2005-3-The ‘Literary Mind’ and changes-Conceptual and referential (dis)

Clarence Day Born in New York City, he attended St. Paul's School and graduatedfrom Yale University in 1896, where he edited campus humor magazine The Yale Record.[7] The following year, he joined the New York Stock Exchange, and became a partner in his father's Wall Street brokerage firm. Day enlisted in the Navy in 1898, but developed cripplingarthritis and spent the remainder of his life as a semi-invalid.Works[edit]：The Story of the Yale University Press (1920)This Simian World (1920)The Crow's Nest (1921)Thoughts Without Words (1928)God and my Father (1932)In the Green Mountain Country (1934)Scenes from the Mesozoic and Other Drawings (1935)Life with Father (1935)After All (1936; posthumous)Life with Mother (1937; posthumous)The World of Books (1938; posthumous)Father and I (1940; posthumous)欧内斯特·米勒尔·海明威（Ernest Miller Hemingway，1899年7月21日－1961年7月2日），美国作家和记者，被认为是20世纪最著名的小说家之一。

2005年3月国家公共英语（二级）真题试卷（精选）(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 2. 英语知识运用3. 阅读理解 4. 写作英语知识运用单项填空1．Jane has two brothers; one is John, and ______ is Henry.A．anotherB．the othersC．the otherD．other正确答案：C解析：本题考查代词的用法。

如果事先给定的范围是两个，表示两者之中的一个用one，另一个只能用the other来表示。

所以本题的正确答案为C。

2．You can come and see me ______ you run into difficulty.A．some timeB．in timeC．wheneverD．whether正确答案：C解析：本题考查连词的用法。

whenever用来引导让步状语从句，表示“不管什么时候”。

原句中的意思是“不管什么时候你遇到困难，来找我。

”所以本题的正确答案为C。

3．In the past, people in this poor hilly area couldn’t even get enough to ______.A．five onB．spend onC．feed withD．support with正确答案：A解析：本题考查动词短语的词义辨析。

live on的意思是“依靠…生存、继续活着”，spend on的意思是“在…花费”，feed with的意思是“吃一、吃饭”，support with的意思是“用…支持”。

题中说这个山区的人们很穷都没有足够的东西来赖以生存。

所以本题的正确答案为A。

4．-- This program is killing me! Everything has to be finished before next Friday.-- ______, John. It’ s not the end of the world.A．Take it easyB．Take careC．Be carefulD．Be yourself正确答案：A解析：本题考查情景交际用语。

2005年考研英语阅读文章2005年考研英语阅读文章是众多考研学子复习备考的重点内容。

这些文章涵盖了不同题材和领域，旨在检验考生的阅读理解能力、词汇量及逻辑思维。

下面，我将根据这个任务标题，为您详细解析一篇2005年考研英语阅读文章。

文章标题：The Importance of Critical Thinking Skills文章In the rapidly changing world of the 21st century, the ability to think critically is becoming increasingly important.Employers are looking for graduates who can analyze complex problems, evaluate different perspectives, and propose innovative solutions.Moreover, critical thinking skills contribute to personal growth and success in various aspects of life.This article will discuss the significance of critical thinking skills and how to develop them.The first reason why critical thinking skills are crucial is that they enable individuals to solve problems more effectively.In the workplace, employees often encounter complex and ambiguous situations that require careful analysis and judgment.By applying critical thinking, one can break down complex problems into manageable parts, identify the root causes, and generate potential solutions.This process helps to avoid superficial understanding and allows for a deeper exploration ofthe issues at hand.Secondly, critical thinking skills promote communication and collaboration.In a diverse society, people hold different opinions and values.Critical thinking enables individuals to listen to others" viewpoints, understand their reasoning, and engage in constructive dialogue.This skill is particularly important in team settings, where effective communication and the ability to consider multiple perspectives lead to better decision-making and innovation.Furthermore, critical thinking skills contribute to personal development and self-awareness.By examining one"s own thoughts and beliefs, individuals can identify biases, stereotypes, and logical fallacies.This self-reflection allows for growth and the ability to adapt to new situations.Additionally, critical thinking encourages lifelong learning, as individuals become more curious and open-minded about the world around them.To develop critical thinking skills, one must practice and cultivate certain habits.Firstly, it is essential to question assumptions and examine evidence.This involves being skeptical and not taking things at face value.Secondly, one should seek out diverse perspectives and be open to changing one"s mind in light of new evidence or arguments.Critical thinkers also need to be patient and persistent, as solving complex problems requires time and effort.In conclusion, the importance of critical thinking skills cannot be overstated.They are essential for success in the workplace, effective communication, personal growth, and adaptation to a changing world.By recognizing the value of these skills and actively working to develop them, individuals can enhance their cognitive abilities and overall quality of life.（注：本文为示例文章，并非2005年考研英语阅读真题。

唐静考研阅读逐句翻译2005年第3篇第1句Of all the components of a good night’s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control.词汇：component //n. 组成部分，成分译文：要想晚上睡好觉的所有因素中，梦，似乎是最无法控制的一个。

翻译思路：看起来很简单，翻译通顺却并不容易。

a good night’s sleep是英语名词短语，中文翻译为动词更说得通顺。

当然，“夜晚高质量的睡眠”，这样的名词短语，也行。

还有“一夜好眠”也可以的。

唐静考研阅读逐句翻译2005年第3篇第2句In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak.词汇：suspend //v. 暂缓，推迟；悬挂结构：In dreams, a window opens into a world （主句）//where logic is suspended （where定语从句）//and dead people speak（and并列句，与上文logic is…并列）.译文：梦，打开了一扇窗，通向的一个世界：逻辑暂时停摆，死人开口说话。

唐静考研阅读逐句翻译2005年第3篇第3句A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” -- the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep.词汇：formulate //v. 明确表达，系统阐述disguise //v. 假装，伪装；掩盖，掩饰unconscious //adj. 潜意识的，无意识的；不知道的；失去知觉的neurologist //n. 神经学家，神经病学家switch //v. 转换，转变结构：A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory （主句）//that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears（that同位语从句）; //by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise”（分号隔开的并列句）// -- the random byproducts of the neural-repair work （破折号隔开的同位语，解释上文mental noise）//that goes on during sleep（that定语从句）.译文：一个世纪前，弗洛伊德阐述了他革命性的理论：梦，在人们潜意识中，是欲望和恐惧看不见的影子；到了20世纪70年代末，神经病学家们转而认为梦是“精神噪音”，即睡眠中神经修复活动随机产生的副带影响。

2005．03中口笔译试题和答案SECTION 3: TRANSLATION TEST (1) (30minutes)Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.Americans have come to expect a lot of their presidents, more perhaps than any can deliver. We say that the president runs the country, but in practice, presidents have trouble running large parts of the government. We hold the president responsible for the economy, even though he has few economic levers at his command. We expect the commander in chief to lead us to victory in war, and then we complain when we think he is micromanaging the military.And we tend to think of the president as the personification of the nation he leads.Few other democracies combine the position of head of government and head of state. We do, and some of the bitterness of our politics spring from the conviction of many Americans that this of that president does not really represent their country. Yet as we look back at our presidents, we see them less as partisan politicians than as national leaders, who in different ways have helped develop the strengths and virtues of our nation.【参考译文】美国人对于自己的总统抱有非常高的期望，以至于也许没有一位总统能够达到那样的期望。

