语言学教程复习题与答案（胡壮麟版第一章）
Chapter I Introduction
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
1.Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
2.Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.
3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.
4.In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked
against the observed facts.
5.General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.
6.General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts,
theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. 7.
7.Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds
to convey meaning in communication.
8.Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences.
9.The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called
morphology.
10.Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but
also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.
11.The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.
12.Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.
13.Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but
in context.
14.Social changes can often bring about language changes.
15.Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.
16.Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.
17.Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.
18.A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.
19.Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language.
20.The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F.de Saussure.
II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:
21.Chomsky defines “ competence ” as the ideal user ' s k ___________________________ of the rules
of his language.
22._________________________ L angue refers to the a linguistic system shared by all the members
of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.
23.________ D is one of the design features of human language which refers to the
pheno 广告网址 n that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.
24. Language is a system of a _________________ vocal symbols used for human communication.
25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s _______________________ .
26. Human capacity for language has a g ____ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.
27. P ____ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.
28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some
practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a ___________________________ linguistics.
29. Language is p ___________________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.
30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s ___ study of language.
complete the statement.
31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually it is said to be
. A.
prescriptive B. analytic descriptive D. linguistic 32.Which of the following is not a
design feature of human language?
A. Arbitrariness
B. Displacement Duality D. Meaningfulness
33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ____________ .
A. primary
B. correct
C. secondary
D. stable
34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because . A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing
B. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.
C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue
D. All of the above
35. A historical study of language is a ____ study of language. A. sociological ? psychological B. psychological ? sociological
C. applied ? pragmatic
D.semantic and linguistic
37. According to F. de Saussure, __________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.
A. parole
B. performance
C. langue
D. Language
38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between A. synchronic
B. diachronic
C. prescriptive D
comparative 36.Saussure took a (n) ________________ from a __________ point of view.
view of language,
III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best use,
C. C. while Chomsky looks at language
____________ and meanings.
A. sense
B. sounds
C. objects
D. ideas
39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called __________________ , for human communication. Explain it in detail.
62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.
63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?
64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?
65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of
language as primary, not the written?
66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?
67. How do you understand competence and performance ?
68. Saussure ' s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky
' s distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?
69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: l.T 2.F 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.T 10.F 11.
T 12.T 13.T 14.T 15.T 16.F 17.T 18.F 19.F 20.F
II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the l etter given: 21.
knowledge 22. abstract 23. Duality 24. arbitrary 25. syn tax 26.genetic 27. Parole 28. applied 29. productive 30. scientif ic (or systematic)
III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can
best complete the statement. 3l.C 32.D 33.C 34.D 35.B 36.A 37.
C 38.B 39.A 40.D
A. displacement
B. duality
C. flexibility
D. cultural transmission 40. The
details of any language system is passed on from one through
, rather than by instinct.
A. learning
B. teaching
C. books
D. both A and B
IV. Define the following terms: 41. Linguistics 42. Psycholinguistics 46.
Morphology 49.Semantics 52.Arbitrariness 53
Phonology 43. Syntax 44. Language 47.
50. Sociolinguistics 51.
Productivity 54. Displacement
generation to the next Pragmatics Phonetics 48. 45. Applied 55.Duality 60 Parole Give Linguistics 56. Design Features 57. Competence 58 Performance 59. Langue
V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible.
illustration if necessary:
61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols examples for
IV.Define the following terms: 41. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 42. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.
43. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. 44.Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. 45. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to
the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 46. Language: Language is
a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
47. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is
called phonetics. 48. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology. 49. Semantics: The study of
meaning in language is called semantics. 50. Sociolinguistics: The study
of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.
51. Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability. 52. Arbitrariness: It is one of
the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds 53. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its users. 54. Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker 55. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which
consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. 56. Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication 57. Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal knowledge of the rules of his language, 58. Performance: performance is the actual
user's realization of the knowl-edge of the rules in linguistic communication.
