Semantics（语义学）练习
I. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.
1. Semantics, one of the linguistic branches, can be simply defined as the study of meaning.
2.Reflected meaning refers to what is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression.
3.Contextualism means that one can derive meaning from observable contexts which include situational context and the linguistic context.
4.Semantic triangle is a theory proposed by Ogden and Richards in The Meaning of Meaning, which argues that the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct. It is mediated by concept.
5.Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.
6.Hyponymy is a matter of class membership. The upper term in this sense relation, i.e. the
class name, is called superordinate, and the lower term the members, hyponyms.
7. Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze meaning.
8.Antonyms can be categorized into three types, namely gradable antonyms, complementary antonyms, and converse antonyms or relational opposites.
9.Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning. They are two related but different aspects of meaning.
10. Predication analysis is a way to analyze sentence meaning.
II.
1. “Can I borrow your bike?” _________ “You have a bike.”
A. is synonymous with
B. is inconsistent with
C. entails
D. presupposes
2. __________ is a way in which the meaning
of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic feature.
A. Predication analysis
B. Componential analysis
C. Phonemic analysis
D. Grammatical analysis
3. Relation between proposition by which A presupposes B, if for A to have a truth value, B must be true is called __________.
A. presupposition
B. entailment
C. contradiction
D. synonymy
4._____________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
A. Reference
B. Concept
C. Semantics
D. Sense
5.Words that are close in meaning are called __________.
A. homonyms
B. polysemy
C. hyponyms
D. synonyms
6. The relationship between “X buys something from Y.” and “Y sells something to
X.” is ___________.
A. complementary antonymy
B. converse antonymy
C. hyponymy
D. gradable antonymy
7. The relationship between “furniture”and “desk” is __________.
A. superordinate
B. relational opposites
C. hyponymy
D. synonymy
8. The sentence “John likes ice-cream”contains _________ arguments.
A. one
B. two
C. none
D. three
9. Bloomfield drew on __________ psychology when trying to define the meaning of linguistic forms.
A. contextual
B. conceptualist
C. behaviorist
D. naming
10. Words that are opposite in meaning are __________.
A. synonyms
B. hyponyms
C. antonyms
D. homophones
III.
IV. Answer the following questions.
1. Identify the type of antonymy holding between the words in each of the pair.
1) hot cold
2) husband wife
3) present absent
2. How do you distinguish entailment and presupposition in terms of truth values?（星火p.108）
I.
1.Semantics
2.Reflected
3.situational
4.triangle
5.Synonymy
6.superordinate
https://www.doczj.com/doc/6b18280.html,ponential
8. complementary
9. reference 10. Predication
II. 1.D 2.B 3.A 4.A 5.D 6. B 7. C 8.B 9. C 10.C
III.
1. 1) hot cold gradable
antonymy
2) husband wife converse antonymy
3) present absent complementary antonymhy
产品形态设计语义学概述 一、形态设计语义学概念 这里所指的语义学是关于概念形态意义的抽象原理研究，是研究形态意义的学问。狭义的语义学把一切语言因素都排斥在意义研究之外，而广义的语义学则包括由于特定的语言环境作用产生的语义。对于不同的语义，不同的学者可以从不同的角度给出不同的理解。 形态设计语义学实际上是借用了语言学的概念。从设计学的角度来看，设计语义学的主要研究对象是视觉形态、图象与识别，即象形符号语言的意义。1984年克劳斯·克里彭多夫（Klaus Krippendorff）和雷恩哈特·布特（Reinhart Butter）给出了产品语义学的定义，即：“一门研究造型在使用时的社会与认知情境下的象征意义，以及如何应用在工业设计上的学问”。 二、形态设计语义学与符号 产品形态语义学是在符号学理论基础上发展起来的。符号学指出一切有意义的物质形式都是符号；符号是利用一定媒介来表现或指称某一事物；它的目的是建立广泛可应用的交流规则，从而产生可以被大众所理解的事物。 形态设计语义学与文字语言学一样，也有自己的符号系统。产品的外部形态实际上就是一系列视觉符号的传达，产品形态设计的实质也就是对各种造型符号进行编码，综合产品的形态、色彩、肌理、材料等视觉要素，构成了它所特有的符号系统。 产品是人类文化的物质形式，是“人—自然—社会”三者之间相互联系的物质媒介，也是人类生活方式的物质媒介，而设计的本质正是在于为人类创造一种合理的生活方式。作为人类文化产物，符号在现代设计中具有的实践性意义十分重要。符号如同产品一样，产生于人类的社会劳动，是人类专有的财富，是一种以物质为载体，体现着人们的精神需求和社会文明的人为事物。
