软件开发中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
译文：
仿真软件开发低大型复杂腔基于UG的二次开发
摘要---射击和弹跳射线(SBR)二次开发的基础软件是由国标库(UG)。射线跟踪的核心算法是基于优化的非均匀有理b样(NURBS)曲线表面相交算法建立在UG,导致非常高的射线路径跟踪的准确性没有啮合从而保持原有的空腔模型的准确性。它也是有效的避免同任何复杂的蛀牙,因为即使工作屏蔽的过程。两腔的几何建模及其散射模拟成一个统一的平台,形成一个易用的综合和环球环境电磁建模复杂的蛀牙。在本文开发的软件对复杂腔散射建模引入了一些数值结果显示的准确性和效率
关键词--电大型复杂cavit; 雷达截面; UG的二次开发; 射击和弹跳射线(SBR); 射线跟踪
I.介绍
雷达截面(RCS)的分析电等大型复杂洞进口或出口,双面或三面角反射器等,是计算电磁学中最重要的主题之一。低大型复杂的空腔结构,只有基于高频方法如射击和弹跳射线(SBR)[1][2][3]是合适的。传统上,为三步骤采用SBR首先,模型腔的CAD软件和网格表面的内墙,然后出口信息网格的结果;其次发现表面上的光线的反射点ray-surface十字路口和屏蔽计算;最后计算RCS即将离任的射线从腔。虽然这些网基于射线跟踪可用于任意形状的蛀牙从理论上讲,它有不准确的缺点路径建立在复杂的蛀牙导致贫穷的RCS计算精度。电大型复杂的蛀牙,射线跟踪的效率很低,由于分离腔建模与RCS计算复杂的仿真过程。为了解决这些问题, 一个强大的CAD软件,模拟电大型复杂腔并计算其RCS在同一平台。开发的软件具有以下优势: 1)腔建模和RCS计算在UG集成,因此仿真过程大大简化。2)表面啮合没有必要而射线可以追踪精度高和效率在任何任意形状的空腔。3)开发的软件是通用的电磁散射的凹面反射镜结构,如蛀牙和角落。小说射线追踪方法的新的先进的软件是基于UG的二次开发将讨论下一步,和RCS仿真结果。
II.提出的方法
射击和弹跳射线(SBR
SBR的基本概念是一个平面波由足够大量的平行光管(这里使用三角射线管)事件上的孔腔开放,每个射线管的能量集中在中线反映空腔墙基于几何光学定律和最终的开孔和树叶射线管足迹在中央的场振幅计算射线通过考虑几何差异因素,极化和材料加载腔壁。的总散射提起腔由总结发现散射场计算每个管的基尔霍夫近似衍射场的足迹在这里rim是可以忽略的比较从腔背散射的主导部分。SBR的详细理论可以在[1]和[2]。b射线追踪方法基于UG的二次开发UG是先进的CAD / CAM / CAE软件,采用非均匀有理b样(NURBS)作为其主要的建模工具。它提供了强大的建模能力和任意复杂腔建模精度高
UG的二次开发工具UG /开放的API UG和外来的程序之间的交互。UG / Open API包含大约2000个函数可以直接调用c++环境中有两种不同的模式对UG /开放项目:内部模式和外部模式。通过构建一个动态链接库允许访问几何模型及其相对日期在国标库会话直接使用UG /开放的API函数。内部模式是使用DLL链接,在连接速度快的优势,因此,本文选择了使用UG /开放api,可以建立一种有效的射线追踪方法和高精度优化基于NURBS曲线表面相交的算法。没有复杂的啮合和屏蔽程序,新的射线跟踪方法更容易比传统项目。图1显示了发现每个光线的反射点在腔室内的墙上发达的射线追踪方法。如果利用三角射线管,四个射线包括三条边
和一个中央线管,需要追踪如上所述。请全部实现的蛀牙与平台结构通过跟踪只有中央射线正如上面所讨论的。后找到一个反射点内墙,飞机的数学表达式可以使用点的坐标和单位法向量,然后反射光线的三条边射线管根据解析后的飞机可以找到。这进一步进步会带来一个巨大的减少射线追踪的时间。
图1所示。射线路径发现的射线追踪方法基于UG的二次开发。这个图显示三个入射光线入射方向发射的,和路径从参考点的s形腔,然后反映在内墙,最后到达开孔。
事实上,这部小说SBR上面讨论不仅可以应用在蛀牙,但也提供了一种新方法的电大尺寸目标的散射计算考虑多个现场互动,和过程将大大简化由于避免啮合和屏蔽需要在传统的物理光学(PO)。该方法的过程
仿真过程的方法是:1)模型或在UG中导入一个腔会话。2)自动识别腔开放光圈。3)代表了入射波与数量足够大的平行光管开孔腔和发射射线追踪。4)计算每个即将离任的背散射场在开孔管足迹。5)总结的背散射场管足迹和计算RCS的腔。
软件是通用的相对任意蛀牙和凹结构由于小说射线追踪方法建立与UG /开放API函数和一个统一的平台整合腔在UG建模和RCS计算。RAM涂层蛀牙也可以轻松地在这个软件。一个用户友好的界面与UG / Open UIStyler发达,在UG提供的GUI工具
III.数值结果
本文模拟了使用矩形腔,一个三角形的三面角反射器和一个矩形入口压电陶瓷墙来演示开发的软件。计算环境是奔腾4 - 2.8 ghz处理器,1 gb内存和Windows XP操作系统。入射波频率10 GHz,一步是程度1°模拟,俯仰角度θ从+ z方向和方位角度φ从+ x方向的模型。A. RCS的矩形腔和效率分析
图2显示了RCS的矩形腔的比较10 _,_方形截面,30 _长度[7]和模拟结果与开发的软件在不同的N(N是每个波长的节点数量,有四个光管穿过每个网格开放,所以光管的数量N×N×4平方波长)。这个数字表明快速收敛的开发了SBR的基础上提出新的射线追踪与平台腔结构。结果得到收敛当N达到4,线管的数量是64平方波长在这种情况下,N是以下模拟设置为4。模拟结果与[7]中的结果吻合较好。
θ度数
图形2. RCS的矩形腔与不同的N,平行极化
表1显示了CPU时间不同N在上面模拟,演示了该方法的效率高。
表一、CPU时间不同的N
N 2 3 4 5
CPU时间(分钟) 1.70 4.01 8.37 17.49
B.三角形的三面角反射器的RCS
RCS计算的三角形三面角反射器5 _边长度是如图3所示.我们的结果再次同意与MLFMM FEKO的结果很好。微小的区别来自于衍射场不覆盖目前在我们的结果。. 需要1.67分钟和45分钟为我们的软件和FEKO分别模拟结果。如此高的效率使它适合计算电磁散射从电大型复杂腔没有要求额外的计算机内存。
C.矩形进气道的RCS
散射模拟飞机的入口,典型的电大型复杂腔,在计算电——磁学仍然是一个挑战性的任务。图4是一个矩形入口的模型[7]和其RCS模拟软件。需要16.58分钟,25.15分钟得到的结果装具(b)和(c)。找到优秀的协议与参考文献[7]中的结果。所有这些结果验证新的射线追踪方法的准确性对于复杂的蛀牙在我们开发的软件。
(a) 个矩形入口的模型
图4.矩形进气道的RCS,平行极化
IV.结论
一个新颖的射线追踪方法和相应的SBR相对任意腔散射模拟软件开发基于UG的二次开发。软件的仿真程序进行了探讨。一些结果,显示良好的准确性和效率高的散射建模电大型复杂的蛀牙。
参考文献
[1]郝凌、周Ri-chee Shung-wu李。射击和弹跳射线:RCS的计算任意形状的空腔。IEEE反式天线progat,1989年,37(2):194 – 205
[2]角色h·帕沙克,罗伯特·j·霍尔德。模态、射线和梁的技术分析开放式波导腔的电磁散射。IEEE反式天线progat,1989年,37(5):635 - 647
[3]嬴政阮。电磁辐射的基本理论。成都电讯工程学院出版社,1984年
[4]傅雅宁。计算机图形学。国防工业出版社,2005
[5]李建州,徐家栋,等。基于国标库的设计评估软件。中国无线电科学学报,2005,20(2):222 - 225
[6]李建周,徐家栋等.综合RCS(雷达截面)计算一个更有效的RCS计算方法。西北工业大学学报,2003,21(4):449 - 452
[7]郝凌,Shung-wu 李 Ri-chee周。高高频RCS开放腔的矩形和圆形的横截面。IEEE反式天线progat,1989年,37(5):648 – 654
原文：
Development of RCS simulation software for electrically large complex cavities based on the secondary development of UG
LI Jianzhou JIANG Yingfu XU Jiadong School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University,Xi’an Shanxi 710129, China
Abstrac ---t-A shooting and bouncing ray (SBR) based software is developed by the secondary development of Unigraphics (UG). The core algorithm of ray tracing is based on the optimized Non-uniform Rational B-splines(NURBS) curve-surface intersection algorithm built in UG, which results in very high accuracy of ray path tracing without meshing thus keeping the accuracy of theoriginal cavity model. It is also efficient even if work witha complex cavities because of avoiding of shielding
