法律英语期末论文
专业：2014级法律硕士（非法学）
课程名称：法律英语
指导老师：黄力华
学生：陈怡良
学号：2014221020212
Arbitration representation for Equapack, Inc for contract disputes in Equapack, Inc v.
Medi-Machines, S.A
Distinguished presiding judge, the judicial officers,
In accordance with the law ,I accept consignation of equapack company ,namely the accuser, as the agent of this case. Now I state the following agent opinions .
I.About time questions of the established contract
In this case, my litigant showed interest to the defendant to buy 6 sets of packing machines with reasonable price and on time deliver in the contract so as to pack various products. The defendant MEDI company responded to provide 2 kinds of packing machines with type 16 and type 14 ,and suggested my litigant to purchase the type 14 on 3rd,July,2002.My litigant promised to the defendant on 12th,July,2002 that he was willing to purchase 6 sets of packing machines with type 14.At that time, the contract was established. On 23th,July,2002,my litigant mentioned to the defendant during the phone conversation that the products which would be packed by the subject matter in the contract conta ined salt, but the opposite party didn’t make any responses at that time. What’s more, the defendant didn’t mention the specificity of salt in two sides’ faxes. When the packing machines of type 14 were brought to production, they were corroded by the salt and could not work, so the production had to be stopped. For this, my litigant suffered huge lose .
II. About questions of sellers ‘ obligations in Contracts for the International Sale of Goods.
1.the defendant provided commodities which did not conform to the contract.
Our legal basis is the b article of the second regulation in the 35th provision of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. This article is composed with 4 parts. The a article and d article of the second regulation in the 35th provision can be applied to all contracts unless both parties have another agreements. the b article and c article of the second regulation in the 35th provision can be applied only in the particular situation. Standards regulated
by these parts are being accumulated, namely, unless commodities conform to all applied standards, then they don’t conform to the contract’s requests.
The b article of the second regulation in the 35th provision requires that commodities should be suitable in any particular purposes that the buyer told or implied to the seller when they established contract.
In this case, firstly, my litigant stated to the defendant that the machine would pack various products which contain detailed products and rough products. Although salt is not be expressed as one of the products to be packed, in reality, it is known that salt is contained in the detailed products according to common social experience. It is classified as the implied range. Secondly, during the phone conversation between the engineer swan of my litigant equapack company and the seller Drake of the opposite party, it was mentioned that A2Z company want my litigant to pack various products in which salt is contained. During the phone conversation on 23th,July,2002,my litigant clearly expressed to the opposite party that the packed products contained salt. This showed that my litigant also told the defendant this particular purpose.
My litigant implied the particular purpose when the contract was established, and expressed clearly this purpose to the defendant in the reasonable period after the contract was established. So this provision is suitable to my litigant’s situation.
What’s more, the provision also requires that if the buyer doesn’t need to reply on the seller’s skills and judgment, or this dependence is unreasonable, then the seller’s commodities conform to the contract’s requests. But in this case, the seller’s commodities didn’t conform to the contract’s requests. Reasons are listed as following:
Firstly, based on the command of products’ properties, the defendant, as the professional manufacturer of packing machine, should know that salt has extremely strong corrosion, and it will corrode the type 14 packing machine. Secondly, my litigant had never packed salt, and doesn’t know or have reasons to know that the salt is different from any other products. Therefore ,my litigant needs to rely on the defendant’s skills and judgment, and this dependence is reasonable.
In sum, based on the b article of the second regulation in the 35th provision in CISG, the defendant’s commodities don’t conform to the contract’s requests, so the defendant breaches the contract.
2.T he defendant breaches the article of commodity’s special pur pose which belongs to the quality guarantee obligations.
In Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, sellers’ obligations include delivery, quality guarantee obligations, rights guarantee obligations and so on .About the seller’s quality guarante e obligations, the 36th provision in GISG requires that(1)the seller should obey requirements of this contract and agreement, should be responsible to any situations that don’t conform to the contract and caused by the risk transfer from the seller to the buyer. Although these situations are gradually obvious after the time, the seller is also responsible .(2)the seller is also responsible to any situations that don’t conform to the contract after the time stated in last provision. If these situations are caused by the breach of other obligations, including the breach of guarantees that goods can be applied to the common use or some particular purposes in a period, or goods can maintain some particular quality or characteristic, the seller is also accountable.
