coerence and cohesion 连贯（关联词therefore, so, as a result, consequently, thus；定语从句，ving 表示便随，方式，原因）
Lexical resources 词汇（已有的词汇）
Grammatical range and accuracy 语法（时态，单复数）
（依托自己的已有能力，不熟悉的绝对不能用）
1, 清晰比复杂重要
2，简练比优美
3，不求有功，但求无过
扣题（中文）
An old chinese saying goes that true friendship is not afraid of distance./distance seperates no true friendship
There is an old chinese saying which goes that a friend in need is a friend indeed.
According to an old chinese saying, decent friends should keep each other at a distance.
Traditional wisdom goes that ----------
离题万里的例子
International tourism has become one of the biggest industries in the world. Some people think it causes more tension than understanding between people from different cultures. To what extent do you agree or disagree
歹—》的确争论四起，观点不一。我的观点是--，理由如下
切忌写完中心句之后用“，+because”
1，赞同带来更多抵触1）风俗习惯，信仰---》不理解，不尊重2）污染，垃圾，涂鸦—》环境3）拥挤，价高—》当地人倒霉
Some believe that the industry birngs more tension than undrestanding. They have their reasons as follows. Fristly, the travellers and the local people have different customs and cultures. The travellers can’t understand the local cultures and even they have no respect for such local cultures. As a result, the local people surely hate the travellers. Secondly, the travellers may leave behind rubbish and even write their names down on the trees, bridges and chairs. The travellers may pollute the local nature. That is why the local people don’t welcome the travellers. Thirdly, when the travellers come to visit, they cause traffic jams and push the price up. All these will affect the life of the local people. So, in the eyes of the locals, internaitonal tourism is not a good project.
2，当然，不同声音、意见—》1）收入问题增加2）增加见识，拓宽眼见了，理解了，欣赏了。---》骂：收入都在政府那里，当地人没有好处；游客和当地人不会有充分接触和沟通，所以这只是美好幻想。
Of course, there are different voices. Some belive that international tourism brings about understanding between people of different cultures. For one thing, internaitonal tourism may bring about income. So that, the local governemnts have more money to protect the local environment and the people can have a better life. For another, international tourism can enrich the knowledge and widen the eyes of both the travellers and the locals. As a reuslt, the local people and the people from other countries can understand each other better, even they can admire each other’s cultures.
But all the tourism income goes to the pockets of the governments, the local people cant get much. Besides, the travellers and the locals can’t communicate with each other fully. They just pass by. How can they understand each other?
3，不好，解决方案：收入分配问题，以及互动问题
Based on the above arguments, we can come to the conclusion that internaitonal tourism brings more tension than understanding between people of different cultures. The local governments should let the local people share the benefits and the travellers should communicate more with the locals.
In countries where there is high unemployment most pupils should be offered only primary education; there is no point in offering secondary education to those who will have no hope of finding a job.
引入：肯定现象的存在，进行一定的夸张/些许好处.-->出问题了—》专家和有关人士的担心：问：好还是歹—》的确争论四起，观点不一。我的观点是--，理由如下
失业率高，只要读小学—》
找不到工作，不要读高中—》
引入;现实无奈，大学生很惨；另，无文化的暴发户横行。于是有人就问：教育意义何在，还不如不读书。专家担心。我认为，错误。理由如下
Nowadays, more and more college students graduate every year and flood into the markets. Most of them can’t find a job. Some of them can get a job, but only receives 800 yuan to 1000 yuan, which is not enough for the basic living. On the other hand, we often see many rich people who drive fancy cars, live in villas but don’t have a good education at all. People feel unfair and begin to question whether it is worth the morey and the time to get a good education. Indeed, arguments have appeared and opinions are divided. I personally believe that education is very important for jobs. My reasons are as follows.