process. Both geometry modeling of cavity and its scattering simulation are into a uniform platform, which forms an easy-using integrative and universal environment for electromagnetic modeling of complex cavities.。In this paper, the developed software for complex cavity scattering modeling has been introduced with some numerical results todemonstrate the accuracy and efficiency
Key words-electrically large complex cavit; Radar Cross Section; secondary development of UG; shooting and
bouncing rays (SBR); ray-tracing
I. INTRODUCTION
Radar cross section (RCS) analysis of electrically large complex cavities such as inlet or outlet, dihedral or trihedral corner reflector etc.,。is one of the mostimportant topics in computational electromagnetics. Forelectrically large complex cavity structures, only high frequency based method such as shooting and bouncing ray (SBR)[1][2][3] is suitable. Traditionally, there arethree steps to employ SBR Firstly, to model the cavity in CAD software and mesh surfaces of its interior walls,then exports information of the mesh results; secondly finding the reflection points of the rays on the surfaces by ray-surface intersection and shielding calculation;finally calculates RCS from the outgoing rays from the cavity.Although such mesh based ray tracing can be used in arbitrarily shaped cavities theoretically,it has the disadvantage of inaccurate paths founding in complex cavities which lead to a poor RCS calculation accuracy。. For electrically large complex cavities, the
efficiency of ray tracing is very low due to the
separation of cavity modeling and RCS calculation witha complicated simulation procedure. To address theseproblems, an integrated simulation software isdeveloped based on secondary development of Unigraphics (UG), , a powerful CAD software, to model electrically large
complex cavity and calculate its RCS as well in the same platform. The developed software has the following advantages: 1) Cavity modeling and RCS calculation are integrated in UG, therefore the simulation procedure is greatly simplified. 2) Surface meshing is not necessary whereas rays can be traced with high accuracy and efficiency inside any arbitrarily shaped cavity. 3) The developed software is universal for electromagnetic scattering from any kind of concave structures such as cavities and corner reflectors. A novel
ray tracing method of this new advanced software which is based on the secondary development of UG will be discussed next, and the RCS simulation results are followed. II. PROPOSED METHOD A. Shooting and bouncing rays (SBR)
The basic concept of SBR is that a plane wave represented by a sufficiently large number of parallel ray tubes (triangular ray tube is used here) incident onto the aperture at the cavity open end, each ray tube with energy concentrated on the centre line reflects from the cavity walls based on the law of geometrical optics and eventually comes to the opening aperture and leaves a
ray-tube footprint on it The field amplitude of thecentral ray is calculated by taking consideration of geometrical divergence factor, polarization and material loading of the cavity walls. The total scattering filed of the cavity is found by summing up the scattering field calculated by Kirchhoff’s approximation from each individual tube footprint In here the diffracting field of the rim is negligible comparing to the dominate portion of back scattering from the cavity. The detail theory of SBR can be found in [1] and [2]. B. Ray tracing method based on secondary development of UG