This provision states clearly the relation between the seller’s responsibility caused by the disagreement of the contract and risk transfer :namely in some situations, the seller should take responsibility when any disagreement of the contract occurred after the risk transferred to the buyer. If the disagreement is caused by the breach of any obligations, including guarantees that goods can be applied to the common use or some particular purposes in a period, the seller is still accountable.
In this case, the type 14 packing machines of my litigant need to pack products which include salt, but these machines don’t have salt anticorrosion function which made our machines corroded and can’t work after the application for some time.
According t o FOB, the risk has been transferred to my litigant ,but this doesn’t mean that the defendant is not responsible for the packing machine problems after the risk transfer. The defendant still needs to take responsibility of the disagreement of the contract though the risk has been transferred. Here the disagreement of the contract means that the seller, namely the defendant, breaches the quality guarantee obligation. In this case, the defendant’s quality guarantee obligations mainly relate to the special purposes of packing machines. As to the type 14 packing machines in this case, they don’t possess the special purpose of salt anticorrosion .The defendant
has obligations to state this situation, and tell my litigant that these machines can be corroded by salt. The defendant of this case should take responsibility for his non-fulfillment of this obligation.
III. About questions of fundamental breach of contract
According to the 25th provision in CISG, because of one party’s breach of contract, the other party suffers loss, and is deprived of what is belonged to him according to the contract, this is called fundamental breach of contract. Unless the party who breach the contract doesn’t predict this situation, then it is called fundamental breach of contract. But a amenable person on an equal footing has no reason to predict this result.
We concluded that the fundamental breach of contract should conform to the following points:1.one party breaches the contract.2.the breach brings loss to the other party.3.the breach made the other party deprived of what is belonged to him according to the contract4.the breach results can be predicted by the defaulting party.
In this case, first: according to the second point of my agent, namely the 35th and 36th in the convention, the seller, namely the defendant, breached the contract. Second: the breach of the defendant brought huge loss to my litigant .Firstly the subject matter in the contract was damaged, type 14 machines were corroded by salt, and they could n’t finish the production task normally which directly caused the non-fulfillment execution of packing contract between my litigant and A2Z company. We couldn’t deliver goods on regular time in regular quantity. All these made my litigant breach another contract. Next my litigant suffered the loss of commercial benefits and commercial opportunities. Thirdly, in fact, these damages have deprived the benefits that belong to my litigant according to the contract. The basic purpose of my litigant to make this contract is to fulfill the contract signed with A2Z company. The disagreement of packing machines directly deprives the benefits of my litigant in the contract. Fourthly, to the defendant, the breach results are totally predictable. The defendant know that products which need to be packed include salt, he can totally predicts the salt corrosion to packing machines. all these make my litigant suffer huge loss. The defendant can completely predict results.
According to the above 4 points, the defendant can be defined as the fundamental breach of contract
Therefore, my litigant requests to declare that the contract is invalid, and demand the court to ask the defendant to refund payment and all fees that my litigant cost in this transaction, and ask the defendant to pay all losses my litigant suffered in this transaction.
The above agent opinions are for collegial panel’s reference.
With best wishes!
