初中英语语法名师精讲、例题详解及强化训练-----名词
一、名词的数：名词复数的构成规则
1）规则复数变化
多数在词尾加 -s
①以 s,x,ch,sh 结尾的名词加 -es e.g. match — matches
②以辅音字母加y 结尾的名词，改y 为 i ，再加 -es e.g. story — stories
③以 f ， fe 结尾的名词，一般把 f ， fe 改为 v，再加 -es e.g. leaf — leaves
但也有只加-s e.g. roof —roofs
④ 以o 结尾的名词，多数加-es e.g. hero — heroes
但也有只加-s e.g. piano — pianos
注：以o 结尾的名词，我们可按下面一条规律来记住它们的复数形式：指人和农作物的加-es 、其他的加-s ．（或者是有生命的加-es ，无生命的加-s ）
2）不规则变化
①名词单复数同形 e.g. sheep, deer, fish
②单词拼写中变化元音字母 e.g. man—men tooth—teeth
— oxen
③有些是用 -en 做词尾构成复数形式 e.g. child—children ox
④表示某国人的单词，单复数形式分为三种：
A. 单复数相同 a Chinese—five Chinese
B. 词尾加-s an American — seven A mericans
C．变 -man 为-men an Englishman — ten Englishmen
3）复合名词的复数形式
1. 将复合名词中的主题名词变为复数形式 e.g. new-comer — new-comers
2. 没有主题名词的，则在词尾加 -s e.g. grown-up — grown-ups
3.以 man或 woman开头的复合词，名词都要变为复数形式
e.g. man-doctor — men-doctors
4. 其他合成的词，只把最后一个词变为复数eg.boy friend — boy friends
5.由两部分组成的物体名词和其他一些名词常用复数形式
e.g. trousers,clothes,scissors
6.专有名词一般为不可数名词，但是表示某姓一家或夫妇和同名同姓若干时，用复数
e.g. The Browns have gone to the cinema.
7.在做定语的合成词中，名词要用单数形式
e.g. an eight y-three-year-old grandpa
8.以 -s 结尾的专有名词有两种情况
A ．表示国家、报纸等名词看做单数 e.g. the United States
B.表示群岛、山脉、瀑布、奥运会等专有名词看做复数，谓语也用复数形式
e.g. The Alps are in Europe.
名词复数词尾加-s 或 -es 的读音规则如下表
构成方法读音例词
在词尾加 -s 1. 在清辅音后读作 1.desks/desks/ map/m?ps/
/s/ https://www.doczj.com/doc/6d1274645.html,es/mailz/ seas/si:z/
2. 在浊辅音后读作
/z/
1. 在以 /s,z, ?, ?, t ?, 1.classes/ ’kla:ziz/
Brushes/ ’br ??iz/ d?/ 等音结尾的词之后加
- （ e） s 读作 /iz/
-es 2.pages/ ’pei d?iz/
2.如词尾为 e，只加 -s
如词尾为 -f或-fe，则leaf—leaves/li:vz/-ves 读作 /vz/
一般变为 -ves
以辅音字母加y 结尾的party —parties/ ’pa:tiz/
名词，改 y 为 i ，再加 - -ies 读作 /iz/
es
以元音 +y 结尾的名词，boys/b ?iz/
-s 读作 /z/
加 -s
以 o 结尾的名词，多数Heroes/ ’hi ?r ?uz/
-es 读作 /z/
加 -es
以 -th结尾的名词，加- 1. 在长元音后，-ths读作 1.mouths/mau ez/
s/ ez/ 2.months/m ?nθ s/
2.在短元音或辅音后 -ths
读作
/ θ s/
二、名词的种类：普通名词——个体名词，集体名词（可数）
物质名词，抽象名词（不可数）
专有名词
1）普通名词是某一类人、某一类事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名词
①个体名词：表示单个的人或物
e.g. tree树doctor医生cup杯子apple苹果
②表示一群人或一些事物的总称
e.g. crowd 人群army 军队class 班级family 家庭group 小组，团队
police 警方team 队public 公众
③物质名词：表示无法分为个体的物质
e.g. tea 茶paper 纸snow 雪cloth 布wood 木头
sugar 糖meat 肉sand 沙ink 墨水coffee 咖啡
④抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等方面的抽象概念
e.g. happiness 幸福work 工作music 音乐experience 经历
pride 骄傲failure 失败protection 保护
2）专有名词
3）可数名词和不可数名词
①可数名词：其所表示的事物可以用数来计算，前面可用不定冠词a， an 和数词，有复数形式
②不可数名词：其所表示的事物不可以用数来计算，前面不能用不定冠词a， an 和数词，没有复数形式。需表示数量时，表示量的词或短语
a piece of 一片，一块 a cup of 一杯 a bottle of 一瓶
a bag of 一袋 a glass of 一玻璃杯
1 、只用于可数的名词
个体名词一般是可数的。单数可数名词不能独立使用，前面必须有限定词a， an，the ， my 等；但复数名词可以独立使用
e.g.她做作业时，经常出差错。
错She often makes mistake in her homework.
对She often makes a mistake in her homework.
对She often makes (some) mistakes in her homework.
Pandas are found in Sichuan.熊猫生在四川。
2、只用于不可数名词
物质名词、抽象名词一般是不可数名词
e.g. How much meat, fish and bread do you want?
3、既可以用于可数也可以用于不可数的名词
①一些名词看做个体时为可数名词，看做物质或空间时为不可数名词
e.g. How many chickens have they got? 她们有多少只鸡？（个体）
Would you like some chicken ? 你要吃点鸡肉吗？（物质）
e.g. Leave a space after that word. 在那个词后面留个空。（个体）
Th e moon is quite near in space. 在太空中月亮离我们很近。（空间）
②一些不可数名词在表示某些特殊意义时，可以用作可数名词
e.g. I want an evening paper .我要一张晚报。
It ’s a pleasure to meet you.见到你是件高兴的事。
4、集体名词的可数与不可数
1）表示无生命的集体名词通常是不可数的
e.g. They wear very little clothing . 他们衣服穿得很少。
注： hair 泛指头发/fruit 泛指水果等，是集体名词，不可数；如果指单个的则是个体名词
e.g. Go and have your hair cut. 去把头发理一理。
He has a few white hairs .他有几根白头发。
2）有些有生命的集体名词，复数词尾不加s，而谓语动词用复数形式
e.g. The Chinese people are very friendly. 中国人民很友好。
注：当people 意为“民族”时，单数前加不定冠词a，复数后加s；
policeman 指具体某个警察时为个体名词，可数的。
5、有的集合名词，有时作单数看，谓语用单数；有时作复数看，用复数。一般来说，视为
整体时作单数看，提及它的成员时作复数看。
e.g. His family isn’t large.他家不大。（指整个家庭，作单数看）
His family are all music lovers.他家的人都喜欢音乐。（指家庭成员，作复数看）
三、名词的格
1）名词所有格的构成法
①在单数名词和不以s 结尾的复数名词后面加“’
s”
e.g. my mother’s room the children’s book
②以s结尾的单数名词后面加“’”或“’
s”均可 e.g.my
boss’/boss ’s office
③以s结尾的复数名词后只需加“’”
e.g. the ladies’ room
s”
④复合名词的所有格，是在后面的一个名词后加“’
e.g. an hour and a half’s talk
his brother-in- law’s photo
⑤如果一样东西为几个人所共有，则在最后一个名词后加’s；如果不是共有，
则在每个名词后都加’s
e.g. These are Tom and Jack’s books.（两个人共有）/These are Tom’s and Jack’s books.
