非谓语动词（动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词和动名词）
一、概念
一个简单句只能有一个动词做谓语，这个动词叫谓语动词；在这个简单句中，其他没有做谓语的动词，不管有多少个，都不能做谓语，这些动词就叫非谓语动词。
这是英语语法极其重要的一个原则。谓语动词要以谓语动词形式表达出来，非谓语动词要以非谓语动词的形式表达出来。
非谓语动词包括：动词不定式-to do
动名词-doing
现在分词-doing
过去分词-done
非谓语动词，顾名思义，就是不是做谓语的动词；非谓语动词除了不做谓语，可以做主语、宾语、定语、状语和表语等各种其他句子成分。要掌握非谓语动词的用法，就是要掌握不同非谓语动词在各个句子成分的不同含义和用法。
二、非谓语动词的用法区别
从含义上大略可以区别：过去分词-done一般表示被动、完成的意思，所以从主动和被动方面先可以把过去分词和动词不定式、现在分词、动名词区分开来。
动词不定式一般表示目的、还未发生的动作。
现在分词一般表示正在进行或与谓语动词同时发生的动作。
动名词具有名词的特性，在句中一般做主语、宾语、表语。
所以，就区别to do与doing的区别就可以了。
1、to do与doing（动名词）的区别（主要是在做主语、表语和宾语时的区别）
（1）做主语和表语的区别
一般来说，在表示比较抽象的一般行为或者经常性行为时多用动名词；在表示具体的某次动作，特别是将来发生的动作，多作不定式。
做主语:
Smoking is prohibited here.此地禁止抽烟。
To invite him to tomorrow party is necessary.邀请他参加明天的聚会是必要的。
做表语：
My job is teaching English .我的工作是教英语。
Our task now is to increase food production.我们现在的任务是增加粮食产量。
表语是以下一些词，一般用动名词做真正主语：
注意：it是形式主语，动名词是真正主语。
I t’s no use talking like that.
It’s a waste of time arguing with him.
这种句型，表语是其他词，用不定式做真正主语。
It’s necessary to do the work..
(2)做宾语时的区别
1）谓语动词是以下这些动词时，非谓语动词做宾语，必须用动名词doing:
acknowledge承认，自认 cease 停止 mention说到，讲到
admit 承认 tolerate忍受 dislike不喜欢，讨厌
advocate：提倡，主张 complete完成 dread可怕
appreciate 感激，欣赏 confess坦白 endure忍受
avoid避免 contemplate细想 enjoy享有，喜爱
bear忍受 defer拖延 envy嫉妒
can't help不禁 delay延迟 escape逃跑，逃避
can't stand受不了 deny否认 excuse借口
consider 考虑 detest嫌恶 fancy幻想，爱好
favor 造成，偏爱 mind 介意 repent悔悟
figure描绘，计算 miss错过 resent怨恨
finish完成，结束不得 pardon原谅，饶恕 resist抵抗，阻止
forgive原谅 permit 允许 resume恢复
imagine设想 postpone延迟，延期 risk冒险
involve卷入，包含 practise 实行，实践 suggest建议
hate讨厌 prevent阻止 save营救，储蓄
keep保持 quit放弃停止 stand坚持，忍受
loathe非常讨厌，厌恶 recall回想
例如：
I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激两年前给我出国学习的机会。
She suggested going to the great wall for the spring outing.她建议我春游去长城。
其他的动词做谓语时，后都用动词不定式做宾语。
2）以下句子形式的宾语补足语是
no use/no good
useless/senseless
fun/enjoyable/tiring
nice/expensive/dangerous
a bore/a waste of time/a good pleasure非谓语做宾语用动名词
例：
I found it useless/nouse arguing about it.我发现争论此事没有用。
3）有些动词词组带介词to,要跟不定式符号to区别开来，因为介词后如果是非谓语动词做宾语，要用动名词。这类动词词组有：get (down) to(开始)，look forward to(盼望)，get/be used to(习惯于)，prefer…to…(宁愿干。。。而不愿干。。。)，devote…to…(把。。。奉献于。。。)，admit to(承认)，be equal to(等同于)，object to(反对)，stick to(坚持)，take to(开始)，see to(注意)，lead to(导致)，pay attention to(注意)，be accustomed to(习惯于)
例：
I am accustomed to swimming in the winter.我习惯冬泳。
4）下面一些句子结构中介词in常省略：
have trouble/difficulty/a problem/a struggle/a good time/a hard time+(in)+doing
spend+时间/钱+（in）+doing
be busy (in)+doing
lose no time+(in)+doing
例：
They are busy (in) preparing for the exam.他们忙于准备考试。
5）有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别
（1）forget to do忘记要去做某事（此事未做）
forget doing忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生）
（2）stop to do停止、中断（某件事），目的是去做另一件事
stop doing停止正在或经常做的事
（3）remember to do记住去做某事（未做）
remember doing记得做过某事(已做)
（4) regret to do对要做的事遗憾
regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔
（5）try to do努力、企图做某事
try doing试验、试一试某种办法
（6) mean to do打算，有意要…
mean doing意味着
（7）go on to do继而（去做另外一件事情）
go on doing继续（原先没有做完的事情）
（8）propose to do打算（要做某事）
proposing doing建议（做某事）
（9) like /love/hate/ prefer +to do表示具体行为；+doing sth表示抽象、倾向概念
例：
Don’t you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗? You must remember to leave tomorrow．你可要记着是明天动身。
I don’t regret telling her what I thought．我不后悔给她讲过我的想法。(已讲过)
I regret to have to do this，but I have no choice．我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没办法。(未做但要做)
You must try to be more careful．你可要多加小心。
Let’s try doing the work some other way．让我们试一试用另外一种办法来做这工作。
I didn’t mean to hurt your feeling．我没想要伤害你的感情。
This illness will mean(your)going to hospital．得了这种病(你)就要进医院。
（注)如果这些动词前有should一词，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词。例如：I should like to see him tomorrow．
6) need, want, deserve (值得，需要),require +动名词主动形式可表被动意义；+不定式需用被动形式表被动意义。
The watch needs repairing.
The watch needs to be repaired.
