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1.Metaphor（暗喻）1)Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans.2) .. those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside.3) But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers.4)And let every other power know that this hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house.5)..we renew our pledge of support: to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective to strengthen its shield f the new and the weak.6)And if A beachhead of cooperation may push back the jungle of suspicion.7)The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it, and the glow from that fire can truly light the world2.Antithesis（对照）A)United there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative venture Divided, there is little we can do.2)If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us.And So, my fellow Americans; ask not what your country can do for you;ask you can dofor your country.3.Parallelism（排比）1)..that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans, born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by hard and biter peace, proud of our ancient heritage, andunwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of these human rights to which this nation has always been committed.2)Together let us explore the stars, conquer the-deserts, eradicate disease, tap the ocean depths and encourage the arts and commerce.3) .. a struggle against the common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease and war itself.4.Repetition（重复）1).. symbolizing an end As well as a beginning, signifying renewal as well as change.2)For only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed.3)Let us never negotiate gut of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate:4).. and bring the absolute)power to destroy other nations under the absolute control of all nations.5.Alliteration（头韵）1)Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike...2)... whether it wishes us well or ill. that we shall pay any price bear any burden...,3)... both rightly alarmed by the steady spread of the deadly atom...4)...ask of us here the same high standards of strength and sacrifice which we ask of you.6.Rhyme（尾韵）...whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden ..7.Synecdoche（提喻）...both rightly alarmed by the steady spread of the deadly atom...8.Climax（渐升）All this will not be finished in the first one hundred days. Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days, nor in the life of this Administration, nor even perhaps in our lifetime on this planet. But let us begin.。
Figure of Speech【整理自PPT】1。
Simile 明喻❖是比喻的一种，是对两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比,表明本体和喻体的相似关系,两者都在对比中出现,且常带有比喻词，如：❖ Like/ seem / be something of / as /resemble/ comparable to /similar to / akin to/ be analogous to❖My love is like a red， red rose。
(Robert Burns)2。
Metaphor 暗喻❖对两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比；所不同的是在形式上,暗喻中本体和喻体之间多通过Be 动词来联系.省掉比喻词.❖明喻：Life is like an unexplored river， full of twists and turns, great beauty and dangerous surprises .❖暗喻： Life is an unexplored river, full of twists and turns， great beauty， and dangerous surprises。
3. Personification 拟人❖本质上是一种暗喻，其特点是赋予非人类范畴的东西一些人的特征.❖The forest held its breath, and the trees seemed to listern intently.❖The sun kissed the green fields。
The thirsty desert drank up the water。
4。
Metonymy 借代/换喻❖是通过借用与某种事物密切相关的东西来表示该事物。
例如用单词word 来表示话语或者消息news，用硬币penny来表示钱 money。
❖Word comes that the Chinese government will send a pair of giant pandas to the United States。
英语修辞手法总结1) Simile：(明喻）是常用as或like等词将具有某种共同特征的两种不同事物连接起来的一种修辞手法。
明喻的表达方法是：A像B。
2) Metaphor：(暗喻)是本体和喻体同时出现，它们之间在形式上是相合的关系，说甲（本体）是（喻词）乙（喻体）。
喻词常由：是、就是、成了、成为、变成等表判断的词语来充当。
暗喻又叫隐喻。
例如：何等动人的一页又一页篇章！这是人类思维的花朵。
（徐迟《哥德巴赫猜想》）3) Analogy: (类比)是基于两种不同事物间的类似,借助喻体的特征,通过联想来对本体加以修饰描摩的一种文学修辞手法。
4) Personification: (拟人)把事物人格化，把本来不具备人的一些动作和感情的事物变成和人一样的。
就像童话里的动物、植物能说话，能大笑。