59. langue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all th e members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions and rules wh ich language users all have to follow; Langue is relatively stable, it does no t change frequently 60. Parole: Parole refers to the realization of lang ue in actual use; parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the applic ation of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.
V.Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give example
s for illustration if necessary:
https://www.doczj.com/doc/94842321.html,nguage is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail.First of all, language is a syst em, because elements of language are combined according to rules. Secondly, la nguage is arbitrary because there is no intrinsic connection between form and meaning, or between the sign and what it stands for. Different languages have different words for the same object in the world. This fact is a good illustra tion of the arbitrary nature of language. This also explains the symbolic natu re of language: words are just symbols; they are associated with objects, acti ons, ideas, etc. by convention . Thirdly, language is vocal because the primar y medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well - developed their writ ing systems are. The term "human" in the definition indicates that languag e is possessed by human beings only and is very different from the communicati on systems of other living creatures. The term "communication" means that lang uage makes it possible for its users to talk to each other and fulfill their c ommunicative needs.
62.What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with exa mples. 1) Arbitrariness As mentioned earlier, the arbitrary property of lan guage means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. F or instance, there is no necessary relationship between the word elephant and the animal it symbolizes. In addition, different sounds are used to refer to t he same object in different languages, and even within the same language, the same sound
does not refer to the same thing. However, language is not entirely arbitrary. There are words which are created in the imitation of sounds by sou nds, such as crash, bang in English. Besides, some compound words are also not entirely arbitrary. But the non-arbitrary words are quite limited in number. The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unl imited source of expressions. 2) Productivity Language is productive or cr eative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new si gnals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences that they have never said or he ard before. They can send messages which no one else has ever sent before. Pro ductivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appea r to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive. 3) Duality The duality nature of langua ge means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, o r two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. At the lower or the bas ic level, there is the structure of sounds, which are meaningless, discrete, i ndividual sounds. But the sounds of language can be combined according to rule s into units of meaning such as morphemes and words, which, at the higher leve l, can be arranged into sentences. This duality of structure or double articul ation of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowle dge. No animal communication system has duality or even comes near to possessi ng it. 4) Displacement Displacement means that language can be used to refe r to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the
past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the spea ker. Animal calls are mainly uttered in response to immediate changes of situa tion. 5) Cultural transmission Human beings were born with the ability to acquire language, but the details of any language are not genetically transmit ted or passed down by instinct. They have to be taught and learned, but animal
call systems are genetically transmitted.
63.How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? Traditio nal gram-mar is
prescriptive; it is based on "high "(religious, literary) written language. It sets grammatical rules and imposes the rules on langu age users. But Modern linguistics is descriptive; It
collects authentic, a nd mainly spoken language data and then it studies and describes the data in an objective and scientific way.
64.How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?
The description of a language at some point in time is a Synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through tim e is a diachronic study. A synchronic study of language
describes a langua ge as it is at some particular point in time, while a diachronic study of
language is the study of the historical development of language over a per iod of time.
65.Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?
First, the spoken form is prior to the writ-ten form and most writing systems are derived from the spoken form of language. Se cond, the spoken form plays a greater role than writing in
terms of the am ount of information conveyed and it serves a wider range of purposes Final ly, the spoken form is the medium through which we acquire our mother tong ue.
66.What are the major distinctions between langue and parole? The distincti on between langue,
and parole was made by the famous linguist Ferdinand de
Saussure early this century. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic sys tem shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the conc rete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is ab stract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relativel y stable; it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person t o person, and from situation to situation.
67.How do you understand competence and performance? American linguist N.
Chomsky in the late 1950 ' s proposed the distinction between competence an
d performance. Chomsky defines competenc
e as the ideal user ' s knowledge of
the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the lan guage user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentenc es and recognize sentences that are
ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in li nguistic communication. Although the speaker ' s knowledge of his
mother ton
gue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and p sychological
factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc.. Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard.
68.Saussure ' s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky s distinction
between competence and performance. What do you think are th eir major differences?
