《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版 课后练习题 答案
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language.
答：Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things.
2.What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?
答：The major branches of linguistics are:
(1)phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication;
(2)phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication;
(3)morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words;
(4)syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages;
(5) semantics: it studies meaning conveyed by language;
(6) pragmatics: it studies the meaning in the context of language use.
3. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar?
答：The general approach thus traditionally formed to the study of language over the years is roughly referred to as “traditional grammar.”Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in several basic ways.
Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive.
Second, modem linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, on the other hand, tended to emphasize, maybe over-emphasize, the importance of the written word, partly because of its permanence.
Then, modem linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.
4. Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why?
答：In modem linguistics, a synchronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a diachronic one. Because people believed that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successfully studied, it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development.
5. For what reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather than to writing? 答：Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication. Modem linguistics regards the spoken language a s the natural or the primary medium of human language for some obvious reasons. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech
is prior to writing. The writing system of any language is always “invented”by its users
to record speech when the need arises. Even in today's world there are still many languages
that can only be spoken but not written. Then in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. And also, speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later when he goes to school. For modern linguists, spoken language reveals many true features of human speech while written language is only the “revised”record of speech. Thus their data for investigation and analysis are mostly drawn from everyday speech, which they regard as authentic.
6. How is Saussure's distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky's distinction between competence and performance?
答：Saussure's distinction and Chomsky's are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to
him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.
7. What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language?
答：First of all, language is a system, i.e., elements of language are combined according to rules.
Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for.
Third, language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound. Fourth, language is human-specific, i. e., it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess.
8. What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to
show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?
答：The main features of human language are termed design features. They include:
1) Arbitrariness
Language is arbitrary. This means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages.
2) Productivity
Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard before.
3) Duality
Language consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system.
4) Displacement
Language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This is what “displacement”means.
5) Cultural transmission
While human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e., we were all born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language system are not genetically
transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned.
9. What are the major functions of language? Think of your own examples for illustration. 答：Three main functions are often recognized of language: the descriptive function, the expressive function, and the social function.
The descriptive function is the function to convey factual information, which can be asserted or denied, and in some cases even verified. For example: “China is a large country with a long history.”
The expressive function supplies information about the user’s feelings, preferences, prejudices, and values. For example: “I will never go window-shopping with her.”
The social function serves to establish and maintain social relations between people. . For example: “We are your firm supporters.”
Chapter 2 Speech Sounds
1. What are the two major media of linguistic communication? Of the two, which one is primary and why?
答：Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication.
Of the two media of language, speech i s more primary than writing, for reasons, please refer to the answer to the fifth problem in the last chapter.
2. What is voicing and how is it caused?
答：Voicing is a quality of speech sounds and a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English. It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.
3. Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcription differ?
答：The transcription with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription. This is the
transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes. The latter, i.e. the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called narrow transcription. This is the transcription needed and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds. With the help of the diacritics they can faithfully represent as much of the fine details as it is necessary for their purpose.
In broad transcription, the symbol [l] is used for the sounds [l] in the four words leaf [li:f], feel [fi:l], build [bild], and health [helθ]. As a matter of fact, the sound [l] in all these four sound combinations differs slightly. The [l] in [li:f], occurring before a vowel, is called a dear [l], and no diacritic is needed to indicate it; the [1] in [fi:l] and [bild], occurring at the end of a word or before another consonant, is pronounced differently from the clear [1] as in “leaf”. It is called dark [?] and in narrow transcription the diacritic [?] is used to indicate it. Then in the sound combination [helθ], the sound [l] is followed by the English dental sound [θ], its pronunciation is somewhat affected by the dental sound that follows it. It is thus called a dental [l], and in narrow transcription the diacritic [、] is used to indicate it. It is transcribed as [helθ].
Another example is the consonant [p]. We all know that [p] is pronounced differently in the two words pit and spit. In the word pit, the sound [p] is pronounced with a strong puff of air, but in spit the puff of air is withheld to some extent. In the case of pit, the [p] sound is said to be aspirated and in the case of spit, the [p] sound is unaspirated. This difference is not shown in broad transcription, but in narrow transcription, a small raised “h”is used to show aspiration, thus pit is transcribed as [ph?t] and spit is transcribed as [sp?t].