5) Hyperbole: (夸张)是指为了达到强调或滑稽效果，而有意识的使用言过其实的词语，这样的一种修辞手段。
夸张法并不等于有失真实或不要事实，而是通过夸张把事物的本质更好地体现出来。
6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述）7) Euphemism: (委婉）是指为了策略或礼貌起见,使用温和的,令人愉快的,不害人的语言来表达令人厌恶的,伤心或不宜直说的事实,8) Metonymy:(转喻）是指当甲事物同乙事物不相类似，但有密切关系时，可以利用这种关系，以乙事物的名称来取代甲事物，这样的一种修辞手段。
转喻的重点不是在“相似”；而是在“联想”。
转喻又称换喻，或借代。
9) Synecdoche (提喻）是不直接说某一事物的名称，而是借事物的本身所呈现的各种对应的现象来表现该事物的这样一种修辞手段。
10) Antonomasia (换喻）一种,一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法11) Pun: (双关语）指在一定的语言环境中，利用词的多义和同音的条件,有意使语句具有双重意义，言在此而意在彼的修辞方式。
● 1. Alliteration 头韵●2。
Allusion 引喻● 3. Anaphora 首语重复法●4。
antithesis对偶● 5. Antonomasia 换称，代称●6。
Chiasmus 交错法●7。
Hyperbole 夸张●8. Metaphor 隐喻，暗喻●9。
metonymy借喻，转喻●10。
oxymoron 反意法，逆喻●11. Repetition 重复，反复●12。
Paradox 隽语●13。
Parallelism 排比, 平行●14. Pun 双关●15. Simile 明喻●16. Syllepsis 一语双叙法,兼用法●17。
Synecdoche 提喻●18. transferred epithet移就●19。
Irony反语Where do we go from hereAntithesis●Ossie Davis has suggested that maybe the English language should bereconstructed so that teachers will not be forced to teach the Negro child 60 waysto despise himself，and thereby perpetuate his false sense of inferiority, and the white child 134 ways to adore himself，and thereby perpetuate his false sense of superiority。
(para4）●As long as the mind is enslaved，the body can never be free。
(para5）●Psychological freedom ...。
..physical slavery （para5)●And one of the great problems of history is that the concepts of love and powerhave usually been contrasted as opposites - polar opposites——so that love is identified with a resignation of power, and power with a denial of love. (para7）●For through violence you may murder a murderer but you can’t murder.（para19)●The dark yesterdays of segregated schools will be transformed into brighttomorrows of quality，integrated education. （para. 25)●There will be those moments when the buoyancy of hope will be transformed intothe fatigue of despair。
一、词语修辞格（1）simile 明喻①...a memory that seemed phonographic②“Mama,” Wangero said sweet as a bird .“can I have these old quilts?”③Most American remember M. T. as the father of...④Hair is all over his head a foot long and hanging from his chin like a kinky mule tail.⑤Impressed with her they worshiped the well-turned phrase, the cute shape, the scalding humor that erupted like bubbles in lye.⑥My skin is like an uncooked barley pancake.⑦She gasped like a bee had stung her.（2）metaphor 暗喻①It is a vast, sombre cavern of a room,…②Little donkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among the throngs of people entering and leaving the bazaar. ③The dye-market, the pottery market and the carpenters’ market lie elsewhere in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb the bazaar. A④the last this intermezzo came to an end…⑤…showing just enough of her thin body enveloped in pink skirt and red blouse…⑥After I tripped over it two or three times he told me …⑦Mark Twain --- Mirror of America⑧saw clearly ahead a black wall of night...⑨main artery of transportation in the young nation's heart⑩All would resurface in his books...that he soaked up...⑪When railroads began drying up the demand...⑫...the epidemic of gold and silver fever...⑬Twain began digging his way to regional fame...⑭Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles...⑮The Duchess of Croydon kept firm, tight rein on her racing mind.⑯Her voice was a whiplash.⑰and launch this cataract of horrors upon mankind…⑱But all this fades away before the spectacle which is now unfolding.⑲I see the German bombers and fighters in the sky, still smarting from many a British whipping, delighted to find what they believe is an easier and a safer prey.⑳I see the Russian soldiers standing on the thresthold of their native land, guarding the fields which their fathers have tilled from time immemorial.21The Nazi regime is devoid of all theme and principle except appetite and racial domination.22I suppose they will be rounded up in hordes.23We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air, until, with God’s help, we have rid the earth of his shadow and liberated its peoples from his yoke.