2）名词所有格的用法
①名词所有格主要用于表示人或有生命的名词
②用于由人组成的集体名词 e.g. the Party ’s call 党的号召
③也可用于一些表示无生命东西的名词后
A、用于表示时间的名词
e.g. It was a summer’s morning.
B、用于表示距离、价格的名词后
e.g. It’s about an hour’s drive from here.
C、用于表示国家、城市等地方的名词
e.g. It’s the city’s finest park.
3）名词所有格所修饰词的省略
e.g. I
①表示住处、店铺等地点名词常可省略
’m going to my aunt’s tonight.(my aunt ’s=my aunt ’s house)
e.g.
②所有格所修饰的词，如刚刚提到则可以省略，以避免重复— Whose seat is this?—It’s Mary’s.
4）表示所有关系的of 短语的用法
①用of短语表示所有关系，主要用于无生命的东西
② e.g. the door of the room
③有时of短语也可以用于表示有生命的东西
e.g. the son of an engineer
5）双重所有格的用法
双重所有格是一种表示部分概念或含有感情色彩的结构，它含有强调或者突出的作用，其
结构是“ of短语+名词所有格”，其含义是“其中之一”或“其中一部分”
e.g. an old friend of my father’s=one of my father’s old friends
注：有时双重所有格与“of+ 名词”结构含义不同，
e.g. a picture of Li ’s 李所有照片的一张
a picture of Li 李的一张肖像
He is a friend of your husband ’s. 他是你丈夫的一个朋友。（强调你丈夫的朋友不止一个）
He is a friend of your husband.他是你丈夫的朋友。（强调他对你丈夫的友好）
**************************************************************
2012 中考真题欣赏
【2012 湖北随州】
21. The _____ often eat grass on the hill.
A. chicken
B. horse
C. cow
D. sheep
【答案】 D
【解析】选D。此题考查名词的可数与不可数。Chicken ，horse 和 cow 的复数形式应该加s, 而sheep 的单复数形式相同，同时动词eat 说明应该填复数形式，由此选D。
【2012 贵州贵阳】
34.“ What do we need for the salad?” “We need two apples and three ______.”
A. orange
B. tomatoes
C. broccoli
【答案】 B
考查名词的用法。orange 意为“橘子” ，是可数名词；tomato 意为“西红柿” ，是可数名
词； broccoli意为“西兰花” ，是不可数名词。根据句意：你们的沙拉还需要些什么？我们
需要两个苹果和三个西红柿。故选 B.
【2012 贵州毕节】
28. — I have ______in learning English and I’m so worried. Could you help
me with it?
—Sure, I ’d love to.
A. joy
B. interest
C. trouble
D. fun
joy “快乐”； interest “兴趣”； trouble “困难”； fun “有【答案】C考查名词的辨
析。
趣”。根据“我很担心”以及“你可以帮助我吗”可知此处表示“我英语学习有困难”，故选C。
【2012. 安徽省】
46. The man tried several times to start the car, and he succeeded______.
A. in the past
B. in the end
C. at first
D. at once
【答案】 B
【2012 广东】
28. The students of Grade 7 visited Mike's farm and saw many_____ there.
A. bird
B. duck
C. sheep
D. Rabbit
【答案】 C
【2012 广西玉林】
32. The Internet is very useful. We can get a lot of ___________ from it.
A. thing
B. message
C. informations
D. information
【答案】 D
【2012 广西玉林】
36.—What is your favorite food?
—I like ______ best. I had a large bowl last night.
A. potato noodle
B. potatoes noodles
C. potato noodles
D. potatoes
noodles
【答案】 C
【2012 贵州安顺】
12. Could you please give some _____ to the _____ teachers?
A． advice; man B． advices; men
C． suggestion; man D． suggestions; men
【答案】 D
【2012 贵州毕节】
22.—Could you please pass me something to eat?
—What about some ______?
A. water
B. orange
C. fish
D. tea
【答案】 C 考查名词的辨析。 water “水”； orange“橘子汁；桔子”； fish “鱼”；
tea “茶”。根据something to eat 可以判断属于吃的东西只有fish ，故选C。【2012 贵州铜仁】
25.—Could you tell me what
A. time
B. date ’ s the ___ of it?
— Well, it
C. shape
’s an oval.
D. size
【答案】 C
【解析】此题考查词义辨析。time “时间”， date “日期”， shape ”形状”， his “尺寸”，
根据答句句意：它是一个椭圆。故问句应该是问形状的。故选C。
【解析】此题考查数词。根据句意：今年大约五分之三的九年级学生出生在九十年代。
分数的分子用基数词，分母为序数词。分子不是一的，分母序数词加S。表示年代的要在后面加“ s”。故选B。
【2011 湖北恩施】
21.—How far is it from your home to school?
—It ’s about twenty ______ walk.
A. minute ’s
B. minutes ’
C. minutes
【答案】 B
【2012 湖北十堰】
28.Here ’s Lucy ’s plan for one week during
her summer vacation. What kind of plan is this?
A.A trip plan
B.A party plan
C.An eating plan
D.An exercise plan
【答案】 C
【2012·湖北·武汉】
33. If by any chance Peter comes to us ,please ask him to leave a _____.
A.letter
B.sentence
C.message
D.notice
【答案】 C
【2012 湖北咸宁】
23. ─Mrs. Zhang was sent to teach English in a poor mountain village last year.