2，1）教育好，找到工作几率高(提纲需要稀释，需要你的想象)
Firstly, the better education one has, the easier it is to get a job. a better education means that one has better abilities to deal with more complicated and difficult jobs. The more challenging the job, the less the competition. Naturally, one finds it easier to get a job. According to the latest data released by the local government, only 66.7% of the students with a BA degree got a job last year. Yet, about 89.8% of the students with a postgraduate degree got a good job. obviously, better education leads to better jobs. (according to the most recent survey by the local government, according to the latest statistics from the locla government)
2）教育好，保住工作可能大
Secondly, the better educaiton one has, the easier it is to keep a job. better educaiton means that one can deal with more difficult jobs and thus has a bigger value for the company. As a result, when troubles appear in the company, the boss will firstly think about firing those with a poorer educaiton. For example, my sister’s company fired 15 persons last year because of the economic crisis. None of these people has a good education. Actually, 80% of them only have a high school education only.
4，反面观点：比尔，温州人《---骂
Of course, there are different voices. Those who stand against my view may point out that neither Bill Gates, the richest person in the world, nor people from Wenzhou, the most successful people in china, have a good education. Be that as it may, those who hold a different opinion only have a mistaken understanding. How can Bills do we have in the world? And even people from Wenzhou were in such industries where knowledge was not important but hard work was. And now such people are very eager to send their kids abroad for better education.
Based on the above analysis, I should say again that I don’t agree with the view in the exam paper. However I strongly believe that the government should do a lot to help the poor college graduates. Otherwise, the nation will be in great trouble if the misleading view gets popular.
Imagination>translation
如果字数实在不够，可以进行偏题，但是只能适可而止
另外，教育不仅仅和工作有关系，它还能让我们更美好的生活，让我们从更好的角度来看待世界和问题。
Besides, education can give us a better life. We can look at the world from a higher and better perspective.
以偏概全的例子
Economic development is an important factor to measure a country’s success. But some people think there should be some other factors to be considered. What are these factors? And among them, which one
is more important than others？
1，引入：经济发展重要指标，唯一指标。
环境糟糕，食品有毒，文化教育偏废了。
人们问了，这样的社会成功吗。还有其
他的因素要考虑。的确这个话题上观点
很多。我认为一个成功的社会有来如下。For a long time, economic development has been regarded as an important factor to meausre a country’s success. In some countries, this may be the only factor. As a result, the environment is polluted, the food poisonous and the educational system corrupt. People begin to question whether such a society is a successful one and whether there are other factors. Indeed, there are different opinions. I believe a country’s success depends on the following. On people’s living standard. In a successful country, people can enjoy a high living standard. For example, they feed and clothe themselves well. They have various cultural and sport actvitities. People are healthy
mentally and physically. Besides, in a successful country, the gap between the rich and the poor// the income gap is not big. Otherwise, people from different income groups will hate each other and even fight each other. Consequently, the society is not stable. Such a country can only be regarded as a failure.
On environmental protection. A successful country should have a good natural environment. if the environment is terrible, then the people suffer a lot. For exmaple, they will get diseases of all kids. In the end, their health will be lost. without health, people find nothing meaningful. In my opinion, green mountains, clear rivers, fresh air and blue sky are necessary for a successful country.
On the development of the law system. No country can be seen as successful if without a good law system, because such a system can make sure that the society is fair. There
are many countries where the law system is absent and where corruption, scandals and cheating are common. As a result, people are full of hatred and mistrust for the government organizations
On the eudcational system. If the educational system is corrupt, then the nation cant compete with others. we all know that education produces talents for the society, improves the quality of the nation and pushes forward the country. All the developed countries, including Amercia and Britain, have a good eductional system. In conclusion, I believe that a country’s success depends on a lot of factors. the government should consider them all. Otherwise the society will develp in a terrible way. Among all the factors, people’s living standard is most important. terrribles examples include the former soviet union and the north Korea.
Traditionally, economic devleopment has been regarded as a very important factor, or maybe the only factor, to measure a country’s suceess. As a result, our environemnt is polluted, food poisonous, education lost and laws absent. people are confused and experts are worried. If such a situation continues, our society is ruined. Are there other factors? surely, I believe the success of a country depends on a series of factors.
