语言学课后习题答案
第5章
1. (1) The naming theory proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are simply labels of the objects they stand for. So words are just names or labels for things.
(2) The conceptualist view has been held by some philosophers and linguists from ancient times. This view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to (i.
e., between language and the real world); rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.
(3) The contextualist view held that meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context –– elements closely linked with language behaviour. The representative of this approach was J.R. Firth, famous British linguist.
(4) Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the ―situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.‖ This theory, somewhat close to contextualism, is linked with psychological interest.
2. The major types of synonyms are dialectal synonyms, stylistic synonyms, emotive or evaluative synonyms, collocational synonyms, and semantically different synonyms.
3. (1) Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.
When two words are identical in sound, they are homophones.
When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs.
When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are complete homonyms (2) While different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning. This is what we call polysemy, and such a word is called a polysemic word. There are many polysemicwords in English, The fact is the more commonly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired more than one meaning.
(3) Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. Hyponyms of the same superordinate are co-hyponyms to each other. Hyponymy is a relation of inclusion; in terms of meaning, the superordinate includes all its hyponyms.
4. They can be gradable antonyms, complementary antonyms and relational opposite
Gradable antonyms: wide /narrow poor/rich
Complementary antonyms: vacant/occupied literate/illiterate
Relational opposite: north/south, doctor/patient, father/daughter, above/below
5. ―Tom's wife is pregnant‖ presupposes ―Tom has a wife.‖
―My sister will soon be divorced‖ presupposes ―My sister is a married woman.‖
―He likes seafood‖ is entailed by ―He likes crabs.‖
―They are going to have another baby‖ presupposes ―They have a child.‖
6.They both base on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components.
7.
7.Grammaticality refers to the grammatical well-formedness of a sentence. The violation of the selectional restrictions, i.e., constrains on what lexical items can go with what others, might make a grammatically meaningless.
8.
8. MAN, ICE-CREAM (SELL)
BABY (SLEEP)
(SNOW)
TREE (GROW)
第6章
1. Generally speaking, pragmatics is the study of meaning in the context. It studies meaning in a dynamic way and as a process. In order to have a successful communication, the speaker and hearer must take the context into their consideration so as to affect the right meaning and intention. The development and establishment pragmatics in 1960s and 1970s resulted mainly from the expansion of the study semantics. However, it is different from the traditional semantics. The major difference between them lies in that pragmatics studies meaning in a dynamic way, while semantics studies meaning in a static way. Pragmatics takes context into consideration while semantics does not. Pragmatics takes care of the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.
2. The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. Various continents of shared knowledge have been identified, e.g. knowledge of the language they use, knowledge of what has been said before, knowledge about the world in general, knowledge about the specific situation in which linguistic communication is taking place, and knowledge about each other. Context determines the speaker's use of language and also the heater's interpretation of what is said to him.
3. A sentence is a grammatical concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied as the abstract, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of predication. But if we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an utterance, and it should be considered in the situation in which it is actually uttered (or used). So it is impossible to tell if ―The dog is barking‖ is a sentence or an utterance. It can be either. It all depends on how we look at it and how we are going to analyze it. If we take it as a grammatical unit and consider it as a self-contained unit in isolation from context, then we are treating it as a sentence. If we take it as something a speaker utters in a certain situation with a certain purpose, then we are treating it as an utterance.
5.According to Austin's new model, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act. A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. An illocutionary act is the act of ex pressing the speaker’s intention;
it is the act performed in saying something. A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.
6.
6. (1) representatives: stating or describing, saying what the speaker believes to be true
(2) directives: trying to get the hearer to do something
(3) commissives: committing the speaker himself to some future course of action
(4) expressives: expressing feelings or attitude towards an existing
(5) declarations: bringing about immediate changes by saying something
The illocutionary point of the representatives is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said, in other words, when performing an illocutionary act of representative, the speaker is making a statement or giving a description which he himself believes to be true. Stating, believing, sweating, hypothesizing are among the most typical of the representatives.
Directives ate attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do some- thing. Inviting, suggesting, requesting, advising, wanting, threatening and ordering are all specific instances of this class.
Commissives are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action, i.e. when speaking the speaker puts himself under a certain obligation. Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most typical ones.