─S he said she would never forget some pleasant ______while working there.
A. experiments
B. expressions
C. experiences
D. emotions
【答案】 C
【2012 湖北孝感】
24. I think computers are very useful. They can help us get much on the
Internet.
A. game
B. information
C. idea
D. message
【答案】 B
【2012 湖北孝感】
25. Several years ago,people knew Yao Ming. But now he is well-known
all over the world, not only in China.
A. few
B. little
C. many
D. most
【答案】 A
【2012 湖北宜昌】
31.—Do you know the of the Confucius Institutes（学院）around the world?
— More than three hundred, I guess.
A. list
B. name
C. number
D. country
【答案】 C
【2012 湖北宜昌】
32.—China is beginning to test the air quality with the new standard（标准）PM2.5.
— Good news! Then the old PM10 A. out of style B. here and there standard will be
C. on the way
.
D. in a
hurry
【答案】 A
【2012 湖南怀化】
【答案】 A
[来源 : 学科网 ZXXK]
【2011 湖南株洲】
22. Bananas, apples and oranges are all ____________.
A. fruits
B. vegetables
C. drinks
【答案】 A
考查名词辨析。fruits 意为“水果” ；vegetables 意为“蔬菜” ； drinks 意为“饮料” 。根
据句意“香蕉苹果和橘子都是水果。”故选 A。
【2012 江苏淮安】
7. Lin Shuhao is one of the best basketball in NBA.
A. actors
B. players
C. waiters
D. writers
【答案】 B
【2012 江苏南京】
3.-----Could you tell me how to remember new words quickly?
------Yes, I think a tree can help you a lot.
A. grammar
B. equation
C. punctuation
D. vocabulary
【答案】 D
【2012 江苏无锡】
1. The action film has attracted millions of young people to the
cinema.
A. 130-minute
B. 130-minutes
C. 130 minute
D.130 minutes
【答案】 A
【2012 江苏无锡】
9. — Jason is too stubborn sometimes.
— I quite. But he’ s always friendly to others.
A. accept
B. argue
C. agree
D. admire
【答案】 C
【2012 江苏无锡】
12.Man’ s understanding of nature is developing. It never stays at
the same level.
A. at the right time C. from time to time
B. for the first time D. all the time
【答案】 D
【2012 江苏宿迁】
8.—Where can I buy some books, Simon?
—Go to the in the shopping mall in Old Street. You will find many books there.
A. restaurant
B. bookshop
C. cinema
D. library
【答案】 B
【2012 江苏扬州】
4. — Wish you a pleasant journey!
— Thanks! I A. ring ’ ll give you a
B. hand
as soon as I arrive in Paris.
C. ride
D. present
【答案】 A
【2012 江苏扬州】
5. We all know that paper burns in .
A. CO
B. N
C. O
D. CO
【答案】 C
【2012 江苏镇江】
10.- Mr Li was sent to teach Chinese in an American high school last year.
-Yes, I know. He told me he would never forget his pleasant ____ while
working there,
A. experiments
B. expressions
C. experiences
D. explorations
【答案】 C
【2012 江西】
27. If you go to visit London, don ’ t forget your _______ because it rains a lot.
A. passport
B. money
C. map
D. unbrella
【答案】 D
【 2012 辽宁大连】
10.The ____ of the great book, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, is Mar k Twain..
A.theme
B.price
C.owner
D.writer
【答案】 D
【2012 辽宁大连】
6.Liu Xiang won the first Olympic gold____ in the 110m hurdles for China.
A.medal
B.prize
C.symbol
D.record
【答案】 A
【2012 年广东省】
28. The students of Grade 7 visited Mike ’s farm and saw many _____there.
A. bird
B.duck
C. sheep
D. rabbit
【答案】 C
***************************************************************
配套练习题及答案
选择填空：
1. I want to buy ________.
A. two bottles of ink
B. two bottle of ink
C. two bottle of inks
D. two bottles of inks
2. They don ’t have to do _______ today.
A. much homework
B. many homeworks
C. many homework
D. much homeworks
3. The ______ of machine made us feel sick.
A. voice
B. noise
C. sound
D. noises
4. The blouse is made of ________.
A. a wool
B. these wood [ 来源:学科网 ZXXK]
C. wools
D. wool
5. There are three ______ and seven ______ in the picture.
A. cows, sheeps
B. cows, sheep
C. cow, sheep
D. cow, sheeps
6. June 1 is _______.
A. childr en’s day
B. children ’s Day
C. Children ’s Day
D. Children ’s day
7. ______ room is next to their parents ’.
A. Kate ’s and Joan ’s
B. Kate ’s and Joan
C. Kate and Joan ’s
D. Kate and Joan
8. Miss Green is a friend of _______.
A. Mary ’s mother ’s
B. Mary ’s mother
C. Mary mother ’s
D. mother ’s of Mary
9. Tom is ______. He will come to see me.
A. my a friend
B. a friend
C. mine friend
D. a friend of mine
10. Sheep _______ white and milk _______ also white.
A. is, are
B. are, is
C. is, is
D. are, are
11. I ’d like to have a glass of milk and _______.
A. two breads
B. two pieces of breads
C. two pieces of bread
D. two piece of bread
12. It ’s a long ______ to Paris. It ’s two thousand kilometers.
A. street
B. road
C. way
D. end
13. Many ______ are singing over there.
A. woman
B. women
C. girl
D. child
14. He bought _______.
A. two pairs of shoes
B. two pair of shoes
C. two pairs of shoe
D. two pair of shoe
15. Mr. White has three _______.
A. child
B. children
C. childs
D. childrens
16. Beijing is one of the biggest _______ in the world.
A. citys
B. city
C. cityes
D. cities
17. --- Where’s Mr. White? --- He’s in _______.
A. the room 202
B. Room 202
C. the Room 202
D. room 202
18. Shops, hospitals and schools are all _______.
A. places
B. homes
C. rooms
D. buildings
19. Every morning Mr. Smith takes a _______ to his office.
A. 20 minutes ’ walks
B. 20 minute ’s walk
C. 20-minutes walk
D. 20-minute walk
20. ---Are these ______? --- No, they aren ’t. They ’re _______.
A. sheep, cows
B. sheep, cow
C. sheeps, cow
D. sheeps, cows
21. There are many ______ in the fridge.
A. fish
B. fruit
C. eggs
D. bread
22. --- Whose room is this? --- It ’s _______.