2，环境
On the environemtal protection. If a country has no green mountains, clear rivers and fresh air, then people’s health is destroyed/hurt/harmed. People will die before they can enjoy the mateiral wealth/ people will be consumed by death before they can consume the benefits. According to the latest survey, averagely people living in a terrbile
where the moutains are bald, rivers polluted and air poisonous, the life span is 10 to 15 years less than those people in good countries.
3，教育和文化的发展
On eudcation and cultural development.
A successful country surely has a good
education system and a good culture.
Under such a system, people can get/receive good training. Thus there is
a good supply of capable people for the
future development of the country.
besides, a strong country necessarily has
a powerful coulture which attracts the
pepole from other countries. Amercia is
a perfect example. Just imagine how
many people in other countries are attracted by the powerful Hollywood. 4，法制健全
On a complete law system. Without a good legal system, then the country is troubled by corruption, scandals.
Consequently, people’s interests are ruined and the society as a whole is in big trouble. Typical example are just many in Africa.
5，人民生活水平
On people’s living standard. If the gap between the rich and the poor// if the income gap is huge, then people of diferent income groups hate each other.
Thus, the society as whole is not stable.
Such a country should never be regarded as successful. Thiland is /offers/serves a good example.
Some parents send their children to study abroad. Do you agree or disagree
And when do you think should be the suitable age for children to be sent abroad?
1, 有家长送孩子出国，如今这已经不是时尚，而是潮
流。出国寻梦者也在变化，过去时成人，现在是高中生，初中生乃至小学生。问题来了：堕落了，腐败了，逃回来了。专家担心，家长疑惑了。问，到底要不要送孩子出国呢，的确争论很多，观点四起，我认为，不要，理由如下
Nowadays, some parents send their kids abroad for education. Actually this has already become a trend. The dream-hunters have changed a lot. They used to adults. Now they can be high school students or even primary school pupils. But at the same time, problems have appeared. Some of the kids get corrupt or have developed some terrible habits in a foreign land. Experts are worried and parents are confused. They question whether it is a curse or a blessing for such young people to study abroad. Indeed, arguments have arisen and opinions are divided. But I strongly believe that the young should not go abroad. My reasons are as follows.
2，1）不能自理
Firstly, such young people can’t take care of themselves in a totally strange environment. They may eat a lot of junk food and destroy their health. They can’t cook or clean for themselves. As a result, they will miss their life back in their homeland where they are carefully looked after.
2）语言能力差3）
Secondly, such young people gegerally don’t have good langauge ability. Most of them can’t live or study in a forien land all by themselves. Usually they will get confused in class and helpless after class. If such a situation continues, they will fear schools and communication. According to the latest data released by the government, about 78% of the young people are not willing to attend classes, but instead, stay with the young from their own countries. The reason behind this is the poor language ability.
自制力差，不知好坏
Thirdly, the young can’t control themselves and can’t tell right from wrong. For example, they may play computer games for a whole week excitedly. And they will go to the nigh clubs often, where they may waste their money or even be cheated. Even more terrible, they may meet some bad friends who will lead them into disasters.
Based on the above disussion, I should confirm that the young should not go abroad for education. Only people who are aged over 20 can have a try, because they are old enough to distinguish right from wrong, to control themselves and to study with strong determination.
1,引入话题：出国留学现在不仅时尚，而且蔚然成风。脸也变了，以前是大学生，现在包括中学生，小学生。同时，也有很多失败的例子。人们要问，到底值不值的。我认为值得，原因如下
Going abroad for education has not only become a fashion, but also a trend in this
country. And the faces of the dream-hunters/seekers have changed a lot. They used to be college students. Now they are much younger, including high school studetns and even primary school students. At the same time, there are also examples of failure. Experts are worried and parents are confused. They discuss whether it is worth the money and time to go abroad. There are arguments. However, I belive that we should go abroad for education for the following reasons.