Attorney：Yiliang Chen
December 1th，2015
2013-2014学年第二学期 华侨大学法学院期末考试试卷 考试科目：法律英语考核类型：A卷考试时间：120 分钟 学号姓名授课教师骆旭旭 (注意：所有的答案（包括选择题）应做在空白答题纸上) Exercise 1: Translate the following sentence into Chinese.(30%) The dominant purpose in starting the public enterprises had been public good and profit motive was secondary; however, of late the scenario has changed. With the liberalisation of markets the public undertakings are in direct competition with the private players and have to have profit motive in mind. If not, there have been criticisms by industry on the unequal treatment meted out to the private players. Here it is important to note the definition of "enterprise" under the Competition Act. It makes no distinction between a private and a public enterprise/undertaking. In fact it even includes a department of the Government which does not perform a "sovereign function". Functionally, the public undertakings have been broadly classified into four heads: ?Financial Institutions, such as Life Insurance Corporation of India, Reserve Bank of India, Export Credit and Guarantee Corporation Ltd, Film Finance Corporation Ltd, Unit Trust of India, Industrial Reconstruction Bank, etc. ?Promotional and Development Undertakings, such as Rehabilitation Housing Corporation Ltd, National Research Development Corporation Ltd, Food Corporation of India, Central Warehousing Corporation, National Small Industries Corporation Ltd, etc. ?Commercial and Industrial Undertakings, such as State Trading Corporation, Hindustan Machine Tools Ltd, Indian Airlines Corporation, Air India, etc. ?Public Utilities are those undertakings which render certain essential services to the people, like transportation, electricity, communications, energy, etc. The objective of such undertakings is to provide services to the community economically and efficiently and making profit is not the primary aim.
英语学术论文常用词句 1. 常用词汇与短语 差别：gaps between, differentiate between, discrepancies，no intergroup difference 存在，出现：occurred, occurrence ,existed, existence, presence, present 多数，少数：the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases ，a marked majority, handful 方法：approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, tools 发生率：Incidence, frequency, prevalence 发现，阐明，报道，证实：verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize, clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate, illustrate，demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal, display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply, disclose，report, describe，facilitate the identification of ，screening ，isolation 改变：change, alteration, 高，增加：high, enhanced, elevated, increased, forced 各种，多种：in multiple types of, in various types of, in a variety of 关系，相关，参与：closely involved in, associated, 广泛的：in an extensive survey 执行：perform, carry out 降，少，缺：decrease, reduction, reduced, diminish, loss, suppression, deficient, low, weak, faint, light, absence, absent, undetectable, lack ,defective, negative,poor,impaired, greatly reduced or completely absent, frequently lost or down-expressed 角色，起作用：role, part （limited, potential, early, possible role） 可能性：feasibility 密切地：intimately 难理解的，似谜的：enigmatic (x remains enigmatic)
期末自测 第一部分交际用语(共计10分，每小题2分) 1-5题：阅读下面的小对话，判断答语是否恰当，恰当的选A（Right）, 不恰当的选B (Wrong)，并将答案写在答题纸上。（每题2分，共10分）。 1. --- Have you ever tried windsurfing? --- It’s very kind of you. A. Right B. Wrong 2. --- Where did you go in China? --- I went there by train. A. Right B. Wrong 3. --- Can you remember the docto r’s telephone number? --- Yes. It’s 6825612. A. Right B. Wrong 4. --- Can I help you? --- Yes, please. I’d like to reserve a room. A. Right B. Wrong 5. --- How do you like the film? --- It’s very good. I like it. A. Right B. Wrong 第二部分词汇与结构（共计40分，每小题2分） 6-25题：阅读下面的句子，从A、B、C 三个选项中选出一个能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题纸上写出所选的字母符号。 6. Is the supermarket ______ the right or left? A. on B. in C. at 7. My brother told me _____ his trip to Scotland. A. on B. with C. about 8. He is a good friend of ________. A. our B. our’s C. ours 9. A: Have you had your breakfast? B: No, I haven’t had it ________. A. ever B. yet C. just 10. I’m really looking forward to ______ from you.
法律专业英语期末作业 题目仲裁答辩状 学院法学院 专业环境与资源保护法 学生姓名张建军 学号 2015221020138 年级 2015级 指导老师黄力华
ANSWER TO COMPLAINT 11 September 2015 Singapore International Arbitration Centre 3St Andrew’s Road Third Level City Hall Singapore 178958 honorable arbitrators: Paulweiss Law firm accepted the commission of the The Respondent - Medi-Machines, S.A, and assigned me as their arbitration agent，I will represent Medi-Machines, According to the Arbitration Rules and the requirements of the arbitral tribunal, I attended today's court proceedings. We put forward the following defense opinions represent the Medi-Machines, SA: Ⅰ. Facts 1. Although the sale was F.O.B., Medi-Machines was to arrange the shipping for the account of Equapack. On 23 July 2002 Mr. Swan telephoned Mr. Drake to inquire as to the progress in shipping the machines. Mr. Drake replied that he would check on it.He answered the inquiry by fax the following day and said that the machines were packed for ocean shipment and would be picked up by the freight forwarder the following Monday and loaded into a container for shipment the same day. The ship would be sailing later that week.