A. Li Ming
B. Li Ming ’s
C. Li Mings
D. Li Mings ’
23. Here are ______ for you, Sue.
A. potatos
B. some potatoes
C. three tomatos
D. some tomato
24. Here are some birthday cards with our best ______ for her.
A. wish
B. hope
C. wishes
D. hopes
25. I always go to that ______ to buy food on Sunday.
A. shop
B. park
C. zoo
D. garden
26. What ’s the Chinese for “ PRC”?
A. 中国人民解放军
B. 中华人民共和国
C. 联合国
D. 中国共产党
27. Sam gave Ann some _______ to look after Polly while he was away.
A. picture-books
B. inventions
C. instructions
D. messages
28. --- Which of the following animals lives only in China? --- The ________.
A. monkey
B. elephant
C. panda
D. cat
29. ______ room is on the 5th floor.
A. Lucy and Lily
B. Lucy and Lily ’s
C. Lucy ’s and Lily
D. Lucy ’s and Lily’s
30. The third month of the year is _______.
A. March
B. January
C. February
D. April
31.Mum, I ’m quite thirsty. Please give me ________. A.
two orange B. two bottle of oranges
C. two bottles of orange
D. two bottles of oranges
32.How wonderful! The ______ is made of _______.
A. house, glass
B. house, glasses
C. houses, glass
D. houses, glasses
33. I met some ______ in the park and talked with them the other day.
A. Janpaneses
B. American
C. Chineses
D. English
34. _______ is the best time for planting trees.
A. Summer
B. Winter
C. Spring
D. Autumn
35.Tom was badly hurt in the match. They carried him to the ______ as quickly as possible.
A. bank
B. post office
C. shop
D. hospital
36. There are two ______ in the room.
A. shelf
B. shelfs
C. shelfes
D. shelves
37. There are seven ______ in a week.
A. years
B. months
C. days
D. minutes
38. My father is a ______. He works in a hospital.
A. teacher
B. doctor
C. farmer
D. writer
39. It ’s very cold today. Why don ’t you put on your ______?
A. watch
B. shirt
C. sweater
D. glasses
40. --- Excuse me, are you ______? --- Yes, I ’m from ________.
A. Japan, Japanese
B. China, Chinese
C. England, English
D. American, America
41. They took a lot of _______ in the children’s park.
A. photo
B. photoes
C. photos
D. the photo
42.There is _______ in the bottle.
A. no any orange
B. not a orange
C. not any orange
D. no oranges
43. Maths _______ an important subject taught in the middle school.
A. are
B. is
C. was
D. were
44. There are more ______ in this hospital than in that one.
A. woman doctors
B. women doctor
C. women’s doctor
D. women doctors
45. The ________ eat a lot of rice.
A. Japan people
B. Japanese
46.Two ___ and five _______ are studying Chinese at Beijing University.
A. German, English
B. Germans, English
C. Germans, Englishmen
D. Germen, Englishmen
47.Then the ______ began to eat the green ______ of young trees.
A. deer, leafs
B. deer, leaves
C. deer, leaf
D. deers, leafs
48. Would you like _____ ?
A. some rice
B. any rice
C. some rices
D. any ric es
49. Don ’t hurry! We still have _______ time left.
A. little
B. few
C. a little
D. a few
50. These mountains will be covered with tree in ______ .
A. a few year ’s time
B. a few years ’ time
B. C. a few year ’s times D. a few years ’ times
51. The children had _______ in the park.
A. good times
B. good time
C. the good time
D. a good time
52. I am busy with my work these days. I don ’t get _______.
A. many sleep
B. much sleep
C. more sleep
D. most sleep
53. This is an interesting _______.
A. news
B. information
C. work
D. job
54. Her parents are _______.
A. English
B. America
C. Frenchman
D. two English
55. Room 110 on the second floor is the _____ office. I know some of them.
A. d octors
B. doctor ’s
C. doctors ’
D. doctors ’s
56. The room is _______. They are brothers.
A. Tom and Mike ’s
B. Tom’s and Mike ’s
C. Tom’s and Mike
D. Tom and Mike
57. The box is made of a kind of hard _______.
A. wooden
B. wood
C. woods
D. word
58. Can you see some _______ on the hill?
A. sheeps and deers
B. sheeps and deer
C. sheep and deers
D. sheep and deer
59. How many _______ shall we pay for the special service?
A. money
B. yuans
C. dollars
D. pound
60. I have many friends here. Lily is _______.
A. mine friend
B. a friend of my
C. one of my
D. one of them
61.--- Would you like some _______? ---Thank you, but I am not hungry.
A. breads
B. cakes
C. oranges
D. orange juice
62. Don ’t make any _______, the boy is sleeping.
A. voice
B. noise
C. music
D. laugh
63.She was born in Xiangfan, but now she works in Taiyuan. So we cannot say Taiyuan is her ____.
A. hometown
B. second home
C. family
D. house
64. Is this your _______ for making so many mistakes?
A. idea
B. mind
C. excuse
D. result
65.There are few _______ for supper. Would you please buy some carrots and cabbages on your way home?
A. meat
B. eggs
C. fruit
D. vegetables
66. --- Would you like some _______? --- Oh, yes, just a little please.
A. pears
B. apples
C. bananas
D. milk
67. --- Can you finish the work in a week? --- No _______.
A. problem
B. matter
C. trouble
D. question
68. Is there a little _______ left for me?
A. room
B. place
C. ground
D. house
69. The sign “_______!” is often seen on the box.
A. NO PHOTOS
B. NO SMOKING
C. BUSINESS HOURS
D. THIS SIDE UP
70. Help yourselves to some _______, children.
A. fish
B. fishes
C. a piece of fish
D. a fish
71.--- Here is the _______, please. --- Oh. Fried meat with some green peppers and two eggs.
A. bill
B. list
C. book
D. menu
72. _______ is used to eat soup.
A. Knife
B. Fork
C. Spoon
D. Chopsticks
73. ---What’s the _______ like today?--- It ’s sunny.