（二级引申很重要）
1, 更好的教育：学校好，教授好；知识先进，发达国家，对我们国家的事情有指导。数字和例子
Firstly, one can get better education if he goes abroad to the western countries. For example, he may go to better universities like Sidney University, Harward University. Such universities are a lot better than Chinese universities. Besides, he may meet
better professors. Those western professors are more patient with the students and focused on their research. After all they usually have a good income and don’t need to worry about their life. On the contrary, Chinese professors are busy with their private business. They usually disappear very soon after class. Further more, if one can get the advanced knowledge in the western countries, then he is more likley to succeed in the competition in his own country.
2,开拓见识，吸收不同观点，（同学）--》全球眼光（有利事业的建立）
Secondly, if one goes abroad for educaiton, then he will widen their eyes/broaden their horizon and enrich their experience. In a foreign land, he is likely to meet people from different countries and with different background. He may listen to, compare and take in different opinions. As a result, his views will not appear one-sided. More
importantly, he will have a global eye. If he decides to establish his own business in the future, he will find that he already has a good network of resources and relations
3, 语言能力和生存能力—》跨文化交流，有更大的能力应付挑战，困难，（学习上的，生活上的）
Lastly, on a foreign land, one will find it easier to learn the language, for he lives in the language and among the natives. With the help of the language, he may communicate with people from different cultures. Also, he can train his living abilities. A person with a good living ability can better deal with the difficulties, challegens and even brudens in their sutdy and life.
4, 当然有担忧：没有引导和监管，--》坏朋友，一步错，步步错。《---犯错误是成长的一部分；大部分学生都有明确目标和坚强决心，毕竟出国是大事，不可能是仓促决定Of course, there are worries. Some people
may be concerned that the young don’t have the right help and support in a foreign land. Most probably he doesn’t know what is good and what is evil. For example, he may meet terrible friends, who can mislead them. a small mistake may lead to a huge disaster. The young may fall into corruption. Maybe, they will not return as a qualified talent, but a worthless rubbish. Be that as it may. I believe the above worries are totally unreasonable and unnecessary. To begin with, making mistakes is part of our growth. The more mistakes they make, the more experienced and intelligent they are. In addition, going abroad is a big deal/project. It is surely based on careful thinking and planning. most of the students are determined and eager to learn.
5，要出去的，但是家长和学生要慎重，要思考清楚；政府要设立大使馆热线。Based on the above discussion, I strongly believe that we should send our kids abroad
for education. However, the parents and students should be careful. At the same time, the governemnt needs to do something to help the studetns who go abroad. For example, the government can set up a hotline in the embassies in a forein land to offer timely help.
标点符号的规范
用在两个并列成分间通常为连贯词and, 倘若两个成分比较长（每个成分有定语从句），或者每个成分中间已经出现了and，则可以在主要的连接词and前面加入逗号；在介词词组“from A to B”这样的结构中，以上方法同效
新时期的绝望主妇们包括那些必须全职工作为支付柴米油盐的那些以及花尽心思挽留丈夫的那些
Modern desperate housewives include those who have to work full time to pay the family living cost, and those who try their best to keep their husbands aside.
这是形形色色的一群人，从坐飞机的职业经理人到坐快车的白领到普通大众，他们匆忙回家，不管方式如何：可以坐火车，汽车，摩托车乃至步行
Thi is a huge group, from the mangers who travel by plane, to the whitecollar people who travel by train, and to the commons who hurry back home by all means, either by train or by bus or by motorbike or even on foot.
中国有句话说得好，三个和尚没有水吃 a good chinese saying goes that everybody’s business is nobody’s business.
A good chinese saying has it that everybody’s business is nobody’s business
I’d like to share my joys with you. → I would like to share my joys with you.
You can’t behave like that. → you cannot behave like that.