（3）metonymy 借代，转喻①In short, all of these publications are written in the language that the Third International describes②The Washington Post, in an editorial captioned "Keep Your Old Webster's"（4）synecdoche 提喻①The case had erupted round my head②The case had erupted round my head Or what of those sheets and jets of air that are now being used, in place of old-fashioned oak and hinges ...③But neither his vanity nor his purse is any concern of the dictionary's（5）personification 拟人①…until you round a corner and see a fairyland of dancing flashes…②Every here and there, a doorway gives a glimpse of a sunlit courtyard, perhaps before a mosque or a caravanserai, where camels lie disdainfully chewing their hay…③...to literature's enduring gratitude...④The grave world smiles as usual...⑤Bitterness fed on the man...⑥America laughed with him.⑦Personal tragedy haunted his entire life.（6）transferred epithet 移就①Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder②The obese body shook in an appreciative chuckle.③Two high points of color appeared in the paleness of the Duchess of Croydon’s cheeks.④I have been exhilarated by two days of storms, but above all I love these long purposeless days in which I shed all that I have ever been. (V. Sackville-West, No Signposts in the Sea)（7）hyperbole 夸张①The roadway is about twelve feet wide, but it is narrowed every few yards by little stalls where goods of every conceivable kind are sold.②I feel my whole face warming from the heat waves it throws out.③If Hitler invaded Hell and would make at least a favorable reference to the Devil in the House of Commons.④I see the ten thousand villages of Russia where the means of existence is wrung so hardly from the soil, but where there are still primordial human joys, where maidens laugh and children play. ⑤...cruise through eternal boyhood and ...endless summer of freedom...⑥The cast of characters... - a cosmos.⑦America laughed with him.⑧The trial that rocked the world⑨His reputation as an authority on Scripture is recognized throughout the world."（8）oxymoron 矛盾修饰法Dudley Field Malene called my conviction a, "victorious defeat. " （9）euphemism 委婉语①… a motley band of Confederate g uerrillas who diligently avoided contact with the enemy.②...men's final release from earthly struggle（10）irony -- the use of words to express something different from and often opposite to their literal meaning. 反语用词语表达与它们的字面意思相异或相反的用法①Hiroshima—the “liveliest” city in Japan②“Maggie’s brain is like an elephant’s”. Wangero said, laughing .③… until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century（11）sarcasm -- a cutting, often ironic remark intended to wound. 讽刺，挖苦意在伤害他人的尖刻的，常带讽刺意味的话语①My friend the attorney-general says that John Scopes knows what he is here for," Darrow drawled. "I know what he is here for, too. He is here because ignorance and bigotry(顽固) are, and it is a mighty strong combination.②There is some doubt about that.③a concept of how things get written that throws very little light on Lincoln but a great deal on Life④the Post’ s editorial fails to explain what is wrong with the definition, we can only infer from "so simple" a thing that the writer takes the plain, downright, man-in-the-street attitude that adoor is a door and any damn fool knows that（12）ridicule（嘲笑）Words or actions intended to evoke contemptuous laughter at or feelings toward a person or thing 愚弄有意激起对某人或某事的蔑视的笑或看不起的感情而说的话或做的事①Bryan, ageing and paunchy, was assisted②Resolutely he strode to the stand, carrying a palm fan like a sword to repel his enemies.③Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence.（13）pun 双关①DARWIN IS RIGHT – INSIDE.②Benjamin Franklin: “If we don’t hang together, we shall most assuredly hang separately.” (Peter stone and Sherman Edwards. 1776) 如果我们不能紧密地团结在一起，那就必然分散地走上绞刑架。
