2015职称英语教材讲解阅读理解——目录
2015年职称英语考试（综合类）阅读理解 (2)
1、第二篇Outside-the-classroom Learning Makes a Big Difference (2)
2、第九篇Single-parent Kids Do Best（卫生第35篇） (3)
3、第十八篇Goal of American Education (6)
4、第二十九篇I’ll Be Bach（理工第29篇） (9)
5、第三十六篇Life as a Movie Extra (11)
6、第三十七篇Pop Music in Africa (14)
7、第四十七篇Narrow Escape (16)
2015年职称英语考试（理工类）阅读理解 (20)
1、第七篇Sugar Power for Cell Phones (20)
2、第十五篇Winged Robot Learns to Fly (22)
3、第十八篇Thirst for Oil (25)
4、第三十篇Digital Realm (27)
5、第三十二篇Mind-reading Machine (30)
6、第四十二篇Renewable Energy Sources (33)
7、第四十八篇Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright (36)
8、第五十篇Cell Phones Increase Traffic,Pedestrian Fatalities (39)
2015年职称英语考试（卫生类）阅读理解 (43)
1、第三篇Cooking Oil Fumes Cause Tumor (43)
2、第二十五篇Eat to Live (46)
3、第十八篇Exercise Can Replace Insulin for Elderly Diabetics (49)
4、第二十四篇Sleep Lets Brain File Memories（理工第28篇） (51)
5、第三十六篇Dangerous Sunshine to Children (54)
6、第三十七篇Hypertension Drugs Found to Cut Risk of Stroke (56)
7、第三十九篇Sauna (59)
2015年职称英语考试（综合类）阅读理解
1、第二篇Outside-the-classroom Learning Makes a Big Difference
Putting a bunch of college students in charge of a$300,000Dance Marathon,fundraiser surely sounds a bit risky1.When you consider the fact that the money is supposed to be given to children in need of medical care,you might call the idea crazy.
Most student leaders don't want to spend a large amount of time on something they care little about,said 22-year-old University of Florida student Darren Heitner.He was the Dance Marathon's operations officer for two years.
Yvonne Fangmeyer,director of the student organization office at the University of Wisconsin,conducted a survey in February of students involved in campus organizations2.She said the desire for friendship was the most frequently cited reason for joining.
At large universities like Fangmeyer's,which has more than40,000students,the students first of all want to find a way to"belong in their own corner of campus".
Katie Rowley,a Wisconsin senior,confirms the survey's findings."I wanted to make the campus feel smaller by joining an organization where I could not only get involved on campus butalso find a group of friends."
All of this talk of friendship,however,does not mean that students aren't thinking about their resumes."I think that a lot of people do join to'fatten up their resume'",said Heitner."At the beginning of my college career,I joined a few of these organizations,hoping to get a start in my leadership roles."
But without passion student leaders can have a difficult time trying to weather the storms that come.For example,in April,several student organizations at Wisconsin teamed up3for an event designed to educate students about homelessness and poverty.Student leaders had to face the problem of solving disagreements, moving the event because of rainy weather,and dealing with the university's complicated bureaucracy.
"Outside-of the classroom learning really makes a big difference",Fangmeyer said.
练习：
1.An extracurricular activity like raising a fund of$300,000is risky because most student leaders_________.
A)are lazy B)are stupid C)are not rich enough D)will not take an interest in it
2.Atherican students join campus organizations mostly for_________.
A)making a difference B)gaining experience
C)building friendship D)improving their resumes
3.Who is Katie Rowley?_________.
A)She's a senior professor B)She's a senior student
C)She's a senior official D)She's a senior citizen
4.What do student leaders need to carry an activity through to a successful end?_________.
A)Passion.B)Money.C)Power.D)Fame.
5.The phrasal verb fatten up in paragraph6could be best replaced by_________.