The illocutionary point of expressives is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance. The speaker is expressing his feelings or attitudes towards an existing state of affairs, e.g. apologizing, thanking, congratulating.
The last class ―declarations‖ h as the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this type brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality.
7. Cooperative Principle, abbreviated as CP. It goes as follows: Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.
To be more specific, there are four maxims under this general principle:
(1) The maxim of quantity
(2) The maxim of quality
(3) The maxim of relation
(4) The maxim of manner
第7章
1. a. size (< old French) b. skill (< old Norse) c. royal (< old French < Latin)
d.ranch ( e.robot ( f. potato (< Spanish < Taino) g. astronaut (< French) h. emerald (< Middle English & old French) i. pagoda (< Persian < Sanskrit) j. khaki (< Hindi 3. In modern English, these lines are more likely written as: King: Where is Pelonius? Hamlet: In heaven, send to see there. If your messenger cannot find him there, yourself seek him at the other place. But indeed, if you cannot find him within this month, you shall notice him as you go up the stairs into the lobby. 4. The statement means that when necessary, people will make use of available uses even if there is no writers' efforts. 5. Keep the door closed. 第8章 1. There are many indications of the inter-relationship between language and society. One of them is that while language is principally used to communicate meaning, it is also used to establish and maintain social relationships. This social function of language is embodied in the use of such utterances as ―Good morning!‖, ―Hi!‖, ―How's your family?‖, ―Nice day today, isn't it?‖Another indication is that users of the same language in a sense all speak differently. The kind of language each of them chooses to use is in part determined by his social background. And language, in its turn, reveals information about its speaker. When we speak, we cannot avoid giving clues to our listeners about ourselves. Then to some extent, language, especially the structure of its lexicon, reflects both the physical and the social environments of a society. For example while there is only one word in English for ―snow‖, there are several in Eskimo. This is a reflection of the need for the Eskimos to make distinctions between various kinds of snow in their snowy living environment. As a social phenomenon language is closely related to the structure of the society in which it is used, and the evaluation of a linguistic form is entirely social. 2.To a linguist, all language forms and accents are equally good as far as they can fulfill the communicative functions they are expected to fulfill. Therefore, judgments concerning the correctness and purity of linguistic varieties are social rather than linguistic. A case in point is the use of thepostvocalic [r]. While in English accents without postvocalic [r] are considered to be more correct than accents with it, in New York city, accents with postvocalic [r] enjoys more prestige and are considered more correct than without it. 3. 3.The main social dialects discussed in this chapter are regional dialect, sociolect, gender and age. Idiolect is a personal dialect, of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. These factors jointly determine the way he/she talks. While the language system provides all its users with the same set of potentials, the realization of these potentials is individualized by a number of social factors, resulting in idiolects. 4. 4. First of all, the standard dialect is based on a selected variety of the language, usually it is the local speech of an area which is considered the nation's political and commercial center. Second, the standard dialect is not dialect a child acquires naturally like his regional dialect. It is a superimposed variety; it is a variety imposed from above over the range of regional dialects. Then the standard dialect has some special functions. Also designated as the official or national language of a country, the standard dialect is used for such official purposes as government documents, education, news reporting; it is the language used on any formal occasions. 5. According to Halliday, ―Language varies as its function varies; it differs in different situations.