含而不露的Metaphor（隐喻）2、含而不露的Metaphor（隐喻）Metaphor（汉译名为“隐喻”或“暗喻”），也是一种比喻，它不用比喻词，直接把甲事物（喻体）当作乙事物（本体）来描述，其比喻关系隐含在句意中，从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力。
Webster’s New World Dictionary的解释是：“a figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase or dinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another”这个解释的意思是说，隐喻是一种隐含着比喻的修辞格，他通常的基本用法是，表述某一事物的词或短语被用来表述另外的一种事物。
由于比喻是隐含的，决定了它的本体与喻体的关系必然十分紧密。
与simile相比较，不但不需要as, like之类的比喻词，有时甚至可以连本体也不出现。
基于这种情况，有些词典或著作常常对metaphor 和simile同时论述，称之为“浓缩的明喻（a compressed or condensed simile）”。
如A Dictionary of Literary Terms对Metaphor的定义就是如此，“Metaphor: A figure of speech in which one thing is described in terms of another. The basic figure in poetry. A comparison is usually implicit; whereas in simile it is explicit.”下面用实例对这两种修辞格做一比较：1a. Life is like an isthmus between two eternities. (simile)生活像永恒的生死两端之间的峡道。
Metaphor暗喻言说Metaphor lives a secret life all around us.暗喻奥密地生活在我们中间。
We utter about six metaphors a minute.于我们的言谈中，每分钟大概会出现六个暗喻。
Metaphorical thinking is essentialto how weunderstand ourselves and others,暗喻思想是一把钥匙，它能够开启我们互相理解how we communicate, learn, discover and invent .交流、学习、发现和创新的大门。
But metaphor is a way of thought before it is a way with words.第一，暗喻是一种思想方式。
Now, to assist me in explaining this, I've enlisted the help of one of our greatest philosophers,为了说明这一点，我讨教了一位今世最伟大的哲学家，the reigning king of the metaphorians, a man whose contributions to the fieldare so great thathe himself has become a metaphor.当权的暗喻皇帝，一位因其对暗喻学的巨大贡献而自己成了一位暗喻的人物。
I am, of course, referring to none other than Elvis Presley.自然，我指的不是他人，正是猫王埃尔维斯- 普雷斯利。
Now, "All Shook Up" is a great love song.好，《魂不守舍》（意即整个人都被摇动了）是一首经典情歌。
Metaphora way of describing something by referring to it as something different and suggesting that it has similar qualities to that thingSimilean expression that describes something by comparing it with something else, using the words 'as' or 'like', for example 'as white as snow'Metaphor(隐喻)：用一个词来指代与该词本来所指事物有相似特点的另一种事物的方法。
这也是一种比较，不过这个比较是暗含的,且没有用like 或as 等指出。
如果把例句：“My girlfriend is like a sweet watermelon.”，去掉了like 这个描述词，这便是隐喻用法而不是明喻了。
因为在改了的这个句子里面，虽然也把My girlfriend 比作 a sweet watermelon，但却没有一个词指出这个比较，因而watermelon 此处是隐喻用法。
隐喻通常和be 动词连用，但是句子中的名词、动词、形容词或副词都可以有隐喻用法。
(1) A nest is to a bird what a house is to a man. （Art and Architecture, SEFC 2A, P.21）鸟巢对于鸟而言，正如房子对于人一样。
本句话的语言结构：“A is to B whatC is to D”为隐喻结构，意为“A 对B 而言正如C 对D 一样。
”(2) There were a few lordly poplars before the house.有一排白杨像贵族一样矗立在房子前。
Simile明喻直喻:是常用as或like等词将具有某种共同特征的两种不同事物连接起来的一种修辞手法。
明喻的表达方法是：A像B.明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比。
这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性。
My heart is like a singing bird。
As white as snow.I wandered lonely as a cloud.as cool as a cucumber 极为冷静的（像黄瓜一样冷静）as easy as a pie 极容易（像馅饼一样容易）as fussy as a hen with one chick 在小事上瞎操心as hard as the nether millstone 铁石心肠(像下层的磨石坚硬)as hungry as a hunter 非常饥饿（像猎人一样饥饿）as lively as a cricket 极活泼(像蟋蟀一样活泼）as mad as a wet hen 非常生气（像弄湿的母鸡一样生气)as mild as a dove 非常温和（像鸽子一样温和)as plain as the nose in your face 一清二楚（像你脸上的鼻子一样清楚)as poor as a church mouse 赤贫的（像教堂的老鼠一样穷）as proud as a peacock 极骄傲(骄傲得像只孔雀）as strong as a horse 健壮如牛as stupid as an owl 极愚蠢（像猫头鹰一样愚蠢）as thin as a wafer 极薄（像糯米纸一样薄）as true as steel 绝对可靠（像钢一样可靠）Metaphor 隐喻是和明喻不同,不用like或as表示出来，而是进行隐藏的比较的这样一种修辞手段。
隐喻又称暗喻。
表达方法:A是B。
喻是简缩了的明喻，是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成。
Metaphor 暗喻言说Metaphor lives a secret life all around us.暗喻秘密地生活在我们中间。
We utter about six metaphors a minute.于我们的言谈中，每分钟大约会出现六个暗喻。
Metaphorical thinking is essential to how weunderstand ourselves and others,暗喻思维是一把钥匙，它可以开启我们相互理解how we communicate, learn, discover and invent.沟通、学习、发现和创新的大门。
But metaphor is a way of thought before it is a way with words.首先，暗喻是一种思维方式。
Now, to assist me in explaining this, I've enlisted the help of one of our great est philosophers,为了说明这一点，我请教了一位当代最伟大的哲学家，the reigning king of the metaphorians, a man whose contributions to the field are so great thathe himself has become a metaphor.当权的暗喻皇帝，一位因其对暗喻学的巨大贡献而自身成了一位暗喻的人物。