给各位理事鞠躬Bow to the board.就是这孩子This is the boy.在救济院出生然后去了教区农场Born here in the workhouse. Moved to the parish farm. 现年9岁已经到该回来的年纪了Nine years old today. Time to be moved back here.你叫什么孩子What's your name, boy?-奥利弗·忒斯特 -什么-Oliver Twist. -What?-那孩子是个傻子 -孩子听我说-That boy's a fool. -Boy. Listen to me.我想你知道自己是孤儿吧You know you are an orphan, I suppose.-你说什么 -这孩子是个傻子可能早就是了-What's that? -The boy is a fool. I thought he was.你知道你无父无母You know you've got no father or mother...由教会养大是吗...and that you were brought up by the parish, don't you? -是的先生 -你哭什么-Yes, sir. -What are you crying for?我希望你每天晚上都做祷告I hope you say your prayers every night.替那些养育你照顾你的人祈祷Pray for those that feed you and take care of you...像一个基♥督♥徒...Iike a Christian.-是的先生 -好吧-Yes, sir. -Well...你上这儿来是接受教育...you have come here to be educated...来学一门有用的手艺的...and to be taught a useful trade.这些东西放哪儿Here, where do you want these?跟你旁边的孩子学Learn from the boy next to you.-学什么先生 -学拣麻絮-What am I to learn, sir? -Learn to pick out the oakum.麻絮是什么先生What's oakum, sir?你哪儿来这么多问题Stop asking so many questions.麻絮是从旧绳子里面挑出来的纤维Oakum's the fibers you unpick from the old rope.能再次用在女王陛下的船上Then it's used again for the ships of Her Majesty's navy.你是在为国效力You're serving your country.好了干活吧Now, get on with it.汤姆歇一歇好不好我们还要睡觉呢Tom, give it a rest, will you? We're trying to sleep.-睡不着太饿了 -我们都饿-Can't sleep, too hungry. -We're all hungry.是的但我怕Yes, but I'm frightened.怕为什么Frightened? Why?什么什么Why? Why?我太饿了我怕把旁边的小子吃了I'm so hungry, I'm frightened I might eat the lad that sleeps next to me. 主啊O Lord God...感谢你赐予我们...for the blessing of this generous and bountiful meal...如此丰盛的食物...that thou hast placed before us...感谢您的慷慨阿门...we give thanks. Amen.阿门Amen.对不起先生我还要一点Please, sir. I want some more.什么What?对不起先生我还要Please, sir, I want some more.快把执事找来Fetch the beadle!尼姆金斯先生Mr. Limbkins.请原谅先生I beg your pardon, sir.奥利弗·忒斯特还想要Oliver Twist has asked for more.还要For more?!镇静邦布尔先生清楚地回答我Compose yourself, Mr. Bumble, and answer me distinctly.你是说他吃了他的晚餐之后还要Do I understand that he asked for more after he had eaten his supper? 是的先生He did, sir.那孩子以后准会被绞死That boy will be hanged."5镑一个孩--""Five pounds and a b--"我说"哇"那就是"哇"When I says "whoa," I means "whoa"!"健健康的"Health-- Healthy...学学徒...appren-- apprentice.5镑"Five pounds."扫烟囱是个脏活Chimney sweeping is a nasty trade.以前有小孩在烟囱里面憋死的Young boys have been smothered in chimneys before now.那是因为要他们下来可还没有点火That's because they damp the straw afore they light it in the chimney... 他们就把稻草弄湿了湿的稻草会生烟...to make them come out again. Damp straw makes smoke.烟会让孩子睡着他们还巴不得呢Smoke sends a boy to sleep, and that's what he wants.小孩子都很懒的Boys is very lazy, gentlemen.但一团火就能让他们上杆子跑出来没有比这个更灵的了But there's nothing like a good hot blaze to make them come out in a run. 而且很人道It's humane too. Yes.即使他们粘在烟囱上了Because even if they've stuck in the chimney...脚板一热他们就得赶紧下来...roasting their feet makes them struggle to extricate theirselves.是啊Yes.我想他喜欢扫烟囱这个活儿的吧I suppose he's fond of chimney sweeping?没错大人He dotes on it, Your Worship.好吧那我就要签契约了Very well. I will sign the indentures...把他签给...to make him Mr....甘菲尔先生做学徒Mr. Gamfield's apprentice.孩子My boy.孩子你脸色苍白又惊慌失措My boy, you look pale and alarmed.出什么事了What's the matter?求求您先生求求您先生Please, sir. Please, sir.怎么了孩子What is it, my boy?-别 -够了-Don't.... -Now then.别别Don't.... Don't....说吧孩子别什么Go on, my boy. Don't what?求您别让这个可怕的人把我带走先生Please don't send me away with this dreadful man, sir.阴险狡猾的孤儿我见得多了Of all the designing orphans that I've ever seen....-闭嘴执事 -你是在跟我说话吗大人-Hold your tongue, beadle. -Did Your Worship speak to me?是的闭嘴Yes, hold your tongue.不不行No. No, out of the question.我拒绝签这张契约We refuse to sanction these indentures.把这孩子带走Take the boy away.好好待他And treat him kindly.看来他需要善待He seems to want it.我已经给昨晚去世的两位女士量好了尺寸I've just taken the measure of the two women that died last night. 你要发财了苏尔伯雷先生You'll make your fortune, Mr. Sowerberry.您这么认为吗Think so?理事会出的价钱太少啦The prices allowed by the board are very small.棺材不也不大吗So are the coffins.顺便问一下你知不知道有谁想找个仆童By the by, you don't know anybody who wants a boy, do you?报酬很可观苏尔伯雷先生很可观Liberal terms, Mr. Sowerberry. Liberal terms.现在你要见你的新师♥傅♥了Now, as you are to meet your new master...把帽子拉起来...pull that cap off your eyes.头抬起来"先生"Hold your head up, sir.把眼睛擦干"先生"Dry your eyes, sir.-是你吗邦布尔 -不会是别人苏尔伯雷先生-ls that you, Bumble? -No one else, Mr. Sowerberry.我把那个孤儿带来了奥利弗·忒斯特I've brought the orphan, Oliver Twist.那么说他是那个孤儿So this is the orphan, is it?苏尔伯雷太太Mrs. Sowerberry...能不能请你过来一下亲爱的...will you have the goodness to come here a moment, my dear? 奥利弗·忒斯特Oliver Twist.孤儿怎么会有名字How comes an orphan to have any name at all?-我给起的 -你邦布尔先生-I invented it. -You, Mr. Bumble?我苏尔伯雷先生I, Mr. Sowerberry.我按字母顺序给这些孤儿起名字I name all our foundlings in alphabetical order.最后一个是SThe last was S.我给起了斯瓦布尔Swubble, I named him.这个是T 我给起了忒斯特This was a T. Twist, I named him.下一个是恩文Next one as comes will be Unwin...再下一个是维金斯...and the next, Vilkins.我把整个字母表的名字都准备好了一直到ZI've got names ready all through the alphabet, right up to Z.哎呀你可是个大文豪呢先生Why, you're quite a literary character, sir.嗯嗯Well, well...-没准就是呢 -苏尔伯雷太太-...perhaps I may be. -Mrs. Sowerberry...这是救济院的孤儿...this is the orphan from the workhouse.天哪他可真瘦小Dear me, he's very small.但他会长大的苏尔伯雷太太会长大的But he'll grow, Mrs. Sowerberry. He'll grow.是啊在我这里吃的好喝得好我敢说他肯定会的Yes, I daresay he will. On our food and drink.救济院的孩子吃得都比一般孩子多Workhouse boys always cost more to keep than they're worth.到楼下去瘦皮猴Get downstairs, you bag of bones.夏洛特Here, Charlotte...把我们给狗准备的冷饭给这孩子...give this boy some of the cold bits that were put by for the dog. 我猜你不会介意睡在棺材旁边You don't mind sleeping among the coffins, I suppose.你介意不介意都一样Well, it doesn't much matter whether you do or don't...没别的地方给你睡...for you can't sleep anywhere else.开门Open the door, will you?-你是新来的小子 -是的先生-You the new boy? -Yes, sir.-你多大了 -10岁先生-How old are you? -Ten, sir.我进来后要好好教训你一顿救济院的小子Then I'll whop you one when I get in, you workhouse brat.请问先生是您敲门的吗I beg your pardon, sir. Did you knock?是我踢的I kicked.您要买♥♥棺材吗先生Did you want a coffin, sir?-我猜你不知道我是谁 -不知道先生-You don't know who I am, I suppose. -No, sir.我是诺亚·克雷波尔先生你归我管Well, I'm Mr. Noah Claypole. And you're under me.现在把窗板关上Now, take down the shutters.我从师♥傅♥的早餐里给你留了点熏肉Saved a nice little bit of bacon for you from the master's breakfast. 到角落去吃动作快点In the corner with you. And be quick about it.他们等你看铺子呢听到了吗They'll want you to mind the shop. Do you hear?没听到吗救济院的到角落里去Do you hear, Workhouse? In the corner.老天啊诺亚别管这孩子了Oh, Lord, Noah, let the boy alone.别管他Let him alone?谁愿意管他了Why, everybody's let him alone.他的爸爸妈妈所有的亲戚都不管他了His mother, father and all his relations has let him alone.所有他需要有人来管了So he needs someone who don't.晚餐Supper.奥利弗你还没做完吗Oliver, ain't you done yet?我还从来没见过这么没用的孩子到楼下去I've never known such an idle boy. Get down them stairs.苏尔伯雷先生Mr. Sowerberry...进晚餐了...supper.-我有个想法亲爱的 -想法-I've had a thought, my dear. -Had a thought?那你要小心了苏尔伯雷先生你会得脑膜炎的You want to be careful, Mr. Sowerberry, you'll get brain fever.-是关于小忒斯特的 -他怎么了-It's about young Twist. -What about him?-一个很好看的孩子 -当然啦他吃得可不少-A very good-looking boy. -He will be. He eats enough.他脸上有一种忧伤的表情亲爱的There's an expression of melancholy in his face, my dear.他能成为一个出色的送殡人亲爱的He would make a delightful mute, my love.我--我不是说参加成人葬礼的一般送殡人I-- I don't mean a regular mute to attend grown-up funerals, my dear... 是儿童出殡的...but only for children's practice.看看他Look at him.看看他Look at him.救济院的小鬼头看啊A workhouse boy and a sneak. Look at him.记住我的话他会被绞死的Mark my words, I'll see him hung.不用多久Can't be too soon.救济院的你妈妈呢Workhouse, how's your mother?她死了She's dead.怎么死的What'd she die of, Workhouse?你要哭了吗救济院的You gonna cry, Workhouse?-什么事让你哭的 -不是你-What set you off? -Not you.-不是我 -不是你-Not me, eh? -No, not you.你最好别说我妈妈的事And you better not say anything about my mother. 最好Better not?你妈妈的事About your mother?我很抱歉我很可怜你Well, I'm very sorry, and I pity you very much.但你必须知道救济院的But you must know, Workhouse...你妈妈准不是个好东西...your mother was a regular right-down bad one. -你说什么 -你妈妈不是个好东西-What did you say? -A regular right-down bad one. 她死得正是时候It's a good thing she died when she did...不然的话她准是在做苦工或是被流放了...or she'd be hard laboring or transported.要么就是被绞死了这个可能性最大是吗救济院的Or hung. Which is most likely, isn't it, Workhouse? 救命啊夏洛特太太Help, Mrs. Charlotte!他要杀了我了救命啊He'll murder me. Help!救命走开Help. Get off!老天啊帮帮我For God's sake, help me!太太他要杀了我My missus, he's murdering me!-走开走开 -把他拉开夏洛特-Get off. Get off me now! -Get him, Charlotte.把他拉到外面去快Get him now. Go out with him. Come on.-救济院的魔鬼 -我要教训教训你-Workhouse devil. -I'll learn you!-你这个小坏蛋 -把门打开夏洛特-You brat! -Get the door, Charlotte.把他仍进去In with him. In.太凶残了先生Very violent indeed, sir.太太说And the missus said...如果邦布尔先生能拨冗...if Mr. Bumble can spare the time...就可以来教训他了...then Mr. Bumble's to flog him...因为师♥傅♥出去了...because the master's out.-在这里面 -奥利弗-ln there. -Oliver?让我出去Let me out of here!-听到我说话吗奥利弗 -听到了-Do you know this here voice, Oliver? -Yes.你不怕吗Ain't you afraid of it, sir?听到我的说话你不打颤吗Ain't you trembling while I speak, sir?不No!-他准是疯了 -不是疯了是肉-He must be mad. -It's not madness, ma'am, it's meat. -肉 -肉太太肉-Meat? -Meat, ma'am, meat.你给他吃得太多了You've overfed him.如果你一直给他喝粥的话就不会有这种事情了If you'd kept this boy on gruel, this would never have happened.天哪真是好心没好报Dear, dear. This comes of being liberal.到底是怎么回事情What's all this?奥利弗·忒斯特突然发狂了苏尔伯雷先生Oliver Twist has turned violent, Mr. Sowerberry.看他把我的眼睛打的先生Look what he's done to my eye, sir.你呀你呀Now then. Now then.-你是个好孩子不是吗 -他侮辱我的妈妈-You're a nice young fellow, ain't you? -He called my mother names. 要是他死了怎么办你这个忘恩负义的家伙Well, and what if he did, you little ungrateful wretch!她活该报应还不够呢She deserved what he said and worse.-不是的 -是的-She didn't! -She did!你说谎It's a lie!别干站着了苏尔伯雷先生他说我扯谎呢Do something, Mr. Sowerberry. He called me a liar.别干站着了Do something!对不起小姐I beg your pardon, miss...您能不能好心...but would you be so kind--?滚远点Get off my land.我不欢迎乞丐滚I don't want no beggars here. Go on!滚要不我就放狗了Get off! Or I'll put the dog on you!我没有多少就这点也够救你的小命了I haven't much, but you're more than welcome to it.当心点烫的Be careful, it's hot.一看到你我的心就一抽Seeing you gave me such a turn.我眼睛不好使了但My eyes ain't what they were. But...我一时把你...I just thought for a moment....你这么小怎么一个人出门Why are you on the road at all, a little mite like you? -你要去哪儿 -伦敦夫人-Where are you headed? -London, ma'am.伦敦London?伦敦London.哦天哪天哪Dear, oh, dear, oh, dear.你好小哥Hello, my man.你这是怎么了And what's your game?你不住附近吧You're not from these parts?打哪儿来的Where you from, then?我已经走了7天了I've been walking. Seven days.7天啊Seven days? Cor.我猜你想吃东西吧I expect you want grub?保准你能吃到And you shall have it.我现在手头也有点紧I'm at a low-water mark meself just at the moment... 但我会想办法的...but I'll fork out and stump.来吧站起来Come on, up with you, on your pins.这些不会再出来了吧And these won't get out again?非常感谢Thank you very much.哦顺便说一下Oh, by the by...我叫杰克·道金斯大家都叫我机灵鬼...my name is Jack Dawkins, better known as the Artful Dodger. 奥利弗·忒斯特Oliver Twist.你为什么叫机灵鬼Why are you known as the Artful Dodger?这就是原因That's why.有住的地方吗Got any lodgings?