练习1 1. There is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig. This is one of the design features of language.A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 2. Language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is . It makes people possible to talk everything within his knowledge. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 3. ___ refers to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language, including those that he has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation .A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 4. __ __ refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. The dog couldn’t be bow-wowing sorrowfully for some lost love or a bone to be lost. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 5. ______ means language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the linguistic system must be learnt anew by each speaker. A. duality B. Arbitrariness C. interchangeability D. cultural transmission 6. ______ means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. A. duality B. Arbitrariness C. interchangeability D. cultural transmission 7. To say “How are you.” “Hi” to your friends is the ____ __of language. A. directive function B. informative function C. phatic function D. interrogative function 8. “Tell me the result when you finish.” If you want to get your hearer to do something, y ou should use the _____ of language. A. directive function B. informative function C. phatic function D. interrogative function 9. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __ ___. A. unnatural B. something to be feared C. natural D. abnormal 10. A linguist is interested in ___A. speech sounds only B. all sounds C. vowels only 11. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop? A. [t] B. [m] C. [b] D. [p 12. Which of the following sounds is a voiced affricate? A. [y] B. [t∫] C. [z] D. [dЗ] 13. Which of the following sounds is a central vowel? A. [ ? ] B. [ i ] C. [ou] D. [a: ] 14. In the following sounds , ______ is a palatal fricative ? A. [ s ] B. [∫] C. [ l ] D. [θ] 15. In the following sounds, _____ is a voiceless affricative? A. [dЗ] B. [v] C. [t∫] D. [θ] 16. In English if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ r ],then the next sound must be a __ __. A. fricative B. nasal sound C. semi-vowel D. vowel 17. Of the “words” listed below___ is not an English word A. [r∧b ] B. [ l? b ] C. [m?sta:∫] D. [lm?p] 18. ___ are produced when the obstruction created by the speech organs is total and audibly released. A. Back vowels B. Stops C. Fricatives D. Glides 19. The International Phonetic Association devised the INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET in _____. A. 1965 B. 1957 C. 1888 D. 1788 20. ___ is a phonological unit , and it is a unit that is of distinctive value. A. Phone B. Phoneme C. Allophone D. Sound 1. [ f ] is a dental consonant. F 2. Phonology studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. F 7. The three / p / are allophones. T 3. Phoneme is a phonological unit. T 4. Phone is a phonetic unit. T
第一章作为语言学一个分支的语义学 语义学的建立以法国学者米歇尔·布勒阿尔1897年7月出版《语义学探索》为标记。 该书1900年翻译为英文“语义学：意义科学的研究（Semantics:Studies in the Science of Meaning）”。 这本专著材料丰富，生动有趣，重点在词义的历史发展方面，兼顾词汇意义和语法意义。 全书共三编：1，讲词义变化的定律，介绍变异、扩散、类推等概念；2，讲如何确定词义，介绍释义、比喻、多义、命名等；3，讲词类、词序、组合规则等，涉及语法意义。 除了语言学的语义学，还有逻辑学的语义学，哲学的语义学，还有心理学家对语义的研究。 a,逻辑学的语义学是对逻辑形式系统中符号解释的研究，又称“纯语义学”，对象并非自然语言的语义。 b,哲学的语义学围绕语义的本质展开涉及世界观的讨论。“语义学”或“语义哲学”又是本世纪前半叶盛行于西方的至今仍有影响的一个哲学流派的名称。 c,心理学家研究语义，主要是想了解人们在信息的发出和接收中的心理过程。 d,语言学的语义学把语义作为语言（乃至言语）的一个组成部分、一个方面进行研究，研究它的性质，内部结构及其变异和发展，语义间的关系等等。 布勒阿尔的书给语义的发展以重要地位，声称研究语义的变化构成了语义学。同时它把语义限制在“词语”的意义上，主要是词义上。这两个特点一直贯穿在他以后半个多世纪的若干代表性著作里。 继布勒阿尔之后，一部有世界影响的语义学专著是两位英国学者奥格登和理查兹合写，1923年出版的《意义的意义》（The Meaning of Meaning）。这两位学者还曾共同创制了后来遭到各种非议的“基本英语”(Basic English).
