中山大学
2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：耳鼻喉科
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一,名解 2X10
adenoid face
elective neck dissection
atopy
VCA-IgA
minimal persistent inflammation
Tullio phenomenon
facial recess
diplacusis
rhinolalia aperta
nasociliary reflex
二，简答，八选六，6X5
1.OSAHS
2.喉内肌分几组，各组的功能及神经支配
3.过敏性鼻炎的临床症状和常见并发症
4.咽鼓管的生理功能
5.面神经分段
6.功能性鼻内镜手术的常见并发症及分类
7.鼻窦炎的诊断依据
三，问答，六选五，5X10
1.喉阻塞的分度及处理
2.举例说明头颈部晚期恶性肿瘤的治疗
3.变应性鼻炎的发病机制及免疫治疗的机理
4.面神经house-brackmann评级系统
5.前庭大水管综合征的临床特点
6.
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精品文档 中山大学肿瘤学 考博真题 （临床部分看万德森的临床肿瘤学；基础部分结合曾益新的肿瘤学及温伯格的癌生物学一起理解看；06及17年真题实在找不齐，抱歉。）
2002年 一、必答题 1、试述放射生物学的“4R”及临床意义 2、肿瘤外科手术治疗的临床意义 . 精品文档 3、化学治疗根治肿瘤的理论基础及临床应用原则 4、癌变的二阶段学说 5、 p53的生理功能及功能异常与肿瘤的关系 6、细胞凋亡的特征及生理意义 二、选答题 1、放射治疗的远期并发症是什么？如何预防？ 2、肿瘤基因治疗的方法。 3、大剂量MTX治疗及用CF解救的方法及原理。 4、上颌窦癌的临床表现及治疗原则。 5、鼻窥镜在鼻咽癌诊治中的应用 6、简述作用于抗癌新靶点的药物并举例说明 7、试述90年代后使用于临床的对恶性肿瘤有效的新药物，并举例说明 8、试述ⅢB期非小细胞肺癌获取细胞学或病理学诊断的方法。 9、中上段食管癌的临床表现 2003年 一、必答题 1、癌发生的二阶段学说 2、基因突变的方式与原癌基因活化 3、p53基因生物学特性与意义 4、信号传导通路的组成 二、选答题 5、调亡的特点及生物学意义 6、肿瘤多步骤转移基本过程 7、基因突变形式几检测方法 8、化疗药物多药耐药性发生机制 9、基因治疗策略 10、腹部肿块的类型并举例 11、说明胸部肺癌转移的各站淋巴结 . 精品文档 12、食道癌的X线表现 13、四度白细胞减少患者合并严重感染的处理
14、简述抗肿瘤药物的副作用及代表药物 15、拓扑异构酶I和II的作用及区别，抑制剂的代表药物 16、简述肿瘤外科在肿瘤治疗中的作用 2004年 一、必答题 、简述肿瘤外科在肿瘤综合治疗中的作用。1 、术前放疗的原则2 3、根治性化疗的理论基础和原则 4、肿瘤免疫治疗有哪些方法？ 5、蒽环类最常见的副作用有哪些？如何防治？ 6、肿瘤细胞信号传导有哪些基本组成要素？ 7、信号转导的组成二、选答题 8、肺癌淋巴引流分组 9、肿瘤外科发展趋势 10、试述肿瘤的异型性 11、Herceptin的原理、适应症及禁忌症 12、什么是预防性手术，有哪些 13、低恶性非霍奇金淋巴瘤治疗原则 14、凋亡特征及发展机制 15、中晚期胸上段食管癌的临床症状有哪些，为什么？ 16、AFP在肝癌诊治中的意义 17、肝动脉栓塞化疗的 18、基因突变有哪些及有哪些检查方法 19、常见致癌因素及其致癌特点 20、烃化剂作用机理，举出3种药物 . 精品文档 21、抗癌药物的不良反应有哪些，各举1例 22、根治性颈淋巴洁清扫并发症有哪些，如何预防 23、提高结肠癌疗效有哪些方法 24、肿瘤局部，远处扩散机制 25、鼻咽癌放疗后主要远期后遗症有哪些，哪些方法预防或减少发生 2005年 一、必答题 1、恶性肿瘤细胞放疗损伤的4R 变化及其临床意义。 2、肿瘤外科在恶性肿瘤多学科综合治疗中的地位。 3、自体造血干细胞移植的适应症。对何种肿瘤最有效。 4、拓扑异构酶对恶性肿瘤的意义？举出针对拓扑异构酶Ⅰ、Ⅱ的化疗药名称各一个。 5、肿瘤多步骤转移机制。 6、细胞信号传导途径的基本组成要素。 二、选答题 7、从放疗的局部治疗角度论述放射治疗领域的新进展。（何领域？何进展？反正是这 方面 8、目前抗癌药物的开发和应用，除细胞毒药物外，尚有那些药物作用靶点。并举例说
中山大考博英语真题 Directions: In each question, decide which of the choices given will most suitably complete the sentences if inserted at the place marked. Write your choices on the Answer Sheet. 31. The secretary was harshly——by her boss for misplacing some important files. A) rebuked B）teased C) washed D) accused 32. The jet airliner has ——from the Wright brothers’ small airplane. A) Involved B) evolved C) devolved D) revolved 33. Chinese products enjoy high international prestige because of their, quality. A) Indistinctive B) indisputable C) indispensable D) indistinguishable 34. This can something that the students may not have comprehended in English. A) Signify B) specify C) clarify D) testify 35. I must you on your handling of a very difficult situation. A) meditate B) complement C) elaborate D) compliment 36. I've had my car examined three times now but no mechanic has been able to the problem. A) deduce B) notify C) highlight D) pinpoint 37. Architectural pressure groups fought unsuccessfully to save a terrace of eighteenth century houses from _ A) abolition B) demolition C) disruption D) dismantling 38.Having decided to rent a flat, we____ contacting all the accommodation dt, agencies in the city. A) set out B) set to C) set about D) set off 39. The police decided to the department store after they had received