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视频会议的外文翻译

视频会议的外文翻译
视频会议的外文翻译

Visual C++程序设计

21世纪将是信息化社会,以信息技术为主要标志的高新技术产业在整个经济中的比重不断增长,随着计算机技术的飞速发展,社会对人才的计算机应用与开发水平的要求也日益增高,为适应形式,其中VC++技术及其产品是当今世界计算机发展的一块巨大领域。Windows xp/vista 是目前主流图形化操作系统,运行各种各样的window操作系统的个人计算机已在全球的家庭和办公坏境中广泛使用,而越来越多的个人计算机具有internet功能和多媒体功能又推动了对各种各样功能强,速度快的应用软件的进一步需求。目前有一种对microsoft所取得的成功进行诽谤的气氛,然而,microsoft的成功加上它对标准化的承诺,使得有承诺的windows编程人员利用他们掌握的技术在全球范围内得到越来越大的回报,由于西方社会的承认和计算机已越来越深入到每个人的生活中,因而对他们的技术需求与日俱增,从而使得他们的回报、经济收入和其他各方面相应地取得了满意的结果。

Visual C++编程语言是由Microsoft公司推出的目前极为广泛的可视化开发工具,利用Visual C++可以开发基于Widnows平台的32位应用程序,依靠强大的编译器以及网络与数据库的开发能力,用Visual C++可以开发出功能强大的应用程序。

VC++6.0是操作系统中快速应用开发环境的最新版本。它也是当前Windows平台上第一个全面支持最新WEB服务的快速开发工具。无论是企业级用户,还是个人开发者,都能够利用VC++6.0轻松、快捷地开发优秀的基于通信的程序,开发高效灵活的文件操作程序,开发灵活高效的数据库操作程序,等等。VC++6.0是惟一支持所有新出现的工业标准的RAD坏境,包括XML(扩展标记语言)/XSL(可扩展样式语言),SOAP(简单对象存取协议)和WSDL(Web 服务器描述语言)等。

VC++6.0是可视化的快速应用程序开发语言,它提供了可视化的集成开发坏境,这一坏境为应用程序设计人员提供了一系列灵活先进的工具,可以广泛地用于种类应用程序设计。在VC++6.0的集成开发坏境中,用户可以设计程序代码、运行程序、进行程序错误的调试等,可视化的开发方法降低了应用程序开发的难度。VC++6.0的基础编程语言是具有面向对象特性的C++语言。C++具有代

码稳定、可读性好、编译速度快、效率高等优点,并将面向对象的概念得到充分的发挥,使这种语言有了全新的发展空间。

使用VC++6.0,我们几乎可以做任何事情,还可以撰写各种类型的应用程序,动态链接库(DLL)、CON、或CORBA对象,CGI/ISAPI程序,Microsoft Back Office应用程序。程序的规模小到简单的个人数据库应用,大到复杂的企业的多层次分布式系统,都可以使用VC++6.0进行开发,其友好的集成开发界面,可视化的双向开发模式,良好的数据库应用支持高校的程序开发和程序运行,备受广大程序开发人员的好评。尤其是VC++6.0对数据库应用的强大支持,大大提高了数据库应用软件开发的效率,缩短了开发周期,深受广大数据库应用程序设计人员的喜爱。VC++6.0为数据库应用开发人员提供了丰富的数据库开发组件,使数据库应用开发功能更强大,控制更灵活,编译后的程序运行速度更快。

在Visual C++中包含了大量新功能:一些新的控件(例如,你可能在Microsoft Outlook 电子邮件应用程序中日期选择器控件)目前已能应用到你自己的应用程序中。各种图像现在已能与组合框中的项相关联,而且可以利用扩充的组合框控件将图像显示在组合选择框中和下列列表中。在Office 97 和Internet Explorer 4 中已使用的一般的工具条和尺寸可调节的工具条都以集成在其类库中,以供你用于你自己的应用程序中。你可以在你自己的应用程序中使用Internet Explorer,查看Web页和HTML的内容。