曲线图line chart, graph 饼状图pie chart
柱状图bar chart 表格图table
和task2一样，图表类作文的评分标准亦分为四项：
●Task achievement
●Coherence and cohesion
●Lexical resources
●Grammatical range and accuracy
图标类作文思路如下
1，引入话题（照抄）+（可能的话概括整体特征或趋势）
2，挑选重点信息来描述，不能使记流水账
比较和对照数据：比较就是一条线前后的数字比较；对照就是几条线的上下对照
3，总结：重点特征再次强调，且描述整体趋势和特征
避免写作误区：
不能主观解释背后的原因和深层次含义
例题：
The table below shows three social and economic indicators of seven American countries for the year 1997
表格图如何应对：
有纵有横，因分为两个角度来写
1，纵向的，分群体和境界
2，横向的，建立各个因素之间的关系
如果横向个因素之间没有任何关系，则都是按照纵向来写。如果横向个因素之间有关系，则纵向要写，横向也要写。
总之，三项指标有关联，收入高，则文盲率低，保值销售好。反之亦然。有两个国家特别吸引人的眼光，在阿根廷各项指标都很理想，而在古巴，虽然这个国家很穷，却有很好的文盲率和保值销售量
In conclusion, there is a relation between the three indicators. If the GDP per capita is higher, then the illitracy rate is lower, the newspaper sale is better. Two countries especially catch attention. In Argentia, the three indicators are all balanced. In Cuba, though the income is poor, the illiteracy rate is good.
和文盲率紧密相关的是报纸销售量。文盲率高，则保值销售差，文盲率低，则保值销售好。这一结论在两个极端例子中得到充分展示，巴西的文盲率是16.8%，而报纸销量是40分；阿根廷文盲率是3.6%，而报纸销售了123份。
通过主系表的倒装来体现出承上启下
Closely related to/linked with the illiteracy rate was the newspaper sale among 1000 persons. the higher the rate, the poorer the sale; the lower the rate, the better the sale. This conclusion was supported/proven/confirmed by two extreme examples of Brazil where a 16.8% illiteracy rate matched a poor sale of 40 pieces of newsprper, and Argentia where a 3.6% rate matched a good sale of 123 pieces of newspaper.
这七个国家在文盲率上也有很大的差异，其中4个国家属于比较聪明的群体；而三个国家属于比较后劲群体，因为他们的文盲率都超过了10%
There was a huge difference in adult illiteracy rate in these seven countries. Four countries belonged to the smarter group, for the rates in these countries were lower than 7%. While the other countries fell into the more stupid group, for the rates in these countries was higher than 10%.
These seven countries displayed /exhibited/demonstrated great difference in their adult illiteracy rates, with four countries belonging to the smarter group and 3 countries to the more stupid group. (with 这样的结构来展现结论的原因或者是具体表现)
从人均收入的角度来说，这七个国家分为三大群体。其中巴哈马和阿根廷属于最富有的群体，因为他们的收入都超过了9000美元一年。三个国家属于中间群体，他们的收入从3700到4900不等，但是都没有超过5000.牙买加和古巴属于最穷的群体。他们的收入都不到3000美元。
As far as the GDP per capita is concerned, these seven countries belonged to /fell into /were divided into three groups. The Bahams and Argentina were the richest countries, for their GDP per Capita was far more than 9000 Dollars. Three other coutries lay in the middle. GDP per capita in these countries was from 3700 to 4900, but well below 5000. However, Jamaica and Cuba lay/sank at the bottom, for their income was far less than 3000.
曲线图作文的高分要素：基本结构，核心词汇，核心句型，衔接策略
基本结构
1，表示上升
Rise（趋势）, increase（数量）, climb（v,数量，趋势）, grow （数量）,
go up, soar （v,飚涨，数量）
2，表示下降
Fall, decrease, decline（v, n下降，数量）, drop（迅速下跌，数量，趋势）,
Go down（趋势）, reduce（数量）
表示不变
Level out, even off
4，表示变化幅度的词汇
1）幅度大
sharp/sharply;; considerable/considerably; remarkable/remarkably
2）幅度中等
gradual/gradually; steady稳步的/steadily