4. How are the English consonants classified?
答：English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation. In terms of manner of articulation the English consonants can be classified into the following types: stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, nasals and glides. In terms of place of articulation, it can be classified into following types: bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar and glottal.
5. What criteria are used to classify the English vowels?
答：Vowels may be distinguished as front, central, and back according to which part of the tongue is held highest. To further distinguish members of each group, we need to apply another criterion, i.e. the openness of the mouth. Accordingly, we classify the vowels into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels, and open vowels. A third criterion that is often used in the classification of vowels is the shape of the lips. In English, all the front vowels and the central vowels are unfounded vowels, i. e., without rounding the lips, and all the back vowels, with the exception of [a:], are rounded. It should be noted that some front vowels can be pronounced with rounded lips.
6. A. Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sound descriptions:
1) voiced palatal affricate
2) voiceless labiodental fricative
3) voiced alveolar stop
4) front, close, short
5) back, semi-open, long
6) voiceless bilabial stop
B. Give the phonetic features of each of the following sounds:
1) [ t ] 2) [ l ] 3) [?] 4) [w] 5) [?] 6) [?]
答：A. (1) [?] (2) [ f ] (3) [d ] (4) [ ? ] (5) [ ?:] (6) [p]
B. (1) voiceless alveolar stop (2) voiced alveolar liquid
(3) voiceless palatal affricate (4) voiced bilabial glide
(5) back, close, short (6) front, open
7. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? Who do you think will
be more interested in the difference between, say, [l] and [?], [ph] and [p], a phonetician or a phonologist? Why?
–答：(1) Both phonology and phonetics are concerned with the same aspect of language –the speech sounds. But while both are related to the study of sounds,, they differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified, etc. Phonology, on the other hand, aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
(2) A phonologist will be more interested in it. Because one of the tasks of the phonologists is to find out rule that governs the distribution of [l] and [?], [ph] and [p].
8. What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme? How are allophones related to a phoneme?
答： A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. A phoneme is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are
Unit 1 1.他们都认为他成功的可能性很小。 They had thought his chances of landing the job were slim. 2.我不知道她为何总带有一中闷闷不乐的神情。 I wonder why there is always an air of sadness in her. 3.等到所有同学都就座后，学生会主席才开始宣布野营的日程安排。 It was after all the students had taken their seats that the president of the students’union proceeded to announce the camping itinerary. 4.胃是人体至关重要的器官，请善待之。 The stomach is a vital organ of the human body; please take good care of it. 5.他认为总经理如此重视那些日常琐事是荒唐的。 He considered it was ridiculous for the general manager to attach so much importance to daily routines. 6.根据安排，全体工作人员依次值晚班。 According to the arrangement, all the members of the staff take turns to be on night watch. 7.她的研究涉及到多种语言和文化，富有挑战性。 Her study, which ranged over many languages and cultures, was full of challenge. 8.想到要远离父母独立生活，她深感不安。 She felt dismayed at the thought of leaving away from her parents on her own. 9.对于她是否胜任这项工作我们不甚担心，我们所担忧的确实她的健康状况。 We don’t worry so much about her qualifications for the job as about her health. 10.想到要作一次环球航海旅行，他为之激动不已。 He was greatly excited at the thought of going on a voyage around the world. Unit2 11.这位老人年轻时独居海外，有过许多不寻常的经历。 This old man lived alone overseas when he was young and had many unusual experiences. 12.她是一位深受人们爱戴的教学经验丰富的物理老师。 She was a deeply respected physics teacher with rich teaching experience. 13.我的鞋子是崭新的，我情愿等到天气放晴后再走。 My shoes are brand-new and I’d rather stay until it clear up. 14.要离开曾在孩提时代住过的小屋子，她环顾四周，向每件熟悉的物品一一告别。 Upon leaving the small house where she lived in her childhood, she looked goodbye at every familiar object around. 15.他接到通知要他立即去西安，时间紧迫得连给他妻子打电话的时间都没有。 He was asked to leave for Xi’an at such short notice that he didn’t even have time to call his wife. 16.他们不情愿参与我们的演讲比赛，真令人扫兴。 Their reluctance to join us in the speech contest really spoilt our fun. 17.请注意，每位学生都应该遵守课堂纪律，你也不例外。 Please note that every student should keep classroom discipline, and you are no exception.