UG is advanced CAD/CAM/CAE software which uses Non-uniform Rational B-splines (NURBS) as its main modeling tool. It provides powerful modeling ability and high accuracy for arbitrarily complex cavity modeling. The secondary development tools UG/Open API of UG interact between UG and extern program. UG/Open API contains approximately 2000 functions which can be called directly in C++ environment There are two different modes for UG/Open programs: Internal Mode and External Mode. By building a dynamic-link library allows to access the geometry model and its relative date within a Unigraphics session using UG/Open API functions directly. Internal Mode is using DLL link which has the advantage of fast in speed linking, therefore it has been chosen in this paper By using UG/Open APIs, an efficient ray tracing method can be built with high accuracy based on optimized NURBS curve-surface intersection algorithm. Without complicated meshing and shielding procedures, the novel ray tracing method is much easier to program than the traditional one. Figure 1 shows finding the reflection points of each ray on cavity interior walls with developed ray tracing method.
The procedure of ray tracing is based on the
secondary development of UG: 1) Get the identifier of the simulated cavity. Each item modeled in UG has its own identifier (tag) from which all the geometry information can be identified
ray-surface intersection functions in UG/Open API. The interested parameters including the coordinates of the intersection points on the cavity walls, the unit normal vectors and the radius of principal curvature can be extracted with a few inputting information, such as cavity identifier, the coordinates of the starting point and the incident
direction of the ray. 3) Use Snell’s law to find the reflection ray at the interior intersection point, and repeating the procedures above to find the next interior intersection point till the ray shoot out the cavity from the opening aperture. Also the effect of RAM coating can be easily added to the developed SBR procedure. In general, if triangular ray tube is utilized, four rays
including three edges and one central ray of the tube, are needed to be traced as described above.。be achieved
for the cavities with plat structures by tracing only the central ray as discussed above. After finding a reflection point on the interior walls, the mathematical expression of the plane can be obtained using the coordinates and unit normal vector of that point and then the reflection rays of the three edges of the ray tube can be found
according to the resolved plane. This further
improvement leads to a huge reduction of ray tracing time.
Figure 1. The ray paths found by the ray tracing method based on
the secondary development of UG. This figure displays three incident
rays launched from the incident direction, and the paths start from the
reference points out of the S-shaped cavity, then reflect at the interior
walls, and finally arrive at the opening aperture.
In fact, the novel SBR discussed above not only can be applied on cavities, but also provides a new way of scattering calculation of electrically large targets with considering multiple field interaction, and the procedure
will be greatly simplified thanks to avoiding meshing and shielding needed in traditional physical optics (PO). C. Process of the Proposed Method
The simulation procedure of proposed method is: 1) Model or import a cavity in UG session.
2) Identify the cavity and opening aperture automatically. 3) Represent the incident wave with a sufficiently large number of parallel ray tubes on the opening aperture and launch ray tracing in the cavity. 4) Calculate the back scattering field of each outgoing tube footprint on the opening aperture. 5) Sum up the back scattering field of all the tube footprints and calculate RCS of the cavity.
The software is universal for relatively arbitrary cavities and concave structures due to the novel ray tracing method built with UG/Open API functions and a uniform platform integrating cavity modeling and RCS
computing in UG. RAM coated cavities can also be easily performed in this software. A user friendly interface is developed with UG/Open UIStyler, the GUI tool provided in UG.