面向对象体系结构技术有助于创建行业性软件开发机构。例如交通规划尽管具有差别,但各城市所需要的软件基本上是相同的,这就为软件开发机构提供了一种制作面向交通规划的软件框架(注意这里讲的是软件框架而不是通用性软件)的机会。这种框架一旦开发成功,就可以多次反复利用。

思维方式决定解决问题的方式,传统软件开发采用自顶向下的思想知道程序设计,即将目标分为若干子目标,字母表再进一步划分下去,知道目标能被编程实现为止。面向对象技术是包含数据和对数据操作的代码实体,或者说实在传统的数据结构中加入一些被称为成员函数的过程,因而赋予对象以动作。而在程序设计中,对象具有与现实世界的某种对应关系,我们正式利用这种关系对问题进行分解。

BMP是bitmap的缩写,即为位图图片。位图图片是一种称作“像素”的

单位存储图像信息的。这些“像素”其实就是一些整体排列的色彩(或黑白)点,如果这些点被慢慢放大,你就会看到一个个的“像素中填充着自己的颜色,这些“像素“整齐地排列起来,就成为了一副BMP图片,并以.bmp(.rle,.dib等)为扩展名。BMP(Bitmap-File)图形文件是Windows采用的图形文件格式,在Windows坏境下运行的所有图像处理软件都支持BMP图像文件格式。BMP:Windows位图可以用热河颜色深度(从黑白到24为颜色)存储单个光栅图像。Windows位图文件格式与其他Microsoft Windows程序兼容。它不支持文件压缩,也不适用于WEB页。

从总体上看,Windows位图文件格式的缺点超过了它的优点。为了保证图片图像的质量,请使用PNG文件、JPEG文件或者TIFF文件。BMP文件适用于Windows中的强纸。

优点:BMP支持1位到24位颜色色深度。

BMP格式与现有Windows程序(尤其是较旧的程序)广泛兼容。

缺点:BMP不支持压缩,这会造成文件非常大。

BMP文件不受WEB浏览器支持。

计算机技术迅速发展的时代,图像文件作为传递信息的重要方法之一有着重要作用。每种图像格式都有自己的特点与应用领域,各种图像文件通过格式转换软件实现相互的转换,用户根据自身的需求选择合适的格式以达到最佳的使用效果随着计算机软件、硬件技术的如新月异的发展和普及,人类已经进入一个高速发展的信息化时代,人类大概有80%的信息来自图像,科学研究,技术应用中图像处理技术越来越成为不可缺少的手段。图像处理所涉及的领域有军事应用、医学诊断、工业监控、物体的自动分检识别系统等等,这些系统无不需要计算机提供实时动态、效果逼真的图像。

前言

会议,是人类社会经济生活中不可或缺的一部分,有关的研究表明,通信的有效性约55%依赖于面对面(face-to-face)的视觉效果,38%依赖于说话语音,视听是人们获取信息的最重要形式,而面对面的讨论(face-to-face)是人类表达思想最丰富的一种方式。自工业革命后,科技的发达使得通信技术有了突破性的进展,电话和电报的发明,使远地的人们可以立即传送声音和文档。然而,除了言语的

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沟通外,人类更注重的是表情和肢体的表达,仅仅是声音的传送已经无法满足现代人交流的需求,即时并且互动的影像更能真实自然的传送信息。(1)视频会议系统正是在这种迫切需要的推动下产生的新一代通信产品。

视频会议(VideoConference)系统是一种能把声音、图像、文本等多种信息从一个地方传送到另一个地方的通信系统。有效发送基于视频的信息,可以在远程部门和部门间开展合作,同时还可以实现诸如视频会议和视频点播等视频应用技术。视频会议系统是计算机技术与通信技术相结合的产物,它作为多媒体通信技术的一个重要组成部分,正随着波及全球的信息高速公路的兴起而迅速发展起来。