Unit One 1.在举出许多事实并列出一些统计数字后，他终于把他的论点说清楚了。(drive sth. home) After citing many facts and giving a number of statistical figures, he finally drove home his point. 2. 差不多花了半年功夫，我们才完成了那个研究项目。(more or less) It took us half a year more or less to carry through the research project. 3.他说的话如此微妙，我们很难理解他的真实意图。(subtle) What he said was so subtle that we could hardly make out his true intention. 4.他的新书一针见血地审视了当代的社会问题。(squarely) His new book looks squarely at the contemporary social problems. 5.今日的年轻一代对互联网上的最新信息很关注。(be alive to) The younger generation today are very much alive to the latest information found on the Internet. 6.外语是不是在童年更容易学好？这是一个观点问题。(a matter of) It is a matter of opinion whether a fo reign language is more easily learned in one’s childhood or otherwise. 7. 在挫折面前千万不要丧失信心；鼓起勇气坚定不移地去克服它。(take courage) Never lose heart in the face of a setback; take courage and deal with it squarely. 8. 适量的米饭、肉类、蔬菜、水果构成均衡的饮食。(constitute) Adequate amounts of rice, meat, vegetables, and fruit constitute a balanced diet. Unit Two
1 由于缺少资金，整个计划失败了The whole plan fell through for want of fund. 2 牛顿被公认为是世界最杰出的科学家之一。Newton is actnowledged as one of the world;s most eminent scientists. 3 他对生产成本的估算总是准确无误He calcuates the cost of production with invariable accuracy 4 公司发言人的不负责任的讲话受到了严厉的指责The spokesman of the corporation was berated for his irresponsible words. 5 这名商业银行的年轻职员看出那张十英镑的假币The young clerk from the commercial bank soitted thecorinterfeit ten-pound note. 6 这个精干的经理立刻行动起来The efficient manager acted promptly 7 请把候补名单上她的名字换成你的名字Pleasure replace her name for yours on the waiting list 8 她觉得她在当地综合医院任实习医师是一段宝贵的经历Shen found that her internship in the local general hospital was a rewarding experience 9 不要感叹过去得不幸，振作起来行前看Don't lament your past misfortunes., keep your shin up and look to the future 1 富兰克林在他的自传里力劝读者要勤俭Franklin exhorted readers to be diligent and thrifty in his Autobiography. 2.谁能证实这签名无讹Who can attest to the genuineness of the signature? 3. 人们给它起了小家伙的绰号。。。He is dubbed “Tiny” because he looks so small for his age. 4.他试图为自己拒绝接受这一劝告辩解He tried to rationalize his refusal to take the advice. 5. 他的一番话引起了我们的不满His words incurred our displeasure. 6. 要我们在这么短的时间内完成这一项工作几乎是不可能的It is virtually
新编英语教程第五册课后练习题答案 Answers to the exercises in Unit 1 II. Paraphrase 1.A writer who is particular about the exactness of an expression in English will never feel happy with a word which fails to express an idea accurately. 2. To a certain extent, the process of finding the right words to use is a process of perfection where you try to search for words that may most accurately express your thoughts and feelings, and words that may most effectively make your listeners and readers understand your thoughts and feelings. 3. Finding the most suitable word to use is in no sense easy. But there is nothing like the delight we shall experience when such a word is located. 4. Once we are able to use language accurately, we are in a position to fully understand our subject matter. III. Translate 1.After citing many facts and giving a number of statistical figures, he finally drove home his point. 2. It took us half a year more or less to carry through the research project. 3. What he said was so subtle that we could hardly make out his true intention. 4. His new book looks squarely at the contemporary social problems. 5. The younger generation today are very much alive to the latest information found on the Internet. 6. It is a matter of opinion whether a foreign language is more easily learned in one’s childhood or otherwise. 7. Never lose heart in the face of a setback; take courage and deal with it squarely. 8. Rice, meat, vegetables, and fruit constitute a balanced diet. Language Work III. 1. clumsy-unskillful 2. deft-skilful 3. loose-vague 4. subtle-tricky 5. precise-accurate 6. shift-alteration 7. vague-ambiguous 8. scrupulous-conscientious 9. ignorance-want of knowledge 10. disadvantages-drawbacks 11. cultivating-developing 12. mistaken-erroneous 13.unimportant-trivial 14. dark-dim 15. flexible-adaptable 16. fine-subtle 17. sentimental-emotional 18. essence-quintessence 19. coercion-compulsion 20. fascinating-absorbing