第一课Introduction 1. What is the definition of contracts? 2. For a contract to be enforceable, what are the requirements? 3. If someone is sued for breach of contract, what are the possible defenses he 4. Explain the concept of capacity in contract law. 第二课Performance and Non-Performance What problems often arise in the performance stage of a contract? 2. What are the excuses of non-performance? 3. What constitutes a waiver and what are its legal consequences? 4. When is a contractual relationship terminated? 第三课Contract Remedies and Computation of Damages 1. How is expectation interest measured? 2. What is reliance interest? 3. What is restitution interest? In what way is it different from expectation interest? 4. What purpose do nominal damages serve? 5. Under what circumstances are consequential damages awarded? 6. Under what circumstances are punitive damages awarded? 第四课Rights of Third Parties 1. Explain the differences between an intended beneficiary and incidental beneficiary. 2. What is the usual attitude of the court to anti-assignment clauses in the contract? 3. What is a delegation? What makes effective delegation? 4. What duties are delegable? 5. When is the duty of delegating party discharge? 6. What is novation? 第五课Sales Contracts 1. What are the basic obligations of the parties in a sale? 2. What purpose does a documentary exchange serve? 3. What is the nature of a bill of lading? 4. What are the rights of buyer? 第六课The Trial 1.What will the plaintiff’s lawyer say in the opening statement? 2.What is a motion for directed verdict? When can it be made? 3. What is the role of the judge during the examination of the witnesses? 4. What are the contents of jury instruction? 5. What if the jury or the required number of jurors are unable to agree?
大学英语1考试卷 总分：100分 简答题 1、将下列句子翻译成汉语 1.We can do a lot of things onlinesuch assearching for information and communicating with friendsno matter how far.答案：我们可以在网上做很多事情，例如寻找信息及和朋友沟通，不管相距多远。 2.Some people seem tohave their own ability in learning language答案：有些人在学习语言方面似乎有自己的天赋. 3.It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them.答案：为了与这些人进行交流，向他们学习，学习这门语言是必要的 4.Our likes and dislikes, tastes and preferences that hide in our choices of such activities such as reading books, going to the cinema, camping, or certain cultural pursuits, are all related to social background and learning experiences.答案：我们的好恶、品位、喜好决定了我们是选择看书、看电影、露营或某种文化追求，这又同社会环境和学习经验有关。 5.Occasionally, for a formal party or dinner, an invitation requires an answer,either in writing or by telephone. 答案：偶尔,一个正式的聚会或晚宴, 被邀请人是需要做出明确答复的, 无论是通过书面或者电话. 选择性答案2：应邀出席正式宴会或晚餐，不管是用书面还是用电话，有时是要回复的。（意思差不多，哪个通顺写哪个吧） 6.They not only like playing or watching games, but also like talking about them, or even thinking about them. 答案：他们不仅喜欢玩游戏、看游戏，而且喜欢谈论和思考它们。 7.There are plenty out there that are good and plenty that are bad. 答案：那里有很多是好的，很多是坏的。 8.Yet putting off something we know we should do is a bad habit to get into. 答案：然而，拖延我们知道应该做的事就会染上一个坏习惯。 9.And don’t you feel stressed and worried when you have to hurry?