‖ The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a register. Halliday further distinguishes three social variables that determine the register: field of discourse, tenor of discourse, and mode of discourse. For example, a lecture on linguistics could be identified as Field: scientific (linguistic) Tenor: teacher — students (formal, polite) Mode: oral (academic lecturing) 6. A prominent phonological feature of Black English is the simplification of consonant clusters at the end of a word. According to this consonant deletion rule, the final-position consonants are often deleted; thus ―passed‖ is pronounced [pa:s], mend [men], desk [des]. A syntactic feature of Black English that has often been cited to show its illogicality is the deletion of the link verb ―be‖. In Black English we frequently come across sentences without the copula verb: ―They mine‖, ―You crazy‖, ―Her hands cold‖, and ―That house big‖. Another syntactic feature of Black English that has been the target of attack is the use of double negation constructions, e.g. He don't know nothing. 7.Pidgins arose from a blending of several languages such as Chinese dialects and English, African dialects and French. Usually a European language serves as the basis of the pidgin in the sense that some of its grammar and vocabulary is derived from the European language used by traders and missionaries. Pidgins typically have a limited vocabulary and a very reduced grammatical structure characterized by the loss of inflections, gender end case. 8. 8. Bilingualism refers to the situation that in some speech communities, two languages are used side by side with each having a different role to play; and language switching occurs when the situation changes. But instead of two different languages, in a diglossic situation two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play. The two languages of bilingualism and the two varieties of diglossia each has different role to play as situation changes. 第9章 1. The relation between language and culture is dialectical. Every language is part of a culture. As such, it cannot but serve and reflect cultural needs. Within tile broad limits set by the specific needs of a culture, a language is free to make arbitrary selections of signified. That is to say, language is not a passive reflector of culture. Even assuming that culture is in many cases the first cause in the language-culture relationship, language as the effect in the first link of the causal chain will in turn be the cause in the next link, reinforcing and preserving beliefs and customs and conditioning their future course. We can find similar relationship between local dialect and regional culture. For example, in China, there are many local dialects and many regional operas. Those regional operas can only be performed in the local dialects; meanwhile those regional operas are part of local cultures. 2.The studies have shed new light on our understanding of the hypothesis: people tend to sort out and distinguish experiences differently according to the semantic categories provided by their different codes. For example, English-speaking culture teaches its people to name what is practical, useful and important. In a general sense, the important things take on specific names while the less important things have general names that must be modified through additional words to become specific. A good illustration of this point is the word snow in Eskimo and English. 4.I find it is very important to learn its culture when learning a foreign language. A typical example of these is that when greeting acquaintances, we tend to say "Have you eaten?", which will cause misunderstanding to a foreigner. 5.Linguistic imperialism is closely related to cultural imperialism. Linguistic imperialism is a kind of linguicism which can be defined as the promulgation of global ideologies through the world-wide expansion of one language. With the monopoly of one language over others, its accompanied ideologies, structures and practices will be a potential threat to the individual cultural identity and cultural integrity. From this, we can know that linguistic imperialism is something worth consideration. 6. a) 无情逼索全部债务；合法但极不合理的要求。 源自莎士比亚戏剧《威尼斯商人》 b) 只工作不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。 源自谚语。 c) 绝交信；要求解除婚约的信。 源自美国口语。 d) 好鱼游水底，良鸟藏深山。 源自谚语。 e) 潘多拉的盒子；一切灾难的根源。 源自希腊神话。 f) 能胜任, 值得雇用。 源自古语。 g) 珍爱的人。 