UNIT 2 一. Translation 1. Do you know which team won the football match? I have no idea. You may ask XiaoLi, he is a member of the team.\ He is on the team. 2. It is not suitable (proper) to regard this film either as totally good or completely bad. 3. I wonder if I should tell my parents that I failed in the examination. 4. Of course, he behaved dreadfully, but after all, he is only six years old. 5. The moment he saw his boss, he trembled as if he had seen a ghost. 6. I don’t think we can afford the house, even if we save every penny we have. The other day: the past time\a few days ago Take````seriously```: take````important``` Withered: become dry and then to die Clumsy: movement is not quick, stupid One of there days: in the near future Unique: specially, only one
1) The reason why little girl like Barbie very much is that she looks like real people and can be dressed up in a perfect way. 2) Man-made objects, though out-numbered by natural objects, play a more and more important role in people’s life. 3)The number of man-made object is increasing steeply, compared with the number of natural objects as well as its actual number. 4) The little girl of today would gladly use their old Barbie to exchange the new version of Barbie whereas their mother or grandmother would be reluctant to throw away their dolls until they fall-apart simply, because they are too old nothing could be more obvious than the difference between them. 5)The societies and people that are used to poverty reject the practice of using one product only for once or a short time and then replace it by a new one. 6) It is meaning that less for a man who is fairy old to say that he wants to develop a hobby in this or that form. 7)It is sensible that you further develop the hobby; you already have instead of trying to cultivate a new one. 8)Taking up a hobby and living a more regularized way of life are the most effective way to save them from their boredom. 9)The long hour’s work in the office or factory provides these people with the money so they can live their lives and gives them a strong desire for the simplest pleasure. 10)In fact, it is highly likely that those people who take their work as their pleasure are need to divert their effort from work from time to time urgently. 11)The ability to do the right thing at the right time is essential to a good leader. 12) A leader must be good at exercising his authority (this is a quality that a leader must have) and be able to demonstrate to the people that he does. 13) A leader should find out what the people want to do or have, and guide them to achieve it. 14) If we are not powerful, determined and brave, we can’t except to f ind a good leader, no matter how skilled we are in shopping images, we can’t make him to be what he is not, he is only a representative of all of us. 15) John Dewey has said seriously that the degree that someone’s behavior can influence the custom is the same as the degree that his body talk can influence his mother tongue. 16)The result from a serious study of the custom which is not influence by the outside shows that what Dewey said is just an objective description of the fact. 17) If we still think that our culture is superior to those of the people who we regard as uncivilized, underdeveloped or irreligious, the study anthropology must be meaningless. 18)W e must realized that all the beliefs are based on the same thing, the intangible and should be treated equally along with our own. 19)I believe that people in the society high above me are selfless, pure, noble and very intelligent. 20)But it is difficult for a man of the working class to improve his social status, especially when he was full of objectives and imaginations 21)It is physically strong, and they profited a lot by exploiting my strength, but I only lived a poor life. 22)He was no longer strong enough to make money by selling his strength and had nothing left to him, he had no other choice, but to slide down to the bottom of the society and die there in misery. 23) After 100 years, the black people is still suffering in the isolated part of American society, and he feels like an outcast in his own country. 24) We can see very clearly that as far as the black people are concerned, America didn’t fulfill its promise. 25) We are here to demand the fulfillment of the promises which can guarantee us our freedom and justice. 26)This is not the right time to calm down and adopt gradualism, waiting patiently for a solution.