《英语语言学概论》复习纲要 1.复习的基本原则：第一，理解和吃透各章的重点内容。第二，以 各章的题目为统领，理解各章节下的具体内容。第三，动手书写和记忆重要内容，部分语言学理论会应用到实际中。 2.各章节复习要点如下 Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics Definitions of the following terms: language, linguistics, arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, descriptive VS prescriptive, synchronic VS diachronic, langue VS parole, competence VS performance Study of the origin of language What are the functions of language Which subjects are included in macrolinguistics Chapter 2 Speech Sounds Definitions of the following terms: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, auditory phonetics, phonetics, phonology, consonants, vowels, allophones, broad transcription VS narrow transcription Analyze the complementary distribution, free variation with examples The classification of English consonants and English vowels and the features involved in the classification Understand some processes of phonology: nasalization, dentalization, velarization
语义学概论教学设计 （一）教学目标：了解汉语语义学的起源、发展和现状。 （二）教学内容：汉语语义学与其他学科的关系、作用。 1．一次课学习一章，掌握1～2个主要观点；1～2个知识点。 2．完成一次课堂训练；一次作业。 3．评讲一次课外作业。 第一章语义研究的发展与现状 一、语文学时期我国的训诂学 （一）训诂学起源 1．为了注释古代典籍 古人的古人所撰写的典籍，时间久远由于语言的变化而难于理解，所以解释工作就显得十分必要。为古代的典籍进行注解就是《传》，例如春秋战国时代的典籍，《春秋》，儒家经典之一，相传孔子（-552～-479）依据鲁国史官所编《春秋》加以整理修订而成。（-772～-481）计242年。《春秋》文字简短，相传寓有褒贬之意，后世称为“春秋笔法”。［辞海缩印本1979年版P1611］解释《春秋》的有《春秋左氏传》（亦称《春秋左氏传》儒家经典之一，旧传春秋时左丘明［与孔子同时或曰在前］所撰，请代经今文学家认为系刘歆改编。近人认为是战国初年人据各国史料编成。多用事实解释《春秋》，同《公羊传》、《榖梁传》完全用义理解释的有异。起于鲁隐公元年（-722），终于鲁悼公四年（-464），比《春秋》多出十七年，其叙事更止于鲁悼公十四年（-454）为止。书中保存了大量古代史料，文字优美，记事详明，实为中国古代一部史学和文学名著。P156）、《公羊传》（旧题：战国时，公羊高传初时仅口头流传，汉初才成书。据唐徐彦《公羊传疏》引戴宏序，说是由景帝时公羊寿和胡母生（子都）“著于竹帛”［辞海缩印本1979年版P280］）、《榖梁传》等三传。 又如《诗经》成书于春秋时代［-770周平王元年～-476周敬王四十四年］《尚书》［尚即上，由中国上古历史文件和部分追述古代事迹著作的汇编，相传由孔子编选而成。P1116］《周礼》《仪礼》《礼记》等等均成于春秋时期。到了汉代，著名经学家郑玄（127～200）为诸多古代典籍作注，如《十三经注》。到了唐代，汉代的注又看不懂了，于是又有人出现给注作注。孔颖达（574～648）奉唐太宗命主编《五经正义》就是对注释的注释。这表明：训诂学就是解释学，是重在对意义的解释。语言研究重在解释古代典籍、风俗、习惯、制度等的工具。 语文学时期及我国的训诂学时期 主要是为了注释古代经典。如： 有朋自远方来不亦说乎？ 朋：朋友；说：悦，高兴；乎：吗？ 二传统语义学 19世纪语言学成为一门独立的，有自己理论与方法的科学；发展步伐加快，领域扩大了。语义学则成为语言学的一个分支——词汇学的重要内容。 最后由词义研究独立建立一门科学：语义学。 1838年德国人提出建立一门独立的语义学。1893年法国人首先使用语义学这一专门术语。 传统语义学研究：词义、语音、客观事物三者的关系；词义与概念的关系；词义的色彩；多义词、同学出版社2004 三、现代语义学的兴起和现状 作为语言学的一个分支词汇学的重要内容。以具体的语言的语义研究为基础。
第一章导论：设计学的研究范围及其现状 一、选择题 1．二战期间发展起来的( ) ，科学的考虑了人的舒适性和工作的效率。 1设计文化学2人机工程学3设计美学4设计史学 2．( )是近现代旨在保存自然资源、防止工业污染破坏生态平衡的一场设计运动。 1波普运动2新艺术运动 3 绿色设计运动 4 装饰艺术运动 3．按照( )的说法：“普通符号科学——它有各种名称：符号学(semiotics，semiology) 或语义学(semasiology) ，这些术语来自希腊语的sema( 符号) 。” 1 毕加索 2 贡布里希3索特萨斯4莫里斯 4．( )理论自60年代后期由法国哲学家德里达在其《论语法学》一书中确立。 1解构主义 2 抽象主义 3 立体主义4符号学 5．( )试图通过所领导的工艺美术运动提高工艺的地位，用手工制作来反对机器和工业化。 1格罗佩斯2贡布里希 3 米斯4莫里斯 二、简答题 窗体底端 1．