7)在allow(充许),advise（建议）,permit（同意）,recommend（推荐）,consider 考虑,forbid（禁止）等动词后，直接加非谓语做宾语用动名词；
后若跟名词或代词做宾语时，非谓语做宾补时用不定式；
例：
We don’t allow smoking here.
We aren’t allowed to smok here.
8)be worth后，不管主动被动都用doing,不用被动形式；be worthy后，若表被动，可用to be done/of being done;
The film was worth seeing.那部电影值得看。
The film was worthy to be seen/of being seen.那部电影值得看。
2、to do与doing（现在分词）的区别（主要是在做定语、状语和表语时的区别）
to do表示还未发生，表目的
doing（现在分词）表示正在发生或表示与谓语动词同时发生
例：a sleeping child正在睡的小孩
a child to sleep要去睡的小孩
三、动词不定式的用法
不定式由“to＋动词原形”构成，其否定形式是“not to do”。不定式可
以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语。不定式没有人称和数的变化，有时态和语态的变化。不定式可以作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语。不定式复合结构为“介词＋sb.(sth.)＋to do”，其中“介词＋sb.(sth.)”表明不定式动作的发出者，为逻辑主语。
1. 不定式的用法：
(1)作主语。不定式短语作主语时，为了使句子结构平衡，常将不定式
短语放在谓语之后，而用it作形式主语。
It is our duty to give as much help as possible. 提供尽可能多
的帮助是我们的职责。
但不定式作表语时，前面有不定式作主语，不定式不可位于句末。
To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
(2)作宾语。常见的只跟不定式作宾语的动词(组)有want, wish, hope, expect, would like (love),care, choose, learn, plan, prepare, mean, agree, promise, offer, refuse, ask, beg, decide, make up one’s mind, be determined, manage, try, can’t afford, fail, pretend等。
①He promised to come today, but he hasn’t turned up yet .
他许诺说今天来，但他到现在还没有出现。
②No one likes to be laughed at. 没人喜欢被嘲笑。
有形容词、分词、名词作宾补，不定式作宾语时要将不定式放于句末，用it 来作形式宾语。如：
You may find it necessary to finish the work ahead of time.
你会发现有必要提前完成工作。
(3)作宾语补足语。常见的跟不定式作宾补的动词有ask, order, advise, like, want, teach, force, forbid, beg, allow, expect, cause, invite, tell, know, call on, depend on, wait for等。
The children asked their parents to take them to the park.。
孩子们要求父母带他们去公园。
感官动词后，如 see, watch, look at, observe, notice, hear, listen to, feel及部分表示“使”、“让”的使役动词，如have, make, let 跟不定式作宾补时要省略不定式符号to。但在被动语态中to 要加上。
Though he had often made his sister cry, today he was made to cry by his sister.
尽管他总是弄哭他妹妹，今天却被妹妹弄哭了。
help后的不定式作宾补(包括作宾语)to 可有可无。
(4)作表语。
My job is to help the patient. 我的工作是帮助病人。
要注意不定式作表语与“be to do”结构的不同：
不定式作表语说明主语的性质或内容，而“be to do”结构表示安排要做的事情。
①My next plan is to draw a picture for the house.(不定式作表语)
我下一个计划是为这座房子画一幅图。
②We are to meet at the school gate at six .(be to do表示安排)
我们约好六点在学校门口见面。
(5)作定语
①表示将来的动作。
The meeting to be held next week will be of great importance.。
下周将要举行的会议极为重要。
②用在固定搭配中。
I will go to Shanghai tomorrow. Have you anything to be sent to your son?
我明天要去上海，你有什么东西要带给你儿子吗？
(send的动作发出者并非you,因此不定式用被动语态)
注意：作定语的不定式如果与其前面所修饰的名词有逻辑上的动宾关系，然而动词又为不及物动词，动词后要加介词或副词，使其成为及物动词词组。
Will you find me a pen to write with? 你能给我找一支写字的笔吗?
不定式所修饰的词是time, place, way时，不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。
Do you think it is the best way to deal with such a problem?
你认为这是解决问题的最好方式吗？
(6) 状语。表示目的、原因、结果。
①They ran over to welcome the guests. 他们跑过去欢迎客人。(目的)
②The child is too young to go to school. 孩子太小不能去上学。(结果)
③We were excited to hear the news. 听到这个消息我们激动了。(原因)
2、不定式的时态
不定式有一般式、进行式、完成式形式，既有主动语态又有被动语态两种语态。形成to do, to be done, to be doing，to have done, to have been done形式。
(1)不定式的一般式所表示的动作通常与谓语的动作(状态)同时(或几
乎同时) 发生，或是在它之后发生。
I’m sorry to tell you that you are wrong this time.
我很遗憾告诉你这次是你错了。
(2)如果谓语表示的动作(情况)发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行，这时不定式就要用进行式。
I am very glad to be talking with you. 我很高兴与你交谈。
(3)如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，就要用完成式。
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time. 对不起，让你久等了。
注意：不定式的时态一般只能发生在做宾语时。只有在做宾语时，不定式不一定表现为动作未发生，因为此时用不用不定式是由谓语动词决定的，所以才会出现to be doing，to have done这种不合逻辑的现象。（因为to do表示未发生，have done又表示做过，to have done不合逻辑）
3、不定式的语态
当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动语态。
He asked to be sent to work in the countryside. 他要求去农村工作。
注意：含有不定式的句子中，能够在句中找不定式动词现成的逻辑上的主谓宾，用主动形式表被动意义。否则，用不定式的被动形式。
句子中有系表结构的，或在句子中可以插入省略掉的（for sb.）形成逻辑上的主谓宾的，用主动形式表被动意义。
例：
It is an honour to be invited to the party.
He gave me some books to read.
The book is easy (for me) to read.
4、疑问词+不定式结构
疑问词who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语和双重宾语。如：
When to start has not been decided．何时动身尚未决定。(主语)
I don’t know what to do．我不知道该怎么办。(宾语)
The difficulty was how to cross the river．困难在于如何过河。(表语)
I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告诉你哪里可以买到此书。（双重宾语）
（注）A.有时疑问词前可用介词，如：
I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。
B.动词know 后面不能直接跟不定式作宾语，只能跟疑问词（如：how, what）+不定式：
While still a young boy, Tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.