a bomb warning. A) evict B) expel C) abandon D) evacuate 40. If the work-force respected you, you wouldn't need to your authority so often, A) affirm B) restrain C) assert D) maintain 41. Miss Rosemary Adang went through the composition carefully to all errors from it. A) eliminate B) terminate C) illuminate D) alleviate 42. Several months previously, the workers had petitioned the company for a 25 percent wage increase and of stricter safety regulations. A) implement B) endowment C) enforcement D) engagement 43. The rebel army __ the democratic government of the, country lawlessly. A) overthrew B) overtook C) overturned D) overruled 44. Judges are ____increasingly heavy fines for minor driving offences A). B) demanding C) imparting D) imposing 45. The of all kinds of necessary goods was caused by natural calamity. A) variety B) scarcity C) solidarity D) commodity 46. It is essential to be on the for any signs of movement in the undergrowth since there are poisonous snakes in the area. A) guard B) care C) alert D) alarm
2018年中山大考博英语真题 Directions: In each question, decide which of the choices given will most suitably complete the sentences if inserted at the place marked. Write your choices on the Answer Sheet. 31. The secretary was harshly——by her boss for misplacing some important files. A) rebuked B）teased C) washed D) accused 32. The jet airliner has ——from the Wright brothers’ small airplane. A) Involved B) evolved C) devolved D) revolved 33. Chinese products enjoy high international prestige because of their, quality. A) Indistinctive B) indisputable C) indispensable D) indistinguishable 34. This can something that the students may not have comprehended in English. A) Signify B) specify C) clarify D) testify 35. I must you on your handling of a very difficult situation. A) meditate B) complement C) elaborate D) compliment 36. I've had my car examined three times now but no mechanic has been able to the problem. A) deduce B) notify C) highlight D) pinpoint 37. Architectural pressure groups fought unsuccessfully to save a terrace of eighteenth century houses from _ A) abolition B) demolition C) disruption D) dismantling 38.Having decided to rent a flat, we____ contacting all the accommodation dt, agencies in the city. A) set out B) set to C) set about D) set off 39. The police decided to the department store after they had received a bomb warning. A) evict B) expel C) abandon D) evacuate 40. If the work-force respected you, you wouldn't need to your authority so often, A) affirm B) restrain C) assert D) maintain 41. Miss Rosemary Adang went through the composition carefully to all errors from it. A) eliminate B) terminate C) illuminate D) alleviate 42. Several months previously, the workers had petitioned the company for a 25 percent wage increase and of stricter safety regulations. A) implement B) endowment C) enforcement D) engagement 43. The rebel army __ the democratic government of the, country lawlessly. A) overthrew B) overtook C) overturned D) overruled 44. Judges are ____increasingly heavy fines for minor driving offences A). B) demanding C) imparting D) imposing 45. The of all kinds of necessary goods was caused by natural calamity. A) variety B) scarcity C) solidarity D) commodity 46. It is essential to be on the for any signs of movement in the undergrowth since there are poisonous snakes in the area. A) guard B) care C) alert D) alarm