A. climate
B. weather
C. sky
D. space
74. Two thirds are _______ in our school.
A. woman teachers
B. women teachers
C. woman doctor
D. women doctors
75. It’s _______ walk from my home to our school.
A. two minutes’
B. two minute
C. two minutes
D. two-minutes ’
’s
参考答案
1-5AABDB
16-20 DBDDA 31-35 CADCD 46-50 CBACB 61-65 BBACD 6-10 CCADB11-15 CCBAB
21-25 CBBCA26-30 BCCBA
36-40 DCBCD41-45 CCBDB
51-55DBDAC56-60 ABDCD
66-70 DAADA71-75 DCBBA
*****************************************************************结束
初中英语语法大全——名词 一、名词概述 1.名词的定义 名词是表示人、事物、地点、现象及其他抽象概念等名称的词。英语中的名词有可数名词和不可数名词之分；有其所有格形式；在句子中通常做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语等。 2.名词的分类 名词分为专有名词和普通名词两类。普通名词又分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。个体名词与集体名词多数是可数名词，而物质名词与抽象名词多数是不可数名词。
二、名词的数 名词按照其可数性可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词是指可以直接计算数目的名词。个体名词和集体名词多数是可数名词；不可数名词是指无法直接用数目计算的词。物质名词和抽象名词多数是不可数名词。 1.可数名词的数 在英语中，可以直接用数字进行计算的名词是可数名词，不能直接用数字进行计算的名词是不可数名词。通常个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，视为可数名词;物质名词和抽象名词往往指泛指的物质或者抽象的概念，不能用具体的数字来表示，视为不可数名词。专有名词往往只指一个人或物，因此没有必要再用具体的数字来修饰，一般也视为不可数名词。
eg: I was having dinner at a restaurant. eg: The two children are playing table tennis in the school. eg: Mr.Black gave us some advice on how to learn English well. eg: Paris is the capital of France. ①规则复数变化形式 可数名词在表示两个或两个以上的概念时需要用复数形式。可数名词单数形式变成复数形式的一般规则如下表:
初中英语语法之一名词 名词可以分为专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词 (Common Nouns），专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness 等。普通名词又可分为下面四类： 1）个体名词（Individual Nouns）：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。 2）集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。 3）物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。 4）抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。 个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（mCountable Nouns），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。归纳一下，名词的分类可以下图表示：||专有名词 || | 名| | 个体名词 | | || || 可数名词| || | 集体名词 || ||普通名词 || | | 词 | | 物质名词 | | || || 不可数名词| || | 抽象名词 || 1.1 名词复数的规则变化 ___________________________________________________ 情况构成方法读音例词 _________________________________________________ _ 一般情况加 -s 1.清辅音后读/s/;map-maps 2.浊辅音和元音后读 /z/;bag-bags car-cars __________________________________________________ _ 以s,sh,ch, x等结尾的词加 -es读 /iz/bus-buses watch-watches ______________________________________________ __ __ 以ce,se,ze, (d)ge等结尾的词加 -s读 /iz/license-licenses __________________________________________________ _ 以辅音字母+y变y 为i 结尾的词再加es读 /z/baby---babies 1.2 其它名词复数的规则变化 1) 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数： 如：two Marys the Henrys monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays 比较：层楼：storey ---storeys story---stories 2) 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时： a. 加s，如： photo---photos piano---pianos radio---radios zoo---zoos； b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes c. 均可，如：zero---zeros / zeroes 3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时： a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs roof---roofs safe---safes gulf---gulfs； b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves； c. 均可,如：handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves
初中英语语法名词知识点讲解及专项练习1．可数名词的复数变化 1) 规则变化 (1) 大多数都直接在名词后加-s。 (2) 以-s , -x , -ch , -sh结尾的名词加-es。 (3) 以元音字母+y结尾的名词加-s，如boys，days；但以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，先变y为i，再加-es，如babies， flies，libraries; 以辅音字母+y结尾的专有名词直接加-s，如Marys，Henrys等。 (4) 以-o结尾的名词，大多数在词尾加-s，如bamboos，radios，photos，kilos，但也有少数加-es，如potatoes， tomatoes，heroes; 而zero两种形式均可。 (5) -f，-fe结尾的名词，大部分将-f，-fe改成v，再加-es，如knives，halves，thieves, shelves，leaves，wives， wolves；但也有少数直接加-s，如roofs，beliefs，safes；而handkerchief和scarf两种均可。 背记小口诀： 妻子(wife)持刀(knife)去砍狼(wolf)，小偷(thief)吓得发了慌；躲在架(shelf)下保己（self）命(life)，半(half)片树 叶(leaf)遮面包（loaf）。 2) 不规则变化 (1) 单复数同形sheep，fish，deer，Chinese，Japanese。 (2) 变内部元音man －men，tooth －teeth，mouse －mice，foot －feet，goose－geese。 (3) 其他形式。 child－children ox －oxen grown-up －grown-ups passer-by －passers-by brother-in-law －brothers-in-law man与woman作定语修饰的名词改为复数时，两者都要改为复数，如：two women doctors，many men leaders。 3) 特殊的复数形式
初中英语语法代词专项练习 —————人称代词、物指代词 （1）按要求写出下列代词的形式 1、I（宾格）________ 2、he（形容词性物主代词）________ 3、us（主格）________ 4、they（宾格）________ 5、she（宾格）________ 6、you（名词性物主代词）________ 7、it（宾格）________ 8、my（复数）________ 9、him（复数）________ 10、he（形容词性物主代词）________ 11、we（单数）________ 12、they（名词性物主代词）________ 13、I（反身代词）________ 14、you（反身代词）________ 15、she（反身代词）________ 16、he（反身代词）________ 17、it（反身代词）________ 18、I（反身代词）________ （2）选出括号中正确的词，在正确的词上打勾。 1. This is（my / I）mother. 2. Nice to meet （your / you）. 3.（He / His）name is Mark. 4. What’s（she / her）name? 5. Excuse（me / my / I）. 6. Are（your / you）Miss Li? 7.（I/ My）am Ben. 8.（She / Her）is my sister. 9. Fine , thank（your / you）. 10. How old is （he / his）? （3）用所给代词的正确形式填空 1. These are ______ ( he ) brothers. 2. That is _______( she ) sister. 3. Lily is _______ ( Lucy ) sister. 4. Tom, this is _____ ( me ) cousin, Mary. 5. Now _____________(her parent) are in America. 6. Those __________ ( child ) are _____ ( I ) father’s students. 7. Do you know ______ ( it ) name? 8. Mike and Tom _________( be ) friends. 9. Thanks for helping ________( I ). 10. ______(Ann安)mother is ______(we) teacher. （4）填上正确的人称代词和物主代词 1._____ is my friend. 他是我的朋友。 2. My dog likes _____. 我的狗喜欢她。 3. Who is there? It’s _____.是谁啊？是我。 4. Come with _____. 跟我来。 5. ______ classroom is bigger than ____. 你们的教室比我们的要大。 6. _____ are Chinese. 我们是中国人。 7.I want to buy some balloons for ______. 我想买些气球送给他。 8. These are ______ photos. 这些是我们的照片。 9. _____ like ______ very much. 他们非常喜欢它。 10. Let _____ give _____ a book. 让我给你一本书。