5、不带to的不定式
1）在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to。这类词有：
feel 觉得 observe 注意到，看到 overhear听到
watch注视 listen to听 perceive察觉，感知
notice注意 see看见 look at看 hear听
On seeing the young child fell into the lake，Eric sprang to his feet，and went on the rescue.
2)另一类是某些使役动词，如make, let，have等。如：
Let him do it.让他做吧。
I would have you know that I am ill．我想要你知道我病了。
(注)：
①上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时．其后的不定式一般需带to，如：
He was seen to come．
The boy was made to go to bed early.
②在动词find与help之后，不定式可带to亦可不带to，如:
He was surprised to find the sheep (to) break fence at this season．他发现羊在此季节越出栅栏，感到惊讶。
3）在had better,had best,would rather…than…,rather than,would sooner,would sooner…than,can not but,cannot help but其后的不定式一般不需带to
例：
He would rather die than give in.他宁死不屈。
4)在but(except)结构中。but(except)前有do 的某种形式，后省略to; 但是，如果谓语动词没有do 的某种形式，那么but(except)所跟的不定式则仍须带to。（简略为：有do 没to，没do有to）
例如：
Last night I did nothing but watch TV．昨天晚上，我除了看电视
别的什么也没有干。
The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking．医生除了让他
戒烟，其它什么都没有说。
There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent．除了保持沉
默以外，他们没有别有别的办法。
5）用and,or,than等连接的两个或两个以上的不定式，第二个（以及之后）的to 可以省略。但是若有相反或对比的不定式，to不能省略。
例：
I want to sing and dance.
To go on or to stop——that is the question.
6)why (not)的简略问句和would you please的问句后不带to
例：
Why worry about such trifle?为何为琐事烦心？
Why not think of what you did?为什么不想想你做了什么？
Would you please give me a favour?你能否帮我个忙？
7）在“come(go)+不定式”结构中，不定式一般不带to，特别是美国口语
中更为常见。第一个动词表示“来”、“去”这个动作，第二个动词表示“来”、“去”的目的。
Go fetch your notebook.去把你的日记本拿来。
Come sit with me.来跟我坐在一起。
6、动词不定式的复合结构
1）不定式的逻辑主语为：for +名词(或代词宾格)+ 不定式。
例如：
I found it impossible for him to do the job alone．我发现他—个人干这活是不可能的。
2）在表示人物性格、性质、品质等的形容词后面，常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语。如：
brave,careful,careless,considerate,cruel,rude,generous,right,wrong,ki nd,nice，good,clever等例如：
It was wise of him to do that．他那样做是明智的。
比较：
It’s good for you to exercise often.
It’s good of you to help others.
7、不定式的省略句
在句子中，当作宾语的不定式再次出现时，保留不定式符号to，to后面重复的内容可以省略。
例：
You can go shopping if you want to.
8、不定式做定语时的一些用法
1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系
He was the last one to leave school yesterday．昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。
The train to arrive was from London．将要到站的火车是从伦敦开来的。
2)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系
Get him something to eat．给他拿点儿东西吃。
She has a lot of work to do in the morning．早上他有很多工作要做。
3)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语，要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系，这里的介词不能省去。
I need a pen to write with．我需要一支笔写字。
There is nothing to worry about．没有什么值得发愁的。worry about sth．
4)不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词如：ability能力，本领
例：
I have an abilty to play basketball
5）被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next， second, last, only和not a，the等限定词时候，只能用不定式。the purest motive to help you
6）不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等习惯上用不定式做定语。
John will do anything but work on a farm．除了农活，约翰什么都愿意干。
9、不定式的一些习惯用语
如：to tell you the truth,only to,so as to,in order to等等
四、分词的用法
分词分为现在分词和过去分词。
要弄清不定式、现在分词和过去分词的区别，只要理解以下几句非谓语动词的不同用法的含义就清楚了。
（1）To see nobody at home,he decided to come again.（表示目的、将来）
（2）To be seen at home,he decided to come again. （表示目的、将来+被动）
（3）Seeing nobody at home,he decided to come again.（表示see 动作与谓语动词几乎同时发生）
（4）Being seen at home,he decided to come again. （表示see 动作与谓语动词几乎同时发生+被动）
（5）Having seen nobody at home,he decided to come again. （强调see 动作发生在谓语动词之前）
（6）Seen at home,he decided to come again.（与前一句差不多，可互换）
（7）Having been seen at home,he decided to come again. （强调see 动作发生在谓语动词之前+被动）
说明：非谓语动词逻辑主语就是句子的主语，非谓语动词如果有自己的逻辑主语，叫独立主格结构。
例：
Time permiting,I will go.
(以下内容看看则可)
1. 区别
(1)现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动。
①The man standing by the window is our teacher.
②The house built last year has become our lab.
(2)现在分词表示事物本身所具有的性质，意为“令人……的”；过去分词表达由外界引起的内心活动，意为“感到……的”。
the exciting news 激动人心的消息。(令人兴奋的消息)
the excited look 激动的表情。
(3) 现在分词表达正在进行着的动作，过去分词表达完成的动作。(这一类动词主要为不及物动词)
①Electricity lines as well as telephone poles were brought down by falling trees or branches.
②The army was called in to cut through fallen trees and... .
2.分词的时态和语态
过去分词表示被动或完成的动作，因而没有完成式和被动语态。
现在分词有一般式和完成式两种形式，有主动语态和被动语态两种语态，形成doing, having done, having been done的形式。
3. 分词的用法
(1)作定语
单个分词作定语一般放在所修饰词的前面，短语作定语放在所修饰词的后面。
①The question being discussed is important to us.
②The excited people rushed into the building.
(2)作状语
分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、行为方式、结果、伴随状况等。
①Having been shown around the lab, we were led into a big hall. (时间)
②Being a student, I must study hard.(原因)
③They worked day and night, finishing the work ahead of time.(结果)
不定式也可以作结果状语，然而不定式多表达意料之外的结果，而现在分词表达意料之中的结果。
①She went to Shanghai specially to see her brother, only to find that he had gone to Beijing a few days before.