A)invent B)rewrite C)polish D)complete
答案与题解：
1.D本题问的是：像募集30万美元的课外活动有点冒险是因为多数学生领导者？答案可以从第二段的第一句话中找到。第一句话是这么说的：大多学生领导者并不想在他们不感兴趣的事上花大量的时间。
2.C本题问的是：美国学生参加校园组织的主要目的是什么？答案可以从第三段找到。第三段是这么说的：威斯康星大学学生组织办公室主任Yvonne Fangmeyer在2月组织了一次学生参加校园组织的调查。她说，寻求友谊是最经常列举的理由。
3.B本题问的是：Katie Rowley是谁？文章提到了好几个人，Katie Rowley是其中的一个。第五段讲到Katie Rowley。"a Wisconsin senior”，是“威斯康星大四的学生”。
4.A本题问的是：为了把一项活动顺利地贯彻到底学生领导者需要什么？答案可以从倒数第二段找到。第一句话是这么说的：但是，如果没有热情，学生领导者很难经受风雨考验。
5.C本题问的是：哪个词替换第6段中的“fatten up”最合适？"fatten up”原意是“使人或动物变肥”，在这里可以解释为使一个人的履历更充实一些，因此也好看一些。因此意思上最接近的是"polish”（润色）。
译文：课外学习带来很大不同
让一群大学生去负责募集30万美元的马拉松式的跳舞活动，这种募捐听起来肯定有点儿冒险。当你知道这笔募捐款是提供给需要医疗护理的儿童，你可能会觉得这个想法很疯狂。
佛罗里达大学一个22岁的学生Darren Heitner说大多学生领导者不想在他们不太关注的事情上花太多时间。他任马拉松式跳舞经营部经理两年了。
Yvornne Fangmeyer是威斯康星大学学生组织办公室主任，在二月组织了一次学生参加校园组织的调查。她说增进友谊是大家提到最多的参加校园组织的原因。
像Fangmeyer的大学那样规模很大的学校，有4万多学生，学生首先想要找到属于们的校园一角。
威斯康星大四的学生Katie Rowley肯定了调查结果。“我加入校园组织希望让校园感觉上变得小一些，这样不仅可以投入到校园生活中还可以交到很多朋友”。
这些关于友谊的看法并不意味着学生不考虑他们的经历。Heitner说：“我认为很多人加入校园组织来丰富经历，，刚上大学的时候，我加入了一些校园组织，希望培养自己的领导能力。”
但是如果没有热情，学生领导者很难经受风雨考验。例如，在四月份，威斯康星大学几个学生组织展开了一项活动，向学生讲述无家可归和贫困。学生领导必须面对一些问题，比如解决争论，受雨天影响而更改活动日期，同学校复杂的机构打交道。
Fangmeyer说：“课外的这种学习确实带来很大不同。”
2、第九篇Single-parent Kids Do Best（卫生第35篇）
Single mums are better at raising their kids than two parents一at least in the bird world.Mother zebra
finches1have to work harder and raise fewer chicks on their own，but they also produce more attractive sons who are more likely to get a mate.
The finding shows that family conflict is as important an evolutionary driving force as ecological factors2 such as hunting and food supply.With two parents around,there's always a conflict of interests3，which can have a detrimental effect on the quality of the offspring.
In evolutionary terms4，the best strategy for any parent in the animal world is to find someone else to care for their offspring，so they can concentrate on breeding again.So it's normal for parents to try to pass the buck5to each other.But Ian Hartley from the University of Lancaster and his team wondered how families solve this conflict,and how the conflict itself affects the offspring.
To find oiit6，they measured hoW much effort zebra finch parents put into raising their babies.They compared single females with pairs,by monitoring the amount of food each parent collected,and removing or adding chicks so that each pair of birds was raising four chicks，and each single mum had two—supposedly the same amount of work.
But single mums,they found,put in about25per cent more effort than females rearing with their mate.To avoid being exploited,mothers with a partner hold back from working too hard if the father is being lazy,and it's the chicks that pay the price.“The offspring suffer some of the cost of this conflict,”says Hartley.
The cost does not show in any obvious decrease in size or weight,but in how attractive they are to the opposite sex.When the chicks were mature,the researchers tested the”fitness"of the male offspring by offering females their choice of partner.Those males reared by single mums were chosen more often than those from two-parent families.
Sexual conflict has long been thought to affect the quality of care,given to offspring,says zoologist Rebecca Kilner at Cambridge University,who works on conflict of parents in birds.”But the experimental evidence is not great.The breakthrough here is showing it empirically.”
More surprising,says Kilner,is Hartley's statement that conflict may be a strong influence on the evolution of behaviour,clutch size and even appearance.“People have not really made that link,"says Hartley.A female's reproductive strategy is usually thought to be affected by hunting and food supply.Kilner says conflict of parents should now be taken into account as well.
词汇：
evolutionary进化的
ecological生态的
detrimental有害的
offspring(单复数同形）儿女，子孙，后代experimental实验的，根据实验的empirically以经验为根据地
clutch一次产的或孵的卵reproductive生殖的
注释：
1.zebra finch:斑胸草雀，一种澳大利亚小鸟，它有黑白色条纹，而且是受欢迎的笼养鸟。
2.family conflict is as important an evolutionary driving force as ecological factors:家庭冲突是与生态因
素同样重要的进化推动力。
3.a conflict of interests：(双亲之间的）利益冲突
4.in evolutionary terms：从进化的角度讲。in.…terms,in terms of…：从……方面来讲；就……而言。例如：It has been a terrible year in terms of business.就生意而论，这是很糟糕的一年。
5.pass the buck(to)：推卸责任，把为难的事推给另！|人0例如：Bus companies are just passing the buck by saying their drivers are responsible for delays.公交公司说司机应该对误点的事负责，这只是在推卸责任。
6.to find out：这是一个承上的短语,从逻辑上讲，它的宾语应该是:how families solve this conflict,and how the conflict itself affects the offspring。
练习：
1.With which of the following statements would the author probably agree?
