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复旦大学考博英语历年试题题型题量分析

复旦大学考博英语历年试题题型题量分析
复旦大学考博英语历年试题题型题量分析

复旦大学考博英语历年试题题型题量分析导语:考博,英语是第一关,而英语成绩的高低主要取决于平时的复习,因此决心考博的考生一定要提前准备,每天学习英语。全国各大院校在制定本校英语专业考试大纲时,对英语的考核基本上不指定参考书,考生在备考时往往感到漫无目的,无所适从,所以对各大院校的考博英语历年真题分析则显得尤为重要,能够为考生准确定位自己的英语水平提供良好的参照,也使考生对自己报考的院校试题有一个全面的了解,更加清晰地了解出题者的思路,从而正确地制定出复习方法和学习步骤,使复习具有针对性。下面是华慧考博的老师对复旦大学试题进行的一个全面的分析。

一.试题结构分析

复旦大学考博英语的测试时间为3个小时,试卷分为词汇、阅读、完型、翻译、作文5个部分。华慧老师根据近几年来的真题进行了分析,并列表如下:

二.考核要求:

除医学考博英语外,其他专业的考博英语由全国各大院校自主命题,而且各院校的考核要求水平也有差异,其中复旦大学的考博英语对考生的具体要求如下:

词汇方面,需要考生掌握7000~8000单词,900常用动词短语。当然,一般掌握了六级及硕士研究生入学考试的词汇,通过考博英语也没有多大问题,只是词汇题可能失去少数分数。长期关注和研究考博英语试题,反对有些所谓考博英语词汇书所讲的考博需要掌握1万甚至1万以上词汇的观点。事实上,背诵那么多词汇是没有多大意义的,考博英语考查的重点不是考生掌握了多少词汇,而是阅读、翻译、写作能

力。所以,词汇够用即可,建议复习自己当年很熟悉的考研词汇、六级词汇,然后略加拓展,如可看看公共英语等级考试五级词汇、新托福词汇、部分GRE词汇。有些院校公布了词汇表或参考词汇表,但实际出题人并不怎么按大纲出题。英语说到底还是个水平问题。

语法方面,复旦大学考博英语试题都不直接考查语法,但语法有必要全面复习一下。这也不怎么花费时间。

阅读方面,能读懂一般英美报刊杂志上的社论,比如经济人网;能分析上蔟体裁文章的思想观点。能在6分钟内速度600字左右的文章,并掌握文章的主旨和大意,理解事实和细节。

写作方面,一般都是命题作文,即给定题目写一篇300词左右的议论文。但复旦大学也出现过看图作文,这类命题形式可能还会采用。作文应当认真准备。这是容易得分也容易失分的项目。要求考生写作速度为50分钟300个单词,思路清晰、内容充实、语言通顺。

三.专项分析:

1.词汇(30题,共计15分 0.5×30=15)

复旦大学考博英语词汇题部分共30道题,每道题0.5分,共15分。要求考生从所给的四个选项中选出可用在句中的最恰当词或词组,考题中出现的词汇、词组、短语等都是重要的备考知识点。

词汇单选选择题主要分四大类型:一词多义,一个词既有核心意义,也有引申意义,例如economy,它的最常见义项是经济,但是它还有另外一个义项,节约、有效利用资源的意思。第二类是近义词辨析,例如 continuously 和 continually,两者都表示连接地,不断地,但两者的区别是前者表示再三、反复发生,后者强调连续地,不停歇地。辨析近义词不仅要牢固的掌握单词的意思,还需要熟读例句。第三类是近义词,考察的是考生对形近单词的分辨能力,如:adopt, adapt两个单词之间只相差一个字母,但意思却差别很大,adopt有采用方案,计划和收养孩子的意思。而adapt有适应环境,生活,改变剧本,文学作品等意思。第四类是词语搭配,如:take up, take off, take on, take over.分别是占据,起飞,承担工作,接管的意思。

词汇题的重点:

纯词汇题,词义的理解,词汇以及介词或词组的搭配

可使用的技巧:

(1)上下文推断(微弱的联系,强大的推理)

(2)很多情况下上下文完全没有思路,明白才是硬道理

举例:2009. 7. The aim of making self-criticism for the mistakes is to help us so that We shall not retreat them later.