钱呢Money?看来今晚你要找地方睡觉了是吗I suppose you want someplace to sleep tonight, don't you?蝾螈Baby newt.蝾螈 4便士一个Buy a baby newt, 4 pennies.你走这么远不是铁嘴的命令吧I expect you walking for so long was a beak's order.-铁嘴是什么 -你不知道铁嘴是什么-What does that mean? -Don't you know what a beak is?-是鸟嘴吗 -啊你还真是个雏儿-A bird's mouth, isn't it? -Cor, you are green.铁嘴就是治安推事你到底是哪儿人啊A beak's a magistrate, my son. Where you been all your life?你给我滚开Get off me, you!你自找的活该That's it, you asked for it.回来啊我有话对你说Come back here. I wanna talk to you.我告诉你伙计我来的那个地方--from where I am, mate, I'm telling you.回家Go home!放开Get off of that!回家去Go back home!-喂 -李子满贯[口令]-Now then. -Plummy and slam.-有两个人那个是谁 -新来的-There's two of you. Who's he? -A new pal.-他打哪儿来 -没听说的地方-Where'd he come from? -Greenland.-老头在吗 -在楼上挑手帕呢-ls the old one there? -Upstairs, sorting the wipes.就是他费金我的新朋友奥利弗·忒斯特This is him, Fagin. My new friend, Oliver Twist.好啊好啊奥利弗·忒斯特Well, well, Oliver Twist.希望能有幸进一步跟你交朋友I hope I have the honor of a more intimate acquaintance.我们非常高兴见到你奥利弗非常We're very glad to see you, Oliver. Very.机灵鬼把香肠拿下来Dodger, take off the sausages...给奥利弗腾个地方出来...and let's make a space at the table for Oliver.你看的是手帕亲爱的You were staring at the pocket handkerchiefs, eh, my dear?不少吧There's a good many of them, ain't there?我们准备挑出来洗一洗We've just looked them out, ready for the wash.就这么回事亲爱的That's all, my dear.吹一下Blow it.烫的吹一下Hot. Blow it.奥利弗你得喝一杯Now then, Oliver, what you must have...热杜松子酒加水暖暖身子...is a hot gin and water. Warms the cockles.快点喝另一位先生还等着用杯子呢Only, drink it quick because another of these gentlemen wants the tumbler.他是个好孩子He's such a nice lad.我有种感觉他会是把好手的I have a feeling he'll turn out a hard worker.是啊是把好手Yeah, a hard worker.奥利弗Oliver?奥利弗Oliver?聪明狗Clever dogs.聪明的小狗Clever dogs.好家伙Fine fellows.都是好家伙All fine fellows.好家伙Fine fellows.好家伙Fine fellows.好家伙Fine fellows.好家伙Fine fellows.你干吗监视我你怎么会醒着的What do you watch me for? Why are you awake? 你看见什么了说啊孩子What have you seen? Speak out, boy!快说否则要你命Quick. Quick, or it's your life!我再也睡不着了先生I wasn't able to sleep any longer, sir.如果打扰了您我非常抱歉I'm very sorry if I disturbed you.-刚才你没醒吧 -没有先生-You were not awake a moment ago? -No, sir.-真的吗 -真的先生-You sure? -Yes, sir.你当然是睡着了我知道的宝贝儿Of course you were asleep, my dear. I know that.我只是想吓吓你I only tried to frighten you.你是个勇敢的孩子奥利弗You're a brave boy, Oliver.你看见那些漂亮的玩意儿了吗宝贝儿Did you see any of those pretty things, my dear?看见了先生Yes, sir.那些They....那些都是我的奥利弗我的一点可怜的财产They're mine, Oliver. My little property.是我养老用的For my old age.这是我们的小秘密It's our secret.-明白了吗宝贝儿 -明白了先生-You understand, my dear? -Yes, sir.我现在可以起来了吗先生Can I go up now, sir?起来吧Now....我希望你们早上没偷懒宝贝们I hope you've been at work this morning, my dears. -可卖♥♥力了 -尽心尽力-Hard. -As nails.好孩子Good boys.好孩子Good boys.-给我看看你有些什么机灵鬼 -几个皮夹子-What you got, Dodger? -Couple of pocketbooks.-高档吗 -还不错-Lined? -Pretty well.好啊Yeah.机灵鬼Dodge.我不知道机灵鬼I don't know, Dodge.嗯Well...好像有点轻...not as heavy as they might be...但很干净...but very neat...做工也不错...and nicely made.真是个机灵鬼是吗奥利弗Ingenious workman, ain't he, Oliver?是的先生Indeed, sir.查理你呢宝贝儿And, Charley, what have you got, my dear?-小手巾儿 -小手巾儿-Wipes. -Wipes?货色不错They're very good ones.很不错Very.这个标记做得不好You haven't marked them well.得用针挑出来我们--The marks should be picked out with a needle. And we'll--我们教奥利弗怎么做We'll teach Oliver how to do it.-可以吗奥利弗 -请吧先生-Shall us, Oliver? -lf you please, sir.你愿意跟查理·贝茨一样做手帕是这样吗You'd like to make handkerchiefs as easy as Charley Bates, wouldn't you? 非常乐意如果您教我的话先生Very much indeed, if you'll teach me, sir.我还没见过这么嫩的雏儿I've never met anyone so green.好了孩子们Now then, boys...开始吧...the game.我们教奥利弗We'll show Oliver...如何做手帕...how to make pocket handkerchiefs.你愿意玩游戏吗You'd like to play a game, wouldn't you?是的先生Yes, sir.-几点了老爹 -现在是-Got the time, guv? -It's...8点...8:00.-在玩游戏吗费金 -老一套了亲爱的-Playing the game, were we, Fagin? -As is our custom, my dear. -他是新来的吧叫什么 -他叫奥利弗-He's new. Who's he? -Oh, this is Oliver.奥利弗Oliver...这俩位是好朋友贝特和南希...these are our very good friends Bet and Nancy.看见了吗机灵鬼你得好好跟他学学See, Dodger, you wanna learn from him.他多有礼貌啊一位真正的绅士He's got manners, he has. A proper gentleman.外面太冷了所以我们才进来We popped in because we were that cold inside.随时欢迎亲爱的As is your custom, my dear.-查理 -来吧奥利弗坐这儿来-Charley. -Come on, Oliver. Join us.还是说你不愿意跟普通人坐一块儿Or don't you sit with the common folk?你得多加小心奥利弗Now, you wanna be careful of this lot, Oliver.-他们会教你 -教他挑标记-They'll have you picking-- -Picking out the marks.我们教的就是这个奥利弗是吗Just what we was teaching him, ain't it, Oliver, my dear?-是的先生 -"是的先生"-Yes, sir. -"Yes, sir"?你知道是对谁在说话吧You know who you're talking to, do you?你到这儿来你妈妈会怎么说What's your mother got to say about you being here?我没有妈妈我是孤儿I haven't got a mother. I'm an orphan.那你就来对地方了You're in the right company, then.来吧奥利弗我来教你怎么玩Come on, Oliver, I'll teach you how to play.这叫做"偷机"It's called Spec or Speculation.每人三张牌他翻过来的那张Three cards each, and then the one he turns up... 就是王牌...is trumps.这种日子是不是很快活啊宝贝儿This is a pleasant life, ain't it, my dear?-我什么时候可以出去呢 -快了快了-When can I go out, sir? -Soon. Soon.我们Let's--来看看你都学会了什么Let's see what you've learned.-喜欢吗 -喜欢先生-Would you like that? -Oh, yes, sir.看你能不能在我不注意的情况下See if you can take this out...把它拿出来...without my feeling it.拿走了吗Is it gone?你真是个聪明的孩子宝贝儿You're a clever boy, my dear.我还没见过更聪明的I never saw a sharper lad.这是一个先令拿去吧Here's a shilling for you.跟机灵鬼还有查理学着点Make the Dodger and Charley your models.特别是机灵鬼宝贝儿Especially the Dodger, my dear.他会是个大人物的你也会He'll be a great man himself, make you one too. 你就这么下去You go on this way...会成为了不起的大人物...you'll be the greatest man of the time.非常感谢先生Thank you very much, sir.漂亮的苹果来看看漂亮的苹果Lovely white apples. Get your lovely apples. 来啊本市最大的卷心菜Biggest cabbages in town. Come on.你是说那个宽边的You mean that one with the wide rim?太贵了Too expensive.小偷你的手帕先生Thief! Your handkerchief, sir.拦住他小偷Stop, thief!拦住他Stop!小偷Thief!-你是个贼 -抓住他-You're a thief! -Get him!-抓住他 -抓住那个男孩-Stop him! -Stop that boy!小偷Thief!抓住他小偷Stop, thief!小偷Thief!抓住他Stop him!抓住他Stop him!小心Mind out.抓住他Stop, thief!那边在那边There, over there.那边That way!-抓住他小偷抓住他 -小偷-Stop, thief! Stop! -Thief!-你叫什么 -让他透口气-What's your name, boy? -Give him some air.他吓死了He's scared to death.-那位先生呢 -先生来了-Where's the gentleman? -Here's the gentleman now.-是这个孩子吗 -恐怕是的-ls this the boy, sir? -Yes, I'm afraid it is.回答得真妙啊"恐怕是的"That's a good one. Did you hear him, "afraid it is"?-可怜的家伙自己受伤了 -是的是我♥干♥的先生-Poor fellow's hurt himself. -Yeah, I did that, sir.关节打到了他嘴上可我拦下他了Hurt me knuckle against his mouth. But I stopped him.-起来 -不是我先生不是我-Get up! -lt wasn't me, sir. It wasn't me.当然不是小偷都这么说Of course it wasn't. It never is.-起来 -别伤了他-Now get up. -Don't hurt him.不先生我不会的Oh, no, sir, I won't hurt him.-下一个 -这是我的姓名和地址先生-What's next? -That is my name and address, sir.警官这家伙是谁Officer, who is this fellow?-我叫布朗罗 -闭嘴-My name is Brownlow. -Hold your tongue.警官这家伙犯了什么罪Officer, what's this fellow charged with?哦不不是他大人Oh, no, no. He's not charged, Your Worship.他是来指控这个孩子的He appears against the boy.-让他发誓 -在我发誓之前-Swear him. -Before I am sworn...-我必须进上一言 -闭嘴先生-...I must beg to say one word. -Hold your tongue, sir.-我不先生 -即刻闭嘴-I will not, sir! -Hold your tongue this instant.你是个鲁莽无礼的家伙You're an insolent, impertinent fellow.-你竟敢辱骂推事 -什么-How dare you bully a magistrate. -What?让他发誓我不想听他废话了让他发誓Swear this person. I'll not hear another word. Swear him."我郑重发誓所言皆为事实上帝作证""l do solemnly swear to tell the whole truth, so help me God."-你指控这孩子什么 -我正在书店-What's the charge against the boy? -I was at a bookstore when-- 闭嘴警♥察♥呢Hold your tongue! Where's the policeman?警官怎么回事情有证人吗Policeman, what is this? Are there any witnesses?-没有大人 -这孩子在生病-None, Your Worship. -The boy is ill.是的恐怕如此Oh, yes, I daresay.过来小乞丐别在这里耍花样Come along, you vagabond. None of your tricks here.你叫什么What's your name?你叫什么你这个顽固的无赖What's your name, you hardened scoundrel?-警官他叫什么名字 -你叫什么孩子-Officer, what's his name? -What's your name, boy?水给我水Some water. Some water.他的名字叫萨姆·沃特斯大人He says his name is Sam Waters, Your Worship.-你住哪儿 -你住哪儿-Where does he live? -Where do you live?-没固定的地方大人 -废话-Anywhere he can, Your Worship. -Stuff and nonsense.别耍我Don't try to make a fool out of me.不我想他真的是病了大人No, I think he really is ill, Your Worship.我比你清楚否则我就不姓方I know better, or my name's not Fang.站到旁边去他在装死Stand away, officer. He's shamming.即席判决他劳役三个月He stands committed for three months.退庭Hard labor, of course. Clear the office.别别别带走他Stop. Stop, stop! Don't take him away.怎么回事这人是谁把他赶出去What is this? Who is this? Turn this man out.-退庭 -我不出去我有话要说-Clear the office. -I will not be turned out! I will speak!我都看见了我是书店老板I saw it all. I own the bookshop.-我要作证 -你有什么要说的-I demand to be heard. -What have you got to say?-不是那个孩子 -不是那个孩子那是谁-lt was not this boy. -Not this boy? Who was it, then?在那位先生看书的时候偷他东西的是另外两个小孩The robbery was committed by two others while the man was reading. 我看见了看见这孩子都吓呆了I saw it done. I saw that this boy was perfectly amazed by it.你为什么不早来Why didn't you come before?-没人帮我看铺子 -你说看书-I hadn't a soul to mind the shop. -Reading, you say?那么说有书了A book, I suppose.是的就攥在他手上呢Yes, the very one he has in his hand.天哪我把这事给忘了Oh, dear me, I forgot all about it.好啊你也是个好人啊Well, you're a nice one.指控无辜的孩子To prefer a charge against an innocent boy.我猜你是在一种极为可疑I consider, sir, that you've obtained that book...极不光彩的情况下取得这本书的...under very suspicious and disreputable circumstances. -该死 -店主-Damn me! -Bookseller...你要指控他吗...do you want to press charges against him?-当然不 -好吧-Certainly not. -Well...你是不是觉得挺幸运的...think yourself fortunate...书的主人拒绝指控你...that the owner of the book declines to prosecute.对这孩子的指控取消The boy is discharged.-退庭 -岂有此理-Clear the office. -Damn me.退庭退庭Clear the office! Clear the office!下一个案子Next case.来啊走先生走起来先生Come on. Move along, sir, please. Just move along, sir.真是位好心人先生There's a good gentleman, sir.等等哈里我帮你一把Hold on, Harry. I'll give you a hand.小心脚下楼梯Mind that step. Just mind that step there.让一让路先生Make way for the law, sir.-小心小心点 -他看上去年纪很小-Careful. Careful with him. -He seems very young too.帮我叫辆马车Call a coach, pray.-好的马上先生 -抱歉-Yeah, right away, sir. -I'm sorry.可怜的孩子Poor boy.-小心夫人 -谢谢你先生-Mind yourself, madam. -Thank you, sir.-车来了先生 -谢谢警官-Got one, sir. -Thank you, officer.我来吧先生Let me, sir.好了There we go.-能搭我一程吗先生 -当然可以-Will you drop me off, sir? -Of course.好吧All right.请帮忙抬一下他的头先生If you could just take his head, sir.-去哪儿 -本顿维尔-Where to, sir? -Pentonville.-本顿维尔 -是的-Pentonville. -Yes.回答我他去哪儿了Answer me! Where is he?回答我他去哪儿了Answer me! Where is he?那孩子怎么样了说啊要不我掐死你What's become of the boy? Speak out, or I'll throttle you! 条子抓走了放开我The traps have got him! Let go of me, will you?!大牛Bullseye!谁扔的谁往我头上扔的Who pitched this here at me? Who done it?大牛进来你这鬼鬼祟祟的家伙Bullseye. Come in, you sneaking warmint.待在外面不进来干吗What you stopping outside for?趴下Lay down.怎么了费金又虐待这些孩子了What you up to, Fagin? Ill-treating the boys again?我奇怪他们怎么还没杀了你如果换了是我早动手了A wonder they don't murder you. I would, if I was them. 别这么大声你似乎不高兴比尔Don't speak so loud. You seem out of sorts, Bill.给我杯喝的小心别下毒药Give us a drink. And mind you don't poison it.查理。