A Single mums produce stronger sons.
B Single mums do not produce daughters.
C Two-parent families produce less attractive children.
D Two-parent families produce more beautiful offspring.
2.According to the passage,in what way does family conflict affect the quality of the offspring?
A The young males get less care.
B The young females will decrease in weight.
C The offspring will become lazy fathers or mothers in the future.
D The offspring will not get mature easily.
3.What is the relationship between paragraph4and paragraph5?
A Cause and effect.
B Experiment and result.
C Problem and solution.
D Topic and comment.
4.According to Hartley,which of the following is NOT influenced by sexual conflict?
A The evolution of the offspring's behaviour.
B The look of the offspring's faces."
C The number of eggs produced by one offspring at a time.
D The offspring's body size.、
5.According to the passage,people believe that a female's reproductive strategy is influenced by_________
A an evolutionary driving force.
B a conflict of interests.
C ecological factors.
D the quality of the offspring.
答案与题解：
1.C第一段提到“单亲家庭中的雄性后代更有吸引力,更容易得到配偶”，而这里的比较是在鸟类单亲家庭和双亲家庭之间进行的，所以，双亲家庭的后代相比较而言吸引力较差。
2.A第三段的第一和第二个句子谈到，在动物界，任何一个父亲或母亲的最佳策略是让他人(而不是自己）来照顾后代,这样，父母之间很自然就出现了相互推卸责任的现象。第五段讲到，这样做的后果就是后代付出代价，也就是受到的照顾少了。
3.B第四段是关于斑胸草雀单亲家庭和双亲家庭如何照顾后代的实验;第五段是依据实验所观察到的结果。所以，它们的关系是实验与结果。
4.D文章最后一段第一句的内容与A、B、C三个选项相对应；文章第六段第一句指出，“冲突的代价没有体现为身材和体重的明显减少”，所以，D是答案。
5.C文章最后一段第三句谈到,“通常人们认为雌性动物的繁殖策略受捕食和食物提供的影响”；第二段谈到,“捕食和食物提供是生态因素”，所以,C是答案。
译文：单亲幼儿最出色
单身母亲在抚养孩子方面比双亲要好——至少在鸟的世界是这样的。母斑胸草雀必须要非常努力地亲自抚养较少的小鸟，但是她们抚养的雄性后代更有吸引力,更容易得到配偶。
这个发现显示家庭冲突是与捕食和食物提供这样的生态因素同样重要的进化推动力。身边有双亲就总会有利益冲突，这会对后代的质量产生有害的影响。
从进化的角度讲，在动物界，任何一个父亲或母亲的最佳策略是让他人来照顾后代，这样，他们.就可以集中精力再次繁殖后代了。所以父母之间很自然就出现了相互推卸责任的现象。但是兰卡斯特大学的Ian Hartley及他的工作组想知道家庭是如何解决这个冲突的，以及冲突本身是如何影响后代的。
为了找到答案，他们衡量斑胸草雀抚养它们的子女花了多少力气。他们监控每个母亲或父亲采集的食物量,移动或增加小鸟，因此每对草雀养4只小鸟，每只单身母雀养两只——假定这是相同的工作量。通过这些方法他们对单身母雀和成对草雀作了比较。
但是他们发现单身母雀比与配偶共同抚养后代的母雀多付出25%。如果公雀太懒的话，为了避免筋疲力尽，有配偶的母雀并不十分努力工作。这样做的后果就是后代付出代价。Hartley说:“后代要为这种冲突付出一些代价。”
这种代价不是表现在身材和体重的明显减少，而是表现在它们对异性的吸引力上。当小鸟长大后，研究者通过提供给雌性它们所能选择的伴侣的方法检验雄性后代的健康状况。那些由单身母亲抚养大的雄性比由父母抚养大的雄性更多地被选中。
研究鸟类父母冲突的剑桥大学动物学家Rebecca Kilner说，很久以来人们就认为两性之间的冲突会影响对后代的照顾。“但是试验证据并不充分。这个突破主要是以经验来显示这种影响的。”
Kilner说，更令人惊讶的是Hartley说这种冲突可能会严重影响行为的进化、窝卵数目，甚至外表。Hartley说:“人们并没真正确定这种联系。”人们通常认为雌性的繁殖策略受捕食和食物提供的影响。Kilner 说父母之间的冲突现在也应该被考虑在内了。
3、第十八篇Goal of American Education
Education is an enormous and expensive part of American life.Its size is matched by its variety.