Reference for Unit 6 workbook exercises Blank Filling A. 1.changed, promising https://www.doczj.com/doc/6612181239.html,ing, qualified 3.determined 4.spoken, leading, surprising 5.frightening 6.demanding 7.pleased, soiled https://www.doczj.com/doc/6612181239.html,plicated 9.interested, exciting, soaked 10.tiring, tired B. 1.giving 2.Fascinated, rising / rise 3.singing, to do, making
4.keeping, playing, to be, to see, climbing 5.opening 6.to take, shopping, doing, to do 7.to have remembered, to tell, preparing, to do 8.to watch, to read, reading, watching 9.missing, to tell 10.to be taken 11.swimming, cleaning, to do 12.waiting, seeing, missing, to find, to be C. 1.for 2.to 3.of 4.on 5.read 6.across 7.about / for 8.in 9.until / till 10.opinion 11.by 12.keep 13.excellent 14.time 15.pleasure 16.from 17.yourself 18.in 19.filled 20.trains
第1单元避免两词铭记两词 在生活中，没有什么比顿悟更令人激动和兴奋的，它可以改变一个人——不仅仅是改变，而且变得更好。当然，这种顿悟是很罕见的，但仍然可以发生在我们所有人身上。它有时来自一本书，一个说教或一行诗歌，有时也来自一个朋友。 在曼哈顿一个寒冷的冬天的下午，我坐在一个法国小餐馆，倍感失落和压抑。因为几次误算，在我生命中一个至关重要的项目就这样落空了。就因为这样，甚至连期望看到一个老朋友（我常常私下亲切的想到的一个老人）的情形都不像以前那样令我兴奋。我坐在桌边，皱起眉头看着色彩多样的桌布，清醒的嚼着苦涩的食物。 他穿过街道，裹着旧棉袄，一顶帽子从光头打下来，看上去不像是一个有名的精神病医生，倒像是一个精力充沛的侏儒。他的办公室在附近到处都有，我知道他刚刚离开他最后一个病人。他接近80岁，但仍然扛着一个装着满满文件的公文包，工作起来仍然像一个大公司的主管，无论何时有空，他都仍然爱去高尔夫球场。 当他走过来坐我旁边时，服务员早已把他总是要喝的啤酒端了过来，我已经几个月没有见他了，但他似乎还是老样子。没有任何寒暄，他就问我“怎么了，年轻人？” 我已经不再对他的样子感到奇怪，所以我详细地把烦恼告诉他。带着一丝忧伤的自豪。我尽量说出实情，除了我自己，我并没有因为失望而责备任何人。我分析了整件事情，但所有负面评价以及错误仍然继续。我讲了约有十五分钟，这期间老人只是默默的喝着啤酒。 我讲完后，他取下眼镜说：“到我的办公室去。” “到你的办公室？你忘了带什么了吗？” 他和蔼的说“不是，我想看看你对某些事情的反应，仅此而已。” 外面开始下起小雨，但他的办公室很温暖，舒服，亲切：放满书的书架靠着墙壁，长皮沙发，弗洛伊德的亲笔签名照，还有墙边放着的录音笔。他的秘书回家了，只有我们在那里。 老人从纸盒里拿出一盘磁带放进录音笔，然后说：“这里有到我这来求助的三个人的简单录音，当然，这没有说明具体是哪三个人。我想让你听听，看你是否能找出双字词的短语，这里是在三个案例中共有的。”他笑道：“不要这么困扰，我有我的目的。” 对我来说，录音中三个主人共有的东西不是什么快乐的东西。首先讲话的是一个男人，他在生意中经历了一些损失或失败，他指责自己没有辛勤工作，也没有远见。接下来说话的是一个女人，她还没有结婚，因为对她寡妇母亲的强烈的责任意思，她伤心的回忆了所有擦肩而过的婚姻机遇。第三个说话的是一位母亲，她十多岁的儿子在警察局有麻烦，她总是不停地责备自己。 老人关掉收音机，侧身坐到椅子上：“在这些录音中，有一个短语像病毒一样的出现了六次。你注意到了吗？没有？噢，这可能是因为几分钟前你在餐馆说过了三次。”他拿起磁带盒扔给我。