视频会议从出现至今已有三十多年,从最开始的减少旅行费用,提高工作效率,到911时的加速国内外协作,保障人身安全等,再到SARS时保障社会的稳定和各项工作最低限度的运转,视频会议的优越性正在越来越被广泛的显示出来。(2)鉴于视频会议系统在军事、经济、文化等领域给人类带来的巨大作用和经济效益,各国竞相研究和开发视频会议系统,特别是在超大规模集成电路、压缩算法及视觉生理研究方面取得了突破性进展和关于视频会议的一系列国际标准相继出台,以及各种图像实时处理芯片纷纷推出后,视频会议系统的实用化才得到长足的发展。目前国内外的主要应用有:

商务交流

商业会议

企业客户服务和产品开发

远程教学和技术培训

市场调查和情报收集

远程医疗和会诊

科研合作和工程设计

跨国企业应用

招募员工

从目前的发展来看,有关视频会议技术的研究很多,有关的产品也非常丰富,尽管视频会议系统有十分诱人的广阔前景,但在这个领域中还有相当多的技术问题亟待解决,其中在现阶段影响视频会议系统实用性、通用性及友好性的相关技

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2006, and is forecasting a tenfold growth by 2011 to 1.8 zettabytes. A zettabyte is 1021 bytes, or equivalently one thousand exabytes, one million petabytes, or one billion terabytes. That’s roughly the same order of magnitude as one disk drive for every person in the world. This flood of data is coming from many sources. Consider the following: ? The New York Stock Exchange generates about one terabyte of new trade data per day. ? Facebook hosts approximately 10 billion photos, taking up one petabyte of storage. ? https://www.doczj.com/doc/588866697.html,, the genealogy site, stores around 2.5 petabytes of data. ? The Internet Archive stores around 2 petabytes of data, and is growing at a rate of 20 terabytes per month. ? The Large Hadron Collider near Geneva, Switzerland, will produce about 15 petabytes of data per year. So there’s a lot of data out there. But you are probably wondering how it affects you. Most of the data is locked up in the largest web properties (like search engines), or scientific or financial institutions, isn’t it? Does the advent of “Big Data,” as it is being called, affect smaller organizations or individuals? I argue that it does. Take photos, for example. My wife’s grandfather was an avid photographer, and took photographs throughout his adult life. His entire corpus of medium format, slide, and 35mm film, when scanned in at high-resolution, occupies around 10 gigabytes. Compare this to the digital photos that my family took last year,which take up about 5 gigabytes of space. My family is producing photographic data at 35 times the rate my wife’s grandfather’s did, and the rate is increasing every year as it becomes easier to take more and more photos. More generally, the digital streams that individuals are producing are growing apace. Microsoft Research’s MyLifeBits project gives a glimpse of archiving of pe rsonal information that may become commonplace in the near future. MyLifeBits was an experiment where an individual’s interactions—phone calls, emails, documents were captured electronically and stored for later access. The data gathered included a photo taken every minute, which resulted in an overall data volume of one gigabyte a month. When storage costs come down enough to make it feasible to store continuous audio and video, the data volume for a future MyLifeBits service will be many times that.