Differences in American schools compared with those found in the majority of other countries lie in the fact that education here has long been intended for everyone—not just for a privileged elite.Schools are expected to meet the needs of every child,regardless of ability,and also the needs of society itself.This means that public
schools offer more than academic subjects.It surprises many people when they come here to find high schools offering such courses as typing,sewing,radio repair,computer programming or driver training,along with traditional academic subjects such as mathematics,history,and languages.Students choose their curricula depending on their interests,future goals,and level of ability.The underlying goal of American education is to develop every child to the utmost of his or her own possibilities,and to give each one a sense of civic and community consciousness.
Schools have traditionally played an important role in creating national unity and“Americanizing”the millions of immigrants who have poured into this country from many different backgrounds and origins.Schools still play a large role in the community,especially in the small towns.
The approach to teaching may seem unfamiliar to many,not only because it is informal,but also because there is not much emphasis on learning facts.Instead,Americans try to teach their children to think for themselves and to develop their own intellectual and creative abilities.Students spend much time,learning how to use resource materials,libraries,statistics and computers.Americans believe that if children are taught to reason well and to research well,they will be able to find whatever facts they need throughout the rest of their lives.Knowing how to solve problems is considered more important than the accumulation of facts.
This is America's answer to the searching question that thoughtful parents all over the world are asking themselves in the fast-moving time:“How can one prepare today's child for a tomorrow that one can neither predict nor understand?”
词汇：
pricileged享有特权的curricula课程
elite精华，精英underlying潜在的academic学术的reason推理
注释：
1.Its size is matched by its wariety：美国教育规模宏大、种类多样。match这里作动词用，意为“相配”。
2.develop to the utmost：充分发展，最大限度地发展。
3.a sense of civic and community consciousness：公民和社区意识
4.resource materials：参考资料
练习：
1.Which of the following best states the goal of American education?
A.To teach every learner some practical skills.
B.To provide every learner with rich knowledge.
C.To give every student the opportunity to fully develop his/her ability.
D.To train every student to be a responsible citizen.
2.It is implied in the passage that
A.all high-school students take the same courses.
B.every high-school student must take some practical ability training courses.
C.every public school offers the same academic subjects.
D.the subject every student takes may vary.
3.American schools place great emphasis on the learner's
A.enrichment of knowledge.
B.accumulation of facts.
C.acquisition of the ability to be creative.
D.acquisition of the ability to work with his hands.
4.According to the passage,American education meets the needs of all the following EXCEPT
A.the brightest students.
B.the slow students.
C.the students from foreign countries.
D.the immigrants.
5.Which of the following best states the feature of American education that makes it different from education in
other countries?
A.The large number of its schools.
B.The variety of the courses offered in its schools.
C.Its special consideration given to immigrants.
D.Its underlying goal to develop every child's abilities to the fullest extent.
答案与题解：
1.C A，B，D均只指出了美国教育目标的一个方面。
2.D文中提到学生可以根据自己的兴趣、目标和能力来选择课程。
3.C A,B,D都只提到教育的某一个方面，但美国教育最强调的是对学生独立解决问题能力的培养。
4.C本文中没有提到外国留学生。
5.D给每个学生最充分地发挥自己能力的机会是美国教育的最重要特点。
译文：美国教育的目标
教育是美国人的生活中很重要的一部分，花销也大。其规模宏大，种类多样。
与其他大多数国家相比，美国教育的不同在于美国教育是为每一个人设置的~"不只是为享有特权的优等生。学校是要满足每个孩子的需要，不论其能力如何，同时也要满足社会本身的需求。这意味着公立学校提供的教育不只限于学术方面的课程。很多人来到美国之后会吃惊地发现，高中除了提供传统课程，例如：数学、历史和语言之外，他们还提供一些课程如打字、缝纫、无线电修理、计算机课程或驾驶训练课程。学生选择课程是根据个人喜好、目标以及能力水平。美国教育的潜在目标是将每一个孩子的能力最充分地发挥出来，培养每一个孩子的公民和社区觉悟感。
成千上万的移民者涌入这个国家，他们的出身背景不同。传统上,学校在建立民族团结以及使移民者美国化两方面起着重大作用。在社区中，尤其在小城镇，学校仍然起着重要作用。
大家对美国的教学方法彳以乎也很陌生。因为这种教学方法不仅不正式，而且不把重点放在学习具体知识上。相反，美国人教孩子独立思考，教他们自己去开发自己的智慧以及创造能力。学生花很多时
间学习怎样使用参考资料、图书馆、数据以及计算机。美国人认为只要孩子具有好的推理能力，好的研究方法，他们就能在以后找到自己所需的具体知识。他们还认为懂得怎样解决问题比积累事实更重要。
在这个变化万千的时代里，全世界细心的父母都在思考一个尖锐而深刻的问题：“怎样为孩子的明天做准备呢？孩子的明天既不能预料也不能理解。”上述的教学方法正是美国对这一问题的回答。
4、第二十九篇I’ll Be Bach（理工第29篇）
Composer David Cope is the inventor of a computer program that writes original works of classical music.It took Cope30years to develop the software.Now most people can’t tell the difference between music by the famous German composer J.S.Bach(1685-1750)and the Bach-like compositions from Cope’s computer.