2012年硕士研究生入学考试 管理类专业硕士综合能力真题及参考答案 说明：由于2012年试题为一题多卷，因此现场试卷中的选择题部分，不同考生有不同顺序。请在核对答 案时注意题目和选项的具体内容。 一、问题求解：第1~15小题，每小题3分，共45分。下列每题给出的A 、B 、C 、D 、E 五个选项中，只有一项是符合试题要求的。请在答题卡．．．上将所选项的字母涂黑。 1.某商品的定价为200元，受金融危机的影响，连续两次降价20%后的售价为 （A ）114元 （B ）120元 （C ）128元 （D ）144元 （E ）160元 2.如图1 ?ABC 是直角三角形，1S 2S 3S 为正方形，已知 a ， b ， c ，分别是1S 2S 3S 的边长，则 （A ） a=b+c (B) a 2 =b 2 +c 2 (C) a 2 =2b 2 +2c 2 (D) a 3 =b 3 +c 3 (E) a 3 =2b 3 +2c 3 图1 3. 如图2，一个储物罐的下半部分是底面直径与高均是20m 的圆柱形、 上半部分（顶部）是半球形，已知底面与顶部的造价是400元/m 2 ， 侧面的造价是300元/ m 2 ,该储物罐的造价是。（≈π 3.14） （A ）56.52万元 （B ） 62.8万元 （C ）75.36万元 （D ）87.92万元 （E ）100.48万元 图2 4. 在一次商品促销活动中，主持人出示一个9位数，让顾客猜测商品的价格，商品的价格是该9位数中从左到右相邻的3个数字组成的3位数，若主持人出示的是513535319，则顾客一次猜中价格的概率是 （A ） 71 （B ） 61 （C ）51 （D ） 72 （E ）3 1 5. 某商店经营15种商品，每次在橱窗内陈列5种，若每两次陈列的商品不完全相同，则最多可陈列 （A ）3000次 （B ） 3003次 （C ）4000次 （D ） 4003次 （E ）4300次 6. 甲、乙、丙三个地区的公务员参加一次测评，其人数和考分情况如下表：
PART I DICTATION [15 MIN] Listen to the following passage．Altogether the passage will be read to you four times．During the first reading, which will be done at normal speed, listen and try to understand the meaning．For the second and third readings，the passage will be read sentence by sentence, or phrase by phrase，with intervals of 15 seconds．The last reading will be done at normal speed again and during this time you should check your work．You will then be given 2 minutes to check through your work once more．Please write the whole passage on ANSWER SHEET ONE． PART II LISTENING COMPREHENSION [20 MIN] In Sections A,B and C you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow．Mark the best answer to each question on Answer Sheet Two． SECTION A CONVERSATIONS In this section you will hear several conversations．Listen to the conversations carefully and then answer the questions that follow． Questions l to 3 are based on the following conversation．At the end of the conversation, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions．Now, listen to the conversation. l．The Ethical Consumer Research Association will provide information to shoppers on A．product price． B．product quality． C．manufacturers． D．production methods． 2．According to the conversation，an ethical shopper should A．ask for others?advice before buying things． B．consider the worth of something to be bought． C．postpone buying things whenever possible． D．search for things that are less costly．
Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial. Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary. This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics. The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_. Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust. The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making them selves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law. 1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize 2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless
2010年中山大考博英语真题 Directions: In each question, decide which of the choices given will most suitably complete the sentences if inserted at the place marked. Write your choices on the Answer Sheet. 31. The secretary was harshly——by her boss for misplacing some important files. A) rebuked B）teased C) washed D) accused 32. The jet airliner has ——from the Wright brothers’ small airplane. A) Involved B) evolved C) devolved D) revolved 33. Chinese products enjoy high international prestige because of their, quality. A) Indistinctive B) indisputable C) indispensable D) indistinguishable 34. This can something that the students may not have comprehended in English. A) Signify B) specify C) clarify D) testify 35. I must you on your handling of a very difficult situation. A) meditate B) complement C) elaborate D) compliment 36. I've had my car examined three times now but no mechanic has been able to the problem. A) deduce B) notify C) highlight D) pinpoint 37. Architectural pressure groups fought unsuccessfully to save a terrace of eighteenth century houses from _ A) abolition B) demolition C) disruption D) dismantling 38.Having decided to rent a flat, we____ contacting all the accommodation dt, agencies in the city. A) set out B) set to C) set about D) set off 39. The police decided to the department store after they had received a bomb warning. A) evict B) expel C) abandon D) evacuate 40. If the work-force respected you, you wouldn't need to your authority so often, A) affirm B) restrain C) assert D) maintain 41. Miss Rosemary Adang went through the composition carefully to all errors from it. A) eliminate B) terminate C) illuminate D) alleviate 42. Several months previously, the workers had petitioned the company for a 25 percent wage increase and of stricter safety regulations. A) implement B) endowment C) enforcement D) engagement 43. The rebel army __ the democratic government of the, country lawlessly. A) overthrew B) overtook C) overturned D) overruled 44. Judges are ____increasingly heavy fines for minor driving offences A). B) demanding C) imparting D) imposing 45. The of all kinds of necessary goods was caused by natural calamity. A) variety B) scarcity C) solidarity D) commodity 46. It is essential to be on the for any signs of movement in the undergrowth since there are poisonous snakes in the area. A) guard B) care C) alert D) alarm 47. She took up so many hobbies when she retired that she had hardly any time A) in hand B) at hand C) on her hands D) at her hand 48. Working with the mentally handicapped requires considerable -`_ of patience; and understanding. A) means B) stocks C) provisions D) resources 49. He still suffers from a rare t2-opical disease which he, while working to Africa. A) infected B) incurred C ) contracted D) infested 50. Giving up smoking is just one of the ways to heart diseases. A) ward off C) push off B) put off D) throw off 51. There is no for hard work and perseverance of you want to succeed. . A) alteration B) equivalent C) alternative D)substitute
绝密★启用前 2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试 语文 本试卷分第Ⅰ卷（选择题）和第Ⅱ卷（非选择题）两部分。第Ⅰ卷1至4页，第Ⅱ卷5至8 页。考试结束后，将本卷和答题卡一并交回。 第Ⅰ卷 注意事项： 1.答题前，考试在答题卡上务必用直径0.5毫米黑色墨水签字笔将自己的姓名、准考证 号填写清楚，并贴好条形码。请认真核准条形码上的准考证号、姓名和科目。 2.每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目答案标号涂黑，如需改动，用橡 ．．．．．．．．．。 皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号，在试题卷上作答无效 3.第Ⅰ卷共10小题，每小题3分，共30分。在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项符 合题目要求。 一、（12分，每小题3分） 1.下列词语中加点的字，读音全都正确的一组是 A. 颀．长（qí）悚．然（sù）彰善瘅．恶（dàn）韬光养晦．（huì） b. 人寰．（huán）攫．