A. show off

B. hold out

C. measure up

D. sober up

词汇题的难点:

近义词的辨析,外形或意义相近,容易混淆,答案中会隐藏玄机。让胜利在望化为泡影

举例:2009.9. The young man was at theof his career when he was killed in a car accident

A. zenith

B. glamour

C. bloom

D. blossom

误区:很多考生知道词汇的重要性,它贯穿于整套试题,但是对于词汇的记忆很头疼,有的考生看到词汇辨析题便会选择直接放弃而更加去注重语法的学习,其实像复旦大学的词汇语法题中并没有牵涉太多的语法,所以应该更加注重词汇的运用而不是盲目跟风。

2.阅读理解(20题,共计40分 2×20=40)

阅读理解短文内容涉及社会科学(主要包括社会学、教育、人类学、心理学、经济、管理、金融等领域)、自然科学(主要包括化学、生物、交通、物理、工程、计算机、医学、农业等领域)和人文科学(主要包括哲学、历史、文学、语言、新闻、艺术等领域)。根据大纲要求,阅读理解的常考题型主要可归纳为以下几种:主旨大意题、推理判断题、词汇语义型、事实细节题及观点态度题。

复旦大学阅读题共4篇短文,每篇短文有5道题目,共20道题目,每道题2分,共占40分。考生需完成1800-2200词汇的阅读量。这一部分主要测试考生在规定60分钟时间内通过阅读获取相关信息的能力。要求考生能够:

1.掌握中心思想、主要内容和具体细节;

2.进行相关的分析、判断和推理;

3.准确把握某些词和词组在上下文中的特定含义;

4.领会作者的观点和意图、判断作者的态度。

从近几年复旦大学考博英语阅读文章选材来看,文章涉及话题广泛,例如计算机网络,地球磁场,恐怖袭击,教育等。

从复旦大学考博英语阅读理解整体来看,最常考是以下几种题型:细节题、词汇理解题和态度题。要求考生从整体上要把握好出题的规律,但在具体的细节上要把握命题人的考试意图,将考点击破,双管齐下,实现考分的飞跃。下面介绍复旦大学考博英语阅读理解问题的几种主要出题手段、解题技巧和实例分析。

阅读理解的重点:把握阅读的方法

1.我们阅读是为了解题,因此,没有必要试图去弄懂文章的每一个词,一方面时间不允许,另一方面就算把文章全部翻译成中文也未必就选得对答案。

2.尽量跟着作者的思路走,不要局限于单词和句子层面,要能够顺着思路,把握文章脉络,千万不要只见树木不见森林,只有使自己的视野保持一定的高度,才不至于被命题人牵着鼻子走,才能清楚找到命题人的思路,挖掘他们设置的陷阱。说简单点就是抓住文章中心,抓住段落中心。

3.遇到不懂的句子或句群要暂时跳过,也许这些句子本身就无关紧要,也许现在不懂,但读完全文后或到做题目时就自然明白了。千万不要回过头去反复琢磨。这会浪费你宝贵的时间,也会扰乱你的心情,得不偿失。

4.不断尝试分析和把握文章的整体结构,段落之间的关系,句子与句子之间的关系,句群内部的关系。比如并列结构、总分结构、倒装结构、递进关系、同位语结构,而往往这些都是命题人最喜欢的命题处和藏答案处。

阅读理解的难点:有效提高阅读的速度

1.抓住中心

文章的首末段一般就是文章的中心,这里的每句话要争取完全弄懂。弄懂中心了,后面的内容也就好理解。再就是每段话的中心句,一般在段首或者段尾,也要争取完全弄懂。这些中心是文章的骨架,掌握好这些内容,其他的内容都是围绕中心展开的,就可以略看,这时遇到不很懂的地方也要学会放弃,暂时跳过去,不管它。