III. NUMERICAL RESULTS
In this paper, the simulations have been done using a rectangular cavity, a triangular trihedral corner reflector and a rectangular inlet with PEC walls to demonstrate the developed software. The computation
environment is Pentium 4 - 2.8GHz processor, 1GB memory with Windows XP operating system.
Incident wave frequency is 10 GHz, and the degree step is 1° for all the simulations, the pitching angle θ starts from +z direction and the azimuth a ngle φ starts from +x direction in the models. A. RCS of rectangular cavity and the efficiency analysis
Figure 2 shows the comparison of RCS of a
rectangular cavity with 10_ by 10_ square cross section, 30_ length in [7] and simulated results with developed software in different N (N is the number of nodes per wavelength, there are four ray tubes going through each grid on the opening, so the number of ray tubes is N×N×4 in a square wavelength). This figure indicates fast convergence of the developed SBR based on the proposed novel ray tracing for a cavity with plat
structures. The results get convergent when N reaches 4, and the number of ray tubes is 64 in a square wavelength in this case, so N is set to 4 for the following simulations. The simulated results agree well with the results in [7].
θ（DEGREES)
Figure 2. RCS of rectangular cavity with different N, parallel polarization
Table 1 shows CPU time for different N in above simulation, which demonstrates high efficiency of the proposed method. TABLE I. CPU TIME FOR DIFFERENT N
N 2 3 4 5
CPU time (min) 1.70 4.01 8.37 17.49
B. RCS of a triangular trihedral corner reflector
Calculated RCS of a triangular trihedral corner reflector with 5_ edge length is shown in Figure 3. Our result again agrees very well with the MLFMM result of
FEKO. The slight difference comes from the diffraction
field which is not covered at the moment in our result. It takes 1.67min and 45min for our software and FEKO respectively, to simulate the results. Such high efficiency makes it suitable for calculating electromagnetic scattering from electrically large complex cavities without requirement of additional computer memory.
Figure 3. RCS of a triangular trihedral corner reflector,?= 45°,parallel polarization
C. RCS of a rectangular inlet
Scattering simulation of inlet of aircraft, typical electrically large complex cavity, remains a challenging task in computational electro- magnetics. Figure 4 is the model of a rectangular inlet[7] and its RCS simulated by our software. It takes 16.58min and 25.15min to get the result of Figure4 (b) and (c) respectively. Excellent agreement is found with the result in reference [7]. All these results validate the accuracy of the novel ray tracing method for complex cavities within our
developed software.
(a) The model of a rectangular inlet
Figure 4. RCS of a rectangular inlet, parallel polarization
中文参考文献格式 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识： M——专著，C——论文集，N——报纸文章，J——期刊文章，D——学位论文，R——报告，S——标准，P——专利；对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。 参考文献一律置于文末。其格式为： （一）专著 示例 [1] 张志建.严复思想研究[M]. 桂林：广西师范大学出版社，1989. [2] 马克思恩格斯全集：第1卷[M]. 北京：人民出版社，1956. [3] [英]蔼理士.性心理学[M]. 潘光旦译注.北京：商务印书馆，1997. （二）论文集 示例 [1] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979. [2] 别林斯基.论俄国中篇小说和果戈里君的中篇小说[A]. 伍蠡甫.西方文论选：下册[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979. 凡引专著的页码，加圆括号置于文中序号之后。 （三）报纸文章 示例 [1] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27，（3） （四）期刊文章 示例 [1] 郭英德.元明文学史观散论[J]. 北京师范大学学报（社会科学版），1995（3）. （五）学位论文 示例 [1] 刘伟.汉字不同视觉识别方式的理论和实证研究[D]. 北京：北京师范大学心理系，1998. （六）报告 示例 [1] 白秀水，刘敢，任保平. 西安金融、人才、技术三大要素市场培育与发展研究[R]. 西安：陕西师范大学西北经济发展研究中心，1998. （七）、对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明性的注释，置于本页地脚，前面用圈码标识。 参考文献的类型 根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定，以单字母标识： M——专著（含古籍中的史、志论著） C——论文集 N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——研究报告 S——标准 P——专利 A——专著、论文集中的析出文献 Z——其他未说明的文献类型 电子文献类型以双字母作为标识： DB——数据库 CP——计算机程序 EB——电子公告
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 文献、资料中文题目：软件开发概念和设计方法文献、资料英文题目： 文献、资料来源： 文献、资料发表（出版）日期： 院（部）： 专业： 班级： 姓名： 学号： 指导教师： 翻译日期： 2017.02.14
外文资料原文 Software Development Concepts and Design Methodologies During the 1960s, ma inframes and higher level programming languages were applied to man y problems including human resource s yste ms,reservation s yste ms, and manufacturing s yste ms. Computers and software were seen as the cure all for man y bu siness issues were some times applied blindly. S yste ms sometimes failed to solve the problem for which the y were designed for man y reasons including: ?Inability to sufficiently understand complex problems ?Not sufficiently taking into account end-u ser needs, the organizational environ ment, and performance tradeoffs ?Inability to accurately estimate development time and operational costs ?Lack of framework for consistent and regular customer communications At this time, the concept of structured programming, top-down design, stepwise refinement，and modularity e merged. Structured programming is still the most dominant approach to software engineering and is still evo lving. These failures led to the concept of "software engineering" based upon the idea that an engineering-like discipl ine could be applied to software design and develop ment. Software design is a process where the software designer applies techniques and principles to produce a conceptual model that de scribes and defines a solution to a problem. In the beginning, this des ign process has not been well structured and the model does not alwa ys accurately represent the problem of software development. However,design methodologies have been evolving to accommo date changes in technolog y coupled with our increased understanding of development processes. Whereas early desig n methods addressed specific aspects of the