Although Saussure 's distinction and Chomsky ' s ar
e very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view o
f language and his
notion of langue is a mater of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a
psychological point of vies and to h im, competence is a property of the mind of each
individual.
69.Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why? Language is ar bitrary in nature, it is
not entirely arbitrary, because there are a limit
ed number of words whose connections between forms and meanings can be log ically explained to a certain extent, for example, the onomatopoeia, words which are coined on the basis of imitation of sounds by sounds such as ba
ng, crash,etc.. Take compounds for another example. The two elements “ pho to ” and “ copy” in “photocopy ” are non-motivated, but the compound is n ot arbitrary.
语言学教程复习题与答案（胡壮麟版第二章）
Chapter 2 ：Phonology
I.Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
1.Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Ch inese and English.
2.If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish
meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribu tion.
3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.
4.English is a tone language while Chinese is not.
5.In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.
6.In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the
amount of information conveyed.
7.Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds
which a speaker issues with the help of a machine cal led spectrograph.
8.The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three imp ortant areas: the
throat, the mouth and the chest.
9.Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds cal led voicing.
10.English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation
and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.
11.According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which t he consonants can
be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alv eolar.
12.Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the
mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the li ps, and the length of the vowels. 13.According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close
vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.
14.Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.
15.Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.
16.Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into diffe rent categories.
17.A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substi tuting one sound
for another results in a change of meaning.
18.When two different forms are identical in every way except for one soun d segment which
occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic
contrast.
19.The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specifi c.
20.Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a se quence of two or
more phonemic segments.
II.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with t he letter given:
21. A _____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speec
h sounds.
22. A _____ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce th
e speech sounds and how they differ.
23.The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, th ey are all b
sounds.
24.Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is respo
nsible for varieties of articulation than any other.
25.English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p
of articulation.
26.When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound
produced with the obstruction audibly released and th e air passing out again is called a s .
27.S ____________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the leve
l of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.
28.The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular languag e are called s
rules.
29.The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called b road transcription
while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n
transcription.
30.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather tha n the word in
isolation, they are collectively known as i _________________________ .
31.P _______ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particu
lar language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effec t linguistic
communication.
32.The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three impo rtant cavities:
the pharyngeal cavity, the o _______________________ cavity and the nasa
l cavity.
33.T _____ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of
vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just li ke phonemes.
34.Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two k inds of stress:
word stress and s ____________________________ stress
III.There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark t he choice that can best complete the statement.
35.Of all the speech organs, the ________ is/ are the most flexible. A. mou
th B. lips C. tongue D. vocal cords
36.The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are __ sounds.
A. voiceless
B. voiced
C. vowel
D. consonantal
37.____________ is a voiced alveolar stop.
A. /z/
B. /d/
C. /k/
D./b/
38.The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “ copying
a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones __________
___. A. identical B. same C. exactly alike D. similar
39.Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environme
nts and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be _____________ .
A. in phonemic contrast
B. in complementary distribution
C. the allophones
D. minimal pair
40.The sound /f/ is _____________________ . A. voiced palatal affricat
e B. voiced alveolar stop
C. voiceless velar fricative
D. voiceless labiodental frica tive
41. A _____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue
maintaining the highest position. A. back B. central C. f ront D. middle
42.Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or mor e phonemic
segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level o f the segments are called .
A. phonetic components
B. im
mediate constituents C. suprasegmental features D. semantic
features
43.A(n) ____________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abst
ract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features. A. phon
e B. sound C. allophone D. phoneme
44.The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phoneti
c environments are calle
d th
e ____ o
f that phoneme. A. phones B.
sounds C. phonemes D. allophones
IV.Define the terms below:
45.phonology 46. phoneme 47.allophone 48. international phonetic alphabet 49. intonation
50. phonetics 51. au ditory phonetics52. acoustic phonetics 53. phone 54. phonemic co
ntrast 55. tone 56. minimal pair
V.Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:
57.Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic th an writing?