简述设计的目标 设计就是设想、运筹、计划与预算，它是人类为实现某种特定目的而进行的创造性活动。设计的终极目标永远是功能性与审美性。 2．简述设计学的划分 我们一般将设计学划分为设计史、设计理论与设计批评三个分支。通过学科方向的确定，以及对相关学科的认识，我们便能理解研究设计史必然要研究科技史与美术史，研究设计理论必然要研究相关的工程学、材料学和心理学，研究设计批评必然要研究美学、民俗学和伦理学的理论要求。 3．简述当今设计学研究的现状 设计学研究是一个开放的系统，除了从自己的种学科——美术学那里继承了一套较完善的体系之外，它还要广泛地从那些相关的学科，如哲学、经济学、社会学、心理学、建筑学、机械学那里获得启发，借用词汇，吸收观点，消化方法。这便是当今设计学研究的现状。 4．简述设计学各领域的代表人物与代表著作 曾任英国美术史协会主席的佩夫斯纳爵士，在其《社会美术史》研究中，就已经孕育了对现代设计的倡导；他在1936年出版的《现代运动的先锋》更是现代设计的宣言而为西方的所有设计专业学生所必读。德国建筑家、理论家森珀是将达尔文进化论运用于美术史研究的第一人。他在1860年至1863年期间出版了极富思辨性的三卷本巨著《工艺美术与建筑的风格》，着重探讨装饰与功能之间的适当联系。奥地利美术史学家阿洛伊斯?里格尔，于1893年出版了被认为是有关装饰艺术历史的最重要的著作——《风格问题》5．简述当代西方设计思潮 1．符号学理论。根据符号学的理论，人类的思维和语言交往都离不开符号，而人的意识过程就是一个符号化过程，思维无非是对符号的一种组合、转换、再生的操作过程。符号是人类认识事物的媒介，符号又是表达思想情感的物质手段，简言之，人类的意识领域就是一个符号的世界。 2．结构主义。结构主义理论是一种社会学方法，其目的在于给人们提供理解人类思维活动的手段。 3．解构方法。按照解构主义理论，我们可以运用科学的符号学原理来分析图像，并且分别说明其视觉的、文化的、以及语言的意义，这一分析过程被解构主义理论家称之为解码(Decoding)。 4．混沌理论。混沌理论是要向我们说明，我们才刚刚开始理解自然界的复杂性，即自然现象及其事件的连锁反应。 5．绿色设计。起自于旨在保存自然资源、防止工业污染破坏生态平衡的一场运动，虽然它迄今仍处于萌芽阶段，但却已成为一种极其重要的新趋向。
《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版第1-3章练习题参考答案 Chapter 1 Introduction P13 1. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language？ 答：Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things. 2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? 答：The major branches of linguistics are: (1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication; (2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication; (3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words; (4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages; (5) semantics: it studies meaning conveyed by language; (6) pragmatics: it studies the meaning in the context of language use. 3. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar? 答：The general approach thus traditionally formed to the study of language over the years is roughly referred to as “t raditional gramma r.” Modern linguistics differs from traditional g rammar in several basic ways. Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive. Second, modem linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, on the other hand, tended to emphasize, maybe over-emphasize, the importance of the written word, partly because of its permanence. Then, modem linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework. 4. Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why? 答：In modem linguistics, a synchronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a diachronic one. Because people believed that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successfully studied, it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development. 