初中英语语法名词用法讲解及专项练习 【考点讲解】 一、名词的分类 二、可数名词与不可数名词 (一) 可数名词 名词分为可数和不可数名词。物质名词与抽象名词一般属于不可数名词，它们只有单数形式；个体名词和集体名词一般是可数名词，通常有单数和复数两种形式。 1. 单数变复数的规则
【注】 ① 常见的以o 结尾要加es 的有如下几个：hero, tomato, potato ,可记为 “英雄爱吃西红柿和土豆”。剩余以o 为结尾的加s ：如photo, zoo, piano 等 ② 以f 或fe 结尾变f 或fe 为v+es 的词有如下： 小偷的妻子用刀把狼劈成两半，一半放在书架上，一半放在树叶上 2. 不规则复数形式 (1) 元音或词尾发生变化：child- , man- , woman-_________, foot- , tooth- , mouse- policeman -___________, Frenchman-_________ Englishman- (2) 单复数形式相同： (3) 形式为复数，意思为复数：people ，police (4) 形式为复数，意思为单数：news, maths, physics (5) 只能用复数形式：trousers, shoes, glasses ……
【注】○1man，woman作定语修饰别的名词时，要把man，woman和其他部分都变成复数，如man teacher –， woman doctor –_____________； ○2但是其他合成名词，只需把其中心词变成复数形式。如： shoe factory- , banana tree- 3. “某国人”的复数形式“中日不变英法变，其余s加后边” (二)不可数名词 不可数名词包括物质名词和抽象名词，一般没有复数形式
一、选择题 1．She ______ her______every evening at home. A．does；homework B．does；homeworks C．do；homework D．do；homeworks 2．Is it a picture_________ your school? A．of B．to C．and D．with 3．There are two________ near our school. A．shoe shops B．shoes shops C．shoe's shops D．shoes' shops 4．—Do you know Shanghai is one of _______ in the world? —Yes, it’s bigger than _______ city in China. A．the biggest city; any B．the biggest cities; any C．the biggest cities; any other D．the biggest cities; the other 5．There________some water in the bottle. A．is B．am C．are D．be 6．These are some photos of ________ bedroom. What a tidy and comfortable room! A．Jerry’s and Jenny’s B．Jerry and Jenny’s C．Jerry’s sand Jenny 7．Here_______some of the results. Most students think_______are cheaper than cars. A．is; the bike B．are; bikes C．are; the bike D．is; bikes 8．Look! The Chinese national basketball team ________ a face-to-face interview with their fans in the hall. How excited the fans are! A．is having B．are having C．have D．has 9．—It’s convenie nt(方便的) to travel from Suzhou to Shanghai by car? —Yes. It’s said that_________is enough. A．two hours drive B．two-hours drive C．two hour’s drive D．two hours’ drive 10．— How much are the __________? — Eight yuan a kilo. A．broccoli B．potatoes C．beef D．bread 11．It's about ten __________ walk from here. A．minutes' B．minute's C．minutes D．minute of 12．Alan usually goes to Harbin in .He likes playing with snow. A．May B．July C．September D．November 13．________ your reading speed, or you can’t finish th e English reading materials in ________ limited time. A．Increase; 100 minutes’B．To increase; a 100-minute C．Increasing; 100-minutes’14．When National Day comes, we have a ____ holiday. A．seven-day B．seven-days C．seven days
初中中考英语语法 （名词篇） 语法总述： 名词篇： 名词的种类：英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类： 1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。 专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。如：Jilin, Tom, China, (1)零冠词，如Yale University,Beijing Railway Station,是由专有名词+普通名词组成，往往为并列关系。 (2)定冠词，如the United States，the Great Wall,由形容词+普通名词组成。 (3) 姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。 2、普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。 普通名词又可进一步分为四类 1) 个体名称: 表示单个的人和事物。 house 马car 汽车room 房间apple 苹果fun 风扇picture 照片 2) 集体名称: 表示一群人或一些事物的名称。 people 人们 family 家庭 army 军队government 政府 group 集团 3) 物质名词:表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质。 fire 火 steel 钢air 空气water 水milk 牛奶 4)抽象名词:表示动作,状态,品质或其他抽象概念。
labour 劳动health 健康life 生活friendship友情patience耐力 3. 普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。 可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如： box, child, orange； 不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如：water, news, oil, population, information . 4、英语可数名词的单复数：英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。 1. 规则名词的复数形式：
初中英语语法讲解 名词 名词可分为专有名词（包括人名，地名和由普通名词构成的专有名词）和普通名词（包括个体名词，集合名词，物质名词和抽象名词），也可分为可数名词与不可数名词。 可数名词变复数的规律： 1.直接+s。 2.以辅音+y结尾的，把y改i + es。 3.以元音+y结尾的，直接+s。 4.以s,x,ch,sh结尾，末尾+es 5.以f或fe结尾的，把f或fe变v加es 6.以o结尾的，加s或es 7.以th结尾的，末尾+s 不规则变化，如：mouse→mice 老鼠goose→geese 鹅tooth→teeth 牙齿 man→men 男人等等 单复数同形，如：fish sheep deer Chinese Japanese 等 国人变复数比较特别中国人，日本人单复数同形，英国人，法国人末尾的man变men，其他的都在末尾+s。（特别强调德国人German，他变复数是+s，不要忘了） 合成名词变复数： 1.在中心名词上+s 如：passerby→passersby 过路人grown-up→grown-ups 2.两个同时变复数如：man doctor→men doctors 注意fish，chicken两词，它们各有两种意思 Fish 1.鱼可数单复数同形 2.鱼肉不可数 Chicken 1.小鸡可数 2.鸡肉不可数 一些不可数名词短语： a piece of break 一块面包 a piece of news 一条新闻 a piece of advice 一条建议 a pair 一双 名词所有格：分为两种，一种是有生命物体的，是在单数名词尾+’s，复数名词非s结尾，就+’s，末尾是s，就在s后面加’；另一种是无生命物体的，有两种情况，一是共有的，就在最后一个人名字后+’s，另一个是各有的，就分别+’s 如：Mary and Mike’s mother. 表示Mary和Mike 共有的母亲，也就是说它们是兄弟。 Mary’s and Mike’s mother. 表示Mary和Mike各自的母亲。 特例：1.有些表示时间，距离，国家，城市等无生命物体时，也可加’s表示所有格。 2.有时’s结构也可换成of结构以示强调。 初中英语语法讲解—名词（第1页，共3页）