样卷 广东外语外贸大学国际商务英语学院 《英汉笔译》2011-2012学年上学期期末考试试卷（A） 考核方式：开卷 考核对象：国际商务英语学院法律英语系2009级考试时间：120分钟姓名______________ 班级________ 学号____________________ 分数___________ PART I. LEGAL TERMS (20%, one point for each) 1.outstanding liabilities 2.without prejudice to PART II. Translation Improvement (30%) Directions: There may be one or more errors or inappropriate treatment in each of the following TRANSLATED VERSIONS. Please underline it (or them) and then correct it (or them) in the corresponding space provided on the ANSWER SHEET. If you believe the whole translation is wrong or inappropriate, you are advised to underline the whole translation. Marks will be given if you have identified and properly marked the error(s). (2 points for each save as specified otherwise) 21.His retort was delivered with a strong note of vinegar. 原译：他的反驳是带着强烈的醋意发出的。 改译： 22.The new father wore a proud smile. 原译：那位新父亲面带得意笑容。 改译： PART III. SENTENCES (30%) Directions: Translate the following sentences. Employ the translation skill suggested in the brackets where appropriate. (3 points for each save as specified otherwise) https://www.doczj.com/doc/676454958.html,mission depends on the quantity of goods ordered. (Amplification) 32.We learn that you have been dealers of Chinese products for many years. (Conversion) PART IV. PASSAGE (20%) Translate the underlined part of the following passage. 1
再也不用愁SCI了，再也不愁论文中的英文怎么写了！！！英语学术论 文常用句型 英语学术论文常用句型 Beginning 1. In this paper, we focus on the need for 2. This paper proceeds as follow. 3. The structure of the paper is as follows. 4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction 1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined. 2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. 3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility
knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. Review 1. This review is followed by an introduction. 2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2. 3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. 4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ... 5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. 6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.
1. individuals, characters, folks 替换people , persons. 2. positive, favorable, rosy, promising, perfect, pleasurable, excellent, outstanding, superior 替换good. rosy ；adj. 蔷薇色的，玫瑰红色的；美好的；乐观的；涨红脸的 3. dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill 替换bad（如果bad做表语，可以有be less impressive 替换。） Adverse；adj. 不利的；相反的；敌对的（名词adverseness，副词adversely） 4. an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of, a host of, if not most 替换many. if not most:即使不是大多数 5. a slice of, quite a few 替换some. a slice of:一片，一份 6. harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that 替换think。 