58.What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?
59.What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?
60.Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meani
ng.
61.In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?
I.Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
l.T 2.F 3.F 4.F 5.T 6.T 7.F 8.F 9.T 10.F 11.
F 12.T 13.F 14.F 15.F 16. F 17. T 18. F 19. T 20. T
II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins
with the letter given:
21. Aspiration 22.Articulatory 23. bilabial 24. tongue 25. plac e 26. stop 27.
Suprasegmental 28. sequential 29. narrow 30. intona tion 31. Phonology 32. oral 33. Tone
34. sentence
III.There are four choices following each of the statements below. M
ark the choice that can best complete the statement:
35.C 36.A 37.B 38.D 39.A 40.D 41.C 42.C 43.D
44.D
IV.Define the terms below:
45.phonology: Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular langu age; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to
convey meaning in linguistic communication.
46.phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit o
f distinctive value. But it is an abstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme
is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.
47.allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in differ ent phonetic
environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.
48.international phonetic alphabet: It is a standardized and international
ly accepted system of phonetic transcription.
49.intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the senten ce rather than the
word in isolation, they are collectively known as in tonation.
50.
51.phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of l anguage; it is
concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world' s languages
52.auditory phonetics: It studies the speech sounds from the hearer's poi
nt of view. It studies how the sounds are perceived by the hear-er.
53.acoustic phonetics: It studies the speech sounds by looking at the sou nd waves. It studies
the physical means by which speech sounds are tran smitted through the air from one person to another.
54.phone : Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a
language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily distinguish
meaning.
55.phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes. If
two phonemes can occur in the same environment and distin guish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.
56.tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rat
es of vibration of the vocal cords.
57.minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way excep t for one sound
segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.
V.Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for
illustration if necessary:
58.Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic tha n writing? 1) In
linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.
2) In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the
amount of information conveyed. 3) Speech is always t he way in which every native
speaker acquires his mother tongue, and wr iting is learned and taught later at school.
59.What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?
1) Vowels may be distinguished as front, central and back in terms of the posi tion of the tongue in
the mouth. 2) According to how wide our mouth is open ed, we classify the vowels into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowel s, semi-open vowels, and open vowels. 3) According to the shape of the lips,
vowels are divided into rounded vowels and unrounded vowels. 4) The Englis
h vowels can also be classified into long vowels and short vowels according
to the length of the sound.
60.What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics? The
y differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified.
Phonology, on the ot her hand, is interested in the system of sounds of a particular languag e; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns an d how these
sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communicati on.
61.Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meanin
g. 1) The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, such a s `import and import.
The similar alternation of stress also occurs bet ween a compound noun and a phrase
consisting of the same elements. A ph onological feature of the English compounds is that the stress of the w ord always falls on the first element and the second element receives s econdary stress, for example: `blackbird is a particular kind of bird, which is not
necessarily black, but a black `bird is a bird that is bla ck. 2) The more important words such as nouns, verbs adjectives , adve rbs,etc are pronounced with greater force and made more prominent. But to give special emphasis to a certain notion, a word in sentence that i s usually unstressed can be stressed to achieve different effect. Take the sentence “ He is driving my car. ” for example. To emphasize the fa
ct that the car he is driving is not his, or yours, but mine, the speak er can stress the
possessive pronoun my, which under normal circumstanc es is not stressed. 3) English has four basic types of intonation, kno wn as the four tones: When spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings. Generally speaking, the falling statement, the rising tone often makes a question of what is said, and the fall-rise tone
often indicates that there is an implied message in what is said.
62.In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not? A bas ic way to
determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substitutin g one sound for other results in a change of meaning. If it does, the t wo sounds then represent different phonemes.
语言学教程复习题与答案（胡壮麟版第三章）
tone indicates that what is said is a straight-forward, matter-of-fact
I.Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are
formed.
2.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.
3.Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so i
s a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.
4.The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themse lves are free
morphemes.
5.Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.