英文翻译与英文原文.陈--

翻译文献:INVESTIGATION ON DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF SLIDE UNIT IN MODULAR MACHINE TOOL (对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告) 文献作者:Peter Dransfield, 出处:Peter Dransfield, Hydraulic Control System-Design and Analysis of TheirDynamics, Springer-Verlag, 1981 翻译页数:p139—144 英文译文: 对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告 【摘要】这一张纸处理调查利用有束缚力的曲线图和状态空间分析法对组合机床滑台的滑动影响和运动平稳性问题进行分析与研究,从而建立了滑台的液压驱动系统一自调背压调速系统的动态数学模型。通过计算机数字仿真系统,分析了滑台产生滑动影响和运动不平稳的原因及主要影响因素。从那些中可以得出那样的结论,如果能合理地设计液压缸和自调背压调压阀的结构尺寸. 本文中所使用的符号如下: s1-流源,即调速阀出口流量; S el—滑台滑动摩擦力 R一滑台等效粘性摩擦系数: I1—滑台与油缸的质量 12—自调背压阀阀心质量 C1、c2—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的液容; C2—自调背压阀弹簧柔度; R1, R2自调背压阀阻尼孔液阻, R9—自调背压阀阀口液阻 S e2—自调背压阀弹簧的初始预紧力; I4, I5—管路的等效液感 C5、C6—管路的等效液容: R5, R7-管路的等效液阻; V3, V4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔内容积; P3, P4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的压力 F—滑台承受负载, V—滑台运动速度。本文采用功率键合图和状态空间分折法建立系统的运动数学模型,滑台的动态特性可以能得到显著改善。

污水处理外文翻译(带原文)

提高塔式复合人工湿地处理农村生活污水的 脱氮效率1 摘要: 努力保护水源,尤其是在乡镇地区的饮用水源,是中国污水处理当前面临的主要问题。氮元素在水体富营养化和对水生物的潜在毒害方面的重要作用,目前废水脱氮已成为首要关注的焦点。人工湿地作为一种小型的,处理费用较低的方法被用于处理乡镇生活污水。比起活性炭在脱氮方面显示出的广阔前景,人工湿地系统由于溶解氧的缺乏而在脱氮方面存在一定的制约。为了提高脱氮效率,一种新型三阶段塔式混合湿地结构----人工湿地(thcw)应运而生。它的第一部分和第三部分是水平流矩形湿地结构,第二部分分三层,呈圆形,呈紊流状态。塔式结构中水流由顶层进入第二层及底层,形成瀑布溢流,因此水中溶解氧浓度增加,从而提高了硝化反应效率,反硝化效率也由于有另外的有机物的加入而得到了改善,增加反硝化速率的另一个原因是直接通过旁路进入第二部分的废水中带入的足量有机物。常绿植物池柏(Taxodium ascendens),经济作物蔺草(Schoenoplectus trigueter),野茭白(Zizania aquatica),有装饰性的多花植物睡莲(Nymphaea tetragona),香蒲(Typha angustifolia)被种植在湿地中。该系统对总悬浮物、化学需氧量、氨氮、总氮和总磷的去除率分别为89%、85%、83%、83% 和64%。高水力负荷和低水力负荷(16 cm/d 和32 cm/d)对于塔式复合人工湿地结构的性能没有显著的影响。通过硝化活性和硝化速率的测定,发现硝化和反硝化是湿地脱氮的主要机理。塔式复合人工湿地结构同样具有观赏的价值。 关键词: 人工湿地;硝化作用;反硝化作用;生活污水;脱氮;硝化细菌;反硝化细菌 1. 前言 对于提高水源水质的广泛需求,尤其是提高饮用水水源水质的需求是目前废水深度处理的技术发展指向。在中国的乡镇地区,生活污水是直接排入湖泊、河流、土壤、海洋等水源中。这些缺乏处理的污水排放对于很多水库、湖泊不能达到水质标准是有责任的。许多位于中国的乡镇地区的社区缺乏足够的生活污水处理设备。由于山区地形、人口分散、经济基础差等原因,废水的收集和处理是很成问题的。由于资源短缺,经济欠发达地区所采取的废水处理技术必须低价高效,并且要便于施用,能量输入及维护费用较低,而且要保证出水能达标。建造在城市中基于活性污泥床的废水集中处理厂,对于小乡镇缺乏经济适用性,主要是由于污水收集结构的建造费用高。 1Ecological Engineering,Fen xia ,Ying Li。