harbor v/n庇护；怀有 7. affair, business, matter 替换thing. 8. shared 替换common . 9. reap huge fruits 替换get many benefits. 10. for my part ,from my own perspective 替换in my opinion. 11. Increasing, growing 替换more and more（注意没有growingly这种形式。所以当修饰名词时用increasing/growing修饰形容词，副词用increasingly.） 12. little if anything或little or nothing 替换hardly. 13. beneficial, rewarding 替换helpful. 14. shopper, client, consumer, purchaser 替换customer. 15. overwhelmingly, exceedingly, extremely, intensely 替换very. 16. hardly necessary, hardly inevitable…替换unnecessary, avoidable. 17. indispensable 替换necessary. 18. sth appeals to sb., sth. exerts a tremendous fascination on sb 替换sb. take interest in / sb. be interested in. 19. capture one's attention 替换attract one's attention. 20. facet, dimension, sphere 替换aspect. 21. be indicative of, be suggestive of, be fearful of 替换indicate, suggest, fear. 22. give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger 替换cause. 23. There are several reasons behind sth. 替换…reasons for sth. 24. desire 替换want. 25. pour attention into 替换pay attention to. 26. bear in mind that 替换remember. 27. enjoy, possess 替换have（注意process是过程的意思）。 28. interaction 替换communication. 29. frown on sth 替换be against , disagree with sth. 30. as an example 替换for example, for instance. 31. next to / virtually impossible 替换nearly / almost impossible. 32. regarding / concerning 替换about. 33. crucial /paramount 替换important. 34. 第一（in the first place/the first and foremost）；
联系本案小论当事人意思自治原则与最紧密联系原则2014级法律硕士（非法学）3班陈卉 2014281060314 通过对英格兰公司与苏格兰公司关于仲裁争议案例的翻译和学习，以国际私法中当事人意思自治原则与最紧密联系原则为视角，对于选择准据法、管辖地等问题做出一点评论。 一．案例概述 1965年5月10日，一家英格兰公司与一家苏格兰公司之间达成了一项关于对位于苏格兰境内的英格兰公司的工厂进行改装的建设工程承包合同。在履行协议的过程中，双方之间产生了争议，并将其提交仲裁。而后，一方提出了上诉，并申请依照有利于己方的法律在己方所在地进行仲裁。上诉方主张合同的准据法以及仲裁的准据法都是苏格兰法，要求以苏格兰法在苏格兰对该争议进行仲裁，而被上诉方则主张该合同的准据法以及仲裁的准据法都是英格兰法，要求根据1950年的《仲裁法》的第四节在英格兰进行仲裁。随后双方协议由皇家建筑师协会主席任命仲裁员进行仲裁，但之后又就管辖权、仲裁地、仲裁程序、仲裁的适用法等一系列问题产生了分歧。期间双方以及双方的支持者提出了大量支持己方诉求的意见以及判例，但最后的认定适用苏格兰法作为合同准据法，也就是说这是一个苏格兰合同，并在苏格兰进行仲裁。 二．当事人意思自治原则 在民法中，当事人意思自治原则是指当事人依法享有自愿订立合同的权利，任何单位个人不得非法干预。意思自治原则是指合同当事人可以自由选择处理合同争议所适用的法律原则，它是确定合同准据法的最普遍的原则。这一原则来源于16世纪法国的理查世。杜摩兰(1500—1566)的意思自治说。他主张契约应适用当事人自己选择的习惯，法院也应推定当事人意欲适用什么习惯于契约的实质要件和效力。当事人意思自治原则也称当事人自主选择的法律，是指当事人双方根据“意思自治原则”合意选择的特定法律。而“意思自治原则”指涉外合同双方当事人有权自主选择某一国的法律作为他们之间合同准据法的准则。该原则最初是由16世纪法国学者杜摩林在《巴黎习惯法评述》一书中提出的。他认为，在合同关系中应该适用当事人自主选择的那一习惯法，如果当事人没有明确选择
法律英语学习的层次与材料简介来源：胡敏的日志 接触法律方面的英语已数年，从漫无目的信手乱翻，到上法律英语课，再到上英语的法律课程，到现在的用英语进行法律方面的工作，走了很多弯路，也积攒了点滴经验体会。看版面上相关的讨论，觉得还可以更体系化，总结几点，和各位切磋。 学习法律英语，不能仅以会读、会写几个词汇就觉得万事大吉，要清楚自己的目标、学习的层次，循序渐进，渐次登堂入室。根据不同的层次，大致可分一下几个类型： 1. 入门搭框型：了解法律英语的基本词汇、语用同时西方法律、司法基本体系构架，即mr.何家弘的“一石二鸟”。 可以学习下何家弘的《法律英语》（法律出版社，2003 第二版，好像已有配套翻译）。这种书要精读。试着自己动手翻译一遍，事半功倍。基础好同学可以接着读一点，英国人或美国人专门给外国人学法律英语的书，如《english law and language》(cassell 出版)。 2. 专业型拓展型：拓展下自己的专业或者自己喜欢的领域。建议通读一本相关领域的简明教材，例如blackstone,nutshell系列的都不错的。