本科生毕业论文（设计）册学院 XXX学院专业英语教育班级 XXX级英语教育X班学生 XX指导教师 XX XXXX大学本科毕业论文（设计）任务书编号：论文（设计）题目：《双城记》中卡顿的悲剧学院：XXXX学院专业：英语教育班级：XX级英语教育XX班学生姓名：XXXX学号：XX指导教师：XX职称：教授1、论文（设计）研究目标及主要任务本论文的研究目标是探讨《双城记》中卡顿这一人物形象悲剧表现的三个方面，以及其悲剧形成的原因，和体现作者的思想。

其主要任务是通过研究卡顿的悲剧来弘扬作者的人道主义精神。

2、论文（设计）的主要内容本论文分为三章，第一章介绍卡顿爱情的悲剧及表现，第二章介绍卡顿工作上的悲剧及表现，最后一章介绍了卡顿生活悲剧及表现。

3、论文（设计）的基础条件及研究路线本论文的基础条件是小说所呈现的主题，以及学者们对《双城记》的研究。

研究路线是通过对《双城记》中卡顿人物形象的探索，来展现当时的时代背景和作者的思想，观点。

4、主要参考文献Dickens, Charles. A tale of two cities. Qingdao: Qingdao Press, 2005.Collins, Philip. Dickens: The Critical Heritage. London: Routledge, 1971.Hardy, Barbara. British Writers. London: British Council, 1982狄更斯，2011，《双城记》，张玲张扬译. 上海：上海译文出版社.贺润东，2011，卡顿的救赎—《双城记》中博爱精神的体现. 《绵阳师范学院学报》2011年第4期，23—25页.教师：年月日教研室主任：年月日注：一式三份，学院（系）、指导教师、学生各一份XX大学本科生毕业论文（设计）开题报告书XX学院英语教育专业XX届XX大学本科生毕业论文（设计）评议书XX大学本科生毕业论文（设计）文献综述本科生毕业论文设计论《双城记》中卡顿的悲剧作者姓名XX指导教师XX所在学院XX学院专业（系）英语教育班级（届）XX级英教XX班完成日期 2013 年 5 月 8 日An Analysis of the Tragedy ofSydney Carton inA Tale of Two CitiesByXXProf. XXX, TutorA Thesis Submitted to Department of EnglishLanguage and Literature in PartialFulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of B.A in EnglishAt XXXUniversityMay 8, 2013AbstractA Tale of Two Cities is a novel by English author Charles Dickens, which is set in London and Paris before and during the French Revolution. It ranks among the most famous works in the history of fictional literature. This novel shows effectively the author‘s aim to point out the injustice of oppression and the justific ation of the revolution. However, Dickens shows his strong criticism on the excess of bloodshed during the French Revolution.Sydney Carton the most typical character represents Dickens‘s humanism best. He is the real tragic hero in this novel. He always thinks about others and makes concessions for others, even sacrifices. In the end, after doing careful, meticulous and perfect arrangement, Carton took Darnay's place by counterfeiting and died for the Manette family, three generations of four people.This thesis will analyze Carton‘s short but touching life to explore his tragedy. It consists of three parts. The first part is Carton‘s tragedy on love. Lover in love with someone else and his humble love make him never seek happiness for himself. This is definitely resultless love. The second part consists of the jackal behind the lion and nobody give him business. These are the tragedy on his work. The last is his life tragedy. A lazy, alcoholic, ignored, despised attorney is willing to sacrifice his life for love and others. This is a beautiful tragedy, and that sacrifice is eternal.Key words humanism tragedy love life work摘要《双城记》是英国作家查尔斯·狄更斯所著的一部以法国大革命为背景的鸿篇巨制，情节高潮迭起，感人肺腑，是世界文学经典名著之一。

BI YE LUN WEN（20_ _届）英语伍尔夫《一间自己的房间》的女性主义解读A Feminism Reading of Virgina Woof’s ARoom of One’s Own内容摘要弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫是20世纪文坛上的一名杰出的女作家，她被尊为意识流小说的鼻祖之一，与乔伊斯、福克纳等意识流小说大师齐名。