她专程去上海看望她的兄弟，却发现他几天前去了北京。
②They got up very early that day, finding nobody in the station when they got there.
那天他们很早就起床了，到了车站却发现那里空无一人。
(3)作表语
①The news is inspiring. 这消息令人鼓舞。
②The window is broken. 窗户破了。
(4)作宾补
①We had the fire burning all day. 我们让这火整天烧着。
②I’m afraid I can't make myself understood when I speak English.
我担心当我说英语是别人听不懂。
不定式被动语态、现在分词被动语态、过去分词表示被动应该注意的几个问题。
1. 不定式的被动语态作状语时多表达目的，相当于in order to be done, 而过去分词则表示原因、条件、伴随等;现在分词被动语态的完成式强调分词的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。
①In the circus, the tamed animals will be given some food when they finish tricks. To be given more food, the animals will try their best to please the trainer.
在马戏团里，当驯兽完成它们的把戏，会得到一些食物。若要得到更多食物，它们就要尽其所能来取悦驯兽师。
(To be given...=In order to be given...,表示目的，此处不可用Given 或 Being given)
②Having been asked some very difficult questions, the boy came into the office.
男孩被问了一些很难的问题后，来到办公室里。
(Having been asked...=After he was asked..., 表示ask 的动作发生在come 之前)
2. 不定式的被动语态作定语表达将来的动作，过去分词作定语表达过去或完成的动作，现在分词被动语态的一般式表达一种正在进行的动作。
①The meeting to be held next week is about how we can deal with this problem.
下周要开的会是关于我们如何解决这个问题的。
(to be held=which is to be held, be to 在此表达将来)
②The book published last month sells well. 上月出版的那本书卖得很好。
( published = which was published, published不可用to be published或being published代替)
③The building being built now will be finished in ten days. 正在建筑的那栋楼，10天内完工。
(being built=which is being built, 表示正在进行的动作)
3. 作宾补时，若非谓语动词与其前面的宾语有逻辑上的被动关系，表示感官的动词，如 see, find, watch, notice, hear, feel 及部分使役动词，如：have, keep, get, let 等后跟过去分词作宾补；allow, advise，forbid, permit, want, order 等后跟不定式被动语态作宾补。
①The Emperor ordered the cloth to be woven for him right away.
皇帝命令说立刻为他织那块布。
②When she got home, she found her windows broken.
当她回到家时，发现窗户破了。
五、动名词的用法(以下内容看看则可)
(1)作主语。
动名词短语作主语时，为了使句子平衡，常将动名词短语放在谓语之后，而用it作形式主语。
It is useless arguing with him about such a matter. 跟他争论这样的事情是没用的。
动名词和不定式都可作主语，在许多情况下可以通用，但动名词作主语多表示一般或抽象或多次的行为，不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。
在 It is no use/good, not any use/good, useless后人们习惯上用动名词。
(2)作宾语
下列动词(组)只能接动名词作宾语
admit, advise, allow, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, imagine, mind, pardon, permit, practise, suggest, require, be (get) used to(习惯于...), cant’t help(禁不住), feel like, set about, stick to, keep on, look forward to, devote oneself to, insist on, pay attention to, be worth, give up, put off。
下列动词后跟不定式或动名词意义区别不大：
begin, start, love, continue, hate, prefer。
下列动词后跟不定式或动名词意义不同，在平时学习中应特别注意。
forget, remember, regret, try, stop, mean, go on, can't help。
下列动词后跟动名词主动语态，不定式被动语态作宾语表示被动。
need, want, require。如：
These clothes need mending (to be mended).
(3) 作表语
动名词作表语多表示抽象性的或习惯性的动作，当表示下一步打算时多用不定式作表语。
①My job is teaching you English. 我的工作是教你英语。
②Her next step is to get as much money as she could to build the factory.
她下一步是获取尽可能多的资金建造工厂。
(4)作定语
动名词作定语表示用途，而不是正在进行着的动作。
He is now in the sleeping car. 他现在在房车里。
2. 动名词的复合结构
动名词的复合结构指在动名词前加物主代词或名词所有格。物主代词或名词所有格表明动名词动作的发出者。
His coming late made the teacher angry. 他的迟到让老师生气。
动名词的复合结构在句中作宾语时，物主代词或名词所有格可以变为人称代词的宾格或名词的普通格，但复合结构作主语时不变任何变化。
He entered the room without anyone noticing him.
他进入房间，没有人察觉到他。
Li Ming’s smoking ( 不可用Li Ming smoking) in the classroom surprised us.
李明在教室里吸烟让我们很吃惊。
3. 动名词的时态与语态
动名词的时态分为一般式和完成式两种形式。如果动名词的动作发生在谓语动词之前，则运用完成式；如果与谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生，用一般式。
I’m sorry for not having kept my promise.
对不起，我没有遵守诺言。
若动名词与其逻辑主语有被动关系，则运用被动语态形式。( 但有些动词后运用主动形式表达被动概念，除上述动词外，be worth后也跟动名词主动形式表达被动概念)。
He entered the room without being noticed.