It all started in1980in the United States,when Cope was trying to write an opera.He was having trouble thinking of new melodies,so he wrote a computer program to create the melodies.At first this music was not easy to listen to.What did Cope do?He began to rethink how human beings compose music.He realized that composers，brains work like big databases.First,they take in all the music that they have ever heard.Then they take out the music that they dislike.Finally,they make new music from what is left.According to Cope,only the great composers are able to create the database accurately,remember it,and form new musical patterns from it.
Cope built a huge database of existing music.He began with hundreds of works by Bach.The software analyzed the data：it broke it down into smaller pieces and looked for patterns.It then combined the pieces into new patterns.Before long,the program could compose short Bach-like works.They weren’t good,but it was a start.
Cope knew he had more work to do-he had a whole opera to write.He continued to improve the software. Soon it could analyze more complex music.He also added many other composers,including his own work,to the database.
A few years later，Cope’s computer program,called“Emmy”，was ready to help him with his opera.The process required a lot of collaboration between the composer and Emmy.Cope listened to the computer’s musical ideas and used the ones that he liked.With Emmy,the opera took only two weeks to finish.It was called Cradle Falling,and it was a great success!Cope received some of the best reviews of his career,but no one knew exactly how he had composed the work.
Since that first opera,Emmy has written thousands of compositions.Cope still gives Emmy feedback on what he likes and doesn’t like of her music,but she is doing most of the hard work of composing these days!
词汇：
original有独创性的collaboration合作review评论feedback反馈
注释
J.S.Bach约翰?塞巴斯蒂安?巴赫（德语：Johann Sebastian Bach，1685年3月31日一1750年7月28日），巴洛克时期的德国作曲家，杰出的管风琴、小提琴、大键琴演奏家，同作曲家亨德尔和泰勒曼齐名。巴赫被普遍认为是音乐史上最重要的作曲家之一，并被尊称为“西方‘现代音乐’之父”，也是西方文化史上最重要的人物之一。
练习：
1．The music composed by David cope is about______.
A classical music
B pop music
C drama
D country music
2．By developing a computer software，David cope aimed______.
A to be like Bach
B to study Bach
C to write an opera
D to create a musical database 3．What did cope realize about a great composer’s brain?
A It works like a big database.
B It writes a computer program.
C It can recognize any music patterns.
D It can create melodies.
4．Who is Emmy?
A a database
B a computer software
C a composer who helped David
D an opera 5．We can infer from the passage that______.
A David Cope is a computer programmer.
B David Cope loves music.
C Bach’s music helped him a lot.
D Emmy did much more work than a composer.
答案与题解：
1．A第一段的第一句：作曲家大卫科普编写了一个计算机软件，它能创作出古典音乐作品。
2．C从第二段的第一句可以看出，大卫编写电脑软件的目的是写歌剧。A、B和D都属于创作歌剧的一部分。
3．D第二段的后半部分讲的是伟大的歌剧作者与一般的歌剧作者的不同之处是通过对数据进行准确的构建、记忆而后创作出新的音乐形式。
4．B从第五段第一句可知艾米是计算机软件。
5．D从本文第一句可知大卫是一个作曲家，不是计算机程序员，所以排除A，B和C项内容没有提及；从本文的第五段和第六段可知，艾米大大提高了大卫的创作速度，最后一句，大部分重活都由艾米来做，所以作曲家只干一小部分工作。
译文：我也能成为巴赫
作曲家大卫·科普发明了一个电脑软件，它能写出古典音乐的原创作品。科普花了30年才完成这个软件，现在科普的电脑写出的作品与德国注明作曲家J.S.巴赫写的作品很相似，很少有人能分辨出其中的不同。
这一切始于1980年的美国，那时科普正在写一部戏剧，但是他无法创作出新的旋律，于是他编写了一个电脑软件来帮他编曲。最开始的时候，软件写出的乐曲并不动听。科普是怎么做的呢？他开始重新考
虑人们作曲的方式。他认识到作曲家的大脑就像一个大数据库，他们先是吸收他们听过的所有音乐，然后去除他们不喜欢的，最后再根据留下的音乐来创作出新的旋律。科普认为，只有伟大的作曲家才能建立好数据库，并能熟记于心，从而创造出新的音乐。
科普根据现有的音乐建立了庞大的数据库，最开始的时候，数据库包含了几百部巴赫的作品。科普的软件将这些数据进行分析：首先它将音乐拆解成小的片段，从中找出固定模式，然后将片段组合成新的模式。不久，这个软件就能够写出和巴赫风格很像的小曲子。它们并不完美，但这只是个开始。
科普知道，他要做的还有很多——他得写出一整部歌剧。他进一步完善他的软件，不久他就能够写出更复杂的音乐了。他还在数据库中加入了一些其他作曲家的作品，其中也包括他自己的作品。
几年后，科普的软件“艾米”已经能够帮助他创作歌剧了。创作过程需要作曲家和艾米共同配合。科普聆听艾米写出的音乐片段，从中选取他认为好的。有了艾米的帮助，科普只用了两个星期就完成这部歌剧，叫做《摇篮坠落》。演出获得巨大成功，科普也得到了他有生以来最高的评价，但是没有人知道他究竟是怎样创作出这部歌剧的。
从那以后，艾米已经写了上千部作品。科普现在依然会给艾米反馈，告诉她自己哪些音乐是他喜欢的，哪些是不喜欢的，但是现在大部分艰巨的工作是由艾米来完成的。
5、第三十六篇Life as a Movie Extra
Ordinary people have always been attracted to the world of movies and movie stars.One way to get closer to this world is to become a movie extra.Although you have seen movie extras,you may not have paid attention to them.Extras are the people seated at tables in a restaurant while the two main actors are in conversation.They are the guests at the wedding of the main characters.They are the people crossing the street while“the bad guy"is being chased by the police.Extras don’t normally speak any lines,but they help make the scenes look real1.