源自古语。 第10章 1. Language acquisition refers to the child's acquisition of his mother tongue, i.e. how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community. Language Acquisition Device, (also known as LAD). The LAD was described as an imaginary ―black box‖ existing somewhere in the human brain. The ―black box‖ is said to contain principles that are universal to all human languages. Children need access to the samples of a natural language to activate the LAD, which enables them to discover his language's structure by matching the innate knowledge of basic grammatical system to that particular language. Eric Lenneberg, a biologist, argued that the LAD, like other biological functions, works successfully only when it is stimulated at the right time –– a specific and limited time period for language acquisition –– which is referred to as the Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH). There are two versions of the CPH. While the strong one suggests that children must acquire their first language by puberty or they will never be able to learn from subsequent exposure, the weak holds that language learning will be more difficult and incomplete after puberty. 2.The language acquisition theories mentioned in this chapter have different emphasis on different aspects. Behaviorists view sounds reasonable in explaining the routine aspects, the innatist accounts most plausible in explaining children's acquiring complex system, and the interactive description convincing in understanding how children learn and use the language appropriately from their environment. In my opinion, behaviorists view is more reasonable and convincing because language acquisition is a process of enforcing and reinforcing. Only through this process can a person learn a language well. 3. a) True, because of LAD. b) False, because children's grammatical development is gradual and some subtle grammatical distinctions may not be mastered much before the age of ten. c) True, because his language is acquired. d) True, because at the very beginning, children's language is totally about content. e) False, because of CPH. f) True, because when a child acquires his native language he needs language environment. g) True, because of CPH. 第11章 1.From a theoretical point of view, the new findings and advances in first language acquisition especially in learning theories and learning process are illuminating in understanding second language acquisition. The techniques used to collect and analyze date in first language acquisition also provide insights and perspectives in the study of second language acquisition. For example, we started to learn our native language from listening, and then speaking. 3. a) Please do not hinder me in my work. (negative transfer) b) –– Would you mind lending me your tape-recorder? –– No, I don't. (negative transfer) c) During the meeting we discussed the research project. (overgeneralization) d) Alison is in poor health. She catches cold easily. (overgeneralization) e) The light can impress the film and in this way can fix the image of the film. (negative transfer) f) The scenery is too beautiful to describe. (cross-association) 7.The personality traits such as extroversion, talkativeness, self-esteem, self-confidence may contribute to the success of learning a second/foreign language. 1. Q: What is the scope of linguistics? The scope of linguistics can be illustrated as: 1) General linguistics: the study of language as whole. It deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. 2) Phonetics: the study of sounds used in communication. 3) Phonology: the study about how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication. 4) Morphology: the study of the way in which symbols/morphemes are arranged to form words. 5) Syntax: the study of the rules about the combination of words to form permisible sentences. 6) Semantics: the study of meaning. 7) Pragmatics: the study of meaning in the context of use. And the Interdisciplinary branches. 