他进入房间而没被察觉。
非谓语动词分项练习之动名词 1.We can't understand ______ a decision until it is too late. A. him to postpone to make B. his postponing to make C. him to postpone making D. his postponing making 2.It's no use______ with him. You might as well ______ with a stone wall. A. arguing, argue B. to argue, arguing C. arguing, arguing D. to argue, argue 3.The old man's ______ pity on the snake led to his own death. A. take B. taking C. being taken D. have 4.It is no good ______ today's work for tomorrow. A. to leave B. leaving C. that you leave D. leave 5.Some people's greatest pleasure is ______. A. fishing B. to fish C. to be fish D. being fishing 6.You didn't hear us come back last night. That's good. We tried ______ noisy. A. to not be B. not to be C. being not D. not being 7.You'll regret ______ those words. You may hurt her feelings. A. say B. to say C. saying D. to have said 8.You can keep the book until you ______. A. have finished reading B. finish to read C. will finish reading D. have finished to read 9.I'd ______ the operation unless it is absolutely necessary. A. rather not have B. rather not to have C. not rather had D. rather not having 10.Your mother and I are looking forward________ you. A. of seeing B. for seeing C. to see D. to seeing 11.People couldn't help ______ the foolish girl. A. laugh at B. to laugh at C. laughing at D. laughing 12.Remember ______ the book, when you have finished it. A. putting back B. having put back C. to put back D. will put back 13.Have you forgotten ______ $1000 from me last month? Will you please remember ______ it tomorrow? A. borrowing; to bring B. to borrow; bring C. borrowed; bringing D. borrowing; bringing 14.We are looking forward to ______ another chance ______ it again. A. be given, to try B. have, to try C. giving, trying D. having, to try 15.-- "I usually go there by train." -- " Why not ______ by boat for a change?" A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going 16.-- What do you think of the book? -- Oh. excellent, it's worth _______ a second time. A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read 17.It is useless _____ to come now. He is busy. A. ask him B. to ask him C. that you ask him D. asking him 18.The classroom wants _________. A. clean B. cleaned C. to clean D. cleaning 19.Jack said that he wouldn't mind _________ for us. A. to wait B. wait C. waiting D. waited 20.Keep on ________ and you will succeed.
动词-ing 形式 动词-ing形式由动词加-ing变化而成, 它同时具有名词和动词的特征, 在句中可以作主语、宾语、定语、宾语补足语及状语。 动词-ing形式不能单独作谓语,有时态和语态的变化。 主动形式被动形式 一般式doing being done 完成式having done having been done 否定形式: not+ -ing 构成 一、动词-ing形式作主语 1. 表示经常的、习惯性的动作或状态, 谓语动词通常用单数。如： Walking is a good form of exercise for both young and old. 无论对年轻人和老年人来讲, 走路是一种很好的锻炼。 Watching news on TV has become a routine for me. 在电视上看新闻已经成了我的一种日常习惯。Asking a woman’s age is impolite in some countries.在一些国家问一个女人的年龄是不礼貌的。 2. -ing形式作主语时常后置, 此时须用it作形式主语。如：It is no use / no good / fun / hard work / a hard (difficult) job / a waste of time / dangerous / worthwhile / useless + doing。如: It’s no use making an excuse for this. 为这件事找借口是没有用的。 It is no good waiting for other people to make decisions for you. 等别人替你做决定是没有用的。It’s a waste of time talking about such a useless thing. 谈论这样无用的事情简直是浪费时间。 二、动词-ing用作宾语 1. 只能后接动名词作宾语的动词, 常见的有：finish, enjoy, avoid, admit, keep, mind, imagine, risk, practice, appreciate, consider, escape, miss, suggest, can’t stand, can’t help, give up, feel like, put off, permit等。 2. 既可接动名词又可接不定式作宾语的动词, 意义差别不大的动词，常见的有: like, love, hate, prefer, begin, start, continue等。 3. 既可接动名词又可接不定式作宾语的动词, 但意义完全不一样的，常见的有：forget, remember, mean, regret, stop, try等。 4. 动词-ing形式作介词的宾语。devote to, look forward to, stick to, be used to, object to(反对), pay attention to, get down to, lead to, be crazy about, be tired of, succeed in, have difficulty in等。 三、-ing形式作定语 1. 单个动词的-ing形式作定语位于被修饰名词的前面, 既可以表示被修饰者的作用或功能, 也可以表示被修饰者的动作或状态。如： printing factory = a factory for printing; the shopping center = the center for shopping; tiring music = music that is tiring; a surprising result = a result that is surprising 2. –ing 形式短语作定语时, 放在所修饰的名词之后, 并且在意思上相当于一个定语从句。如： They lived in a room facing the street. = They lived in a room that faces the street. 他们住在一间面朝街的房子。 The man standing there is Peter’s father. = The man who is standing there is Peter’s father. 站在那儿的那个人是彼得的父亲。 Anybody swimming in this river will be fined. = Anybody who is swimming in this river will be fined. 在这条河里游泳的任何一个人都会被罚款。 The building being built now is our new library. 现在正在建造的这栋楼房室我们的新图书馆。 3. -ing形式短语也可以用作非限制定语, 相当于一个非限制性定语从句, 这时, 它与句子其他部分用逗号分开。如： His brother, working as a teacher, lives in Beijing. = His brother, who is working as a teacher, lives in Beijing. 他那个当教师的哥哥住在北京。 四、-ing形式作宾语补足语 1. 动词-ing形式作宾语补足语常放在宾语后面, 表示一个正在进行的主动性的动作, 强调一个过程或一种状态。如： When we returned to the school, we found a stranger standing at the entrance. 当我们回到学校时, 发现一个陌生人站在大门口。 2. 能用-ing 形式作宾语补足语的几类动词： 1）、表示感觉和心理状态的动词：see, watch, smell, feel, hear, find, notice, observe, catch, look at, listen to等。2）、表示指使意义的动词：have, leave, set, keep, get 等。 五、-ing形式作状语 -ing作状语时, 其逻辑主语必须是句子的主语。 现在分词在句中作状语,表示动作发生的原因、时间、方式、结果、条件、伴随状况等。 1.–ing 形式作时间状语 Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. While walking along the road, Cruse caught sight of a poor dog. Having finished the work, they went out for a walk. 2.–ing 形式作原因状语
不定式作定语的用法 不定式及其短语作定语，与其他短语作定语一样，一般都放在被修饰的词之后，通常表示一个将来的动作，有时也可以表示某一过去的特定动作。 一些名词后常用不定式作定语，如：chance(机会），way(方法），time(时间）等；另外，the first,the second,the last,the only等作名词或者它们作形容词用来修饰代词，它们或它们所修饰的代词后，也常用不定式作定语。 不定式作定语时，不定式与被修饰词之间存在的关系复杂，有的是主谓关系；有的是动宾关系；有的是动状关系，还有的不存在主谓、动宾、动状关系。 1、主谓关系的 （1）We must find a person to do the work. (2) There is no one to take care of her. (3) In my family, my mother is always the first one to get up. (4) He is always the first to come and the last to leave. (5) We need someone to go and get a doctor. 2、动宾关系的 如果不定式与被修饰的词在逻辑上存在动宾关系，不定式里的动词必须是及物动词。注意：是及物动词的，后面不要再加宾语，因为前面的被修饰词是它的宾语；是不及物动词的，要加上适当的介词或副词让它变成及物动词，只有这样，它才能带上前面的宾语。 （1） He has a lot of books to read. (2) I would like a magazine to look at. (3) Here is some advice for you to follow. (4) Do you have anything else to say? (5) There is no one to take care of. (6) She has nothing to worry about.