“正好在标签上有那两个伤心的词语。” 我向下一看，那里有两个清晰的红色的印字：如果。 “你受惊了吗？”老人说：“你能想象我坐在这把椅子上以这两个词开头的话有多少次了吗？他们总是对我说：如果换一种方法做——或根本不去做。（如果我没发脾气、没有做那虚伪的事、没有说那愚蠢的谎言。如果我聪明点，或更无私点，或更自控点。）直到我打断说话他们才会停止。有时我让他们听你刚说过的录音。我对他们说（如果你停止说如果，我们就已取得进展了。）” 老人伸出双脚，说：“问题是，‘如果’并没有改变任何东西。它使那人面对错误——后退而非前进，那样只是在浪费时间。最后，要是你让它成为一个习惯，它就会变成真的障碍，变成你不再去做尝试的借口了。” “现在回到你的情况：你的计划没成功，为什么？因为你犯了某种错误。唔，这个没关系，毕竟错误谁都会犯，我们也从中学到东西。但是，当你告诉我那些东西时却悔恨这个，
Unit 2The Virtues of Growing Older Key to exercises: V ocabulary exercises: I. Explain the underlined part in each sentence in your own words. 1. are likely to 2. break up / disintegrate 3. as a whole 4. powerless against / completely controlled by 5. not surprising / only too natural II. F ill in the blank in each sentence with a word or phrase taken from the box in its appropriate form. 1. delay 2. Feverishly 3. facade 4. confronted 5. premise 6. dreaded 7. automatically 8. awaiting III. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words. 1. obsessive 2. moodiness 3. tolerable 4. beneficial 5. satisfying 6. hidden 7. preference 8. criticisms IV. C hoose a word or phrase that can replace the underlined part in each sentence without changing its original meaning. 1. C 2. D 3. A 4. A 5. B 6. D 7. C 8. B V. Give a synonym or an antonym of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense it is used. 1. Synonym: conceal, disguise 2. Antonym: narrow 3. Synonym: satisfaction, happiness, joy 4. Synonym: merits, advantages 5. Synonym: fat, plump 6. Synonym: well-built 7. Antonym: old-fashioned, outdated 8. Synonym: clearly, evidently VI. Write in each space one word that has the same prefix as underlined in each given word.
新编英语教程6 课文翻译 第1单元避免两词铭记两词 在生活中，没有什么比顿悟更令人激动和兴奋的，它可以改变一个人——不仅仅是改变，而且变得更好。当然，这种顿悟是很罕见的，但仍然可以发生在我们所有人身上。它有时来自一本书，一个说教或一行诗歌，有时也来自一个朋友。 在曼哈顿一个寒冷的冬天的下午，我坐在一个法国小餐馆，倍感失落和压抑。因为几次误算，在我生命中一个至关重要的项目就这样落空了。就因为这样，甚至连期望看到一个老朋友(我常常私下亲切的想到的一个老人)的情形都不像以前那样令我兴奋。我坐在桌边，皱起眉头看着色彩多样的桌布，清醒的嚼着苦涩的食物。 他穿过街道，裹着旧棉袄，一顶帽子从光头打下来，看上去不像是一个有名的精神病医生，倒像是一个精力充沛的侏儒。