I am, of course, referring to none other than Elvis Presley.当然，我指的不是别人，正是猫王埃尔维斯-普雷斯利。
Now, "All Shook Up" is a great love song.好，《神魂颠倒》（意即整个人都被动摇了）是一首经典情歌。
It's also a great example of how whenever we deal with anything abstract也是一个极好的暗喻范例，它诠释了当我们面临抽象事物时，ideas, emotions, feelings, concepts, thoughts -- we inevitably resort to met aphor.无论是主意、情绪、感觉、概念亦或是思想，都不得不求助于暗喻。
In "All Shook Up," a touch is not a touch, but a chill.在《神魂颠倒》中，触摸不再是触摸，而是寒气。
Lips are not lips, but volcanoes. She is not she, but a buttercup.嘴唇不再是嘴唇，而是火山。
她不再是她，而是毛茛花（一种小黄花）。
And love is not love, but being all shook up.爱情也不再是爱情，而是变得神魂颠倒了。
In this, Elvis is following Aristotle's classic definition of metaphor在这里，埃尔维斯采用的完全是亚里士多德对暗喻的经典定义，as the process of giving the thing a name that belongs to something else.亦即是把B事物的名称赋予给A事物的过程。
This is the mathematics of metaphor. And fortunately it's very simple. X equ als Y.这就是暗喻的数学公式。
幸好它很简单。
X等于Y。
This formula works wherever metaphor is present.这个公式适用于所有的暗喻。
Elvis uses it, but so does Shakespeare in this famous line from "Romeo and Juliet:" Juliet is the sun.埃尔维斯用到它，莎士比亚也同样用到它，于《罗密欧与朱丽叶》中有这样的名句：朱丽叶是太阳。
Now, here, Shakespeare gives the thing, Juliet, a name that belongs to something else, the sun.在这里莎士比亚赋予朱丽叶一个属于其它事物的名称，太阳。
But whenever we give a thing a name that belongs to something else, we give it a whole network of analogies too.但是当我们赋予A事物以B事物的名称时，我们也赋予它一整套的类比。
We mix and match what we know about the metaphor's source, in this case the sun, with what we know about its target, Juliet.我们把对喻体的认知，此处是太阳，与对本体的认知--朱丽叶联系在一起，And metaphor gives us a much more vivid understanding of Juliet than if Shakespeare had literally described what she looks like.这样的暗喻可使我们更生动地理解朱丽叶，强过莎士比亚忠实地描述她的相貌。
So, how do we make and understand metaphors? This might look familiar.那我们如何运用和理解暗喻呢？大家对此并不陌生。
The first step is pattern recognition. Look at this image. What do you see?第一步就是模式识别。
请看这张图。
你看到了什么？Three wayward Pac-Men, and three pointy brackets are actually present.其实只有三个在外沿的吃豆人和三个尖角括号而已。
What we see, however, are two overlapping triangles.但我们实际看到的是两个重叠的三角形。
Metaphor is not just the detection of patterns; it is the creation of patterns.暗喻不仅仅是模式辨识，也是模式创造。
Second step, conceptual synesthesia.第二步，概念联觉。
Now, synesthesia is the experience of a stimulus in once sense organ in another sense organ as well, such as colored hearing.联觉是指一种感官受到的刺激引起另一种感官的感受，例如色彩听觉。
People with colored hearing actually see colors when they hear the sounds of words or letters.有色彩听觉的人就会在听到词语的声音时将会看到色彩。
We all have synesthetic abilities. This is the Bouba/Kiki test.我们都拥有联觉的能力。
这是Bouba/Kiki测试。
What you have to do is identify which of these shapes is called Bouba, and which is called Kiki.请你说出哪个形状叫Bouba，哪个叫Kiki。
If you are like 98% of other people, you will identify the round, amoeboid shape as Bouba, and the sharp, spiky one as Kiki.如果你象其余百分之九十八的人一样，你会把这个圆圆的，变形虫形状的叫做Bouba，把尖尖的，刺猬状的叫做Kiki。
Why do we do that? Because we instinctively find, or create, a pattern between the round shape and the round sound of Bouba, and the spiky shape and the spiky sound of Kiki. And many of the metaphors we use every day are synesthetic. Silence is sweet. Neckties are loud. Sexually attractive people are hot. Sexually unattractive people leave us cold. Metaphor creates a kind of conceptual synesthesia, in which we understand one concept in the context of another.Third step is cognitive dissonance. This is the Stroop test. What you need to do here is identify as quickly as possible the color of the ink in which these words are printed. You can take the test now. If you're like most people, you will experience a moment of cognitive dissonance when the name of the color is printed in a differently colored ink. The test shows that we cannot ignore the literal meaning of words even when the literal meaning gives the wrong answer.这是为什么？因为我们本能地去找寻，或者创造一个模式，把圆的图形与Bouba这个圆的声音联系起来。