高考英语非谓语动词之分词 一、分词的时态与语态 1、现在分词的时态语语态 主动形式：一般式：完成式： 被动式：完成式： 其否定形式在分词前加not 2、过去分词： 1）（be）a student, she was interested in her study. 2) (study) in the university for three years, he knows it very well. 3) The building (build) now is our teaching building. 4) (criticize) by his teacher, Li Ming gave up smoking. 5) This is the book (write) by a famous writer. 6) (not know) how to handle the problem, she decided to turn to his teacher for help. 二、分词的用法（高考考点透析） 1.分词作 1）There are two roads before us, one (lead) to the beach, the other to the park. 2) The conference (hold) now is about world environment protection. 3) The conference (hold) last week is about world environment protection. 4) walked hard on the ground (cover) by/with snow. 5) The trees in the storm have been moved off the road.(湖南卷) A. being blown B. blown down C. blowing down D. to blow down 现在分词作定语表示 过去分词作定语表示 2.分词作 1）The old man passed away, (leave) his son nothing but debts. 作状语 2) （hear）the disappointing news, he felt down. 作状语 3) The girl is leaning against the tree, (sing) a song. 作状语 4) (tell) me something about the matter, he left hurriedly. 作状语 5) (tell) many times, he didn’t make the same mistake again. 作状语现在分词的一般式做状语，即doing 形式，用法是 现在分词的完成式做状语，即having done形式，用法是 3.做补语（参见五·三P91非谓语动词作感官动词、使役动词 1）A cook will be fired if he is caught in the kitchen.(高考题) A. smoke B. smoked C. smoking D. to smoke 2）When I looked back in the supermarket, I suddenly found someone (smoke). 3) I’m delighted to see the project (perform) by the government.
接不定式和动名词含义不同的动词 1. remember(记得)，forget(忘记)，regret(后悔)后接不定式指该不定式所表示的动作还未发生，后接动名词(有时可用完成式)，则指该动名词所表示的动作已经发生。比较。如：Remember to post the letter. 记住把这封信寄了。(“寄信”未发生) I remember posting the letter. 我记得寄了那封信。(“寄信”已发生) He forgot to pay me the money. 他忘记要给我付钱了。(“付钱”未发生) He forgot paying me the money. 他忘记曾给我付过钱。(“付钱”发生了) 2. try 后接不定式表示设法做某事，接动名词表示做某事试试(看有什么效果)。如： I’ll try to come tomorrow. 我明天设法来。 Let’s try knocking at the back door. 咱们敲敲后门试试。 3. mean 后接不定式表示打算(想要)做某事，接动名词表示意味着(要)做某事。如： He means to be a teacher. 他打算当老师。 He did not mean to hurt you. 他不是有意要伤害你。 This illness will mean going to hospital. 得了这种病就意味着要住院。 4. stop 后接动名词表示停止做某事，接不定式表示停下正在做的事去做另一事。如： He stopped speaking, and there was not a sound in the room. 他停止讲话，房里一点声音也没有了。 He stopped to listen, but there was no more sound. 他停下来听，但再也没有听到什么声音。 【注】后接不定式时，不定式不是宾语，而是目的状语。 5. can’t help后接动名词表示禁不住去做某事，接不定式表示不能帮助做某事。如： He couldn’t help crying when he heard the news. 他听到这个消息时禁不住哭了。 The medicine can’t help to get rid of your cold. 这药不能帮你治好感冒。 6. go on 后接不定式表示做完某事后接着做另一事，接动名词表示继续做正在做的事。如： You oughtn’t to go on living this way. 你不应该再这样生活下去了。 Go on to do the other exercises after you have finished this one. 做完这个练习后, 请接着做其他的练习。 【注】也人认为go on doing sth中的doing是现在分词而不是动名词。
Translation 1.奥运会的起源可以追溯到公元前776年的古希腊。(origin) 2.以前，人们以为魔术师有超能力，而现在，聪明的观众发现魔术师只不过是运用一些熟 练的把戏来娱乐大众罢了。(however) 3.苹果公司计划生产高分辨率（high resolution）的iPad以吸引更多的年轻人。(appeal to) 4.缺乏可靠的市场是农村发展的最大障碍，因为没有市场，农民就没有种植更多粮食的积 极性。(for) Introduction—Vocabulary 1.attempt 常用搭配：__________________试图做某事 __________________没有企图做某事 翻译：他赢取第一名的尝试失败了。 2.universe 宇宙universal 宇宙的，普遍的 翻译：宇宙起源之一是宇宙源于一次大爆炸。 普遍真理世界通用语言 3.gift 天赋，才能gifted 有才能的 常用搭配：have a gift for (doing) sth 有做某事的天赋 be gifted in/at (doing) sth在某方面有天赋 4.offer to do主动提出做 offer / offer提供某人某物 provide/ provide提供某人某物 这个公司出高薪聘用他，但他婉言谢绝了。 5.let sb down 让某人失望 let sb in让某人进来let sb off饶恕某人 篮球队在锦标赛中的糟糕表现让学校里的每个人都很失望。 6.agree with (sb/ one’s idea/ one’s words/ what sb say) 同意某人的想法/话 agree with sb on/ about sth 在某方面与某人取得一致意见 agree with sb （对某人的健康或胃口）适合 agree to do sth 同意做某事 agree on (doing) sth 在（做）某事上达成一致 他们对于在哪一天举行婚礼未能取得一致意见。 这里的海鲜不太适合我。
非谓语动词(一)——现在分词 考点一：现在分词作状语。 A、做时间状语 1. _____________________，he looked for them everywhere.(hold) （2011湖北卷） 他把钥匙握在手上，到处寻找. 2. _____________________to this area，the storm left .(cause) 暴风雨给这个地区造成巨大灾害后离开了。 B、做原因状语： 3. _____________________the programme , they have to stay there for another two weeks .(complete) 没有完成节目，他们不得不再呆两星期。 4.Accustomed to _____________________by others , the little boy likes ti be his own listener .(look) 习惯了被瞧人看不起，这个小男孩喜欢自己做自己的听众。 C、做条件状语 5. _____________________ ，We will visit you . (come) 如果我们来这个城市，我们会去拜访你的。 比较： 6. _____________________ ，We will start at six this afternoon .(permit) 天气允许的话，我们将今天下午六点出发。 D、做让步状语 7．_____________________,he still reapted the same mistakes .(tell) 虽然告诉了他很多次，可他仍然重复着同样的错误。 E、做伴随状语 8. The lady walked around the shops, _____________________bargains.（keep）(2010江西卷) 这位女士在商场转悠着，留意着里面的减价商品 9．The lawyer listened with full attention ,____________________any point . (try) (2010四川卷) 律师专注地听着，努力不错过任何要点。 F、做结果状语 10.More highways have been built in China,___________ for people to travel from one place to another. (make) (2011陕西卷) 更多的高速公路建造起来了，使人们更容易从一个地方旅行到另一个地方。 考点二：现在分词作定语 11.A medical team ____________________will come to our school tomorrow .(consist ) 由三人组成的医疗队明天回来我们学校。 考点三：现在分词做补足语 12.They use computers to keep the traffic __________________(smoothly) (2009全国卷2) 他们用电脑来保持交通运行顺利 考点四：现在分词做表语： 13.The day was so _________________(charm) 考点五：用在with复合结构中 14.With the boy ___________________, we had no difficulty in finding his house . (lead) 有这个孩子带路我们找到他的房子毫无困难。