另外，以熟悉的领域为核心，是提高英语的水平的有效捷径。 4. 日常应用型：即与法律有关的日常业务中，处理涉外信函。注意学习一些商务信函的知识和相关领域的常用词汇、句型、格式。推荐《国际商务写作教程》（王素清，对外经贸大学出版社）。日常应用的专业词汇、句型跟法律英语教材、案例书籍、法条等的具有很大差别，这是新手一定要注意的。多阅读些此前的卷宗，虚心学习，不怕修改，三几个月就能顺手了。 5. 专业应用型：即出具外语法律文书、法律建议，如合同等。最保险的还是找一些类似的格式文书照搬过来，格式文书在网上能够搜索的到，或者参考此前业务成文。 6. 翻译通才型：即从事涉及法律内容的材料翻译。多读、多练、功夫在诗外。中英文方面的法律书都通读些，一些基本的简明教程即可。另外，还应当以法律为中心，多关注关联的知识 附上我用过的比较好的法律英语教材： 【1】美国法律英语——在法律语境中使用语言，世界图书出版社，是外国人写的，有中文译文，感觉这本书的中译文比普通的法律英语教程中译本要地道些。 【2】美国法精要系列教材（nutshell坚果壳系列），法律出版社影印本，共22本，我用过其中的《法律谈判》、《国际商事交易》、《统一商法典》，感觉很不错，语言简练、内容精当。 【3】伊纽曼系列法律教材，中信出版社影印本，这一系列教材内容厚实、很详细、价格也有点昂贵。感觉不好美国法精要系列的好。 【4】影印版法学基础系列，武汉大学出版社，这套教材最突出的特点是价格便宜，想不到目前还有10块钱左右的书可买，而且还是法律书籍！另一个特点是有配套的案例教材，不过配套的案例教材太过于简明了，原案的面貌变得粗线条。不过法律基础系列对了解英国法律还是很不错的。 【5】法律英语核心教程，对外经贸大学出版社，我没仔细看这套教材，个人感觉不好，可能是因为编得内容太杂，“诸法合体”，只能略窥一斑，而不能见全身，甚至是有点断章取义。 【6】法学专业英语教程，中国人民大学出版社，共三本，好像这套书不好买。作为入门教材还行。 【8】法律文本与法律翻译，李克兴、张兴红著，中国对外翻译出版公司。这本和【7】，想学法律翻译的人应该看看。 【9】涉外法律经济英语，陈庆柏著，法律出版社。这本书有点杂。 还有一些原版的美国案例汇编，如合同法、公司法等，书很厚，也很好，不过国内是没
英语学术论文常用句型 Beginning 1. In this paper, we focus on the need for 2. This paper proceeds as follow. 3. The structure of the paper is as follows. 4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction 1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined. 2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. 3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. Review 1. This review is followed by an introduction. 2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2. 3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. 4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ... 5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. 6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods. Body 1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance. 2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic. 3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx 4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.
简析公司法 规制公司的法律（在英国，就是公司法）在不同的国家会不同吗？尽管研究公司法的学者们很少提及这一问题，但是对公司法的比较研究还是非常重要的。最近关于公司法的研究主要集中于欧洲、美国和日本等发达经济体在公司治理、股份所有权、金融资产和企业文化等方面的比较分析。在这些方面，尽管不同的国家有各自的特征，但是各国家公司形式的根本一致还是令人印象非常深刻的。其实，公司都具有一套基本类似的法律性质，同样，它们也面临着一套基本类似的法律问题。 就公司形式而言，就要考虑公司的根本法律属性，展望本文以下讨论，我们认为公司具有五个方面的属性，它们为大部分商务人士所知悉。这五个方面的属性是：法人资格、有限责任、股权转让、董事会领导下的公司管理及出资者所有权。这些属性因现代大型企业所面对的紧急需要而产生，具体原因我们将在下文中从四个方面进行说明。总之，任何国家的公司法都必须围绕公司的这五大属性进行拟制。事实上，有一些企业缺乏其中的某些属性，但是我们想强调的是，在市场经济条件下，所有的大型公司都采用具备五大属性的法人形式。除此之外，绝大多数小型合伙企业也经常采用这种形式，尽管有时因为特殊需要，这些公司可能会缺失五大属性中的一种或多种。（通过本书，我们将遵循通常所谓的“封闭公司”的概念，来讨论那些股份不能自由转让的不同于“公众公司”的公司，股份不能转让的原因要么是股份被一小部分人所持有，要么是对股东的转让权有所限制。） 很显然，公司法的首要功能是为公司提供一个具备五个核心属性的法定形式。如果这种形式能够广泛推广，并且被广泛采纳，那么借助于其中的某些规则，比如改变背景财产权及提供备用开支等规则，公司法就能够鼓励企业家通过公司实体这一媒介进行交易，进而还可以降低交易成本。当然，从整体看来，那些用来规制公司形式的法律条款的数量仅仅是公司法中的一小部分，然而，这些条款却构成了公司法的核心部分。在这一章，我将探寻具有五大属性的公司的缔约效率，我们也相信这五大属性已经推动了世界范围内对这种公司形式的采用。