1) Sociolinguistics 2) Psycholingu istics …………… 2. Q: What makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in several basic ways: firstly, modern linguistics is descriptive, it describes the language as it is; while traditional grammar is prescriptive, it 英语语言学试题（1） I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、sociolinguistic C、descriptive D、psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、mouth B、lips C、tongue D、vocal cords 3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___. A、bound morpheme B、bound form C、inflectional morpheme D、free morpheme 4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、coordinator B、particle C、preposition D、subordinator 5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike." A、is synonymous with B、is inconsistent with C、entails D、presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、semantics B、pragmatics C、sociolinguistics D、psycholinguistics 7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization. A、elaboration B、simplification C、external borrowing D、internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、Lingua franca B、Creole C、Pidgin D、Standard language 9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area 10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、learning B、competence C、performance D、acquisition II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ . 13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said. 17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______. 练习1 1. There is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig. This is one of the design features of language.A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 2. Language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is . It makes people possible to talk everything within his knowledge. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 3. ___ refers to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language, including those that he has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation .A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 4. __ __ refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. The dog couldn’t be bow-wowing sorrowfully for some lost love or a bone to be lost. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 5. ______ means language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the linguistic system must be learnt anew by each speaker. A. duality B. Arbitrariness C. interchangeability D. cultural transmission 6. ______ means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. A. duality B. Arbitrariness C. interchangeability D. cultural transmission 7. To say “How are you.” “Hi” to your friends is the ____ __of language. A. directive function B. informative function C. phatic function D. interrogative function 8. “Tell me the result when you finish.” If you want to get your hearer to do something, y ou should use the _____ of language. A. directive function B. informative function C. phatic function D. interrogative function 9. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __ ___. A. unnatural B. something to be feared C. natural D. abnormal 10. A linguist is interested in ___A. speech sounds only B. all sounds C. vowels only 11. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop? A. [t] B. [m] C. [b] D. [p 12. Which of the following sounds is a voiced affricate? A. [y] B. [t∫] C. [z] D. [dЗ] 13. Which of the following sounds is a central vowel? A. [ ? ] B. [ i ] C. [ou] D. [a: ] 14. In the following sounds , ______ is a palatal fricative ? A. [ s ] B. [∫] C. [ l ] D. [θ] 15. In the following sounds, _____ is a voiceless affricative? A. [dЗ] B. [v] C. [t∫] D. [θ] 16. In English if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ r ],then the next sound must be a __ __. A. fricative B. nasal sound C. semi-vowel D. vowel 17. Of the “words” listed below___ is not an English word A. [r∧b ] B. [ l? b ] C. [m?sta:∫] D. [lm?p] 18. ___ are produced when the obstruction created by the speech organs is total and audibly released. A. Back vowels B. Stops C. Fricatives D. Glides 19. The International Phonetic Association devised the INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET in _____. A. 1965 B. 1957 C. 1888 D. 1788 20. ___ is a phonological unit , and it is a unit that is of distinctive value. A. Phone B. Phoneme C. Allophone D. Sound 1. [ f ] is a dental consonant. F 2. Phonology studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. F 7. The three / p / are allophones. T 3. Phoneme is a phonological unit. T 4. Phone is a phonetic unit. T 一、填空题:（每空1 分，本大题共10 分） 1. （）语言学是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，它是语言学 走上独立发展道路的标志。 2. 人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的左半球控制（ 掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维。 