不定式、-ing形式和过去分词作定语的比较 一、不定式作定语 不定式作定语要放在它所修饰的名词之后，表示一个将来的动作，即不定式的动作发生在谓语之后。多用来修饰have、there be、with之后的名词，表示“有…要…”或修饰“the+序数词”。注意：不定式作定语，被修饰的词是不定式动作发生的时间、地点、工具或对象时，要加上适当的介词。如： 1.When I handed the report to John, he said that George was the person________. A. to send B. for sending it C. to send it to D. for sending it to 2.There are five pairs________,but I’m at a loss which to choose. A. to be chosen B. to choose from C. to choose D. for choosing 4.Then there are always people to________ if you fell like a chat. A. talk to B. talk C. speak about D. speak 二、分词作定语 单个的分词放在所修饰的名词前(left等除外)，分词短语放在所修饰的名词后。被修饰的名词与现在分词在逻辑上是主动关系，现在分词表示正在发生或与谓语同时发生；被修饰的名词与过去分词在逻辑上是被动关系，过去分词的动作发生在谓语之前或没有时间性。注意：现在分词的完成式通常只作状语，而不能作定语。 1.The flowers________ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beaut y of nature. A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt 2.Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures___ _____ in your mind instead of before your eyes. A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed 4.Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company,________ as 3M. A. knowing B. known C. being known D. to be known 5.The picture________ on the wall is painted by my nephew.
非谓语动词之现在分词和动名词 今天我们来学习另外两种非谓语动词形式—现在分词和动名词。 现在分词和动名词的形式是一样的，都是doing，但它们的含义和用法存在很大差别，即便都可以做表语、定语，其含义也是大不相同的。 希望同学们通过今天的学习，能够真正领悟它们的用法和区别。 一.现在分词（The Present Participle）: doing 1、现在分词由动词加“ing”构成，表示主动或正在进行，主要起形容词、副词和动词的作用，可在句中作表语、定语、状语、宾补等成份。 （1）作表语。（与主语存在主动的逻辑关系） The news is exciting. 这个消息令人兴奋。
The result is amazing. 这个结果令人惊异。 （2）作定语。（与被修饰词之间存在主动的逻辑关系） Do you know the young man standing under the tree? 你认识站在树下的年轻人吗？ The woman wearing a red coat is my aunt. 穿红外套的女人是我的阿姨。 （3）作状语。（与句子主语存在主动逻辑关系，并且与谓语动作同时发生） Passing by the house, he saw a girl playing the piano .（时间状语） 经过这所房子的时候，他看到一个女孩正在弹钢琴。
A lot of land has gone with the trees, leaving only sand.(结果状语) 大量的土地已经与树木一起消失了，只留下了沙子。 They wake up their parents , calling “Merry Christmas”（伴随状语）他们弄醒了他们的父母，喊着“圣诞节快乐”。 （4）作宾补。（与宾语存在主动逻辑关系，并且与谓语动作同时发生） I hear a girl singing in the next room. 我听到一个女孩正在隔壁唱歌。 2、现在分词的否定式：not doing Not knowing where he is, she is feeling anxious. 不知道他在哪里，她感到非常焦急。
动词不定式、动名词的用法和区别 动词不定式：动词不定式是由to + 动词原形构成，在句中起名词，形容词和副词的作用，可以担任除谓语以外的其它任何成分。 1. 动词不定式作主语： To mast a language is not an easy thing. / To teach English is my favorite. 动词不定式作主语时可以放在后面，而用it 作形式主语放在原主语的位置上。 It's very kind of you to have given us much help. 2. 动词不定式作宾语： 某些及物动词可以用动词不定式作宾语，这些动词有decide, begin, help, begin, want, wish, like, forget, learn, ask. I like to help others if I can. 3. 动词不定式作宾语补语。 We expect you to be with us. 我们希望你和我们在一起。/ Please ask him to come here quickly.请叫他快过来。 4. 动词不定式作表语： What I should do is to finish the task soon. / The most urgent thing is to find the boy immediately. 5. 动词不定式作定语： There are many ways to solve the problem. / I have something important to tell you. 6. 不定式作状语： We went to the hospital to see our teacher. / She is making a test to get a kind of useful medicine from a Tibet flower. 动词不定式的否定形式：not + to + 动词原形 The teacher told us not to swim in that river. 老师告诉我们不要在那条河里游泳。 It's unfair not to tell us. 没告诉我们真是不公平。 带疑问词的不定式： 疑问词who, what,which,when, where, how, why 可以加在不定式的前面，构成不定式短语，使含义更加具体。Where to go is not known yet. I don't know when to begin.。 Can you tell me where to get the battery. Do you know how to get to the station. 带逻辑主语的不定式： 动词不定式可以带有自己的逻辑主语，构成方法是：for + 逻辑主语+ 不定式。 注意：逻辑主语用宾格形式，for 本身无实际意义，它只表明后面的主语从逻辑上分析是不定式的主语。 It's necessary for us to help each other. / There are much work for me to finish, 动词不定式的被动形式：表示不定式动词同所修饰的名词是被动关系。 He is the man to be examined. 他是受检查的人。/ There are much work to be done. 有好多工作要做。 ●动名词 动名词是由动词原形+ ing 构成，同现在分词形式一样，在句中可作主语，宾语，表语和定语。 1) 动名词作主语： Talking like that is not polite. / Learning from others is important . / Putting on more clothes is not so good . （注：动名词可以象动词不定式一样，用it作形式主语，而把动名词写在后面做真正的主语。）It's no use waiting here, let's go home. / It's very difficult climbing this mountain. 2) 动名词作表语 The nurse's job is looking after the patients. 3)动名词作宾语 有些动词须用动名词来作宾语,它们是begin, mind, suggest, finish, stop, need, enjoy, miss, keep. Please stop smoking in the house. / I like reading in the forest. / Do you mind my opening the windows? 4）动名词作定语 She is studying in the reading room. / He slept in the sleeping bag. （动名词的否定形式：not + 动名词） He pretend not knowing it at all. 他假装全然不知。/ We considered not doing it now. 我们考虑现在不做这件事。 动名词的被动形式：当动名词和它的逻辑主语是被动关系时，用动名词的被动形式来表示。）His being looked down upon made him sick. / I can't really stand being treated like that.