Being a movie extra might seem like a lot of fun.You get to see what life is like behind the scenes.But don’t forget that being an extra is really a job,and it’s mostly about doing nothing.First-time extras are often shocked to learn how slow the process of movie making is.In a finished movie,the action may move quickly.But it can sometimes take a whole day to shoot a scene that appears for just a few minutes on the screen.
The main requirement for being an extra is the ability to wait.You may report to work at5or6a.m.，and then you wait until the director is ready for your scene.This could take several hours.Then there may be technical problems,and you have to wait some more.After the director says“action”and you do the first“take”，you may have to do it again if he or she is not satisfied with the scene.In fact,you may have to do the same scene over and over again.You could be on the set for hours,sometimes waiting outdoors in very hot or cold weather.2You may not be finished until11p.m.or midnight.The pay isn’t good,either—often only a little bit above minimum wage.And you must pay the agent who gets you the job a commission of about10percent.
So who would want to be a movie extra?In spite of the long hours and low pay,many people still apply for the job.Some people truly enjoy the work.They like being on a movie set,and they enjoy the companionship of their fellow extras.Most of them have flexible schedules,which allow them to be available.3They may be students,waiters,homemakers,retired people,or unemployed actors.Some unemployed actors hope the work will
help them get real acting jobs,but it doesn’t happen often.Most people in the movie industry make a sharp distinction between extras and actors,so extras are not usually considered for large parts.
The next time you see a movie，don’t just watch the stars.Take a closer look at the people in the background, and ask yourself:Who are they?Why are they there?What else do they do in life?Maybe there is someone in the crowd who is just like you.
词汇：
movie extra群众演员chase追捕
shoot拍摄action(导演指令）开拍commission佣金
注释：
1．Extras don’t normally speak any lines,but they help make the scenes look real.：虽然群众演员通常没有台词，但他们的存在使整个场景更加逼真。
2．You could be on the set for hours，sometimes waiting outdoors in very hot or cold weather.：在拍摄现场，你可能一演就是几个小时，有时还要一直待在很热或很冷的环境中。on the set：在拍摄现场。
3．Most of them have flexible schedules,which allow them to be available.：这些人中大部分都是时间比较灵活的人，这样他们就能腾出时间来演戏。
练习：
1．What is true about movie extras?
A)Only agents get them jobs in movies.
B)They often have to wait around on movie sets and do nothing.
C)It’s a good way to get a real acting job.
D)They can have drinks in a restaurant.
2．What might surprise movie extras the first time they do the job?
A)It can take hours to do a scene that is only a few minutes long in the movie.
B)They always do the same scene many times.
C)The actors are interested in talking to them.
D)The action moves very quickly.
3．Why do most people work as movie extras?
A)They like meeting famous movie stars.B)They think they will become famous.
C)They want to be on a movie set.D)They will get real acting jobs.
4．What are the job requirements for being a movie extra?
A)You have to have a part-time job.B)You must be attractive.
C)You must be willing to repeat a scene many times.D)You must start working very early.
5．It can be inferred from the passage that.