5. For what reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather than to writing? 答：Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication. Modem linguistics regards the spoken language as the natural or the primary medium of human language for some obvious reasons. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any langu age is always “invented” by its users to record speech when the need arises. Even in today's world there are still many languages that can only be spoken but not written. Then in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. And also, speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later when he goes to school. For modern linguists, spoken language reveals many true features of human speech while written language is only the “revised” record of spe ech. Thus their data for investigation and analysis are mostly drawn from everyday speech, which they regard as authentic.
Semantics 1. What is Semantics? Semantics is the study of the meaning of words, phrases and sentences.语义学是研究单词、短语和句子的意义的学科 2．Geoffrey Leech利奇Seven types of meaning7种意义类型: ①Conceptual meaning概念意义 ②Connotative meaning内涵意义 ③Social meaning社会意义 ④Affective meaning 感情意义Associative Meaning联想意义（②——⑥） ⑤Reflected meaning反射意义 ⑥Collocative meaning搭配意义 ⑦Thematic meaning主位意义 3.Conceptual meaning(概念意义)is also called “denotative”（外延义）and it is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to.概念意义也叫外延义，它关注词语跟它所指称事物之间的联系 Conceptual meaning is meaning given in the dictionary. 4.Associative meaning (联想意义) is the total of all the meanings a person thinks of when they hear the word Associative meaning is the meaning which a word suggests or implies. 5.Thematic meaning (主位意义) is “what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis.”它是由词序和词语重音所决定的 6. The Referential Theory（指称理论）： ① The Referential Theory ② The Semantic Triangle ③ Sense and Reference 7.The referential theory指称理论 is the theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to.指称论是把词语意义跟它所指称的事物联系起来的理论 8. The semantic triangle语意三角 is the indirect relation between a word and a thing it refers to and it is mediated by concept.语意三角指词和所指事物之间没有直接关系，它们是以概念为中介的 9.Sense (涵义) is a set of properties possessed by a name. 10.Reference (指称) is the symbolic relationship that a linguistic expression has with the concrete object. 11. The sense of an expression is the thought it expresses, while its reference is the object it represents Every word has a sense, but not every word has a reference. 12. Sense Relations涵义关系 ①Synonymy（同义关系） ②Antonymy（反义关系）（Gradable、Complementary、Converse） ③Hyponymy（上下义关系） 13.But total synonymy is rare. They may differ in style, connotations and dialect.