动词不定式、现在分词与过去分词练习题 1. The old farmer,________ the badly-injured and wounded soldier, came out of the burning house, ________for help. A. supporting; calling B. supported by; called C. being supported by; called D. being supporting; called 2. -Oh, it’s already a quarter past six. What shall we do at the meeting this evening? -We’ll go on with the matter________ this afternoon. A. be discussed B. being discussing C. discussed D. which discussed 3. The brave man died,________ his young wife nothing but a________ cottage. A. left; breaking B. leaving; broken C. left; broken D. to leave; breaking 4. ________hard before, Tom is afraid of failing in the exam. A. Having been worked B. Not to have worked C. Having never worked D. Never have worked 5.________the exam, the boy was punished by his father. A. No passing B. Having passed C. Not passing D. Not having passed 6. Time________, I can have done it better. A. permit B. be permitted C. permitting D. to permit 7.________, the boy couldn’t enter his house. A. Since the key has lost B. The key been lost C. Lost the key D. Having lost the key 8. ________into many languages, the story is well known all over the world now. A. Being translated B. Having translated C. To be translated D. Having been translated 9. ________for the terrible accident, as the public thought, the mayor felt nervous and was at a loss what to do. A. Having blamed B. To blame C. Being to be blame D. Being to blame 10. ________from heart trouble for years, Professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes. A. Suffered B. To suffer C. Having suffered D. Being suffered 11. ________from what he said, he must be the thief who has stolen the car. A. Judging B. Judged C. To judge D. Judge 12. ________with fright, a hungry fox hid himself in a small cave, ________his tail to the rain.
动词不定式和动名词是英语非谓语动词的两个重要部分 一、作主语 1、不定式作主语：动词不定式可直接用作主语, 句子的谓语动词常用单数。 To get there by bike will take us half an hour. 对于主语较长的不定式，可以用it 作形式主语。例如： It's our duty to take good care of the old.How long did it take you to finish the work It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour. It seemed impossible to save money.It's kind of you to help me with my English. 2、动名词作主语：动名词也可直接用作主语，或者用it 作形式主语。例如： Learning without practice is no good.It's no good reading in dim light.It's no use sitting here waiting.It's dangerous swimming in the sea in windy days.There is no saying what will happen next. 3、动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别 (1)不定式作主语经常表示具体动作，或者表示将要进行的动作。而动名词作主语经常表示 抽象的一般性的动作。例如：It's no good for you to eat so much fat. ( 有具体的人for you) It's no good eating too much fat. ( 泛指 ) (2) 不定式的逻辑主语常用 of, for 表示；动名词逻辑主语则常用物主代词、名词、代词表示。例如：It is stupid of you to write down everything the teacher says. (of you) It's no use your pretending that you didn't know the rules. (your) The doctor suggested them having their health check-up once a year. 二、作宾语 1、不定式作宾语 (1) 以下动词后 , 一般只用不定式作宾语 .如 :agree, attempt ， apply， ask, aim, arrange, beg ，choose, decide, demand, expect, fail , help, hope, lean, long, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, wish afford 等。 I decided to ask for my money back. I decided that I would ask for my money back. When our visit to the farm was over, we expected to start back on foot. When our visit to the farm was over, we expected that we would start back on foot. (2)不定式可先用 it 做形式宾语。 2、动名词作宾语 (1)以下动词后 , 一般只用动名词作宾语 , 如 :admit, appreciate, consider, delay, enjoy, finish, keep, imagine, mind, miss, practise, resist, risk, save, suggest, don't mind, give up, insist, on, put off 等。 I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town. You must give up smoking, for it does too much harm to your health. (2)介词后只能接动名词做宾语 I should go to attend the birthday celebration instead of staying at home. What about inviting Li Jun to make a speech (3)少数特殊结构中只用动名词做宾语。它们可以看作是省略的介词的形式。例如： have difficulty prevent/stop (in) doing sth. have ? (from) doing sth. no trouble (in) doing sth.lose no ti me (in) there is no use (in) doing sth. doing sth. 3、不定式与动名词做宾语的区别 (1)动词后是接不定式还是动名词作宾语，主要是根据使用习惯。有些动词后一般只接不定