3. 进入20世纪以后，语言研究的主流由历史比较语言学转为 （）。 4. 俄语属于印欧语系的（ 5. 一个音位包含的不同音素或者具体表现出来的音素叫做 （）。 6. 语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是（ 7. 现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母，大多直接来源于（）字 母。 8. 言外之意之所以能够被理解是因为（）起了补充说明的 作用。 9. 方言在社会完全分化的情况下，有可能发展成（? ）?； 在社会高度统一的情况下，会逐渐被共同语消磨直到同化。 10. 南京方言的“兰”、“南”不分，从音位变体的角度来说，[n ]和[l]是 属于（）变体。 二、单项选择题: 码填在题干上的括号内。（每小题1 分，本大题共15 分） 1. 在二十世纪，对哲学、人类学、心理学、社会学等学科产生重大影响 的语言学流派是（） A.历史比较语言学 B.心理语言学 C.结构主义语言学 D.社会语言学 2. “人有人言，兽有兽语”中的“言”属于（） A.语言 B.言语 C.言语行为 D.言语作品 3. “我爱家乡”中“爱”和“家乡”（） A.是聚合关系。 B.是组合关系。 C.既是聚合关系又是组合关系。 D. 4. 一种语言中数量最少的是 A.音素 B.音位 C.语素 D.音节 5. 英语的man—→men采用的语法手段是 A. 屈折变化 B.变换重音的位置 C. 变化中缀 D.异根 6. 在汉语普通话中没有意义区别功能的声学特征是（） A.音高 B.音强 C.音长 D.音质 7. [ε]的发音特征是 A.舌面前高不圆唇 B.舌面后高不圆唇 C.舌面前半高不圆唇 D.舌面前半低不圆唇 8. 构成“语言、身体”这两个词的语素的类型（） A.都是成词语素 B.都是不成词语素 C.“语”和“言”是成词语素，“身”和“体”是不成词语素 D.“语”和“言”是不成词语素，“身”和“体” 9. 广义地说，汉语动词词尾“着”、“了”、“过”属于语法范畴中的 （） 1. Anthropological Study of Linguistics: aims to look at the relationships between language and culture in a speech community. For this reason, it can alternatively be called anthropological linguistics. More specifically, practitioners of the field want to know more about a given community by examining the correlation between the tradition of the community, beliefs, and social behavior of community members and their language use in different contexts of communication. Communication: is an information process taking place between at least two parties or persons. Communicative Competence:is a sociolinguistic rule put forward by Dell Hymes in contrast with the “competence” vs. “performance” dichotomy in theoretic linguistics. Context of Situation: is a framework put forward by Firth. This theory has the following elements (Firth, 1950: 43-44 [Palmer, 1981: 53-54]). A. The relevant features of the participants: persons, personalities: (i) The verbal action of the participants. (ii) The non-verbal action of the participants. B. The relevant objects. C. The effects of the verbal action. 语言学概论试题（一） 一、填空（每空1分，共15分） 1.语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是根词。 2.语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字是最重要的辅助交际工具。 ?3.我国古代学者为读懂古书而建立的训诂学、文字学、音韵学组成了我国的语文学，通称为“小学”。 4.英语属于印欧语系的日耳曼语族的西部语支。 ?5.语音可以从生理角度分析它的产生方式，从物理角度分析它的表现形式传递过程，从社会功能角度分析它的功能作用。 6.是否能够独立运用，是区分词和语素的根本特点。 ?7.现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母，大多直接来源于拉丁字母。 ?8.具有不同功能的三种最基本的语法单位是语素、词、句子。 ?9.语言发展的主要特点是渐变性和不平衡性。 ?10.我国宪法 1982年第19条明确规定“国家推广全国通用的普通话”。 二、选择题（每题1分，共10分）?????? 1. 中国的传统语文学研究的薄弱环节是（ D ） ??Ａ.文字学Ｂ.语音学? ?Ｃ.词汇学Ｄ.语法学 ?2. 汉语属于（ B ） ?Ａ.屈折语Ｂ.孤立语 ?Ｃ.多式综合语Ｄ.粘着语 ?3. 一种语言中数量最少的是（ B ） ??Ａ.音素Ｂ.音位 ??Ｃ.语素Ｄ.音节 ?4. 文字的前身是（ C ） ??Ａ.结绳记事Ｂ.手势 ??Ｃ.图画记事Ｄ.实物记事 ?5. 派生词中包含（ B ） ??Ａ.词尾Ｂ.词根 ??Ｃ.虚词Ｄ.根词 ?6. 语音和语义结合的最小的语言单位是（ C ） ??Ａ.音素Ｂ.义素 ??Ｃ.语素Ｄ.音位 7. 汉语单词“忽然”出现的位置是（ C ） ??Ａ.主语位置Ｂ.谓语位置 ??Ｃ.状语位置Ｄ.定语位置 8. 以下各种语言变体中，属于社会方言的是（ D ） ???Ａ.土话Ｂ.客家话 ???Ｃ.客套话Ｄ.黑话 9. 下列语素中属于自由语素的是（ C ） ???Ａ.初Ｂ.视 ???Ｃ.人Ｄ.民 10. 在语言结构的某一环节上能够互相替换，?具有某种相同作用的各个单位之间所形成的关系叫（ D ） ??Ａ.转换关系Ｂ.组合关系 ??Ｃ.层级关系Ｄ.聚合关系 三、名词解释（每题4分，共20分） ?1.专语语言学以具体语言作为研究对象的语言学。 2.组合关系指两个以上相连续的语言符号组合而成的线性关系。 3.语流音变语流中的某些音由于相互影响而发生临时性的变化，这种变化就叫语流音变。 4.语义场由具有某些共同义素的一群词类聚而成的场。 5.语法范畴把同一性质的语法意义综合和概括所形成的语法意义的类别。 四、试以国际音标标出下列各词的读音（每题2分，共10分） 1.优秀 2.维持 3.宏观 4.精神 5.离开 五、用义素分析法分析下列各组词（每题3分，共9分） ?1.瞻仰 [+用眼 +往一定方向 +崇敬地] 《语言学概论》学习辅导书参考答案（导言） 一、名词解释（20分，每小题4分） 1.语言学：就是以语言为研究对象的科学，研究语言的本质、语言的结构和发展规律。 2.小学：指我国传统的语文学，包括文字学、音韵学、训诂学三方面的内容。 3.专语语言学：也叫具体语言学、个别语言学，以一种（或几种有联系的）语言为研究对象，研究某一种语言的结构。 4.共时语言学：以同时的、静态分析的方法，研究语言相对静止的状态，描写分析语言在某一个时期、某一个阶段的状况，是从横向的方面研究语言。 5.历时语言学：从历时的、动态的角度研究语言发展的历史，观察一种语言的各个结构要素在不同发展阶段的历史演变，是从纵向的方面研究语言的历史。 二、填空题（20分，每空1分） 1.中国印度古希腊-罗马具有悠久的历史文化传统，是语言的三大发源地。 2.文字学音韵学训诂学是我国传统的语文学。 3.研究语言的结构，主要是研究语音词汇和语义语法三个部分。 4.运用语言传递信息的过程，可分为编码发送传递接收解码五个过程 5.专语语言学可以从纵向和横向研究语言，由于研究角度不同，所以又分为历时语言学和共时语言学 6.历史比较语言学的建立，标志着语言学开始走上独立发展的道路。 7.布隆菲尔德的代表著作《语言论》，是美国结构主义语言学的奠基性著作。 8.索绪尔被称为现代语言之父，其代表作有《普通语言学教程》 三、问答题（60分，每小题10分） 1.古代的语言研究和今天的语言研究有哪些不同？ ①研究对象不同：古代的语言学主要以书面语为主要研究材料，不重视口头语言的研究，而今天的语言学则十分重视口语研究，如制定语言规范，确立共同语的各方面标准等，都要依据口语的研究成果； ②研究目的不同：古代语言学研究语言，主要是给政治、哲学、宗教、历史、文学方面的经典著作作注解，比如我国古代的语文学主要就是围绕阅读先秦经典著作的需要来研究文言的，而现代语言学的研究目的主要是分析语言的结构，以此探讨语言发展的共同规律。 2．语言交际过程分哪几个阶段？请举例具体说明 可分为编码、发送、传递、接收、解码五个阶段。编码就是发话人利用词语组织语句；发送就是把思维成果变成话语，通过发音器官表达出来；传递就是通过空气振动形成声波，把话语传达给受话人；接收是受话人利用听觉器官感知对方所说的话；解码则经过大脑的思维把声波还原成语言，理解对方话语的含义，从而完成信息传递接收。如果受话人收到语言信息有所反馈，那么上述五个阶段则又重复一遍，只是发话人与受话人调换了。 3.“语言学既是一门古老的科学，又是一门年轻的科学；既与社会科学有密切的联系，有与自然科学有密切的联系。”怎样理解这段话的含义？ 