6.Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or g rammatical
categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.
7.The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is ca lled a stem, which
can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a deriv ed form itself.
8.Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, n
ot the meaning of it.
9.There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type o f stem to form a
new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are
acceptable words.
10.Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first el
ement, while the second element receives secondary stress.
II.Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the lette
r given:
11. M _______ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
12.The affix “ -ish ” in the word boyish conveys a g ____________ meaning.
13. B _______ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but
have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
14.Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d __ affixes.
15. D _______ affixes are added to an existing form to create words.
16. A s ________ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the
original word and it may case change its part of speech.
17. C ________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words
to create new words.
18.The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new
word are called m ______________________ rules.
19.In terms of morphemic analysis, d ___ can be viewed as the addition
of affixes to stems to form new words.
20. A s ______ can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form it
self to which a derivational affix can be added.III. There are four choices following each statement.
Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
21.The morpheme “ vision ” in the common word “ television ” is a(n)
____ . A. bound morpheme B. bound form C. inflectio
nal morpheme D. free morpheme
22.The compound word “ bookstore ” is the place where books are sold. T
his indicates that the meaning of a compound ______ .
A.is the sum total of the meaning of its components
B.can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphem es
C.is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.
D.None of the above.
23.The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the
part of speech of _________ . A. the first element B. t
he second element C. either the first or the second elementD. bot
h the first and the second elements.
24. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be
combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a wor d. A. Free morphemes B. Bound morphemes C. Bound word s D. Words
25. ____ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure
of words and the rules by which words are formed. A.
Syntax B.Grammar C. Morphology D. M orpheme
26.The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______ . A. le
xical B. morphemic C. grammatical
D. semantic
27.Bound morphemes are those that _____________ . A. have to be used
independentlyB. can not be combined with other morphemes C. can either be free or
bound D. have to be combined with other morpheme s.
28.___ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the
part of speech of the original word. A. Prefixes B. Suffi
xes C. Roots D. Affixes
29. ____ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of la
nguage by the linguists. A. Words B. Morphemes C. Phonem es D. Sentences
30.“ -s ” in the word “ books ” is ____________ . A. a derivative affi
x B. a stem C. an inflectional affix D. a ro
ot
IV. Define the following terms:
31.morphology 32. inflectional morphology 33. derivational m
orphology
34. morpheme 35. free morpheme 36. bound morpheme 37. ro ot 38. affix 39. prefix
40. suffix 41. derivatio
n 42. Compounding V. Answer the following questions:43. Wh
at are the main features of the English compounds? 44. Discuss the types of
morphemes with examples.
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
l.T 2.F 3.T 4.T 5.T 6.T 7.T 8.F 9.F 10.T
II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:
11. Morpheme 12. grammatical 13. Bound 14. derivative 15.Derivative 16. s uffix 17. Compounding 18. morphological 19. derivation 20. stem
III.There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 2l.D 22.D 23.B 24.B 25.C 26. C 27.
D 28. A 29. B 30. C
IV.Define the following terms: 31. Morphology: Morphology is a branch of gra mmar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which word s are formed. 32. inflectional morphology: The inflectional morphology studies the inflections 33. derivational morphology: Derivational mor
phology is the study of word- formation.
34. Morpheme: It is the s
mallest meaningful unit of language. 35. free morpheme: Free morpheme
s are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used fre ely all by themselves or in combination with oth-er morphemes. 3
6. bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used i ndepen-dently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bou nd, to form a word. 3
7. Root: A root is often seen as part of a wor
d; it can never stand by itself al-though it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word. 3
8. Affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflection al affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories, w hile derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.
39. Prefix: Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word . Prefixes modify t he meaning of the stem, but they usually do not change the part of speech of t
he original word. 40. Suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases c hange its part of speech. 41. Derivation: Derivation is a process o f word formation by which derivative affixes are added to an existing form to create a word. 42. Compounding: Compounding can be viewed as the com bination of two or sometimes
more than two words to create new words.