他的办公室在附近到处都有，我知道他刚刚离开他最后一个病人。他接近80岁，但仍然扛着一个装着满满文件的公文包，工作起来仍然像一个大公司的主管，无论何时有空，他都仍然爱去高尔夫球场。 当他走过来坐我旁边时，服务员早已把他总是要喝的啤酒端了过来，我已经几个月没有见他了，但他似乎还是老样子。没有任何寒暄，他就问我“怎么了，年轻人,” 我已经不再对他的样子感到奇怪，所以我详细地把烦恼告诉他。带着一丝忧伤的自豪。我尽量说出实情，除了我自己，我并没有因为失望而责备任何人。我分析了整件事情，但所有负面评价以及错误仍然继续。我讲了约有十五分钟，这期间老人只是默默的喝着啤酒。我讲完后，他取下眼镜说:“到我的办公室去。” “到你的办公室,你忘了带什么了吗,” 他和蔼的说“不是，我想看看你对某些事情的反应，仅此而已。”
外面开始下起小雨，但他的办公室很温暖，舒服，亲切:放满书的书架靠着墙壁，长皮沙发，弗洛伊德的亲笔签名照，还有墙边放着的录音笔。他的秘书回家了，只有我们在那里。老人从纸盒里拿出一盘磁带放进录音笔，然后说:“这里有到我这来求助的三个人的简单录音，当然，这没有说明具体是哪三个人。我想让你听听，看你是否能找出双字词的短语，这里是在三个案例中共有的。”他笑 道:“不要这么困扰，我有我的目的。” 对我来说，录音中三个主人共有的东西不是什么快乐的东西。首先讲话的是一个男人，他在生意中经历了一些损失或失败，他指责自己没有辛勤工作，也没有远见。接下来说话的是一个女人，她还没有结婚，因为对她寡妇母亲的强烈的责任意思，她伤心的回忆了所有擦肩而过的婚姻机遇。第三个说话的是一位母亲，她十多岁的儿子在警察局有麻烦，她总是不停地责备自己。 老人关掉收音机，侧身坐到椅子上:“在这些录音中，有一个短语像病毒一样的出现了六次。你注意到了吗,没有,噢，这可能是因为几分钟前你在餐馆说过了三次。”他拿起磁带盒扔给我。“正好在标签上有那两个伤心的词语。” 我向下一看，那里有两个清晰的红色的印字:如果。 “你受惊了吗,”老人说:“你能想象我坐在这把椅子上以这两个词开头的话有多少次了吗,他们总是对我说:如果换一种方法做——或根本不去做。(如果我没发脾气、没有做那虚伪的事、没有说那愚蠢的谎言。如果我聪明点，或更无私点，或更自控点。)直到我打断说话他们才会停止。有时我让他们听你刚说过的录音。我对他们说(如果你停止说如果，我们就已取得进展了。)” 老人伸出双脚，说:“问题是，‘如果’并没有改变任何东西。它使那人面对错误——后退而非前进，那样只是在浪费时间。最后，要是你让它成为一个习惯，它就会变成真的障碍，变成你不再去做尝试的借口了。”
1.我能认出这块表是我的，因为表的背面有划痕。 I can identify this watch as mine by the scratches on the back. 2.他嗜巧克力如命，吃的停不下来。 He was so addicted to chocolate that he couldn't stop taking it. 3.史密斯先生从教学岗位上退休下来以后，开始从事摄影这一兴趣爱好。Mr. Smith took up photography as a hobby after he retired from teaching. 4.相比较起来，这幢房子的优点是价格低，而那幢房子的优点是交通便利。 By comparison, this house has the advantage of low price, but that house has the advantage of convenient transportation. 5.他似乎正在使出全身解数，试图提高这一新产品的销售额。 It seems that he is making every effort to promote the sale of this new product. 6.热切的学生们纷纷挤进了讲堂，聆听来自剑桥大学的那位著名教授讲课。The eager students crowded into the lecture hall to hear the famous professor from Cambridge University. 7.他们责怪他向队友发出的信号混乱不清。 They blamed him for sending confusing signals to the teammates. 8.我们的产品仍然远远领先于我们竞争对手的产品。 Our product still has a good lead over that of our competitor.