外文翻译---超越台式机:一个关于云计算的介绍

附录A 译文 超越台式机:一个关于云计算的介绍 在这个世界上几乎每一天都能看到新技术趋势的崛起和衰退,一种新的趋势带来了更长久的生命力。这种趋势被称为云计算,它将改变你使用电脑和互联网的方式。 云计算预示着我们在如何存储信息和运行应用程序问题上的重大变革。而不是在单独的计算机上运行程序的散的数据,一切都托管在“云”中,通过英特网去访问“云”中的其他计算机和服务器。云计算让你能够在世界上的任何地方访问你所有的应用程序和文档,摆脱了台式机的束缚,让你更容易在不同的地方和同事进行协作。 第一部分认识云计算 云计算的出现就相当于一个世纪前电力革命的发生。在电力公司出现之前,每一个农场和企业都通过自己独立的发电机发电。在电网产生以后,农场和企业关闭他们自己的的发电机,并且从电力公司以一个比他们用自己发电机发电低得多的价格(并且更具有可靠性)买电。 为了寻找相同类型革命的发生,使得云计算成为定局。由于我们所期望的教育普及,每时每刻的可靠性和无处不在的云计算协作承诺使得以台式机为计算中心的观念半途而废。云计算将是未来发展的方向。 云计算:它是什么和它的不同 通过传统的桌面计算,你可以在你的每一台电脑上运行程序的副本,你所创建的文件都保存在你创建文件的计算机上。虽然它们能够被这个网络上的其他计算机访问,但是它们不能被外网的计算机访问。 整个的场景都是以个人计算机为中心。 通过云计算,你使用的软件程序不需要运行在你的个人电脑上,但是却可以通过访问英特网上的服务器使用这个软件程序。假如你的电脑死机了,但是这个