A)being a movie extra can be boring B)movie extras need acting experience
C)movie extras can play larger parts D)movie actors are quite different from actors
答案与题解：
1．B本文的第三段详细叙述了群众演员的主要工作要求是在拍摄现场等，不用做事，所以答案为B；第一段中描述了群众演员的工作；他们是演员的陪衬，不用讲话。虽然提到他们是在餐馆里，但并没有提是否可以喝饮料，所以D可以排除；A中的only—词太笼统，所以A不对；从第四段可以看出，从群众演员到演员的转型是相当困难的，所以C也不对。
2．A第二段中说明了令初做群众演员感到吃惊的是：拍一个场景需要一整天，而播放时只有几分钟。虽然B、D都有所提及，但不是令他们吃惊的事情。
3．C虽然做群众演员耗时长而薪酬低，但他们为什么还选择这一工作呢？答案在第四段：他们喜欢这份工作，愿意与别的群众演员交流，他们自己的工作时间有弹性。A没有提到，B、D不太可能。
4．C做群众演员的条件是什么？在第三段和第四段，我们可知：要有耐心（长时间等待，一个场景有时要拍好多次），要肯吃苦（在恶劣的户外环境中拍戏），报酬低，工作时间有弹性。A、B没有提到；在第三段的第二句提到：You may report to work at5or6a.m.，表明只是有时会很早开始工作，不是每日必须的，所以D不对。
5．A从本文对群众演员的工作描述我们可以看出，群众演员只是演员的道具，所以是乏味的。B没有提到；据第四段的最后一句，C不对；第四段的最后一句清楚表明，群众演员和真正的演员差别很大，所以不是得出的推论，推论是通过字里行间推出来的，不是给出的陈述。
译文：群众演员的人生
人们常常被电影和电影演员吸引，接近他们的方式之一就是当群众演员。虽然你见过群众演员，但可能从没注意过他们。群众演员就是主角在餐厅对话时在后面坐着的人，是主角举行婚礼时在现场的客人，是“坏人”被警察追捕的时候过马路的行人。虽然群众演员通常没有台词，但他们的存在使整个场景更真实。
当群众演员看上去很有意思，你可以看到电影背后的情景。但是不要忘记群众演员是一个职业，而这个职业常常意味着无事可做。第一次当群众演员的人常常会感到震惊：原来拍电影这么缓慢。电影成品中的场景会播放的很快，但在拍摄的时候，屏幕上几分钟的镜头可能需要拍一整天。
对群众演员来说，主要的要求就是要有耐心等待。可能告知你早晨五六点钟工作，但你要一直等导演准备好你要出演的一幕，可能一等就是几个小时。说不定还会出现技术问题，那就要等更长的时间。导演说“开始”之后你开始演你的第一场戏，要是导演不满意，你就要重演一遍。实际上，一遍又一遍地重复是常有的事。在拍摄现场，你可能一演就是几个小时，有时还要一直待在很热或很冷的环境中，工作可能会持续到晚上十一二点。报酬也不是那么理想——很可能刚超过最低工资线，你还要从中拿出约10%给向你提供工作的中介。
究劳哪些人会想当群众演员呢？虽然工作时间长而报酬又低，但还是有很多人乐意申请这份工作。有些人是真心喜欢这份工作，他们喜欢出现在电影中，也乐意同其他群众演员交流。这些人中大部分都是时间比较灵活的人，这样他们就能腾出时间来演戏。他们有可能是学生、服务生、家庭主妇、退休人员或者
是失业的演员。一部分找不到工作的演员希望群众演员的工作能够帮助他们找到一份正式的演出工作，但是希望很渺茫。电影业里的人大都对群众演员和正式演员有严格的区分，通常不会考虑让群众演员出演大角色。
下次看电影的时候，别总是盯着影星，也看一下做背景的人，问问你自己：他们是谁？为什么在这里？在生活中他们做些什么呢？也许在人群中就有人过着跟你相似的生活。
6、第三十七篇Pop Music in Africa
Young musicians in African countries are creating a new kind of pop music.The tunes and the rhythms of their music combine African traditions with various forms of music popular today,such as hip-hop,rap,rock,jazz, or reggae.The result is music that may sound familiar to listeners anywhere in the world,but at the same time is distinctly African.It is different also in another way:Many of the songs are very serious and they deal with important social or political issues in Africa today.
Eric Wainaina is one of these African musicians.He grew up in Nairobi,Kenya,in a family of musicians.As a teenager,he listened to pop music from the United States,and later he moved to Boston to study at the Berklee College of Music.Now he has produced a CD in Kenya.Eric's most popular song,"Land of‘A Little Something’”is about Kenya's problem of bribery,or paying others for illegal favors.He wants people to listen to his songs and think about how to make Kenya a better place to live.
Another musician who writes serious songs is Witness Mwaijaga from Tanzania.Her own experiences have helped her understand the suffering of many African women.At the age of fifteen she lost her home,but she was luckier than other homeless young people.She could make a living by writing songs and singing on the street.By the time she was eighteen years old,she had become a star.Her songs are written in rap or hip-hop style about the problems that she sees in Tanzania,especially AIDS and the lack of rights for women1.
Baaba Maal,from Senegal,also feels that pop music must go beyond entertainment.He says that in Senegal, storytellers have always been important people.In the past,they were the ones who kept the history of their people alive.Baaba believes that songwriters now have a similar responsibility.They must write about the world around them and help people understand how it could be better.The words of his songs are important,in fact. They speak of peace and cooperation among Africans,as well as the rights of women,love for one's family,and saving the environment2.