2.注意标点

符号阅读时要一整句话一整句话的理解,在没有出现句号等表示一句话已经完整的符号前,不要停下阅读而去理解句子的意思。因为一句完整的句子才能正确表达原文的意思,你如果只看几个词组或者句子中的部分成分就去理解原文很容易断章取义,造成错误的理解。

同时要注意分号,破折号,它们常常是命题的好地方。

3.注意转折词

考博阅读中最常见的考查点就是转折词。往往问题的答案就在转折词后面的句子里,所以在阅读时一定要注意“出现转折词”的地方,并做好标记。

4.注意区分文章的论点和论据

考博阅读一般是议论题材,论点一般在原文首段就以精练的语言表达出来了的,字数少,要精读,是必须把握的,而论据是分散在原文各段,多呈事实细节性描叙出现在原文,这些内容可以略看。

5.寻找并圈点句群

把说明和论证同一问题的句子列为一个句群,并把它们用记号(括号)圈点起来,一并理解。这样有助于排除命题干扰,同时也可减少阅读的量。

阅读理解的误区:重词汇轻阅读

在进行阅读的过程中,不是考生的词汇过关了,英语考试中的阅读题就没有问题了。其实,即使一篇英语文章中你所有的词汇都认识,后面的考题却不一定能做对。所以要注意阅读理解整体上的把握。

4.完形填空(10题,共计10分 1×10=10)

复旦大学的完形填空主要考查考生的英语综合运用能力,且题型类别为无选项性填空题。试题为一篇短文内含10处填空,考生必须根据上下文逻辑关系填上一个词性、意义和词形都合适的单词。例如填写between,as,that,no等词。每空1分,共10分。

这既是重点又是难点,同时我们还需掌握些基本的技巧。

此外文章大部分也是来自国外报刊涉及环境、科技、经济等方面内容(参考下面的表格分析)。所以说考生一定要在平时多阅读外文网站,扩大知识面。熟悉外国人写文章思路。

理论上正确的选项一定是紧扣文章的主题和中心主线的。故而,做题时思维应当紧紧围绕中心思想展开。(更加有利于理清文章的逻辑关系)

同现

同现是一种词汇的衔接手段。同现实际上就是一组具有相同倾向性的词语,这些词语所表现的倾向性往往与中心主线中的导向一致,或者说这些同现词语的任务就是对文章的导向进行展开支持。

复现

复现可以是相同的词重复出现,也可以是用不同的词表达相同的意思。复现的解题意义在于,有复现关系,只要从选项中选出与那些词汇意义相同的就是正确答案。

关联

出题人一般会将一个关联词语设置成已知信息,另一个是未知的,这样那个已知的词语便成为破解未知词语的关键线索。

对应

句子的各个成分之间便形成一定的对应关系,考生可以根据这种逻辑关系找出与未知填空相对应的已知成分作为线索,通过对应的已知成分推断出未知填空的答案。

误区:考博当中,在英语知识运用(完型填空)当中,经常会考到一些词汇辨析。由于这些词汇在意思或拼写上比较相似,通常会误导考生,比如:

relative作形容词时和relevant的区别

relative通常意为“相对的,相比较而言的”;表示相关时,也指的是“涉及到的”,没有说明关系是否密切。如:

She knows some facts relative to the case. 她知道这起事件的一些情况。

relevant通常意为“紧密相关的,切题的”,往往表示跟目前的状况或讨论的话题有直接关联;另外,relevant还有“有价值的,有意义的”之意。如:

Do you have the relevant experience? 你有相关的经历吗?