同时，她又被尊为西方当代女性主义的“母亲”，她认为女性应该在经济上和精神上独立，并拥有自己的生活空间和精神空间。

此外，还要勇于表达自我的真实想法。

她认为女性主义的最终目的是消解两性之间的对立，以达到两者的和谐状态。

因此，她在《一间自己的房间》中提出了“双性同体”理论。

本文试图从女性主义角度解读《一间自己的屋子》，分析伍尔夫的女性主义思想，以期更好的理解文学中的女性主义。

伍尔夫的女性主义思想在21世纪的今天仍有极强的思考意义。

关键字：弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫；独立；空间；双性同体；女性主义AbstractVirginia Woolf is an outstanding woman novelist in 20th century. She has been regarded as one of the representatives of the stream of consciousness, enjoying equal popularity with Joyce and Faulkner. Meanwhile, she is regarded as the mother of modern feminism in the west. She thinks that females should be financially and spiritually independent and have their own living space and spiritual space. In addition, women also need to express themselves bravely and sincerely. She considers the final goal of feminism is to dispel the opposition between males and females and to reach a harmonious state. Therefore, she proposes the theory of androgyny in A Room of One's Own. This thesis tries to discuss A Room of One's Own from the angle of feminism, and analyze Woolf's feminism so as to seek a broader understanding of feminism literature in general. Studying Woolf still has a profound meaning in 21st century.Key words:Virginia Woolf; independence; space; androgyny; feminismContentsAbstract (ii)1 Introduction (4)2 What’s feminism (5)2.1 The etymology of the term "feminism" (6)2.2 T he definition of the term “feminism” (6)2.3 Virginia's concepts of feminism (7)3 Virginia’s feminist idea in A Room of One’s Own (7)3.1 Economic independence (8)3.2 Having a room of one's own (10)3.2.1 Living space (10)3.2.2 Spiritual space (11)3.3 Establishing female's value (11)3.4 The pursuit of androgyny (11)4 Factors leading to Virginia’s feminist view (14)4.1 Her parents’s influence (14)4.2 The Bloomsbury Group’s influence (16)4.3 Sexual Assault by her brothers (17)4.4 The Industri al Revolution and the Women’s Right Movement (17)5 Conclusion (18)Bibliography (47)Acknowledgements (18)1 IntroductionVirginia Woolf (1882-1941), is a famous woman novelist in the 20th century and she is one of the important modernist novelists. Meanwhile, she is one of the representatives of the stream of consciousness, enjoying equal popularity with Joyce and Faulkner. What's more, she is regarded as the mother of modern feminism in the west.Literary criticism of Virginia Woolf has proliferated since the1980s. Some critics appraise her works and some appraise her person; some analyze her work’s consciousness, and some analyze her feminism; some study her works from ethics, some from aesthetics, some from homosexuality, some from psychology. She is not only a great writer, but also a "forerunner, indeed the 'mother' of the contemporary Anglo-American feminism” as Zhu Gang describes. (Z hu Gang 2006: 342) As for her feminism, some criticize her feminism as an extreme type for they think her represented idea of feminism—androgyny means she intends to replace male value with female value; some criticize her deviating the feminism for they think she couldn't bear her own female identity, so she had to give up to the patriarchal society and swamped in the mud of utopian thought of androgyny; while the others praise it highly for it is an advancement in the stage of feminism's development.Xu Wei analyzes Woolf's feminism, both as a theoretical analysis of gender inequality and oppression, and as a political movement. Her paper analyzes that Woolf how to analyze the question of "women writing" in the theory and how to practice it in her writing. Woolf is concerned with the nature of womanhood. The focus on women characters in Woolf's fiction is central to much early feminist criticism, as well as non- or anti-feminist criticism. To an extent, "anger" and "androgyny" are the two terms most central to feminist debates on Woolf. Their centrality serves to further increase the importance of A Room of One's Own as the key text of Woolf's feminism and feminism's Woolf, for it is here that "anger" and "androgyny" are most fully discussed. And A Room of One's Own is seen by many critics to subdue and repress women's anger in favor of a more serene gender—transcendent or androgynous creativity. (Xu Wei, 2004: 38-39) Wu Qinghong tries to analyze, to show and to criticize Virginia's feminism in the development of western feminism. And she indeed did it, comprehensively andintensively. Her main viewpoint is that Virginia Woolf is the most important representative person in the history of feminism's development. Woolf's analysis on feminism corrected the shortage of feminism in 1890s to 1990s, which emphasized the equality between men and women on law. What's more, her feminism inspired the new feminist in 1960s and 1970s to deconstruct male's political and cultural supremacy and establish female's visual angle, which predicted the development direction of post-feminism in 1990s. (Wu Qinghong, 2005: 5) Ma Tingting draws a conclusion that Woolf's feminism is not a panacea for all women, but an occidental one with intense tendency of racialism.(Ma Tingting, 2006: i-ii) Wu Haixia probes the unique feminist thoughts of Virginia Woolf, which she thinks are quite different from most of the other feminists. It is clearly that since the appearance of feminism, the oppositions between men and women have been highlighted, and feminism is related to the marginalization of all women, with their being relegated to a secondary position. Most feminists hold their views that the social culture is a patriarchal culture. Woolf realizes that women are confronted with inequalities and exclusion in the patriarchal society. Woolf witnesses the efforts and achievements the feminists have made to get equal rights and positions with men, whereas she airs her view that the final goal of feminism is to deconstruct the binary oppositions between the two sexes. She presents her famous theory of "androgyny" in A Room of One's Own. She argues that androgyny is the best state of mind for writing, in which a writer can make perfect artistic expression. (Wu Haixia, 2007: ii)Woolf criticizes the patriarchal society in her works, and prompts us to reexamine the history of human by a female angle to create a new civilization. Her ideology and perception opens and enlightens the idea of feminism in many aspects. This paper tries to analyze Woolf's concepts of feminism through the reading of A Room of One's Own, to get a further understanding on feminism, which can also help deepen Chinese female’s comprehension of feminism.2 What’s feminismAt the very beginning of this paper, a basic question needs to be answered. That is what feminism is? In the academic circles of Europe and America, "feminism" generally refers to any activities to strive for and tick up for the right of females. It has several hundred years' history and has complex contents. Therefore, it is difficultto define it.2.1 The etymology of the term "feminism"The term "feminism" is derived directly from the Latin word fēmina,which means woman. This term and its derivatives originated in France during the late 19th century. The first person who called herself feminist was a French suffragette activist, Hubertine Auclert(1848-1914).She first used this term in her periodical called La Citoyenne in 1880.(Cai Qing, 2005: 3) However, although this term was used in her periodicals, it was not popular among women advocates who were rather moderate. Instead of "feminist", these women called their organization "feminine". It was not until the beginning of the 20th century when "feminism" became accepted by most women suffragette activists.2.2 The definition of the term “feminism”In broad sense, feminism can be defined as social movement, which takes eliminating sex discrimination and ending the oppression on women as its political goals. It also includes the revolution in ideology and culture which emerged from the process for pursuing its political goals. In this sense, feminists represent those who devote themselves in this movement sincerely, and any males and females who take part in the revolution of ideology and culture. In its narrow sense, feminism refers to a kind of methodology that regards and analyses a question in a gender perspective.Feminism now stands for a movement or philosophy that questions the unequal balance of power between men and women. Feminists fight for equality between men and women. The term "feminism" has become the name for the women's movement, the quest for social changes aimed at improving the position of women. Feminism is defined both as "the theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes " and " organize activity on behalf of women's rights and interests".（Merriam-Webster, 2003: 461) Hence, the term feminism is not only about the struggle for political rights. It is a system of ideas and a social movement, directed towards opposing men's privilege of position and women's subordination. This term contains redistribution of power and recognition of sex equality.2.3 Virginia's concepts of feminismVirginia Woolf is not only a female writer, but also a pioneer of feminism. Her essential contribution to feminism is her perseverance that social and economic elements are critical to shape women's creativity and perception. According to her idea, women play a historical role to join in the creation of human civilization, especially the arts. What she emphasizes is that females should face the reality and think things that related to them instead of thinking things that concerned men. Therefore, she puts forward the idea that females should set up a literature of their own. To deal with the anger that appears in the process of writing and derives from the inequality between men and women, she proposes a concept of androgyny. An androgynous mind is the best state of mind for doing literary creation. However, it causes a heated debate among later feminists. Although it is controversial, she creates a bright future for females.Virginia's view of feminism is embodied intensively in the idea of androgyny. Androgyny has more than one meaning. It may refer to the anatomical coexistence of two sorts of sex organs in the same body; or else to the allegory of a form of spiritual perfection. In other cases, it is related to the explicit coexistence of male and female qualities in the same entity. (Wu Haixia, 2007: 23-24) To put it simply, androgyny means full balance and command of an emotional range that includes male and female elements. She thinks the final goal for feminism is to eliminate the opposition between males and females. Virginia's feminism includes economic independence, spiritual independence. Her analysis on feminism corrected the shortage of feminism in 1890s to 1990s, which emphasized the equality between men and women on law. What's more, her view of feminism inspired the new feminist in 1960s and 1970s to deconstruct male's political and cultural supremacy and establish female's visual angle, predicting the orientation of post-feminism in 1990s.3 Virginia’s feminist idea in A Room of One’s OwnA Room of One's Own is Virginia's representative work of feminism. In October, 1928, Virginia Woolf was invited to give two academic speeches by Cambridge University. One was in the Art Society of Newnham, the other was in the Gordon women college. The lecture topic was Women and fiction. The next year, she published a brochure,which was written on the basis of these two lectures. Quickly, the booklet amazed the world with a single feat at that time. Up to now, it has become the most famous work and has most readers compared to her other works. It is universally acknowledged as a declaration of western feminism.The work---A Room of One's Own can be divided into six parts. The first part describes an experience in Oxbridge University fabricated by the author, which shows an unfair treatment that females received in a patriarchal society. The second part represents a phenomenon that the author found a large amount of books about women's problems written by men in the England museum. What’s worse, one professor claimed absolutely in his marvelous work that female's intelligence, physical power and morality are all lower than males. In the third part, the writer sketches a hypothetical "Judith" Shakespeare, sister of William, who is as brilliant and promising as he, but her talent is undoubtedly buried by the patriarchal society. Woolf traced back to the females' rough process for getting in the literature arena in the forth part. Aphra Behn (1640-1689), a playwright, novelist and poet of England, who is the first English female to became a professional writer in 17th century. Then women writers began to feel proud and elated. However, most English women writers had to use males' name as pen names to relieve their social pressure during the 19th century. In the fifth part, the author points out that it is necessary to strengthen females' awareness of knowing the difference between males and females. Only in this way, she thinks, females can realize the true value of themselves. In the last part, Virginia agrees with Samuel Taylor Coleridge's androgynous idea, believing that a writer's creative soul should have both masculinity and femininity. In other words, a person is a bisexuality instead of a unisexuality. A person is androgynous. When full balance and command of an emotional range that includes male and female elements reached, these men writers or women writers can create great works.3.1 Economic independenceFemales are facing an economic problem. As is known to all, economy is the basis of living. Women lose their economic source, when the patriarchal society excludes them from the public work, which causes them sink in a poor state. In reality, what females are engaged in are human beings' personal production and all kinds of necessary house works to maintain many families’ functions. When women are doingthese, they use up their physical power, energy, and even sacrifice their lives. However, these are all done in the area of family. Their yields often cannot leave any tangible fruits. For example, the cooked food will be eaten up, the washed clothes will be dirty after wearing again, and children who have been raised up will leave home to get in their own world. Don't these household labors have any value? Is there anybody who pays them salary? Therefore, these natural, non-commercial labors are excluded from the social labor by the patriarchal society, because they are only related with personal family members and they cannot create value directly. Since the unpaid labor take up most energy of females, they lose their subject position in the society and lose the source of finance. Therefore, if females want to get rid of the disadvantaged status imposed on them by history and reality, they should strive for the economic position. Just like what Woolf says in A Room of One's Own, women should have revenue of 500 pounds every year. She considers that the main reason why there are so less women writers is that our mother is too poor. For example, if Mary's mother " had gone into business; had become a manufacturer of artificial silk or a magnate on the Stock Exchange; if she had left two or three hundred thousand pounds to Fernham, we could have been sitting at our ease tonight and the subject of our talk might have been archaeology, botany anthropology, physics, the nature of the atom, mathematics, astronomy, relatively, geography. If only Mrs. Seton and her mother and her mother before her had learnt the great art of making money and had left their money, like their fathers and their grandfathers before them, to found fellowships and lectureships and prizes and scholarships appropriated to the use of their own sex, we might...have looked forward without undue confidence to a pleasant and honorable lifetime spent in the shelter of one of the liberally endowed professions. We might have been exploring or writing; mooning about the venerable places of the earth; sitting contemplative on the steps of the Parthenon, or going at ten to an office and coming home comfortably at half-past four to write a little poetry." (Virginia Woolf, 2005: 576) They haven't learned how to make money, how to manage their own property. For thousands of years, women are handling house works and rearing children, while men are doing business for making money. While princes and aristocrats use their properties to build many schools and libraries, women are rejected out of the colleges; they are restricted in a small circle of family. They have no rights to receive education. As a result of being deprived of enjoying rights of owning their ownproperty, females' desires for making money are constrained. The thousands of years' influence of patriarchal society places women in a penniless position.Women began to walk out of the household in 20th century. Thus, many women writers sprung up. We can see that for the latest hundred years, the appearance of many women writers are concerned with the rights women have achieved, especially the acquirement of economic right, which plays an important and positive role in art creating. Woolf herself also admitted that she and her sister obtained all their father's books after their father's death, so she could start her writing career. In A Room of One's Own, the narrator also repeatedly says that but for her aunt's 500 pounds' heritage, it might have been hard for her to break away most women's fate---working hard in the household or going out for earning money to keep the pot boiling. All in all, females should be independent in the economy.3.2 Having a room of one's ownVirginia said that “a woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction." (Virginia Woolf, 2005: 555) It has been discussed that females should be financially independent. Now, it turns to a room of one's own. Having a room of one's own not only indicates that females should have their basic living space, but also means that females should have a comparatively free spiritual space.3.2.1 Living spaceIn the past, women were restrained in a small room, being busy at doing trivial house works all day. It was not uncommon that their works would be suspended. What's worse, they had to hide their works quietly to avoid being scoffed. Jane Austen is a good example in A Room of One's Own." For she had no separate study to repair to, and most of the work must have been done in the general sitting-room, subjecting to all kinds of casual interruptions. She was careful that her occupation should not be suspected by servants or any persons beyond her own family. Jane Austen hid her manuscripts or covered them with a piece of blotting-paper." (Virginia Woolf, 2005: 604) Therefore, having a living space for one's own plays an essential role in females' creation.3.2.2 Spiritual spaceMany women writers were born in rich families. They had money and their own living spaces. However, they depended on their parents so much that they didn't go out for traveling to broaden their eyes. They did what their fathers asked and even married to who their fathers picked for them. When they were children, they were subjected to their fathers; when they were married, they were obedient to their husbands; when they were old, they complied with their sons. It is just like the three cardinal guides and the five constant virtues as specified in the ancient Chinese feudal ethical code. Women never had their own minds and their own spiritual space, they were not spiritually independent. Woolf pays more attention to the influences of patriarchal society on women's writing.3.3 Establishing female's valueWoolf finds that women's writing hasn't had their own tradition. Therefore, she proposes that females should set up their own value. To create females' literature or other careers, they have to take two times adventures. First of all, killing the "angel in the house", to be ourselves. Here, the "angel in the house" represents the stipulations that imposed on women by social norms and ideology of traditional culture. It also refers to females' conscious compliance to this oppression. They even turned patriarchal oppression and forbidden into their self requests and self-conscious actions. Facing this, Woolf realizes that the only way is to kill it, otherwise "she will kill me, she will dig out my heart of writing". The second adventure is to express truly the physical experience of ourselves. Women's requests suffered an extreme suppression and twist in the patriarchal society. According to Woolf, the consciousness that how a man will look at a woman who expresses her own real lust disturbs a female writer's imagination and damages her creativity. Therefore, expressing one's own real idea becomes an important means to remove the patriarchal ruling.3.4 The pursuit of androgynyAndrogyny is Woolf's social and literary ideal, but its premise is getting rid of the two sexes inequality and opposition, and the discrimination on females. Many feministsare unwilling to accept this viewpoint. For example, Elaine Showalter points out that "Woolf's androgyny is a female writer's reaction to her crag-fast condition". (Zhugang, 2006: 355) It is a utopia imagination of an ideal artist. Although it is quite controversial, it is a revolt to the creative standpoint of literature which regards male value as the unique standard. It is an initial deconstruction to the binary opposition of sex. It has a great influence on the generation of subsequent feminism theory and its criticism.Androgynous mind is central to Woolf's feminism. She defines it as "a mind that is reason; that transmits emotion without impediment; that is ceaselessly creative; incandescent; undivided. In fact one goes back to Shakespeare's mind as the type of the androgynous, the man-womanly mind." (Huangzhong, 2005: 23-24) Simply speaking, androgyny means full balance and command of an emotion range that includes male and female elements. She thinks that an androgynous mind is the best state of mind for doing literary creation.Woolf proposes at the beginning that "a woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction." (Virginia Woolf, 2005: 555) However, she also points out that the economic problem is not the only element that impacts women's writing. A placid and healthy state of mind is also necessary. The narrator takes Lady Winchester as an example in the 4th chapter of A Room of One's Own. She was noble both by birth and by marriage; she was childless; she wrote poetry. Her mind was disturbed by alien emotions like fear and hatred, so her poems showed traces of that disturbance:How we are fallen! fallen by mistaken rules,And Education's more than Nature's fools;Debarred from all improvements of the mind,And to be dull, expected and designed;And if someone would soar above the rest,With warmer fancy, and ambition pressed,So strong the opposing faction still appears,The hopes to thrive can ne'er outweigh the fears.Yet it is clear that could she have freed her mind from hate and fear and not heaped it with bitterness and resentment, she could create pure poetry as follows:Nor will in fading skills compose,Faintly the inimitable rose. (Virginia Woolf, 2005: 599-600)Charlotte Brontěmay be another example. As we all know, she is an brilliant English novelist. However, Woolf finds that there is a certain shrillness arising out of her works. Although Woolf thinks that she is more genius than Jane Austen, her anger makes her books "deformed and twisted" (Virginia Woolf, 2005: 606). There is no doubt that a woman writer would become angry in a man-dominated society. She expresses her dissatisfaction in her famous work---Jane Eyre: “Women are supposed to be very calm generously: but women feel just as men feel; they need exercise for their faculties and a field for their efforts as much as their brothers do; they suffer from too rigid a restraint, too absolute a stagnation, precisely as men would suffer..." (Virginia Woolf, 2005: 606) As a consequence," She will write in a rage where she should write calmly. She will write foolishly where she should write wisely. She will write of herself where she should write of her characters. She is at war with her lot. How could she help but die young, cramped and thwarted?" (Virginia Woolf, 2005: 606)On the other hand, Jane Austen had been constantly disturbed when writing Pride and Prejudice. Therefore, Woolf thinks that the environment should have influenced her and she would write a better one if there were no disturbances. To Woolf's surprise, when she "read a page or two to see, but I could not find any signs that her circumstances had harmed her work in the slightest." (Virginia Woolf, 2005: 605) She thinks that because Austen wrote "without hate, without bitterness, without fear, without protest, without preaching. That was how Shakespeare wrote." And "when people compare Shakespeare and Jane Austen, they may mean that the minds of both had consumed all impediments; and for that reason we do not know Jane Austen and we do not know Shakespeare, and for that reason Jane Austen pervades every word that she wrote, and so does Shakespeare. (Virginia Woolf, 2005: 605)What is the difference between these two groups of examples? We can see that in the last chapter of this essay. The narrator gets the inspiration when she sees a very ordinary sight out of the window: a girl and a young man are coming down the street, meeting at the corner and getting into a cab. Then she sketches a plan of the soul so that "in each of us two powers preside, one male, one female; and in the man's brain the man predominates over the woman, and in the woman's brain the woman predominates over the man. The normal and comfortable state of being is that when the two live in harmony together, spiritually co-operating. If one is a man,still the woman part of his brain must have effect; and a woman also must have intercourse with the man in her. (Virginia Woolf, 2005: 623-624) She thinks that perhaps what Coleridge meant when he said that a great mind is androgynous.4 Factors leading to Virgini a’s feminist viewVirginia Woolf is a productive writer and a great feminist, but first of all she is a social being, so her ideas can not be separated from the factors leading to her feminist view. As a result, it is far from enough to know about her and her work only by knowing her talents and achievements. Her parents and the Bloomsbury Group are of great influence on her writing and her feminist ideas. Besides, there are sexual assault by her brothers, the Industrial Revolution and the Women’s Right Movemen t.4.1 H er parents’ influenceVirginia Woolf was born in a literary family. Her father was the distinguished Victorian author, critic and Alpinist, Sir Leslie Stephen (1832-1904), editor of the Cornhill Magazine (1871-82), of the Dictionary of National Biography (1882-90) and of the Alpine Journal (1868-72), who counted Thomas Hardy, Henry James and George Meredith among his friends (Jane Goldman, 2008: 3). Her mother was Julia Prinsep Stephen (1846-95), who was born Julia Prinsep Jackson, in India, the daughter of John and Maria Jackson. Her maternal grandmother, and Woolf’s great-grandmother and namesake, was Adelin (1793-1845), daughter of Antoine Chevalier de L’Etang and Thérèse Blin Grincourt,who married James Pattle (1775-1845) of the Bengal Civil Service (Jane Goldman, 2008: 4). There is no denying that her parents exerted great influence on her thinking. She was born in a large and well-to-do family, with learned father and mother, intelligence and wide social connection.Her father, Leslie Stephen, a widower, had married Julia Jackson in 1878. Between them they already had four children; after they got married, they had another four children: Vanessa, Thoby, Virginia and Adrian. This family was a typical patriarchal family of Victorian time. In the family, the patriarchs were in charge of everything, owing unassailable powers, capable of enforcing everything upon women. There is evidence in the article of Virginia Woolf and Leslie Stephen: History and。