语言是伴随着人类一起出现的，是人类社会生活必不可少的，所以人类很早就注意到了语言的重要性，很早就注意研究语言，所以语言学是古老的，但语言学直到18世纪下半叶，产生了历史比较语言学，后来又建立了语言学的各个部门，语言研究才发展成为一门独立的学科，同其它学科相比，语言学的确是十分年轻的。语言是社会现象，与社会的政治、经济、文化、历史等密切相关，而语言的发生又与物理、生理、心理等学科密切相关，而现代社会语言与语言的信息处理（如机器翻译、语码转换等）又涉及到数学、计算机科学，所以语言学既与社会科学有密切的联系，又与自然科学有密切的联系。正因为如此，随着语言学与别 《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版第1-3章练习题参考答案 Chapter 1 Introduction P13 1. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language？ 答：Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things. 2. What are the major branches of linguistics What does each of them study 答：The major branches of linguistics are: (1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication; (2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication; (3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words; (4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages; (5) semantics: it studies meaning conveyed by language; (6) pragmatics: it studies the meaning in the context of language use. 3. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar 答：The general approach thus traditionally formed to the study of language over the years is roughly referred to as “t raditional gramma r.” Modern linguistics differs from traditional g rammar in several basic ways. Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive. Second, modem linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, on the other hand, tended to emphasize, maybe over-emphasize, the importance of the written word, partly because of its permanence. Then, modem linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework. 4. Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic Why 答：In modem linguistics, a synchronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a diachronic one. Because people believed that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successfully studied, it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development. 5. For what reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather than to writing 答：Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication. Modem linguistics regards the spoken language as the natural or the primary medium of human language for some obvious reasons. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any langu age is always “invented” by its users to record spee ch when the need arises. Even in today's world there are still many languages that can only be spoken but not written. Then in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. And also, speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later when he goes to school. For modern linguists, spoken language reveals many true features of human speech while written language is only the “revised” record of spe ech. Thus their data for investigation and analysis are mostly drawn from everyday speech, which they regard as authentic. Chapter 1 Introductions to Linguistics I. Choose the best answer. (20%) 1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________ A. contact B. communication C. relation D. community 2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary？ A. tree B. typewriter C. crash D. bang 3. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.” is __________. A. interrogative（疑问） B. directive C. informative D. performative 4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say“碎碎（岁岁）平安”as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform？ A. Interpersonal B. Emotive C. Performative√ D. Recreational 5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation？ A. Transferability B. Duality C. Displacement D. Arbitrariness 6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language？ —A nice day, isn’t it？ — Right! I really enjoy the sunlight. A. Emotive B. Phatic C. Performative D. Interpersonal 7. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances. A. Performance B. Competence C. Langue D. Parole 8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now. It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design feature of __________. A. cultural transmission B. productivity C. displacement D. duality 9. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language. A. Psycholinguistics linguistics C. Sociolinguistics D. Applied linguistics 10. __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education. A. Linguistic theory B. Practical linguistics C. Applied linguistics D. 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