取（jué）寻瑕伺隙．（xì）啮．臂为盟（niè） C．抵牾．（yǔ）横亘．（gèn）造福桑梓．（zǐ）筋．疲力尽（jīn） D．鞭挞．（tà）骨骼．（gé）辗．转反侧（niǎn）蜚．声中外（fēi） 2.下列各句中，加点的成语使用恰当的一项是 A．该产品的试用效果非常好，相信它大量投产后将不孚众望 ．．．．，公司一定会凭借产品的优异品质在激烈的市场竞争中取得骄人业绩。 B．某市两家报社相继推出的立体报纸受到广大市民的热烈追捧，更多的立体报纸呼之欲出 ．．．．，可能会成为当地报业的一种发展趋势。 C．中国古典家具曾经非常受消费者亲睐，后来很长一段时间市场上却没有了踪影，而在全 球崇古风气盛行的今天，它又渐入佳境 ．．．．了。 D．这位专家的回答让我有一种醍醐灌顶 ．．．．的感觉，实在没想到这个困扰我两年的问题他却理解得那么轻松。 3、下列各句中，没有语病的一句是 A、他在英语国家工作一年，不但进一步提高了英语交际能力，还参加过相关机构组织的阿拉伯语培训，掌握了阿拉伯语的基础应用。 B、建立监督机制非常重要，企业对制度的决策、出台、执行到取得成效的每个环节都纳入监督的范围，就能切实有效地增强执行力。 C、她对公益活动很有热情，并将这份热情带个了她所从事的产品策划和品牌推广工作中去，为公司树立良好的社会形象做出了贡献。 D、次贷危机引发的全球性金融危机带来的影响还在持续，随着经济全球化的日益深化，如何缓解就业压力已成为世界各国最大的难题。 4、依次填入下面一段文字横线处的语句，衔接最恰当的一组是
2012年中央、国家机关录用公务员考试 《行政职业能力测验》试卷 第一部分常识判断 （共25题，参考时限15分钟） 根据题目要求，在四个选项中选出一个最恰当的答案。 1．下列哪项是我国在“十二五”开局之年取得的科技成就（） A．我国首辆高速磁浮国产化样车交付使用，标志着我国已经具备了磁浮车辆国产化设计、整车集成和制造能力 B．我国具有自主知识产权的戊型肝炎疫苗研制成功，标志着我国在戊型肝炎疫苗研制上已经处于世界领先地位 C．我国第一台自行设计、自主集成研制的“蛟龙号”载人潜水器3000米级海试取得成功，标志着我国成为世界上掌握3500米以上大深度载人深潜技术的国家之一D．国内首套具有自主知识产权的“机载SAR测图系统”研制成功，至此，我国可成功实现全天时、全天候从万米高空获取高分辨率测绘数据，及时动态监测地理国情2．下列关于推进“十二五”期间资源节约和环境保护的表述，不正确的是（） A．我国耕地资源有限，要加大耕地保护工作的力度 B．提高森林蓄积量和覆盖率是“十二五”期间的重要任务 C．提高化石能源消费的比重，以降低能耗总值和排放水平 D．坚持保护优先和自然修复为主，加大生态保护和建设力度 3．在历史上中国共产党曾提出： ①讲学习、讲政治、讲正气；②知识青年到农村去；③枪杆子里面出政权；④科学技术是第一生产力。 上述口号论断按时间先后顺序排列正确的是（） A．②③④①B．③②④① C．②①③④D．③②①④ 4．下列关于我国民主党派和无党派人士的说法，不正确的是（） A．工商联不属于民主党派 B．民主党派是参政党，不是在野党 C．无党派人士是指不参加中国共产党也不参加民主党派的普通群众 D．中国共产党与民主党派将长期共存、互相监督、肝胆相照、荣辱与共 5．关于欧洲主权债务危机的原因，下列说法不正确的是（） A．欧元升值B．欧元区经济低迷 C．巨额财政赤字D．财政政策与货币政策的不协调6．为了抑制通货膨胀，国家宏观调控部门可以采取的措施是（） A．降低贴现率B．降低央行基准利率 C．提高个人所得税起征点D．提高银行存款准备金率
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial. Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary. This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics. The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_. Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust. The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law. 1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize 2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless 3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated 4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted 5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded 6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone 7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies 8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle 9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict 10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards
2002年 一、必答题 1、试述放射生物学的“4R”及临床意义 2、肿瘤外科手术治疗的临床意义 3、化学治疗根治肿瘤的理论基础及临床应用原则 4、癌变的二阶段学说 5、 p53的生理功能及功能异常与肿瘤的关系 6、细胞凋亡的特征及生理意义 二、选答题 1、放射治疗的远期并发症是什么？如何预防？ 2、肿瘤基因治疗的方法。 3、大剂量MTX治疗及用CF解救的方法及原理。 4、上颌窦癌的临床表现及治疗原则。 5、鼻窥镜在鼻咽癌诊治中的应用 6、简述作用于抗癌新靶点的药物并举例说明 7、试述90年代后使用于临床的对恶性肿瘤有效的新药物，并举例说明 8、试述ⅢB期非小细胞肺癌获取细胞学或病理学诊断的方法。 9、中上段食管癌的临床表现 2003年 一、必答题 1、癌发生的二阶段学说 2、基因突变的方式与原癌基因活化 3、p53基因生物学特性与意义 4、信号传导通路的组成 二、选答题 5、调亡的特点及生物学意义
6、肿瘤多步骤转移基本过程 7、基因突变形式几检测方法 8、化疗药物多药耐药性发生机制 9、基因治疗策略 10、腹部肿块的类型并举例 11、说明胸部肺癌转移的各站淋巴结 12、食道癌的X线表现 13、四度白细胞减少患者合并严重感染的处理 14、简述抗肿瘤药物的副作用及代表药物 15、拓扑异构酶I和II的作用及区别，抑制剂的代表药物 16、简述肿瘤外科在肿瘤治疗中的作用 2004年 一、必答题 1、简述肿瘤外科在肿瘤综合治疗中的作用。 2、术前放疗的原则 3、根治性化疗的理论基础和原则 4、肿瘤免疫治疗有哪些方法？ 5、蒽环类最常见的副作用有哪些？如何防治？ 6、肿瘤细胞信号传导有哪些基本组成要素？ 7、信号转导的组成 二、选答题 8、肺癌淋巴引流分组 9、肿瘤外科发展趋势 10、试述肿瘤的异型性 11、Herceptin的原理、适应症及禁忌症 12、什么是预防性手术，有哪些 13、低恶性非霍奇金淋巴瘤治疗原则