河南农业大学本科生毕业论文（设计）任务书论文（设计）题目Marriages in Pride and Prejudice学院外国语学院专业英语（国际商务）班级学号姓名2010年3月1日河南农业大学本科生毕业论文（设计）题目Marriages in Pride and Prejudice学院外国语学院专业班级2006级商务英语2班学号学生姓名指导教师撰写日期：2010年5月20日Contents Abstract (1)I. Introduction (1)II. Four Marriages in Pride and Prejudice (2)1. Collins and Cha rlotte’s Marriage---marriage based on money or benefit (2)2. Lydia and Wickham’s Marriage---marriage based on vanity and carelessness (3)3. Jane and Mr. Bingley’s Marriage---marriage based on same interests (4)4.Darcy and Elizabeth’s Marriage---marriage based on true love (4)III. Influence of Austin’s Marriage Concept on Marriage Today (6)1. Woman’s social status in Austin’s age and Austin’s marriage concept (6)2.Woman’s social status and the marriage concept today (9)IV. Conclusion (10)Bibliography (11)Acknowledgments (11)Marriages in Pride and PrejudiceLi Lina Business Class 2 Grade 2006 0615102038 Tutor: Yu Hongwei Lecturer XXX 商务英语2班2006级0615102038 指导老师XXX 讲师Abstract:Pride and Prejudice is Austin’s great work. Through the discussion of the different marriages, she perfectly reflected the relation between money and marriage at her time and gave the people in her works vivid characters. Moreover, she portrayed some reasons for the different marriage concept held by people at that time, in which the low social status of women is the most striking one. Austin thinks that marriage merely for property, money and status is absolutely wrong, but marriage without economic factors is silly. In a word, she is against the marriage for money. She regards love between two people as the basis of an ideal marriage, which breaks the traditional marriage concept and influences people’s idea of marriage nowadays.Key words: Pride and Prejudice; marriage; loveI.Introduction“Jane Austen (1775-1817) was born in Hampshire, a country priest family located in Hants, the village of Kingston, Sidemen in north England. She was a beautiful, talented middle class woman with extraordinary temperament and good cultivation. Her six novels---Sense and Sensibility, Pride andPrejudice, Northanger Abbey, Manshifeierde Manor, Emma, Persuasion all describe more than marriage.” (Wang Shouren, 2005, 64) However, her marriage is like a blank paper in her 42 years real lifetime. Going through the finest time, but eventually without meeting a comfortable partner, she gives up her love. Going through the sweet and bitter feeling which helps her to write the great work Pride and Prejudice.“At that time, according to the social conditions in Britain, a good marriage for a young woman was critical. This phenomenon was closely associated with the British society and the status of women in the society. In the 19th century, women were not well respected compared with the ones in the present society. There was no equality between woman and man. Women were considered to be inferior to men in terms of intelligence and capacity. The central life of women was forced to stay at home, their roles were to deal with the family affairs, such as taking care of the children and serving for the husband.”(Zhu Hong, 1997, 34)People naturally thought that women should be submissive to their husbands. The virtues of women were patient and deferent. They must recognize their inherent inferiority to men, so they must restrict their abilities without conditions. Although the status of women was low, few of them expressed dissatisfaction about their own destiny. At that time, many middle-class young women had three solutions: getting married; staying at home as old maids or working as the family female teachers. The income of family female teacher was very low, and the status was low as well. It was very difficult for them to change or swap out of this status, no one would like to be a maid forever, therefore, in terms of young women, especially those who don’t have enough properties, to get married was the only way for them to gain respect, stability and social status. This idea forms the basis of women’s marriage concept at that time.This novel takes young people’s marriage as the thread and it covers the inheritance of fortune, women’s social status, ethics and customs. Being the masterpiece of Jane Austen, it comes to the extensive favor of literary lovers and experts at the same time. This paper makes an analysis of four marriages in Pride and Prejudice and discusses the influence of Austin’s marriage concept on present marriage.II. Four Marriages in Pride and Prejudice1. Collins and Charlotte’s marriage---marriage based on money or benefitThe first part of Pride and Prejudice tells the marriage of Charlotte and Collins, which is lucky and natural. They get married without any expectation. Charlotte is William Lucas’s daughter, who is the neighbor of Lizzy Bennett. She was born of humble parentage and very mediocre in every aspect. So she has not got married even until she is 26 years old. She may be a typical questionable girl. However, there are 5 daughters in the Bennetts, the five daughters are gradually growing up to the age for marriage. So both of the two families rival mutually, especially in the eyes of the vulgar women, such rivalry was particularly tedious. Bennett’s wife was especially typical; she does not give birth to a boy but five girls. The family’s property couldn’t be given to a daughter according to the custom at that time, and the family without a son can grant the wealth to the nephew. Thus, one of Bennett nephew---Collins can inherit the family wealth. Therefore, Mrs. Bennett has great expectations on her nephew. Though the family is not very rich, he is the final owner of Bonnet family’s wealth. Mrs. Bennett felt at ease about this, and she has great hope on Collins and likes him. Catherine Collins, with the help of one of his relatives, becomes a priest. And then he goes to the home of his uncle, wanting to be home complement of Bennett. Because he has heard a lot about the arrangement of the five golden flowers of his uncle’s family, he is coming to try his luck here. In his mind, if he could be one son-in-low of his uncle’s, then he could get the property of the family. He stays at home for a long time to repay his uncle’s heritage and gets sympathy by the family. Informed that the eldest daughter Jane has a boyfriend, he aims at the second daughter Elizabeth Bennett in spite for his aunt’s interesting sake, Elizabeth has been tired of him. Eventually, she refuses him with sharp tongue. But Collins quickly finds comfort from Charlotte who desires to get love from a male and believes marriage is the elegant way for a girl with some education. Charlotte knows that the marriage without property would eventually move toward disappointment and suffering. Even if the couple loves each other deeply at first, when Collins, known as a social climber, is rejected by Elizabeth, he immediately turns to fall in love with Miss Charlotte. Although Collins is an inborn fool, his love could not move the heart of a woman, Charlotte accepts him, because her purpose is to get married. Almost all the girls born in a poor family without good education always regard marriage as the only decent way, although marriage might not necessarily bring happiness to them. She manages to arrange one of the most reliable way by marriage, thus she would not be exposed to the cold temperatures and suffer hunger in the future. She now gets a storage room. Then they get married as quickly as the lightening. Charlotte is like a rodman catching a fairly plump fish---Collins. But if he doesn’t meet a setback from Elizabeth, a nd theencouragement of Charlotte, I am afraid that he would not be so willing to propose marriage to Charlotte. The man like Bingley who has fairly numerable money need a beautiful wife, the poor man needs a wife with a huge wealth, like Wickham; It was lucky for Charlotte that she could gain the marriage with Collins although their marriage is not happy at all. A mediocre love, a dull marriage has been established effortlessly. Such marriage without love is too practical, so it is a kind of superficial marriage without happiness.In these marriages, it was quite interesting that the women without property really get married with those rich bachelors. However, the happiness brought by marriage to them has not accompanied the husband. In marriage, money is very important. Austin objects such marriage simply based on money. Collins is the heir of Bonnet family; he doesn’t know what love is. He would state some of the inappropriate remarks at any time. Charlotte gets married for money. Eventually she gets nothing more than a rich man, though she has economic security. She doesn’t care about her husband’s accompanying and love. She encourages him to clean up the garden more. She sets his living-room in the small house absent of even a small number of sunshine. When her husband makes gaffe in front of their friends, she ignores and turns a deaf ear. Such arrangement for the story is a perfect irony for “the truth universally acknowledged” at the beginning of the novel. The author expresses great sympathy to the tr agic fate of the women at that time and those who had to marry because of economic restraints by the description of the marriage of Charlotte.2. Lydia and Wickham’s marriage---marriage based on vanity and carelessnessThe second marriage is between Bennet t’s third daughter Lydia and Wickham, the son of the housekeeper. Originally he is well-treated by the family and the friends. However, he comes down in the world because of his misbehavior. He gets into debt. So he wants to get money and become rich and change his social status through marriage, which is a way to approach the talents. He is a man without any responsibility. He does nothing except assailing a woman with obscenities. In his opinion, love is only recreation. For his purpose, he entices Lydia and gets her love easily, because she is young, innocent and vainglorious, and loves to go ease and hates to work hard, and is spoilt by her mother. Getting love and praise of a boy is her dream. So when Wickham wants to reach his aim---getting wealth by love, he exalts her beauty hypocritically. Lydia, impulsive, credulous and blindly following, she forgets who she is and feels she is the most beautiful and happiest girl in the world. Their love does not get the permission from the parents, and then they elope. They spend money without restraint, andthey are unable to make ends meet. When Elizabeth hears the news, she believes that their love is false, Wickham would not marry Lydia, because she is no charming and has nothing to attract him, He does not lov e her but the wealth of her family. The marriage is admitted on the condition of Darcy’s help. For sake of Elizabeth, Darcy gave them a sum of money to let them get out of difficulties. At the same time, this swindler prepares to climb another woman for a sum of money. Their marriage is considered to be a scandal in Bennett’s family. But Mrs. Bennet is not disgraceful to this marriage. When Collins gets the news, of course, he is very angry and reacts to the marriage to revenge his early failure of proposal to her.This marriage is one without love. They don’t know the real meaning of marriage. They only want to satisfy their aspiration. So we can say this is a kind of impromptu love and marriage without true love and responsibility which is doomed to be a tragedy.3. Jane and Mr. Bingley’s marriage---marriage based on same interestsThe third marriage is one of the eldest daughter Jane and Mr. Bingley. Bingley is a friend of Darcy. His sister loves Darcy very much and she expects Bingley to get married with Darcy’s sister Georgiana, because she wants to get love from Darcy in this way, which also reflects her selfishness. The marriage of the able man---Bingley and the beautiful girl---Jane is ideal in most people’s eyes. Bolobbyist, a politician, at the end of the 18th century, said that upbringing was more important than law, because it could promote moral, help to realize moral or ruin moral. Thus it could be concluded that upbringing played very important role in life at that time. On the first ball organized by Mr. Bingley in the Niger Park, Jane---the eldest daughter of the Bonnets’ is favored by the host. But the reserved personality and the standardized qualities make her conceal her true feelings, so she almost loses Bingley, which is also caused by her nest-of-kin’s lap sad conducts. For example, Mrs. Bennet often gives comments on the marriage in public, especially the benefits of the marriage, which almost frightens Bingley away. This good marriage based on a favorite of mutual good impression and true love. Fortunately with the misunderstandings between Elizabeth and Darcy solved, the lovers get married after so many setbacks.4. Darcy and Elizabeth’s marriage---marriage based on true loveThe fourth marriage is the main theme of the works. That is D arcy and Elizabeth’s marriage. Elizabeth is the ideal image for women as well as the most charismatic person in the novel. She is Bonnet’s second daughter, an active, intelligent and smart girl. She has a middle-class family background and has not been affected by the formal education belonging to those aristocratic younggirls, so she isn’t good at music and painting, but she has read many books which make her knowledgeable and perceptive. The most important aspect is that she is a lady with dignity and upbringing. Darcy is a man with tall figure and good manner. He is handsome, rich and powerful. So he is the ideal husband of most girls. But he has grown up in the surroundings with strong sense of power, so he always is selfish and arrogant, and he has a critical look at each individual, except the family members., he is not concerned about anyone else, and looks down upon anyone else. Therefore, when he first arrives in the village, he finds all the persons are far away from those imagined. Although every girl there is young and lovely, he has no interest to anyone except Elizabeth. At first he doesn’t put an eye on Elizabeth. Gradually, he has to admit that Elizabeth is beautiful, distinct and popular, although he insists that Elizabeth hasn’t the same soc ial status as him. Darcy is rational because he has a strong sense of power, which agrees on the reality at that time. Although he expresses his love to Elizabeth, he couldn’t help showing his arrogance, which makes Elizabeth have misconception and prejudi ce on Darcy. Darcy considers that he has been lowing himself and doing something against his will, personalities and even moral standard. He thinks that his marriage would certainly succeed and Elizabeth is waiting for him to propose marriage.Therefore, even he is irresistible to the flooding feelings, and condescends to Elizabeth, he still remembers the gap between them. Clearly, the rational aspect of Darcy’s personality performs on the realities of society. When he talks about his feelings of love, he also expresses the arrogance of these feelings in details, which results in the arousing resentment of Elizabeth; she rejects his marriage proposal, and angrily accuses his insolence. The rational aspect of the heroine Elizabeth shows her calm and actually stressful personality. Compared with her stupid mother, the smooth and lazy father, the shallow-minded, self-willed sister with feather head, Elizabeth is one with ideal mind. She is elegant like her sister Jane, but more intellectually superior unlike her sister being easy to be favorable. She also advises her sister to see through the stupidity and nonsense of those camouflage honest persons.Elizabeth is unique, because she has a deep understanding of all the things around her. In fact both she and Darcy are extremely sensitive to the social status. Different from Darcy, Elizabeth doesn’t have superiority about her family background and status. Instead, she feels deeply ashamed for her sister’s being lack of fairly education and her mother’s rudeness and stupidity. Compared with her moderate and generous sister Jane, she is smarter and even more profound. She has a clear understanding about her own social status, which is due to the psychotically sedimentary deposits because she is in aninferior position for long time. Because of this, she resists extremely against the arrogance of Darcy, and she tries her best to protect herself from being hurt by Darcy’s commanding attitude. She believes that she must make him understand that she is not woozy, which reflects her belief to deal with the emotional entanglements with Darcy, as well as her constant patter with Darcy and the prejudice on Darcy. It superficially seems to be shared by the traditional psychological requirement that everyone needs to be respected mutually. Mutually speaking, this is another form of expression about the awareness of status. Perhaps, to some extent, Darcy has more romantic temperament than Elizabeth, it is because he is better positioned than her. Elizabeth refuses the stupid priest Collins and challenges wealthy Darcy, all of this is actually the resistance of the prevailing marriage at that time. The ultimate failure makes Darcy wake up. He is aware of his own short-comings. He accepts Elizabeth’s criticism, and faithfully corrects the shortcomings and mistakes. He is no longer arrogant and has a real love with Elizabeth.With the revealing of the truth, Elizabeth’s prejudice on Darcy becomes deeper. Until when Elizabeth refuses Darcy’s long love letter, she experiences the fierce sh ock. After undergoing a period of painful and profound thought, she could not help but to shout how despicable she is, she believes she is the excellent one in the family, she is skillful and always despises her sister’s dress. In order to satisfy her own vanity, she always treats people with an irrelevant suspicion and confusion. How shameful it is! But this shame serves her right. Even if she really falls in love with someone, she should not be so blind to meet this flunking stage. She is stupid not only in love, but in the vanity. When she first knows them two, one loves her and makes her feel happy, and the other treats her in a cold manner, which makes her angry. All these cause her prejudice and ignorance, when she encounters their affairs. She would not be able to distinguish the right and the wrong. She could be considered to be knowledgeable at last.When we see the blame from heart, we find her shortcomings and the courage that she could face herself directly. It is her bringing that plays a role; she starts to give up the bias caused by self-esteem, truly and seriously understand Darcy. Elizabeth wouldn’t believe the shameless lies about Darcy said by Han and eliminate the misunderstanding and prejudice. She finally falls in love with Darcy. When the sister asks how she would love Mr. Darcy, Elizabeth replies that she should date from the day she sees the beautiful lane manor park. The statement seems to refer to the property of Darcy. Therefore, Jane doesn’t want the sisters to be kidding. In additi on to referring to the specific manor, she also refers thenew Darcy seen in the garden. In other words, Darcy changes the attitude of being arrogant and rude, and this is the reason why Darcy wins Elizabeth’s heart and love.III. Influence of Austin’s Marriage Concept on Marriage Today1.Woman’s social status in Austin’s age and Austin’s marriage conceptMarriage is the central topic in Pride and Prejudice. From the analysis of the marriages, we can see that wealth is the decisive factor of marriage to the female at that time while the major factor of influencing concepts of marriage is women’s social status. In the novel, Austen portrays the women’s low status and the reasons for it. Pride and Prejudice is also a sharp and witty comedy of manners played out in early 19th century English society, a world in which men held virtually all the power and women were required to negotiate mine-fields of social status, respectability, property, and marriage.In a letter Austen wrote to Fanny in 1817, she wrote, “sing le women have a dreadful propensity for being poor---which is one very strong argument in favor of matrimony.”(Gillie, 2005, 98) We get a somber impression of the women in Jane Austen’s lifetime, with fairly rare exceptions, only two professions were open to opportunities and enormous risks, and the latter was arduous, penurious, and little respected. There were also, of course, literature and journalism, but they seldom afforded a stable livelihood. Having a private income, happy matrimony was the only way of life in which middle-and upper-class women could normally hope to find themselves satisfied, esteemed, and secured. The women, in a lower status, in order to live, she has to depend on the marriage or the men, except that she is a rich woman, who owns a large fortune. In that case, it is unnecessary for her to depend on marriage. If it is not in that case, girls must find a rich man to be married. The single women must have their own ways to live on their own. “It is a truth universally acknowledged tha t a single man in possession of a large fortune must be in want of a wife.” (Austen, 2003, 1) This is not a truth, in reverse, it is a truth that a poor woman without fortune is in want of a man in possession of a large fortune. The reason is that she has to live, but she cannot live by her own. Therefore, the ladies take advantage of their beauties and good manners to attract men.In this novel Austen concentrates on women’s fate most. Through her characters’ process of courtship and marriage, Austen shows social background behind their marriage and what low status women have suffered. In Pride and Prejudice, generally the only way for a woman is to get married besides being spinsterhood or governess. To marry a rich and high status man, is a path for the young women to gaining financial security and social status. The novel portrays life in the middle class ruralsociety of the day, and tells the initial misunderstanding and later mutual enlightenment between Elizabeth Bennet and Darcy. They gradually dispel their prejudice and constitute a happy marriage. Here Austen shows the power of love and happiness to overcome class boundaries and prejudice, thereby implying that women should strive for their own love and happiness, but not to according to the social will.However, behind the happy marriage of Elizabeth Bennet and Darcy, Austen mainly wants to show that property, social status still play the most important roles in a marriage, from which women suffered a lot. No right of inheritance, such is particularly the case of the Bennets, a family of five daughters whose father’s estate is entailed to a distant relative, for upon Mr. Bennet’s death they will loose home, land, and income, everything else. After knowing Elizabeth’s refusal to Mr. Collins, Mrs. Ben net threats her daughter that“if you go on refusing every marriage, you will never get a husband, and I am sure I do not know who is to maintain you when your father died.”(Austin, 2003, 150) So it is illustrated that property and social status are more important than marriage. Marriage is an odd phenomenon and it is just an approach, which people could reach their aims and provides them convenience. Austen describes Charlotte’s marriage as a symbol, through which Austen shows the readers what low status w omen hold.Through Pride and Prejudice, Austen portrays the commonly held views on the characters’ marriage. Society, at that time, put a significant value on property and social status, and women in such a society, with their privileges tightly limited, had no chance to develop their personalities and their characters were fettered by the society. There were no centrally organized systems of state---supported schools, and some local grammar schools did exist but did not admit girls. So women’s education be came impossible, and they didn’t have careers, but society required little for their use of knowledge and gave little chance for them to use knowledge. They were denied the possibility of improving their status or gaining their financial security through hard work or personal achievements. They were mostly estimated by others through their property and social status.Therefore, in Pride and Prejudice, marriage is one of the most ideal ways, in which women could gain reputation, wealth and raise their social status. Just as the character Charlotte Lucas in the novel, without thinking highly either of men or matrimony, her life goal is marriage. When proposing and being rejected by Elizabeth, Mr. Collins quickly transfers his attention towards Charlotte Lucas, and he could not possibly be in love with Charlotte, for only three days before he had proposed Elizabeth. YetCharlotte knows the fact that the man she will marry has no attachment to her, just for the will of marrying, but she pays no attention to it. She marries Mr. Collins for the purpose other than love, so she doesn’t care about whether there is love in their marriage. Just as Charlotte says to her fiend “I am not romantic, you know. I never was. I ask only a comfortable home; and considering Mr. Co llins’s character, connections, and situations in life…” she accepts Mr. Collins’s proposal. Austen portrays that Charlotte’s marriage to Collins is a monetary trade. Charlotte marries Collins primarily because he will be able to provide her enough livelihoods and will be able to make her life quite easy by considering estate. So she thinks that the tolerable Collins’s proposing to her is an extremely good fortune for her since he earns his money through inheritance and is in the command of the wealthy lady Catherine. In other words, Charlotte marries Collins not because of love but because of her desire for financial security and raising her social status. Facing the practicality, she would have sacrificed every better feeling to worldly advantages. After their marriage, Charlotte has to endure her intolerable husband.In the novel, Austen also criticizes the marriage concept women held at that time. In terms of marriage, women thought they had no high social status and had no large property, so they thought that marriage was an acceptable path to his high status or their economic safety according to the view of the society. They never thought that they could earn their life and their marriage, which belonged to themselves but not to the social value. They just considered if they could completely integrate into the society and accepted the twisted monetary view and marriage view, and played the roles that the society needed, they could gain their happiness and easy life. Thus, they dressed themselves and were willing to transform themselves into commodities, appearing in kinds of balls, in order to attract men.Although women were forced under the social prejudice, they tried no struggle. They were willing to believe that marriage was a form of trade and in the marriage market they could be given happiness. Facing social prejudice, they also had the consciousness of being humble, thinking that the male was the superiority, and women had to surrender to the society, was seemed to more easily to them. In the novel, Austen demonstrates that women should strive for their own life and marriage, be self-confident and get rid of the illiberal mind, not ruin any chance to realize the value, dignity, personality of theirs. Elizabeth is the best example, although she sometimes shows her pride, she is an admirable, wit, brilliant, and self-confident woman, who conquers many difficulties and at last she gains the true love with Darcy. As for Charlotte, she also could have tried to find somebody she really loves and gets married, like her。