学习必备欢迎下载 初中英语语法专项练习题之名词 一. ( ) 1 She was very happy. She in the maths test. A. makes a few mistake B. made a few mistakes C. made few mistakes D. makes few mistake ( ) 2 We need some more____. Can you go and get some, please? A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe ( ) 3 _____are ____for cutting things. A. Knife/used B. Knives/used B. C. Knife/using D. Knives/using ( ) 4 What big____ the tiger has! A. tooth B. teeth C. tooths D. toothes ( ) 5 Please remember to give the horse some tree___. A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave ( ) 6 -Can we have some ___?-Yes, please. A. banana B. oranges C. apple D. pear ( ) 7 On the table there are five____. A. tomatos B. piece of tomatoes C. tomatoes D. tomato 二. ( ) 1 They got much ___ from those new books. A. ideas B. photos C. information D. stories ( ) 2 He gave us____ on how to keep fit. A. some advices B. some advice C .an advice D. a advice ( ) 3 When we saw his face, we knew___ was bad. A. some news B. a news C. the news D. news ( ) 4 What___ lovely weather it is! A. / B. the C. an D. a 三 ( ) 1 -Would you like___tea? -No, thanks. I have drunk two____. A. any, bottles of orange B. some, bottles of orange C. many, bottles of oranges D. few, bottle of oranges ( ) 2 He is hungry. Give him ___ to eat. A. two breads B. two piece of bread C. two pieces of bread D. two pieces of breads ( ) 3 It really took him:___ to draw the nice horse. A. sometimes B. hour C. long time D. some time ( ) 4 I would like to have___. A. two glasses of milk D. two glass of milks B. two glass of milk C. two glasses of milks ( ) 5 Can you give me ____? A. a tea B. some cup of tea C. a cup tea D. a cup of tea ( ) 6 Please give me ___ paper. A. one B. a piece C. a D. a piece of ( ) 7 John bought ___for himself yesterday. A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoe C. two pair of shoes D. two pairs shoes 4 ( ) 1 -How many ___have you got on your farm? -I've got five. A. sheeps B. sheep C. pig D. chicken ( ) 2 Some __came to our school for a visit that day. A. Germans B. Germen C. Germany D. Germanies ( ) 3 In the picture there are many__and two. A. sheep; foxes C. sheeps ; foxes B. sheeps ; fox D. sheep; foxs ( ) 4 A group of______ will visit the museum tomorrow. A. Hungarian B. Australian C. Japanese D. American 五 ( ) 1 This table is made of___. A. many glass B. glasses C. some glasses D. glass ( ) 2 -What would you like to have for lunch, sir? -I'd like____. ! A. chicken B. a chicken C. chickens D. the chicken ( )3 Children should make ____for old people in a bus. A. room B. a room C. rooms D. the room 六 ( ) 1 Tables are made of___. A. wood B. some woods C. wooden D. woods ( ) 2 I wonder why ______ are so interested in action (武打片) films. A. people B. peoples C. the people D. the peoples ( ) 3I have read____ of the young writer. A. works B. work C. this works D. the works 七 ( ) 1 Let's meet at 7: 30 outside the gate of___? A. the People's Park B. the Peoples' Park C .the People Park D. People's Park
一、选择题 1．—What do animals eat? —Some eat_______ and some eat_______. A．meat ,leafs B．meats, leafs C．meat ,leaves D．meats ,leaves 2．There are two________ near our school. A．shoe shops B．shoes shops C．shoe's shops D．shoes' shops 3．This is Mary and that is Kate.______ my______． A．She's； friend B．They're； friends C．They're； friend 4．—There are beautiful flowers everywhere to celebrate the National Day, and we have —________ holiday. That means we have seven days ________ for this public holiday. A．a seven-day; off B．a seven-days; away C．seven-day; over D．a seven-days’; off 5．Look, this is________ bedroom. A．my father and mother’s B．my father’s and mother’s C．my father’s and mother D．my father and mother 6．—Kate, I will go to the Guangzhou Zoo next week, because I will have a ________ holiday —You mean you can have ________ off? Oh, that’s great! A．three-day; three days B．three- day; three days’ C．three days’; three-day D．three days; three days 7．—Look.There’re lots of______here. —Great.We can make______soup. A．egg；egg B．eggs；egg C．egg；eggs D．eggs；eggs 8．I guess __________bikes are yellow. They have many things in the same color. A．Lucy's and Lily's B．Lucy and Lily's C．Lucy and Lily D．Lucy's and Lily 9．—Kate, what do you have ____________ dinner? —I have some____________, And I like them very much. A．/; chicken B．for; chicken C．/; vegetables D．for; vegetables 10．—Let's ____________ some salad. —Sorry, I don't like ____________ . A．have; them B．to have; it C．have; it D．to have; them 11．Here__________.You can see me in it. A．are two photos of my family B．is my family C．is a photo of my family D．are my family photos 12．-Can I help you? -Yes. I'd like__________ rice. A．a small bar of B．a slice of C．a large bag of D．a piece of
初中英语语法专项习题－－名词 ( ) 1 She was very happy. She—— in the maths test. A. makes a few mistake B. made a few mistakes C. made few mistakes D. makes few mistake ( ) 2 We need some more____. Can you go and get some, please？ A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe ( ) 3 _____are____for cutting things. A. Knife/used B. Knives/used C. Knife/using D. Knives/using ( ) 4 What big____ the tiger has! A. tooth B. teeth C. tooths D. toothes ( ) 5 Please remember to give the horse some tree___. A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave ( ) 6 -Can we have some ___？ -Yes, please.
A. banana B. oranges D. pear ( ) 7 On the table there are five____. A. tomatos B. piece of tomatoes C. tomatoes D. tomato 2 ( ) 1 They got much ___ from those new books. A. ideas B. photos C. information D. stories ( ) 2 He gave us____ on how to keep fit. A. some advices B. some advice C. an advice D. a advice ( ) 3 When we saw his face, we knew___ was bad. A. some news B. a news C. the news P. news ( ) 4 What___ lovely weather it is! A. / B. the C. an D. a 3 ( ) 1 -Would you like___tea？ -No, thanks. I have drunk two____.
