度上通过在市场上为那些他们最想要的货品和服务付费来决定什么应该被制造 出来。 2. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it. [参考译文] 因此，在美国的经济体系中，个体消费者的需求与商人试图最大化其利润的欲望和个人想最大化其收入效用的欲望相结合，一起决定了什么应该被制造，以及资源如何
高考英语试题中长难句翻译与解析（一） 1. Swimming pools, wine tasting, and pink sunsets (at normal evening hours, not 4 in the afternoon) filled the weekend, but the best part--particularly to my taste, dulled by months of cold-weather root vegetables--was a 7 a.m. adventure to the Sarasota farmers’ market that proved to be more than worth the early wake-up call. （全国I卷B篇） 【译文】游泳，品酒以及欣赏粉红色的落日（一般在傍晚时分，而不是下午四点）把整个周末填的满满的，但精彩的部分也是让我最中意的是上午7点的萨拉索塔市农贸市场的一次历险，尤其是被数月寒天块根蔬菜弄得生活沉闷之后，这次探索之旅证明早起还是值得的。 【背景知识】Sarasota（萨拉索塔市）位于美国佛罗里达州的西南海岸线，濒临墨西哥湾，人口60余万，北邻海牛县，南靠夏洛特县，与两县共同构成佛罗里达州第七大市场和商业繁盛区。萨市文化底蕴深厚，是世界著名的“马戏城”和“艺术都会”，因马戏而建城，演员剧团演出的百老汇歌剧蜚声全美。 最适宜人居之家园。萨拉索塔市位于墨西哥湾海岸线，碧水围城，绿色遍地，四季常绿植物和灌木丛座拥这座海上城市，空气清新，气候冬暖夏凉。高雅的芭蕾舞和百老汇歌剧给萨拉索塔市笼上了神秘的艺术色彩，装点着市民的休闲生活。户外活动丰富多彩，高尔夫、游艇、划船、网球、滑水等应有尽有，萨市因此被誉为“探索者的天堂”。在萨市参观，街道干净整洁，房屋多为别墅，间距合理，错落有致，整个城市风格铺展着一幅南美风情的特有画卷。白色的沙滩、精湛的艺术、一流的商场、旖旎的自然风光和宜人的气候, 使萨市成为美国最适宜居住的15个城市之一，是众多游客向往的度假休闲目的地。 【考查】25. What made the author’s getting up late early worthwhile? A. Having a swim. B. Breathing in fresh air. C. Walking in the morning sun. D. Visiting a local farmer’s market.【D】 【词汇解析】be to one’s taste 适合某人口味；合某人得意root vegetables 块根类蔬菜 The early wake-up call 早醒电话；叫早电话（尤其在宾馆、酒店常有这种服务） 2. Delighted as I was by the tomatoes in sight, my happiness dee pened when I learned that Brown’s Grove Farm is one of the suppliers for Jack Dusty, a newly-opened restaurant at the Sarasota Ritz Carlton, where-- luckily for me-- I was planning to have dinner that very night. （全国I卷B篇）【译文】虽然那些新鲜柔嫩的西红柿让我欣喜，但当我了解到一个新开张的饭馆Jack Dusty供应商就是Brown’s Grove Farm时，我更加开心不已，因为幸运的是那家饭馆就是我们打算那晚在萨拉索塔市的丽丝卡尔顿大酒店the Sarasota Ritz Carlton就餐的地方。 【背景知识】丽丝卡尔顿（Ritz Carlton）是一个高级酒店及度假村品牌，现时拥有超过70个酒店物业，分布在24戈国家的主要城市。The Ritz Carlton在国际高档酒店业，被公认为首屈一指的超级品牌。 【考查】27. What was the author going to that evening? A. Go to a farm. B. Check into a hotel. C. Eat in a restaurant. D. Buy fresh vegetables. 【C】 【词汇解析】Delighted as I was by the tomatoes in sight, my happiness deepened when... 本句是as 引导的让步状语从句，表语部分delighted前置。意为“尽管看到那些西红柿我很高兴不已，但...时我的幸福感大增。”supplier 供应商newly-opened新开张（业）的 3. The fine selection of the major works was done in close collaboration (合作)with the Museo Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid, Spain, and with contributions from other institutions like the Salvador Dali Museum in St. Petersburg. （全国I卷C篇） 【译文】本次展览与西班牙马德里雷纳索非亚国家博物馆密切合作展出了萨尔瓦多.达利的精品之作，以及来自于圣彼得堡萨尔瓦多.达利博物馆等其它机构提供的艺术作品。 【背景知识】Museo Nacional Reina Sofia：雷纳·索菲亚博物馆是西班牙马德里的一座国立20世纪美术博物馆。这座美术馆于1992年9月10日正式开幕，得名于西班牙索菲亚王后。索菲亚王后艺术中心靠近阿托查车站和地铁站，位于沿着普拉多大道的所谓艺术金三角（Triángulo del Arte auch Triángulo de Oro）的南端（还包括普拉多博物馆和蒂森-博尔内米萨博物馆）。 索菲亚博物馆主要收藏西班牙艺术品，其亮点是20世纪西班牙两位大师的杰作：巴勃罗·毕加索的《格尔尼卡》，以及萨尔瓦多·达利的作品。外国艺术家的作品不多。 the Salvador Dali Museum in St. Petersburg位于美国佛罗里达州圣彼德堡场地面积：66000平方英尺（约合6131.60平方米）HOK联手Beck Group一同设计了一个新的博物馆，用来陈列萨尔瓦多·达利的作品。这个新的博物馆坐落于美国佛罗里达州圣彼得斯堡。设计灵感正来自于萨尔瓦多·达利这位超现实主义者本人，结合传统和幻想元素。设计反映了达利的精华，同时为应对佛罗里达的恶劣天气融合了相关功能元素。 【考查】31. What does the word “contribution” in the last paragraph refer to? A. Artworks. B. Projects. C. Donations. D. Documents. 【A】 【词汇解析】in close collaboration with sb. 与某人密切合作 5. Over the years, Parisian cafes have fallen victim to changes in the French lifestyle--longer working hours, a fast food boom and a younger generation’s desire to spend more time at home.（全国I卷D篇）【译文】多年来，法国生活方式的变化（如：工作时间的延长，快餐业的繁荣以及年青一代渴望在家多呆些时间等）让巴黎的咖啡馆深受其害。 【背景知识】到巴黎旅游，在游览卢浮宫、埃菲尔铁塔、凯旋门等名胜之余，可以去一些著名咖啡馆（Café）去用餐、喝咖啡，体会巴黎历史与文化的深韵。 Café遍布巴黎，是人们饮食、休憩、社交的重要场所。巴黎人一天中有很多时间都是在Café中度过的。早上，在Café喝一杯咖啡，吃上一个牛角包；中午，享用一份法式三明治，小憩片刻；晚上，要一杯红酒，与朋友一起畅谈至深夜。座落在巴黎各个角落的Café目睹了这个城市中发生的各种前尘往事。 【考查】33.How are cafes affected by French lifestyle changes? A. They are less frequently visited. B. They stay open for longer hours. C. They have bigger night crowds. D. They start to serve fast food. 【A】 【词汇解析】fall victim to sth. 成为...的受害者；使...深受其害boom 指经济等的繁荣；迅速发展。 【译文】【背景知识】【考查】【词汇解析】