超详细中英文论文参考文献标准格式 1、参考文献和注释。按论文中所引用文献或注释编号的顺序列在论文正文之后，参考文献之前。图表或数据必须注明来源和出处。 （参考文献是期刊时，书写格式为： [编号]、作者、文章题目、期刊名（外文可缩写）、年份、卷号、期数、页码。参考文献是图书时，书写格式为： [编号]、作者、书名、出版单位、年份、版次、页码。） 2、附录。包括放在正文内过份冗长的公式推导，以备他人阅读方便所需的辅助性数学工具、重复性数据图表、论文使用的符号意义、单位缩写、程序全文及有关说明等。 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下： [M]--专著,著作 [C]--论文集(一般指会议发表的论文续集，及一些专题论文集，如《***大学研究生学术论文集》[N]-- 报纸文章 [J]--期刊文章：发表在期刊上的论文，尽管有时我们看到的是从网上下载的（如知网），但它也是发表在期刊上的，你看到的电子期刊仅是其电子版 [D]--学位论文：不区分硕士还是博士论文 [R]--报告：一般在标题中会有"关于****的报告"字样 [S]-- 标准 [P]--专利 [A]--文章：很少用，主要是不属于以上类型的文章 [Z]--对于不属于上述的文献类型，可用字母"Z"标识，但这种情况非常少见 常用的电子文献及载体类型标识： [DB/OL] --联机网上数据(database online) [DB/MT] --磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape) [M/CD] --光盘图书(monograph on CDROM) [CP/DK] --磁盘软件(computer program on disk) [J/OL] --网上期刊(serial online) [EB/OL] --网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online) 很显然，标识的就是该资源的英文缩写，/前面表示类型，/后面表示资源的载体，如OL表示在线资源 二、参考文献的格式及举例 1．期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号)起止页码. 【举例】 [1] 周融，任志国，杨尚雷，厉星星.对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子教学学报，2003(6):107-109. [2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业设计(论文)教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育,2004(1):46-52. [3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 67. 2．专著类
附录 一、英文原文 Hardware/Software Design and Development Process Everett Lumpkin and Michael Gabrick Delphi Corporation, Electronics and Safety Division INTRODUCTION Process and technology advancements in the semiconductor industry have helped to revolutionize automotive and consumer electronics. As Moore’s Law predicted, the increase in complexity and operating frequencies of today’s integrated circuits have enabled the creation of system applications once thought to be impossible. And systems such as camera cell phones, automotive infotainment systems, advanced powertrain controllers and handheld personal computers have been realized as a result. In addition to the increases in process technology, the Electronic Design Automation (EDA) industry has helped to transform the way semiconductor integrated circuits (IC) and subsequent software applications are designed and verified. This transformation has occurred in the form of design abstraction, where the implementation continues to be performed at higher levels through the innovation of design automation tools. An example of this trend is the evolution of software development from the early days of machine-level programming to the C++ and Java software written today. The creation of the assembler allowed the programmer to move a level above machine language, which increased the efficiency of code generation and documentation, but still tied the programmer to the underlying hardware architecture. Likewise, the dawn of C / C++ compilers, debuggers and linkers helped to move the abstraction layer further away from the underlying hardware, making the software completely platform independent, easier to read, easier to debug and more efficient to manage. However, a shift to higher levels of software abstraction has not translated to a reduction in complexity or human resources. On the contrary, as integrated systems have become more feature rich, the complexity of the operating system and corresponding applications have increased rapidly, as have the costs associated with the software implementation and verification activities. Certainly the advancements in embedded software tools such as static code checkers, debuggers and hardware emulators have helped to solve some of the software verification problems, but software verification activities have become more time and resource consuming than the actual software creation. Time-to-market constraints have pushed software verification activities to the system-level, and led to a greater demand for production hardware to be made available earlier in
中英文参考文献格式! (細節也很重要啊。。）来源：李菲玥的日志 规范的参考文献格式 一、参考文献的类型 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下： M——专著C——论文集N——报纸文章J——期刊文章 D——学位论文R——报告S——标准P——专利 A——文章 对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。 常用的电子文献及载体类型标识： ［ＤＢ/OL］——联机网上数据(database online) ［DB/MT］——磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape) ［Ｍ/CD］——光盘图书(monograph on CD ROM) ［ＣＰ／DK］——磁盘软件(computer program on disk) ［Ｊ／ＯＬ］——网上期刊(serial online) ［ＥＢ/OL］——网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online) 对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点： ①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是：姓，名字的首字母. 如：Malcolm R ichard Cowley 应为：Cowley, M.R.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为：Norri s, F. & I.Gordon.； ②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：Mastering English Literature，English Weekly。二、参考文献的格式及举例 1．期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号（期号）：起止页码. 【举例】 [1] 周融，任志国，杨尚雷，厉星星.对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子教学学报，2003(6)：107-109.