Her novel remains relevant today. 她的小说在今天仍有现实意义。

remark和comment的区别

remark和comment在意思上比较相近,可以算是近义词,而且都可以作名词和动词。

作名词时,remark指(表达某一观点)的“言论,评述”,为可数名词;而comment是(对某事物进行的)“评论,解释”(既可数也不可数),还可以作“批评,指责”(常用单数形式)。

作动词时,两者意思差不多。但笔者认为,remark更常翻译为“指出,认为”;comment更正式,更侧重“评论”,而且考博中经常用到。

4翻译(1题,共计10分 1×10=10)

英译汉短文内容大体上涉及当前人们普遍关注的社会生活、政治、经济、历史、文化、科普等方面的一般常识或社会、自然科学与技术常识的题材,题材多为议论文。

复旦大学考博英语的翻译题型为汉译英,没有英译汉。汉译英占分20分。给出一段200~300字左右的短文,要求考生将其全部翻译成中文。汉译英考查考生选择恰当的英语单词、词组和句型来准确表达汉语意思的能力;适当考查考生对增、减、变词义、断句和合句等汉译英基本技巧的运用能力。

从体裁和选材上来看,汉译英的选材涉及人文科普类。

真题篇章类型总结

命题规律:

1句子较长,结构复杂

其中可能包括定语从句,状语从句,同位语从句等,这些句子结构比较复杂,容易迷惑考生。

2句子较短,暗藏杀机

虽然句子较短,但其中陷阱很多,有省略句,虚拟语气,分割句(中心句和修饰语被其他成分分开)以及常见词特殊用法等,使得看似简单且没有生词的句子却不知何意。

3新词的出现

随着科技的进步,人们交流的频繁,在报纸上、口语中出现了一些新词,这就需要根据汉语的习惯以及平时的知识积累把它翻译出来。

翻译重点:

针对考博英语翻译这种较难驾驭的题型,考生在备考时该从何处入手呢?笔者建议考生将备考重点与难点放在以下三个方面:如何解读长句、如何把握词汇含义、如何运用翻译技巧准确表述原文。

1. 如何解读长句

解读英语长句经常令很多考生感到头疼,这在很大程度上是由于英汉两种语言在句子结构上存在很大差异造成的。英语重“形合”,句中的单词或分句之间用语言形式手段(如关联词)连接起来,表达语法意义和逻辑关系,注重语法形式;而汉语重“意合”,词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段连接,句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表达,语法结构相对松散。很多考生在解读英语长句时,难以改变汉语“意合”式思维的影响,认为句子就是单词的排列,认识了单词,就能读懂句子。如果运用这种思维解读英语长句,其结果要么是解读错误,要么是根本读不懂。要克服这一困难,考生就需要把握英语句子“形合”的主要特点。“形合”即形式的逻辑,英语在形式上体现出来的逻辑主要有两种模式:

①简单句模式,即“主语+谓语/系动词+宾语/表语的模式。该句型的核心是谓语动词,一个简单句有且只有一个谓语动词。只要能识别动词,就等于识别了简单句。

②数个简单句依靠连词连接成长句的模式。

这里的连词包括两类:并列连词(如and、or、but、so等)和连接从句的各类连词。只要能把握住这两个主要模式,解读英语长句就不难了。考生可以首先找出句中有几个谓语动词。如果句中只有一个谓语动词,那说明这句话只不过是一个简单句的扩展,之所以显得长,无非是增加了一些作定语、状语或宾语补足语之类的短语。只要能区分这些短语,就能很快找到该简单句的核心结构,从而理清句子的核心意义。如果句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语动词,那说明这句话是由两个或两个以上的简单句连接而成的长句,这时就需要找出它们之间的连接点——连词。找到连词,就可以将长句截分开来。然后根据连词所揭示的逻辑关系将各个简单句的意义串起来,长句的意思就明晰了。

2.如何把握词汇含义

英汉词汇一个很重要的区别在于:汉语词汇的含义一般较为固定,而英语词汇大都一词多义,同一单词的含义可能会根据上下文的语境不同而发生变化。这就要求考生在复习时,首先要熟悉历年翻译考题中经常出现的一词多义现象;其次要多做练习,训练根据上下文把握词义的能力。通常情况下,根据上下文把握词义的方法有以下几种:

①根据词性判断。对于有些词语,词性不同则意义不同,因而可根据上下文判断其词性,进而确定其意义。

②根据搭配判断。这里指通过上下文中与该词意义联系最密切的词来识别该词的具体含义。

③根据文章背景判断。如果一个词语按词典中的常用意义翻译出来后,在表达上不符合中文习惯,而根据其所在句的内容也无法确定其意义时,就需要考生参照文章中的其他信息(如文章主题等)来确定其具体词义。

此外,笔者还要强调一点:考博英语翻译对词汇的考查重点在于词汇的深度,而非词汇的广度。所以笔者建议考生在备考翻译词汇时,不要简单、机械地去记词义,而要真正地理解词汇在不同语境中的具体用法。

3.如何运用翻译技巧准确表述原文

有些考生发现,即使已经理解了英文原文,但还是不能用汉语准确地表达出来。这一方面与考生本身的汉语功底有关,但另一方面也由于考生不会灵活地运用翻译技巧。翻译技巧的作用在于定位英汉表达的差异,并解释一些常用的转换原则。考博英语翻译中常涉及翻译技巧的地方主要有以下三个方面:

①从句的翻译技巧。考博英语翻译中经常考查从句的翻译,尤其是定语从句的翻译,几乎每年必考,所以考生需要熟练掌握定语从句的一些翻译技巧(包括前置法、后置法和融合法等)。

②长短语的翻译技巧。考博英语翻译中经常出现多个短语并列或单个短语构成很长的情况,这时就需要考生根据具体的语境,把短语翻译成汉语短句。

③语序的处理。英语习惯先表态,再说事实;而汉语则习惯先说事实,再表态;所以考生在翻译时需要注意语序的问题。例如,英语说“Nice to meet you”,而汉语则习惯说“见到你很高兴”。

翻译难点:

翻译的英汉文章取材广泛体裁多样,多为议论文,内容比较抽象。划线句子一般是复杂句,句长35以上个字。

有关翻译的标准,严复先生提出经典的“信、达、雅”——内容忠实原文谓信,文辞畅达谓达,有文采谓雅。这三个层面中前两者为根本和必要,能够基本达到已经实属不易。至于雅,翻译一般并不做此要求,一方便因为雅实在是难上加难另一方面也并非必不可缺,而且考博翻译多为科学常识性文章,不会涉及这点。

误区:据笔者观察,考生在平时做翻译练习时存在以下两个误区:

1. 盲目练习

有些考生在备考考博英语翻译时,买了很多模拟题来练习。其实,考生并不需要做太多的模拟题,而应把训练的重点放在历年的考博英语翻译真题上。真题是英语专家经过仔细筛选而来的,并经过审题人的层层审查;而模拟题由于出题人的水平参差

不齐,所选择的题材和体裁都不一定适合考博英语翻译。而且,考博英语实行这么多年以来,其翻译的选题范围已基本确定,考生只要将这些真题熟练掌握,到真正的考场上时,无论是遇到单词还是长难句,都会有“似曾相识”的感觉。因此,笔者建议考生以历年真题为重点,在熟练把握真题的基础上,可以适当地选择一些模拟题练习。

2. “看”翻译

有些考生在做翻译练习时,先看一下英文原文,觉得每一个单词的意思都能理解,然后再对照看一下中文译文,觉得其译文和自己理解的差不多,就认为练习的目的达到了,根本不必真正动手翻译了。但其实事实远非如此。相信大家有过这样的感受:等到了真正的考场上,必须自己动手做翻译时才发现,英文句子中的每个词都认识,其句子意思也大概明白,可就是不能把英语适当地转换成汉语。而之所以会这样,往往是因为考生在平时做练习时只“看”不“做”。

因此,笔者提醒各位考生,翻译是“做”出来的,不是“看”出来的。要真正练习翻译,一定要在不看任何答案提示的前提下,自己动脑动手,把英语翻译成汉语。

5.写作(1题,共计15分 1×15=15)