.Unit 1 1．他们都认为他成功的可能性很小。 They had thought his chances of landing the job were slim. 2．我不知道她为何总带有一中闷闷不乐的神情。 I wonder why there is always an air of sadness in her. 3．等到所有同学都就座后，学生会主席才开始宣布野营的日程安排。 It was after all the students had taken their seats that the president of the students’union proceeded to announce the camping itinerary. 4．胃是人体至关重要的器官，请善待之。 The stomach is a vital organ of the human body; please take good care of it. 5．根据安排，全体工作人员依次值晚班。 According to the arrangement, all the members of the staff take turns to be on night watch. 6．她的研究涉及到多种语言和文化，富有挑战性。 Her study, which ranged over many languages and cultures, was full of challenge. 7．对于她是否胜任这项工作我们不甚担心，我们所担忧的确实她的健康状况。 We don’t worry so much about her qualifications for the job as about her health. 10．想到要作一次环球航海旅行，他为之激动不已。 He was greatly excited at the thought of going on a voyage around the world. Unit2 1．这位老人年轻时独居海外，有过许多不寻常的经历。 This old man lived alone overseas when he was young and had many unusual experiences. 2．她是一位深受人们爱戴的教学经验丰富的物理老师。 She was a deeply respected physics teacher with rich teaching experience. 3．我的鞋子是崭新的，我情愿等到天气放晴后再走。 My shoes are brand-new , I’d rather stay until it clear up. 4．要离开曾在孩提时代住过的小屋子，她环顾四周，向每件熟悉的物品一一告别。 Upon leaving the small house where she lived in her childhood, she looked goodbye at every familiar object around. 5．他们不情愿参与我们的演讲比赛，真令人扫兴。 Their reluctance to join us in the speech contest really spoilt our fun. 6．发言人清了清嗓子以唤起听众的注意。 The speaker cleared his throat to claim the attention of the audience. 10．他对喧嚣、忙碌的城市生活深感厌倦，希望迁居乡村，改变日前的生活方式。 He was tired of the hustle and bustle of the urban life and hoped to move to the country, expecting a change in his current life style. Unit 3 1．我还没讲完她便打断了我，道出了一番不得不说的话。 She broke in with what she had to say before I’d finish speaking. 2．我们之间对人生所持的不同看法丝毫没有影响我们的友谊。 Our different views of life have never affected our friendship. 3．这孩子坐在汽车里一言不发，对他叔叔表现出不友好态度，似乎视其为敌人。 The boy sat quiet in the car, showing unfriendliness to his uncle as if he were his enemy. 4．汤姆听到他必须去叔叔家度假时很失望，如同得知彼得因为麻疹不得不严格地卧床养病时一样感到沮丧。 Tom was as disappointed to learn that he had to spend his summer holidays at his uncle’s as he was sad that Peter had to be kept strictly to his bed because of measles. 5．待大家都陈述了自己的见解后，科长才口说话。 After everyone else had stated his or her own view, the department director found his voice at last. 6．想必你弄错了，期中考试的日期不是下周五，而是下周三。 I’m afraid you are mistaken. It’s not next Friday that we’ll have our mid-term exam, but next Wednesday. 10．按新规定，一支足球队可以拥有24名球员，换言之，24名球员可以组成一支球足球对。 According to the new rule, a football team may consist of 24 players. In other words.24 football players may make up a football team. Unit 4 1.凡是听到她不行的遭遇的人无不深表同情。 No one who has heard about her misfortune will not feel deep sympathy for her. 2.这位年轻学者专心致志地开发新型的电脑翻译软件，他深信在不久的将来自己会成名。 The young scholar devoted all his attention to the development of a new type of computer translation software in the full conviction that he would make a name in the near future. 3.别把它当作一回事，我刚才所说的并非指你。 Don’t take it seriously. What I’ve just said is not meant for you. 4.这扇门这么低，那个高个子进屋时无法挺直身子，只能低头猫腰进入。 It was such a low doorway that the tall man had to bend his head rather than keep upright when entering the room. 5.我们的班长两个星期前突发高烧，此后一直卧床不起。 Our monitor was suddenly down with a high favor two weeks ago and has been keeping to his bed since then. 6.令人难以置信的是他在两年内竟然把这些普通的女孩子训练成了世界一流的长跑运动员。 What’s incredible is that he actually turned these ordinary girls into long distance runners within two years. 7.那些过着富裕生活的农民从未想过要迁居到大都市去生活。 It never occurred to those comfortable off farmers that they would move to a metropolitan city. 8.他在餐厅享用美味的晚餐时，听到车子的警报声，猛然间他想起自己停在外面马路上的车子未上锁。 While enjoying his delicious dinner in a restaurant, he heard the car alarm and realized in a flash that he left his car outside in the