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Requirements Phase The chances of a product being developed on time and within budget are somewhat slim unless the members of the software development team agree on what the software product will do. The first step in achieving this unanimity is to analyze the client’s current situation as precisely as possible. For example, it is inadequate to say, “ They need a computer-aided design system because they claim their manual design system, there is lousy. “ Unless the development team knows exactly what is wrong with the current manual system, there is a high probability that aspects of the new computerized system will be equally “lousy. “ Similarly, if a personal computer manufacturer is contemplating development of a new operating system, the first step is to evaluate the firm’s current operating system and analyze carefully exactly why it is unsatisfactory. To take an extreme example, it is vital to know whether the problem exists only in the mind of the sales manager, who blames the operating system for poor sales, or whether users of the operating system are thoroughly disenchanted with its functionality and reliability. Only after a clear picture of the present situation has been gained can the team attempt to answer the critical question, What must the new product be able to do The process of answering this question is carried out during the requirements phase. A commonly held misconception is that , during the requirements phase, the developers must determine what software the client wants. On the contrary, the real objective of the requirements phase is to determine what software the client needs. The problem is that many clients do not know what they need. Furthermore, even a client who has a good idea of what is needed may have difficulty in accurately conveying these ideas to the developers, because most clients are less computer literate than the members of the development team.
英语毕业论文引用和参考文献格式 英语专业毕业论文引用和参考文献格式采用APA格式及规。 一、文中夹注格式 英语学位论文引用别人的观点、方法、言论必须注明出处，注明出处时使用括号夹注的方法（一般不使用脚注或者尾注），且一般应在正文后面的参考文献中列出。关于夹注，采用APA格式。 （一）引用整篇文献的观点 引用整篇文献（即全书或全文）观点时有两种情况： 1.作者的姓氏在正文中没有出现，如： Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor, 1990). 2. 作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，如： Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (1990). 3. 如果作者的姓氏和文献出版年份均已在正文同一句中出现，按APA的规不需使用括号夹注，如： In a 1990 article, Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing. 4. 在英文撰写的论文中引用中文著作或者期刊，括号夹注中只需用汉语拼音标明作者的姓氏，不得使用汉字，如：(Zhang, 2005) （二）引用文献中具体观点或文字 引用文献中某一具体观点或文字时必须注明该观点或者该段文字出现的页码出版年份，没有页码是文献引用不规的表现。 1.引用一位作者的文献 （1）引用容在一页，如： Emily Bronte “expressed increasing hostility for the world of human relationships, whether sexual or social” (Taylor, 1988：11). （2）引用容在多页上，如： Newmark (1988：39-40) notes three characteristically expressive text-types: (a) serious imaginative literature (e.g. lyrical poetry); (b) authoritative statements (political speeches and documents, statutes and legal documents, philosophical and academic works by acknowledged authorities); (c) autobiography, essays, personal correspondence (when these are personal effusions).
英语优秀论文参考文献格式要求
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英语专业本科毕业论文 参考文献格式要求 I．文内引用 （一）直接引用 1．引用中的省略 原始资料的引用：在正文中直接引用时，应给出作者、年份，并用带括号的数字标出页码。若有任何资料省略，使用英文时，应用3个省略号在句中标出（…），中文用6个（……）；若两句间的资料省略，英文应用4个省略号标出（‥‥），中文用6个（……）。若要在直接引用插入自己的解释，应使用方括号[ ]。若在资料中有什么错误拼写、错误语法或标点错误会使读者糊涂，应在引用后立即插入[sic]，中文用[原文如此]。下面是一些示例： 例一：The DSM IV defines the disorder [dysthymic] as being in a chronically depressed mood that occurs for "most of the day more days than not for at least two years (Criterion A) .... In children, the mood may be irritable rather than depressed, and the required minimum duration is only one year" (APA, 1994, p. 345). 例二：Issac (1995) states that bipolar disorder "is not only uncommon but may be the most diagnostic entity in children and adolescents in similar settings .... and may be the most common diagnosis in adolescents who are court-remanded to such settings" (p.275). 2．大段落引用 当中文引用超过160字时，不使用引号，而使用“块”的形式（引用起于新的一行，首行缩进4个空格，两端对齐，之后每行都缩进）。 当英文引用超过40字时，不使用引号，而使用“块”的形式（引用起于新的一行，首行缩进5个空格，左对齐，之后每行都缩进）。 Elkind (1978) states:
安卓应用开发基础论文中英文对照 资料外文翻译文献 中英文对照资料外文翻译文献安卓应用开发基础在Java编程语言编写的Android应用程序的Android的SDK工具编译代码以及与任何数据和到一个Android的包，一个归档文件档案资源的.apk后缀，所有的在一个单一的代码.apk文件被认为是一个应用程序，是Android的文件，供电设备来安装应用程序。一旦安装在设备上，每个Android应用程序的生命在它自己的安全沙箱：而Android操作系统是一个多用户Linux系统中，每个应用程序是一个不同的用户。默认情况下，每个应用程序的系统分配一个唯一的Linux用户ID，系统设置所有的应用程序中的文件权限，以便只有用户ID分配给该应用程序可以访问它们。每个进程都有它自己的虚拟
机，因此应用程序的代码在从其他应用程序隔离运行。默认情况下，每个应用程序运行在它自己的Linux进程。Android的启动过程时，应用程序的任何组件需要被执行，然后关闭该进程时，它不再需要或恢复时，系统必须为其他应用程序的内存。这样一来，Android系统实现了最小特权原则，也就是说，每个应用程序，默认情况下，只能访问的组件，它需要做的工作，没有更多，这将创建一个非常安全的环境，使应用程序无法访问的，这就是它没有给予许可制度的部分。但是，有一个应用程序的方法与其他应用程序和应用程序访问系统服务的数据：这有可能为两个应用程序安排共享相同的Linux用户ID，在这种情况下，它们能够相互访问的文件。为了节约使用相同的用户ID系统资源，应用程序还1 可以安排运行在相同的Linux进程和共享同一个VM。应用程序可以请求访问权限，如用户的联
英文引用及参考文献格式要求 一、参考文献的类型 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下： M——专著C——论文集N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章D——学位论文R——报告 对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。 对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点： ①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是：姓，名字的首字母.如：MalcolmRichardCowley应为：Cowley,M.R.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：FrankNorris与IrvingGordon应为：Norris,F.&I.Gordon.； ②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：MasteringEnglishLiterature，EnglishWeekly。 二、参考文献的格式及举例 1.期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号（期号）：起止页码. 【举例】 [1]王海粟.浅议会计信息披露模式[J].财政研究，2004,21(1)：56-58. [2]夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育，2004(1):46-52. [3]Heider,E.R.&D.C.Oliver.Thestructureofcolorspaceinnamingandmemo ryoftwolanguages[J].ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearch,1999,(3):62–6 7. 2.专著类 【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码. 【举例】[4]葛家澍，林志军.现代西方财务会计理论[M].厦门：厦门大学出版社，2001：42. [5]Gill,R.MasteringEnglishLiterature[M].London:Macmillan,1985:42-45. 3.报纸类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名，出版日期（版次）. 【举例】 [6]李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N].光明日报，1998-12-27(3). [7]French,W.BetweenSilences:AVoicefromChina[N].AtlanticWeekly,198 715(33). 4.论文集 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码. 【举例】 [8]伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C].上海：上海译文出版社，1979：12-17. [9]Spivak,G.“CantheSubalternSpeak?”[A].InC.Nelson&L.Grossberg(e ds.).VictoryinLimbo:Imigism[C].Urbana:UniversityofIllinoisPress,1988, pp.271-313.
Structure and function of the MCS-51series Structure and function of the MCS-51series one-chip computer MCS-51is a name of a piece of one-chip computer series which Intel Company produces.This company introduced8top-grade one-chip computers of MCS-51series in1980after introducing8one-chip computers of MCS-48series in1976.It belong to a lot of kinds this line of one-chip computer the chips have,such as8051,8031,8751, 80C51BH,80C31BH,etc.,their basic composition,basic performance and instruction system are all the same.8051daily representatives-51serial one-chip computers. An one-chip computer system is made up of several following parts:(1)One microprocessor of8(CPU).(2)At slice data memory RAM(128B/256B),it use not depositting not can reading/data that write,such as result not middle of operation, final result and data wanted to show,etc.