写作是考博英语的重点,考察考生用英语分析事物和表达自己的观点的能力或概括事物的能力。这部分对大叔考生来说是最难攻克的难关。

复旦大学考博英语的写作占15分,要求考生看图作文写一篇250字左右的评论。写作题的目的是测试考生用英语表达思想或传递信息的能力及对英文写作基础知识的实际运用。从复旦考博写作题型上来看,07年以前主要是命题作文,08年以后主要是图表作文,即要求考生在所给时间内,对所给图表进行分析归纳和总结,然后用简洁、生动、准确的语言将图中所提供的信息完整地表达出来,并对图中的信息作出自己的评论复旦考博英语试卷中短文写作部分改变了以往提纲三段式作文形式,采用了图画式作文。此举的目的是为了避免考生猜题,同时也增加了作文的难度。考生除了在语言技能上多下功夫外,还要熟悉一些图表式作文的要领。从复旦考博写作的选材上来说,主要是针对一些学习、工作、生活上的问题的思考以及对社会现象的评论,提出自己的观点并论述。例如2009年的公交车上不给老年人让座,2008年的针对考试成绩的不同态度,2006年的态度决定结果等,或者按照命题写出一篇200字的命题作文,例如2007年的野心塑造男人,2005年的对当代中国的传统节日的看法。

历年写作考题及写作类型总结

段落的主题

一篇文章有中心思想,也就是题目。而每个段落有段落主题,段落主题是为文章中心思想服务的。

每个段落只能有一个主题,它用一个句子加以表达,所以称为主题句。主题提出后需要很多结构严谨的句子来支持和说明,称为扩展句,最后得出一个结论并用一个结尾句表达。

写好主题句

定义:主题句为一个完整的句子,用以概括、叙述和说明该段的主题。

位置:主题句一般位于段首,也可置于段尾或段中,考生最好放在段首,这样较容易掌握和构思。例如:

位于段首:在英文中,大部分段落的第一句便是主题句。开门见山地提出问题,后面的扩展句围绕主题句加以说明、支持、补充和解释。

位于段尾:主题句位于段尾便于总结全段的内容。给读者以深刻的印象,是写作中的一种演绎方法。

位于段中:位于段中的主题句起承上启下的作用,这类主题句多是转折作用,一般由“but, however, yet, anybow, nevertheless” 等词连接,用于引起下文。

写作难点:写好扩展句和段落

围绕主题句展开,支持、说明和阐述主题句的句子便是扩展句。扩展句紧扣主题句中的关键词而展开,句子与句子之间逻辑清楚,上下转承结合得当,简明扼要。重点突出。一般来说,每个自然段除了主题句与结尾句之外,还包含了3——6个扩展句。所以,写好了扩展句边基本上完成一个自然段落。

做题时,一旦定下主题和关键词,作者便按照自己的思路来组织段落中的句子,句子之间要具有连贯性,就必须由一系列的逻辑关系构成,例如:并列关系,因果关系,转换关系等,这些逻辑关系可由一系列的过渡词来完成,过渡词在句子与句子之间、段落与段落之间起到承上启下的作用,使句子与段落之间的衔接自然、连贯,逻辑合理,结构严谨,因此极为重要。

误区:

误区一:用中文思维串联英文词汇

一些同学在绞尽脑汁也写不出英语作文的情况下,会先按照要求写出一篇中文稿,然后再借助字典翻译成对应的英语作文;还有一些同学习惯性地用中文的表达方式来写英语作文,这就造成了所谓的中国式英语作文。在这样的作文里,我们常常读到以下这类用中文的语法和英语单词拼凑出来的句子:

“When I was a child, my parents very love me.”

正确表达:When I was a child, my parents loved me very much.

应对途径:强化语法

要想流利地掌握一门外语,你需要能够使用该语言思考。而将中文式思维转变为英语思同学的词汇量很丰富,但是对于怎么用,什么时候用却并不明白。而这些恰恰是语法知识所能告诉我们的。哪些词要用在句中,哪些词应该用在句尾,语法里都有相应的规定。一旦用错了位置就会写成英国人看不懂的英语作文。另外,对于词汇所存在的不同的形态也应该注意。

误区二:过分“精雕细琢”而忽视了“大局”

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