《语言学概论》练习测试题库 一、单项选择题 1、“人有人言，兽有兽语”中的“言”属于： A. 语言。 B. 言语。 C. 言语行为。 D. 言语作品。 2、人运用语言可以说出无限多的句子，这反映了语言的：(C) A. 民族性。 B. 符号性。 C. 生成性。 D. 系统性。 3、被社团作为母语使用和学习的语言是： A. 人工语言。 B. 自然语言。 C. 共同语。 D. 世界语。 4、从语言学分科来看，《语言学概论》课属于： A. 一般语言学。 B. 具体语言学。 C. 共时语言学。 D. 历时语言学。 5、“我爱家乡”中“爱”和“家乡”： A. 是聚合关系。 B. 是组合关系。 C. 既是聚合关系又是组合关系。 D. 既非聚合关系又非组合关系。 6、汉语南方方言比北方方言更接近于古汉语，这反映了语言发展的： A. 渐变性。 B. 相关性。 C. 规律性。 D. 不平衡性。 7、下列说法正确的是： A.义项是最小的语义单位。 B.义素是最小的语义单位。 C.词义的主要内容是语法意义。 D.词义不包括语法意义。 8、有人说语言是古代文化的“活化石”，这说明语言具有： A. 交际功能。 B. 思维功能。 C. 文化录传功能。 D. 认知功能。 9、“衣领”是“衣服”的： A. 上义词。 B. 下义词。 C. 总义词。 D. 分义词。 10、转换生成语言学的代表人物是： A. 乔姆斯基。 B. 菲尔默。 C. 皮亚杰。 D. 韩礼德。 11、下列说法正确的是 A.语言是无限的，言语是有限的。 B.语言是个人的，言语是社会的。 C.语言是一般的，言语是个别的。 D.语言是具体的，言语是抽象的。 12、人类最重要的交际工具是 A.文字。 B.语言。 C.书面语。 D.手势语。 13、下列说法正确的是 A.所有的符号都有任意性。 B.有些符号有任意性。 C.只有语言符号有任意性。 D.语言符号没有任意性。 14、词汇变化比语音语法快，这体现了语言发展的 A.渐变性。 B.稳固性。 C.相关性。 D.不平衡性。 15、“小王喜欢小李”中“喜欢”和“小李” A.是组合关系。 B.是聚合关系。 C.既是聚合关系又是组合关系。 D.既非聚合关系又非组合关系。 16、语言最重要的功能是 A.思维功能。 B.标志功能。 C.交际功能。 D.认知功能。 17、日语属于 A.屈折语。 B.粘着语。 C.词根语。 D.编插语。
Semantics Semantics Semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular. Semantics = Theory of Meaning Its goal is to reveal how language are matched with their proper meanings by the speakers of that language. Lexical semantics—the study of word meanings. it deals not only with the meanings of individual words but also the relationship between the meanings of different words. Compositional semantics—is concerned exclusively with the meanings of phrases and sentences. History of Semantics 1893 - French linguist Breal coined ―semantique‖. 1897 – Breal first use it as the science of meaning. 1900 – Its English version came out. 1980s – semantics began to be introduced into China. One of the most famous books on semantics is The Meaning of Meaning(1923). Semantic Triangle 语义三角 Concept（meaning） refers to symbolizes Symbol Thing （word）（referent） stands for The Referential Theory 指称论 Concept (Meaning): the mental image, the abstraction or generalization of objects of the same kind. Referent (Thing): the physical entity or actual object, event, idea or whatever if denoted by a word, phrase or expression. Concept VS. Referent (Thing) A referent may exist in the physical world. The concept is abstracted from the referent and labeled by a word. Sense 语义 Sense is the inherent meaning of the linguistic form independent of situational context. It’s abstract and de-contextualized. Sense Relations Sense relations between words