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外文翻译原文

204/JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING/AUGUST1999

JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING /AUGUST 1999/205 ends.The stress state in each cylindrical strip was determined from the total potential energy of a nonlinear arch model using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. It was emphasized that the membrane stresses in the com-pression region of the curved models were less than those predicted by linear theory and that there was an accompanying increase in ?ange resultant force.The maximum web bending stress was shown to occur at 0.20h from the compression ?ange for the simple support stiffness condition and 0.24h for the ?xed condition,where h is the height of the analytical panel.It was noted that 0.20h would be the optimum position for longitudinal stiffeners in curved girders,which is the same as for straight girders based on stability requirements.From the ?xed condition cases it was determined that there was no signi?cant change in the membrane stresses (from free to ?xed)but that there was a signi?cant effect on the web bend-ing stresses.Numerical results were generated for the reduc-tion in effective moment required to produce initial yield in the ?anges based on curvature and web slenderness for a panel aspect ratio of 1.0and a web-to-?ange area ratio of 2.0.From the results,a maximum reduction of about 13%was noted for a /R =0.167and about 8%for a /R =0.10(h /t w =150),both of which would correspond to extreme curvature,where a is the length of the analytical panel (modeling the distance be-tween transverse stiffeners)and R is the radius of curvature.To apply the parametric results to developing design criteria for practical curved girders,the de?ections and web bending stresses that would occur for girders with a curvature corre-sponding to the initial imperfection out-of-?atness limit of D /120was used.It was noted that,for a panel with an aspect ratio of 1.0,this would correspond to a curvature of a /R =0.067.The values of moment reduction using this approach were compared with those presented by Basler (Basler and Thurlimann 1961;Vincent 1969).Numerical results based on this limit were generated,and the following web-slenderness requirement was derived: 2 D 36,500a a =1?8.6?34 (1) ? ??? t R R F w ?y where D =unsupported distance between ?anges;and F y =yield stress in psi. An extension of this work was published a year later,when Culver et al.(1973)checked the accuracy of the isolated elas-tically supported cylindrical strips by treating the panel as a unit two-way shell rather than as individual strips.The ?ange/web boundaries were modeled as ?xed,and the boundaries at the transverse stiffeners were modeled as ?xed and simple.Longitudinal stiffeners were modeled with moments of inertias as multiples of the AASHO (Standard 1969)values for straight https://www.doczj.com/doc/588866697.html,ing analytical results obtained for the slenderness required to limit the plate bending stresses in the curved panel to those of a ?at panel with the maximum allowed out-of-?atness (a /R =0.067)and with D /t w =330,the following equa-tion was developed for curved plate girder web slenderness with one longitudinal stiffener: D 46,000a a =1?2.9 ?2.2 (2) ? ? ? t R f R w ?b where the calculated bending stress,f b ,is in psi.It was further concluded that if longitudinal stiffeners are located in both the tension and compression regions,the reduction in D /t w will not be required.For the case of two stiffeners,web bending in both regions is reduced and the web slenderness could be de-signed as a straight girder panel.Eq.(1)is currently used in the ‘‘Load Factor Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations ,and (2)is used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion for girders stiffened with one longitudinal stiffener.This work was continued by Mariani et al.(1973),where the optimum trans-verse stiffener rigidity was determined analytically. During almost the same time,Abdel-Sayed (1973)studied the prebuckling and elastic buckling behavior of curved web panels and proposed approximate conservative equations for estimating the critical load under pure normal loading (stress),pure shear,and combined normal and shear loading.The linear theory of shells was used.The panel was simply supported along all four edges with no torsional rigidity of the ?anges provided.The transverse stiffeners were therefore assumed to be rigid in their directions (no strains could be developed along the edges of the panels).The Galerkin method was used to solve the governing differential equations,and minimum eigenvalues of the critical load were calculated and presented for a wide range of loading conditions (bedding,shear,and combined),aspect ratios,and curvatures.For all cases,it was demonstrated that the critical load is higher for curved panels over the comparable ?at panel and increases with an increase in curvature. In 1980,Daniels et al.summarized the Lehigh University ?ve-year experimental research program on the fatigue behav-ior of horizontally curved bridges and concluded that the slen-derness limits suggested by Culver were too severe.Equations for ‘‘Load Factor Design’’and for ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’were developed (respectively)as D 36,500a =1?4?192(3)? ?t R F w ?y D 23,000a =1?4 ?170 (4) ? ? t R f w ?b The latter equation is currently used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations for girders not stiffened longitudinally. Numerous analytical and experimental works on the subject have also been published by Japanese researchers since the end of the CURT project.Mikami and colleagues presented work in Japanese journals (Mikami et al.1980;Mikami and Furunishi 1981)and later in the ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics (Mikami and Furunishi 1984)on the nonlinear be-havior of cylindrical web panels under bending and combined bending and shear.They analyzed the cylindrical panels based on Washizu’s (1975)nonlinear theory of shells.The governing nonlinear differential equations were solved numerically by the ?nite-difference method.Simple support boundary condi-tions were assumed along the curved boundaries (top and bot-tom at the ?ange locations)and both simple and ?xed support conditions were used at the straight (vertical)boundaries.The large displacement behavior was demonstrated by Mi-kami and Furunishi for a range of geometric properties.Nu-merical values of the load,de?ection,membrane stress,bend-ing stress,and torsional stress were obtained,but no equations for design use were presented.Signi?cant conclusions include that:(1)the compressive membrane stress in the circumfer-ential direction decreases with an increase in curvature;(2)the panel under combined bending and shear exhibits a lower level of the circumferential membrane stress as compared with the panel under pure bending,and as a result,the bending moment carried by the web panel is reduced;and (3)the plate bending stress under combined bending and shear is larger than that under pure bending.No formulations or recommendations for direct design use were made. Kuranishi and Hiwatashi (1981,1983)used the ?nite-ele-ment method to demonstrate the elastic ?nite displacement be-havior of curved I-girder webs under bending using models with and without ?ange rigidities.Rotation was not allowed (?xed condition)about the vertical axis at the ends of the panel (transverse stiffener locations).Again,the nonlinear distribu-

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