名词（一） 一、名词的概念：在我们身边存在着形形色色的人和事物，它们都有自己的称呼，我们用来称呼它们的词就是名词，概括来说表示人、事物、地方、现象等的名称的词都叫名词。 二、名词的分类： 1．专有名词：它的第一个字母通常大写。 a. 人名、地名、国名等例如：Lucy, Shanghai, China b.组织、团体、机构等例如: the United Nations c.语言、星期、月份等例如：English, Friday, March (注意介词in/on/at的用法) 注意：国家与人的对应 China----- Chinese America---- American(s) Australia---- Australian(s) Canada---- Canadian(s) Japan---- Japanese Germany---- German(s) France----Frenchman(Frenchmen) GB----Englishman(Englishmen) 2．普通名词： （1）不可数名词：不可以直接以数字计算的名词。例如：snow, air, water, rice, paper, work, news(新闻)，food, rain, weather, juice, milk, meat, money ，English, fruit , information … 不可数名词要表示具体数量，必须借助of短语。如不能说one bread，但是可以说one piece of bread和two pieces of bread。 只能用来修饰不可数名词的表示数量的一些词或短语： little很少的（表示否定）；a little一些（表示肯定），much（许多），how much （多少），a bit of（一些） 既能用来修饰可数名词又能用来修饰不可数名词的表示数量的一些词或短语：some(一些，用于肯定句), any（一些，用于否定和疑问句）a lot of (许多), lots of(许多) ★不可数名词量的表示方法：计量词+of 例如：a piece of news a cup of tea a piece of bread two pieces of news two cups of tea two pieces of bread 注意：a bag of apples
名词的用法 机场工作人员问：Who are you flying with?(你坐哪家航空公司?)我答：Myself。对方大囧，一笑之后补充：Which airline? An airport staffer asked me "Who are you flying with?" and I said "Myself." He was surprised and then laughed, adding "Which airline?" 原来Who在英语里也可以泛指航空公司等群体或组织。"Who" in English can also refer to a group or an organization such as airlines. C-名词单复数 普通名词指一类人或事物的名称。英语中普通名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。 可数名词一般有单、复数两种形式。不可数名词之前不可直接用泛指限定词和数词。 （一）可数名词及其复数形式 （1）可数名词的复数形式一般由词尾加-s或-es构成，其规则见下表： 类别构成法读音例词 一般情况加-s 在清辅音后读/s/ maps, books
这类集合名词包括baggage / luggage(行李), clothing(衣服), furniture(家具), machinery(机 器), poetry(诗),scenery(风景), jewelry(珠宝), equipment(设备)等, 其用法特点为：是不可数名词，只用单数形式，不用不定冠词(当然更不能用数词)，没有复数形式。如： Our clothing protects us from [against] the cold. 我们的衣服可以御寒。 Have you checked all your baggage? 你所有的行李都托运了吗? 第五类补充几个常考的集合名词 除上面提到的四类集合名词外，以下几个集合名词也应重点注意(因为它们也是常考考点)：1. hair(头发，毛发)：指全部头发或毛发时，为集合名词(不可数)；指几根头发或毛发时，为个体名词(可数)。 小练习; 1.They are________ A: man doctor B: men doctors C: men doctor D: man doctors 2.There are five____ in the hill. A: sheep B: sheeps C: goose D: deers 3. Those white socks ____ small. A: are B: is C: am D: do 4.We have many_____in our school. A: woman teacher B: women teachers C: woman teachers D: women teacher 5.Do you like _____? A: vegetable B: vegetables C: an vegetable BAABB C-专有名词 专有名词用来指具体的人、地点、日子或物体的专有名称。其特点是：第一个字母大写，通常不与冠词连用，无复数形式。 （一）人名 英美人的姓名与中国人的恰恰相反，姓在后面，名在前面，姓名前通常不用冠词。
初中英语语法专项名词（讲义） 一、名词（n.）表示人、事物或抽象概念的名称的词 （一）名词的分类 名词分为普通名词和专有名词,其中普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词，可数名词可用作单数，也可用作复数。可数名词包括个体名词（表示一类人或物的个体。如：boy,desk,cat,window）和集体名词（由若干个体组成的集合体。如：family,class,police）。不可数名词包括物质名词（表示无法分为个体的实物。如：water,paper,silk,money）和抽象名词（表示性质、行为、状态、感情或其它抽象概念。如：work,happiness,music,difficulty,housework）专有名词表示个人、地方、机构、组织等。如：Tom,the Great Wall,the Spring Festival,France,the United States）（二）名词的数 1.可数名词有单数和复数两种形式，其复数形式的构成主要有以下几种： （1）一般情况下,在词尾加s. ,dog--dogs,pen--pens,boy--boys （2）以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词名词变复数时,要在词尾加es. ,brush-brushes,bus-buses,box-boxes（es读音为〔iz〕 （3）以"辅音字母＋y"结尾的名词,先变y为i,再加e , family--families, （注：以"元音字母+y"结尾的词，直接在词尾加） （4）以元音字母o结尾的名词，变复数时情况如下： ①加,potato-potatoes ②结尾是两个元音字母的加s,,radio--radios ③某些外来词变复数时词尾加s,eg. piano-pianos ④一些名词的缩写形式变复数时，词尾加s, （photograph）--photos,kilo （kilogram）kilos ⑤zero变复数时，既可加s,也可加／zeroes （5）以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时,先把f或fe变为v,再加es. ,leaf-leaves,half--halves, knife-knives,thief--thieves（res读音为[vz]妻子骑牛拿起刀, wife--wives; calf---calves; knife----knives; 追得贼狼满街跑, thief---thieves; wolf----wolves 碰倒架子丧己命, shelf---shelves; self---selves; life----lives 手帕树叶半空飘. leaf----leaves half----halves （6）有些名词由单数变复数时，不是在词尾加s或es,而是变换其中的字母。,woman--women,policeman--policemen, Englishman--Englishmen,Frenchman--Frenchmen, foot--feet, tooth--teeth, child--children,mouse-mice,Ox-Oxen（公牛） （7）还有一些名词的单数和复数形式相同。 ,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish works （8）另一些名词本身即是复数形式，不可用作单数。eg,people,police,trousers,pants,clothes 另外,①当一个名词作定语修饰另一个名词时，这个名词一般用单数。 apple tree,five apple trees, a girl friend,two girl friends,a twin sister 但是，当man和woman作定语修饰复数名词时，就要用其复数形式。 men teachers,three women doctors ②可用"量词+of+名词复数"这一结构表示可数名词的数量。 room Of students,two boxes Of pencils