英语语言学概论练习题 一、名词解释 1、任意性 2、二重性 3、创造性 4、人际功能 5、句法学 6、语言 7、语音学 8、逆构词法 9、音位 10、语篇功能 11、能力倾向测试 12、模拟交际性操练 13、综合训练 14、水平测试 15、整体教学 二、选择题 1、人类可以发出各种声音，但只有其中一部分成为语言（）的单位。 A、统一 B、系统 C、规定 D、确定 2、言语器官也经常被称作“（）”。它们是人体中参与制造言语的部分。 A、语言器官 B、发出器官 C、发音器官 D、语音器官 3、语义学在语境中研究意义，它是在特定的场景中处理（）的话语尤其注重于不同社会场景影响语言诠释的方法。 A、假定 B、确定 C、特定 D、指定 4、话语是一个连续的过程，所以发音器官不是从一毓分离的步聚中从一个音段移到（）音段。 A、每个 B、上一个 C、下一个 D、前音段 5、音位分析的这样一个原则为依据：一些语音会导致词的意义的变化。 A、语言 B、语音 C、语法 D、语句 6、建立一套语音符号的想法是（）年最先由丹麦语法学家叶斯伯森提出的。 A、1900 B、1892 C、1886 D、1921 7、发音器官因为气流而产生颤动，形成（）。 A、颤音 B、触音 C、闪音 D、塞擦音 8、封闭词类的成员数目是确定的、有限的，新成员不会有规律地增加，国此代词、介词、连词、（）等是封闭词类。 A、名词 B、动词 C、形容词 D、冠词 9、聚合关系，索绪论尔原本叫做（）关系，是指在结构的某个特殊位置上彼此可以相互替换的成分之间的关系。 A、组合 B、联想 C、替换 D、系统 10、根据音系学中的区别特征，一些语言学家建议也应设语义特征或叫（）。 A、语义成分 B、语义结构 C、语义词汇 D、语义体 11、（）作为语境，影响句子和词平面的解释，给可能有歧义的词或短语指示一个确定的解释方向。 A、效应 B、话语 C、假定 D、特殊语境 12、从20世纪20年代到（）年代，美国人类学家如鲍阿斯、萨丕尔、沃尔夫，进行了一项紧迫而重要的工作——重建美洲印第安语。 A、40 B、50 C、60 D、70 13、奥斯汀理论的第一步认为句子有两类：施为句和（）。
Chapter 5 Semantics ?Semantics----the study of language meaning. ?Semantics is defined as the study of meaning. However, it is not the only linguistic discipline that studies meaning. ?Semantics answers the question “what does this sentence mean”. In other w ords, it is the analysis of conventional meanings in words and sentences out of context. ?Meaning is central to the study of communication. ?Classification of lexical meanings. Here are G. Leech’s seven types of meaning. ( British linguist) ? 1. Conceptual meaning (also called denotative or cognitive meaning) is the essential and inextricable part of what language is, and is widely regarded as the central factor in verbal communication. It means that the meaning of words may be discussed in terms of what they denote or refer to. ? 2. Connotative meaning – the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, embraces the properties of the referent, peripheral ? 3. Social meaning (stylistic meaning) –what is conveyed about the social circumstances of the use of a linguistic expression ? 4. Affective meaning (affected meaning)– what is communicated of the feeling or attitude of the speaker/writer towards what is referred to ? 5. Reflected meaning – what is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression ?Taboos ? 6. Collocative meaning – the associated meaning a word acquires in line with the meaning of words which tend to co-occur with it ?(2, 3, 4, 5, 6 can be together called associative meaning–meaning that hinges on referential meaning, less stable, more culture-specific ) 7. Thematic meaning—what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order ?What is meaning?---- Scholars under different scientific backgrounds have different understandings of language meaning. Some views concerning the study of meaning ?Naming theory (Plato) ?The conceptualist view ?Contextualism (Bloomfield) ?Behaviorism Naming theory (Plato): Words are names or labels for things. The linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for; words are just names or labels for things ?Limitations: 1) Applicable to nouns only. 2) There are nouns which denote things that do not exist in the real world, e.g. ghost, dragon, unicorn, phenix… 3) There are nouns that do not refer to physical objects but abstract notions, e.g. joy, impulse, hatred…