朝花夕拾英语读后感作文1After reading "朝花夕拾" (Dawn Blossoms Plucked at Dusk), I was deeply moved and gained a lot of profound insights. One of the most touching scenes for me was when Chang Ma bought "Shan Hai Jing" for the narrator. This simple act reveals the warmth and kindness of human nature. Chang Ma, despite her ordinary appearance and sometimes rough ways, showed her sincere care and love for the child. It made me realize that in our daily lives, there are always such unnoticed kindnesses and loves that bring us warmth and strength.The author's critical description of the social phenomena in old China is also thought-provoking. The feudal superstitions, the numbness of the people, and the inequality all reflect the dark side of that era. However, when comparing it with the present society, we can see significant progress and changes. We now enjoy a more open, equal, and just social environment. We have the opportunity to pursue our dreams and express our opinions freely.This book not only brings me back to the author's childhood but also makes me reflect on the past and present of society. It reminds me to cherish the present, keep the kindness and warmth in my heart, and strive to make the society better.After reading "朝花夕拾" (Dawn Blossoms Plucked at Dusk), I was deeply moved and gained a lot of insights. The book vividly depicts various aspects of the author's life, allowing me to experience the beauty and complexity of the past.The author's description of childhood games brought back memories of carefree times. The joy and innocence of playing in the fields, chasing butterflies, and having fun with friends made me long for those simple pleasures. It made me realize how precious those moments of pure happiness were and how they have become cherished memories.On the other hand, the portrayal of the constraints imposed by feudal ethics and rituals on the characters was truly thought-provoking. Seeing how people were bound by traditional norms and unable to express themselves freely made me appreciate the importance of the current environment of freedom and equality. We should not take these for granted but strive to maintain and improve them.In conclusion, "朝花夕拾" not only reminds us of the beauty of the past but also urges us to cherish the present and work towards a better future. It has taught me that growth is a continuous process, and memories are both a source of warmth and a motivation to move forward.After reading "朝花夕拾" (Dawn Blossoms Plucked at Dusk), I was deeply moved and gained a brand-new understanding of traditional culture. The book vividly presents various aspects of traditional culture, such as the lively atmosphere of the Spring Festival. The descriptions of family gatherings, firecrackers, and delicious food made me feel the warmth and joy of this traditional festival.Another aspect that struck me was the author's memories of private school education. In those days, education was strict and formal, but it also laid a certain foundation for students. When comparing it with modern education, we can see significant progress. Modern education focuses more on developing students' comprehensive abilities and individuality, providing them with a wider space for growth.However, in the modern society, the inheritance and development of traditional culture face challenges. Many traditional customs and values are gradually fading away. We should attach importance to and protect these precious heritages, and let them continue to shine in the long river of history.In conclusion, "朝花夕拾" has not only brought me beautiful memories but also made me reflect on the relationship between traditional culture and modern society. It has inspired me to cherish the past and strive for a better future."Reading '朝花夕拾' has been a truly enlightening experience for me. This collection of memories has not only transported me to a bygone era but has also made me reflect deeply on my own growth.The author's vivid portrayal of childhood friendships struck a chord within me. I recalled a similar incident when I was young. I had a friend who, like the ones in the book, was always by my side during play and shared countless secrets with me. Just as the friendships in the book endured challenges and changes, so did ours. But through it all, the bond remained strong, teaching me the value of loyalty and understanding.The fate of the characters in the book also made me think about my attitude towards setbacks. I saw how they faced difficulties with resilience and determination. It made me realize that when I encounter hardships in my life, I should not give up easily but rather face them bravely and find solutions.In conclusion, '朝花夕拾' has been a mirror that reflects both the joys and sorrows of childhood and the challenges of growing up. It has inspired me to cherish the past, embrace the present, and look forward to the future with hope and courage."5"Zhaohuaxishi" is a remarkable work that has left a profoundimpression on me. Lu Xun's masterful storytelling and vivid descriptions have transported me to a bygone era, allowing me to witness the various facets of life and human nature.The author's writing style is truly captivating. His humorous and witty expressions not only bring a smile to my face but also make the narrative more engaging and lively. For instance, in the description of his childhood experiences, the simple and innocent joy is depicted with such vividness that it makes me feel as if I were there with him.Moreover, the profound philosophy contained within the book has given me much food for thought. The exploration of life and time is especially poignant. It makes me realize that every moment in life is precious and should be cherished. The passing of time is inevitable, but it is how we make use of each day that counts.This book has also enlightened my view of life. It has taught me to look at the world with a more discerning eye and to appreciate the complexity and beauty of life. It has encouraged me to embrace the past with gratitude and to face the future with optimism and courage.In conclusion, "Zhaohuaxishi" is not only a literary masterpiece but also a guide that leads me to reflect on life and grow in wisdom.。