(3)Procedure memory ROM/EPROM (4KB/8KB),is used to preserve the procedure,some initial data and form in slice. But does not take ROM/EPROM within some one-chip computers,such as8031, 8032,80C,etc..(4)Four8run side by side I/O interface P0four P3,each mouth can use as introduction,may use as exporting too.(5)Two timer/counter,each timer/ counter may set up and count in the way,used to count to the external incident,can set up into a timing way too,and can according to count or result of timing realize the control of the computer.(6)Five cut off cutting off the control system of the source. (7)One all duplexing serial I/O mouth of UART(universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter(UART)),is it realize one-chip computer or one-chip computer and serial communication of computer to use for.(8)Stretch oscillator and clock produce circuit,quartz crystal finely tune electric capacity need outer.Allow oscillation frequency as12megahertas now at most.Every the above-mentioned part was joined through the inside data bus.Among them,CPU is a core of the one-chip computer,it is the control of the computer and command centre,made up of such parts as arithmetic unit and controller,etc..The arithmetic unit can carry on8persons of arithmetic operation and unit ALU of logic operation while including one,the1 storing device temporarilies of8,storing device2temporarily,8's accumulation
Visual C++程序设计 21世纪将是信息化社会，以信息技术为主要标志的高新技术产业在整个经济中的比重不断增长，随着计算机技术的飞速发展，社会对人才的计算机应用与开发水平的要求也日益增高，为适应形式，其中VC++技术及其产品是当今世界计算机发展的一块巨大领域。Windows xp/vista 是目前主流图形化操作系统，运行各种各样的window操作系统的个人计算机已在全球的家庭和办公坏境中广泛使用，而越来越多的个人计算机具有internet功能和多媒体功能又推动了对各种各样功能强，速度快的应用软件的进一步需求。目前有一种对microsoft所取得的成功进行诽谤的气氛，然而，microsoft的成功加上它对标准化的承诺，使得有承诺的windows编程人员利用他们掌握的技术在全球范围内得到越来越大的回报，由于西方社会的承认和计算机已越来越深入到每个人的生活中，因而对他们的技术需求与日俱增，从而使得他们的回报、经济收入和其他各方面相应地取得了满意的结果。 Visual C++编程语言是由Microsoft公司推出的目前极为广泛的可视化开发工具，利用Visual C++可以开发基于Widnows平台的32位应用程序，依靠强大的编译器以及网络与数据库的开发能力，用Visual C++可以开发出功能强大的应用程序。 VC++6.0是操作系统中快速应用开发环境的最新版本。它也是当前Windows平台上第一个全面支持最新WEB服务的快速开发工具。无论是企业级用户，还是个人开发者，都能够利用VC++6.0轻松、快捷地开发优秀的基于通信的程序，开发高效灵活的文件操作程序，开发灵活高效的数据库操作程序，等等。VC++6.0是惟一支持所有新出现的工业标准的RAD坏境，包括XML（扩展标记语言）/XSL（可扩展样式语言），SOAP（简单对象存取协议）和WSDL（Web 服务器描述语言）等。 VC++6.0是可视化的快速应用程序开发语言，它提供了可视化的集成开发坏境，这一坏境为应用程序设计人员提供了一系列灵活先进的工具，可以广泛地用于种类应用程序设计。在VC++6.0的集成开发坏境中，用户可以设计程序代码、运行程序、进行程序错误的调试等，可视化的开发方法降低了应用程序开发的难度。VC++6.0的基础编程语言是具有面向对象特性的C++语言。C++具有代
中英文对照资料外文翻译文献 安卓应用开发基础 在Java编程语言编写的Android应用程序的Android的SDK工具编译代码以及与任何数据和到一个Android的包，一个归档文件档案资源的.apk后缀，所有的在一个单一的代码.apk文件被认为是一个应用程序，是Android的文件，供电设备来安装应用程序。 一旦安装在设备上，每个Android应用程序的生命在它自己的安全沙箱：而Android操作系统是一个多用户Linux系统中，每个应用程序是一个不同的用户。 默认情况下，每个应用程序的系统分配一个唯一的Linux用户ID（该ID仅用于由系统是未知的应用程序），系统设置所有的应用程序中的文件权限，以便只有用户ID分配给该应用程序可以访问它们。 每个进程都有它自己的虚拟机（VM），因此应用程序的代码在从其他应用程序隔离运行。 默认情况下，每个应用程序运行在它自己的Linux进程。Android的启动过程时，应用程序的任何组件需要被执行，然后关闭该进程时，它不再需要或恢复时，系统必须为其他应用程序的内存。 这样一来，Android系统实现了最小特权原则，也就是说，每个应用程序，默认情况下，只能访问的组件，它需要做的工作，没有更多，这将创建一个非常安全的环境，使应用程序无法访问的，这就是它没有给予许可制度的部分。 但是，有一个应用程序的方法与其他应用程序和应用程序访问系统服务的数据： 这有可能为两个应用程序安排共享相同的Linux用户ID，在这种情况下，它们能够相互访问的文件。为了节约使用相同的用户ID系统资源，应用程序还
可以安排运行在相同的Linux进程和共享同一个VM（应用也必须使用相同的证书签名）。 应用程序可以请求访问权限，如用户的联系人，短信，可安装存储（SD卡），摄像头，蓝牙等设备的数据，所有应用程序的权限必须由用户在安装时授予。 这涵盖了基本就如何Android应用程序在系统中存在这个文件的其余部分向您介绍： 1、框架的核心组件定义应用程序。 2、清单文件中声明组件和应用程序所需的设备功能。 3、资源是从应用程序代码分开，并允许您的应用程序正常优化的设备配置各种其行为。 应用程序组件(Application Components) Android的核心功能之一就是一个应用程序可以使用其它应用程序的元素（如果那个应用程序允许的话）。比如说，如果你的应用程序需要一个图片卷动列表，而另一个应用程序已经开发了一个合用的而又允许别人使用的话，你可以直接调用那个卷动列表来完成工作，而不用自己再开发一个。你的应用程序并没有吸纳或链接其它应用程序的代码，它只是在有需求的时候启动了其它应用程序的那个功能部分。 为达到这个目的，系统必须在一个应用程序的一部分被需要时启动这个应用程序，并将那个部分的Java对象实例化。与在其它系统上的应用程序不同，Android应用程序没有为应用准备一个单独的程序入口（比如说，没有main()方法），而是为系统依照需求实例化提供了基本的组件。共有四种组件类型： 活动(Activities) 一个 activity代表用户界面的一个独立屏幕。例如，一个邮件应用程序应该有一个activity 用于显示新邮件列表，另一个activity 用于撰写一封邮件，还有一个activity 用于读取邮件。尽管所有activitie 协同工作以构成邮件应用程序的用户体验，但彼此之间相对独立。应次，不同的应用程序能够从任何一个