2005英语考研真题作文In today's fast-paced society, people are constantly under pressure to perform and achieve. This pressure can lead to stress and anxiety, which can have a negative impact on our mental and physical health.It's important to find ways to manage and reduce stress in our daily lives. One effective way to do this is through regular exercise. Exercise not only helps to release endorphins, which are natural stress-fighters, but it also provides a healthy outlet for pent-up emotions and energy.Another way to reduce stress is by practicing mindfulness and meditation. Taking time to focus on the present moment and quiet the mind can help to alleviate anxiety and promote a sense of calm and relaxation.In addition to physical and mental practices, it's also important to pay attention to our social and emotionalwell-being. Building strong relationships and connectionswith others can provide a sense of support and belonging, which can help to reduce feelings of isolation and stress.Finally, it's important to remember the importance of self-care. Taking time for ourselves, whether it's through engaging in hobbies, pampering ourselves, or simply taking a break, is crucial for maintaining a healthy balance and reducing stress.In conclusion, managing stress is essential for our overall well-being. By incorporating regular exercise, mindfulness and meditation, building strong relationships, and practicing self-care, we can effectively reduce stress and lead happier, healthier lives.。

Wittgenstein's Works•The Big Typescript: TS 213, German English Scholars' Edition, 2005, C. Grant Luckhardt and Maximilian E. Aue (trans.), Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.•The Blue and Brown Books (BB), 1958, Oxford: Blackwell.•Culture and Value, 1980, G.H. von Wright (ed.), P. Winch (trans.), Oxford: Blackwell.•Last Writings on the Philosophy of Psychology, vol. 1, 1982, vol. 2, 1992, G.H. von Wright and H. Nyman (eds.), trans. C.G. Luckhardt and M.A.E. Aue (trans.), Oxford: Blackwell.•“A Lecture on Ethics”, 1965, The Philosophical Review, 74: 3-12.•Lectures and Conversations on Aesthetics, Psychology and Religious Belief, 1966, C. Barrett (ed.), Oxford: Blackwell.•Letters to C.K. Ogden with Comments on the English Translation of the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, 1973, G.H. von Wright (ed.), Oxford: Blackwell.•Letters to Russell, Keynes and Moore, 1974, G.H. von Wright andB.F. McGuinness (eds.), Oxford: Blackwell.•Ludwig Wittgenstein: Public and Private Occasions, 2003, J.Klagge and A. Nordmann (eds.), Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.•Ludwig Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle: ConversationsRecorded by Friedrich Waismann, 1979, B.F. McGuinness (ed.), Oxford: Blackwell.•Notebooks 1914-1916, 1961, G.H. von Wright and G.E.M. Anscombe (eds.), Oxford: Blackwell.•“Notes for Lectures on 'Private Experience' and 'Sense Data'”, 1968, Philosophical Review, 77: 275-320.•On Certainty, 1969, G.E.M. Anscombe and G.H. von Wright (eds.), G.E.M. Anscombe and D. Paul (trans.), Oxford: Blackwell. •Philosophical Grammar, 1974, R. Rhees (ed.), A. Kenny (trans.), Oxford: Blackwell.•Philosophical Investigations (PI), 1953, G.E.M. Anscombe and R. Rhees (eds.), G.E.M. Anscombe (trans.), Oxford: Blackwell. •Philosophical Investigations, 4th edition, 2009, P.M.S. Hacker and Joachim Schulte (eds. and trans.), Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. •Philosophical Occasions, 1993, J. Klagge and A. Nordmann (eds.), Indianapolis: Hackett.•Philosophical Remarks, 1964, R. Rhees (ed.), R. Hargreaves and R. White (trans.), Oxford: Blackwell.•ProtoTractatus—An Early Version of Tractatus Logico- Philosophicus, 1971, B.F. McGuinness, T. Nyberg, G.H. von Wright (eds.), D.F. Pears and B.F. McGuinness (trans.), Ithaca: Cornell University Press.•Remarks on Colour, 1977, G.E.M. Anscombe (ed.), L. McAlister and M. Schaettle (trans.), Oxford: Blackwell.•“Remarks on Frazer's Golden Bough”, 1967, R. Rhees (ed.), Synthese, 17: 233-253.•Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics, 1956, G.H. von Wright, R. Rhees and G.E.M. Anscombe (eds.), G.E.M. Anscombe (trans.), Oxford: Blackwell, revised edition 1978.•Remarks on the Philosophy of Psychology, 1980, vol. 1, G.E.M. Anscombe and G.H. von Wright (eds.), G.E.M. Anscombe (trans.), vol. 2, G.H. von Wright and H. Nyman (eds.), C.G. Luckhardt and M.A.E. Aue (trans.), Oxford: Blackwell.•“Some Remarks on Logical Form”, 1929, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 9 (Supplemental): 162-171.•Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (TLP), 1922, C.K. Ogden (trans.), London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Originally published as “Logisch-Philosophische Abhandlung”, in Annalen der Naturphilosophische, XIV (3/4), 1921.•Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, 1961, D.F. Pears and B.F. McGuinness (trans.), New York: Humanities Press. •Wittgenstein: Conversations, 1949-1951, 1986, O.K. Bouwsma; J.L. Kraft and R.H. Hustwit (eds.), Indianapolis: Hackett. •Wittgenstein in Cambridge: Letters and Documents 1911-1951,2008, Brian McGuinness (ed.), Oxford: Blackwell.•Wittgenstein's Lectures, Cambridge 1930-1932, 1980, D. Lee (ed.), Oxford: Blackwell.•Wittgenstein's Lectures, Cambridge 1932-1935, 1979, A. Ambrose (ed.), Oxford: Blackwell.•Wittgenstein's Lectures on the Foundations of Mathematics, 1976,C. Diamond (ed.), Ithaca: Cornell University Press.•Wittgenstein's Lectures on Philosophical Psychology 1946- 47, 1988, P.T. Geach (ed.), London: Harvester.•Zettel, 1967, G.E.M. Anscombe and G.H. von Wright (eds.), G.E.M.Anscombe (trans.), Oxford: Blackwell.•The Collected Manuscripts of Ludwig Wittgenstein on Facsimile CD Rom, 1997, The Wittgenstein Archives at the University of Bergen (ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press.Secondary SourcesBiographies and Historical Background•Hacker, P.M.S., 1996, Wittgenstein's Place in Twentieth-century Analytic Philosophy, Oxford: Blackwell.•Janik, Allan, and Stephen Toulmin, 1973, Wittgenstein's Vienna, New York: Simon and Schuster.•Malcolm, N., 1958, Ludwig Wittgenstein: A Memoir, Oxford:Oxford University Press.•McGuinness, B., 1988, Wittgenstein, a Life: Young Wittgenstein (1889-1929), Pelican.•Monk, Ray, 1990, Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius, New York: Macmillan.Collections of Essays•Block, Ned, (ed.), 1981, Perspectives on the Philosophy of Wittgenstein, Oxford: Blackwell.•Canfield, John V., (ed.), 1986, The Philosophy of Wittgenstein, vols.1-15, New York: Garland Publishers.•Copi, I.M., and R.W. Beard, (eds.), 1966, Essays on Wittgenstein's Tractatus, London: Routledge.•Crary, Alice (ed.), 2007, Wittgenstein and the Moral Life, Cambridge, MA.: MIT Press.•Crary, Alice and Rupert Read, (eds.), 2000, The New Wittgenstein, London: Routledge.•Gibson, John and Wolfgang Huemer (eds.), 2004, The Literary Wittgenstein, London: Routledge.•Griffiths, A.P., (ed.), 1991, Wittgenstein: Centenary Essays, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.•Kahane, Guy, Edward Kanterian , and Oskari Kuusela (eds.), 2007,Wittgenstein and His Interpreters, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.•Klagge, James C., 2001, Wittgenstein: Biography and Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.•Moyal-Sharrock, Danièle (ed.), 2004, The Third Wittgenstein: The Post-Investigations Works, London: Ashgate.•Moyal-Sharrock, Danièle, and William H. Brenner, (eds.), 2005, Readings of Wittgenstein's On Certainty, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.•Pichler, Alois and Simo Säätelä(eds.), 2005, Wittgenstein: The Philosopher and his Works, Publications from the Wittgenstein Archives at the University of Bergen.•Shanker, S.G., (ed.), 1986, Ludwig Wittgenstein: Critical Assessments, vols.1-5, Beckenham: Croom Helm.•Sluga, Hans D., and David G. Stern, (eds.), 1996, The Cambridge Companion to Wittgenstein, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.•Vesey, G., (ed.), 1974, Understanding Wittgenstein, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Introductions and Commentaries•Anscombe, G.E.M., 1959, An Introduction to Wittgenstein's Tractatus, London: Hutchinson.•Baker, G.P., Katherine J. Morris (ed.), 2005, Wittgenstein's Method:Neglected Aspects, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.•Biletzki, Anat, 2003, (Over)Interpreting Wittgenstein, Leiden: Kluwer.•Black, Max, 1967, A Companion to Wittgenstein's Tractatus, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.•Baker, G.P., and P.M.S. Hacker, 1980, Wittgenstein: Understanding and Meaning, Volume 1 of an Analytical Commentary on the Philosophical Investigations, Oxford: Blackwell (2nd extensively revised edition 2005).•Baker, G.P., and P.M.S. Hacker, 1985, Wittgenstein: Rules, Grammar and Necessity, V olume 2 of an Analytical Commentary on the Philosophical Investigations, Oxford: Blackwell (2nd extensively revised edition 2009).•Cavell, S., 1969, Must We Mean What We Say?, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.•Diamond, C., 1991, The Realistic Spirit, Cambridge: MIT Press. •Fogelin, R.J., 1976, Wittgenstein, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul (2nd edition 1987).•Glock, Hans-Johann, 1996, A Wittgenstein Dictionary, Oxford: Blackwell.•Hacker, P.M.S., 1972, Insight and Illusion: Themes in the Philosophy of Wittgenstein,, Oxford: Clarendon Press; 2nd revisededition, 1986.•Hacker, P.M.S., 1990, Wittgenstein: Meaning and Mind, Volume 3 of an Analytical Commentary on the Philosophical Investigations, Oxford: Blackwell.•Hacker, P.M.S., 1996, Wittgenstein: Mind and Will, Volume 4 of an Analytical Commentary on the Philosophical Investigations, Oxford: Blackwell.•Hacker, P.M.S., 2001, Wittgenstein: Connections and Controversies, Oxford: Oxford University Press.•Hintikka, M.B., and J. Hintikka, 1986, Investigating Wittgenstein, Oxford: Blackwell.•Kenny, A., 1973, Wittgenstein, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.•Kripke, S., 1982, Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language: An Elementary Exposition, Oxford, Blackwell.•Malcolm, N., 1986, Nothing is Hidden, Oxford: Blackwell. •McGinn, Colin, 1984, Wittgenstein on Meaning, Oxford: Blackwell.•McGinn, Marie, 1997, Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Wittgenstein and the Philosophical Investigations, London: Routledge. •McGuinness, B., 2002, Approaches to Wittgenstein: Collected Papers, London: Routledge.•Mounce, H.O., 1981, Wittgenstein's Tractatus: An Introduction, Oxford: Blackwell.•Moyal-Sharrock, Danièle, 2007, Understanding Wittgenstein's On Certainty, London: Palgrave Macmillan.•Pears, David F., 1987, 1988, The False Prison, vols. I and II, Oxford: Oxford University Press.•Stern, David G., 2004, Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations: An Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.•Stroll, Avrum, 1994, Moore and Wittgenstein on Certainty, New York: Oxford University Press.。

考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--2005年part3Part ThreeOf all the components of a good night's sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears, by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just "mental noise" - the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is "off-line". And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. "It's your dream," says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago's Medical Center. "If you don't like it, change it"Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM （rapid eye movement）sleep - when most vivid dreams occur - as it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved, the limbic system （the "emotional brain"）is especially active, while the prefronted cortex （the center of intellect and reasoning）is relatively quiet. "We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day," says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright's clinic Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with dailylife we don't always think about the emotional significance of the day's events - until, it appears, we begin to dream.And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or "we wake up in a panic," Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people's anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feeling. Sleep - or rather dream - on it and you'll feel better in the morning.11. Researchers have come to believe that dreams[A] can be modified in their courses [B] are susceptible to emotional changes[C] reflect our innermost desires and fears [D] are a random outcome of neural repairs12. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show[A] it's function in our dreams [B] the mechanism of REM sleep[C] the relation of dreams to emotions [D] its difference from the prefrontal cortex13. The Negative feelings generated during the day tend to[A] aggravate in our unconscious mind [B] develop into happy dreams[C] persist till the time we fall asleep [D] show up in dreams early at night14. Cartwright seems to suggest that[A] waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams[B] visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control[C] dreams should be left to their natural progression[D] dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious15. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?[A] Lead your life as usual [B] Seek professional help[C] Exercise conscious control [D] Avoid anxiety in the daytimeUnit12 （2005） Part 3重点词汇：1. component（组成部分，部件，元件） =componere,即com全体+ponere放置。