One of South Africa's most popular musicians is Brenda Fassie.She is sometimes compared to Madonna,the American pop star,because she likes to shock people in her shows.But she also likes to make people think.She became famous in the1980s for her simple pop songs against apartheid.Now that apartheid has ended,her songs are about other issues in South African culture and life.To sing about these,she uses local African languages and a new pop style called kwaito.
In recent years,people outside of Africa have also begun to listen to these young musicians.Through music, the younger generation of Africans are connecting with the rest of the world and,at the same time,influencing the rest of the world.
词汇：
apartheid种族隔离
reggae瑞格舞（西印度群岛的舞曲）
bribery行贿，贿赂
注释：
1.Her songs are written in rap or hip-hop style about the problems that she sees in Tanzania,especially AIDS and the lack of rights for women.她用嘻哈和说唱的风格写歌，歌曲的内容是坦桑尼亚的各种问题，特别是艾滋和女性权利的缺失。
2.They speak of peace and cooperation among Africans,as well as the rights of women,love for one's family,and saving the environment.他倡导在非洲要和平与协作，同时也包括妇女权利、热爱家庭和保护环境。
练习：
1.This passage is about how African pop music is_______.
A)usually about love and romance B)more serious than most pop music
C)popular with young people in Africa D)mostly written just for entertainment
2.For people outside of Africa,African pop music is_______.
A)the same as other pop music B)not usually very interesting
C)entirely strange to them D)both familiar and different
3.The musicians mentioned in this passage all_______.
A)write about serious problems B)studied in the United States
C)lost their homes at a young age D)write songs in a new pop style
4.Eric Wainaina_______.
A)prefers to sing in English B)listened to traditional music
C)studied music in Boston D)performs only in the United States
5.Witness Mwaijaga writes about the problem of women partly because_______.
A)she was had a difficult life herself B)there are many problems in Tanzania
C)she has had an easy life herself D)there are no other women singers
答案与题解：
1.B本题的问题是：非洲流行音乐的不同之处是什么？由第一段倒数第一句可以得出答案。“It is different also in another way:Many of the songs are very serious and they deal with important social or political issues in Africa today.”A,D项错误，C项未提及。
2.D本题的问题是：对于非洲以外的人来说，非洲流行音乐给他们的感觉是什么？从第一段可以得出答案。“The result is music that may sound familiar to listeners anywhere in the world,but at the same time is distinctly Afican.”故正确选项为D。
3.A本题的问题是：全文所提到的音乐家的共同的特点是什么？总览全文可以得出结论。全文通篇在讲有关社会和政治等严肃主题的音乐，故正确答案为A。B,C,D都有明显的错误。
4.C本题的问题是：Eric Wainaina的成长细节。由第二段可以得出答案。“…and later he moved to Boston to study at the Berklee College of Music.”其余选项均有错误。
5.A本题的问题是：Witness Mwaijaga写有关女人的问题的原因是什么？答案在第三段第二句“Her own experiences have helped her understand the suffering of many African women.”明显可见是她有切身经历。所以正确答案为A。
译文：非洲的流行音乐
非洲国家的年轻音乐家们创造了一种流行音乐的新形式。音调与旋律不仅有传统的非洲因素也有当下十分流行的各种形式，比如嘻哈、说唱打击乐、摇滚、爵士或者是瑞格舞。这样就使这种音乐让世界各地的听者都觉得很熟悉，而它又是典型的非洲音乐。这种音乐在另一方面也有所不同：很多音乐有着严肃的主题，与当今非洲重要的社会问题和政治问题相关。
Eric Wainaina是这些非洲音乐家的其中之一。他成长于肯尼亚内罗毕的一个音乐世家。少年时期他就昕美国的流行音乐，之后就读于波士顿Berklee College学习音乐。现在他在肯尼亚发了一张CD。他最红的歌曲是"Land of‘A Little Something'”，这首歌是有关肯尼亚行贿受贿问题的。他希望人们听他的歌曲然后思考如何让肯尼亚变成更好的居住地。
另一个写有关严肃主题音乐的音乐家是来自坦桑尼亚的Witness Mwaijaga。她的个人经历让她能够切身体会非洲妇女所受的苦难。她15岁的时候失去了家，但是比起和她一样无家可归的年轻人来说她很幸运。她可以靠写歌和在街头卖唱维持生计。在她18岁的时候，她成为一个明星。她用嘻哈和说唱的风格写歌，歌曲的内容是坦桑尼亚的各种问题，特别是艾滋病和女性权利的缺失。
来自塞内加尔的BaabaMaal也认为流行音乐不仅仅是为了娱乐。他在塞内加尔说过，故事的讲述者往往是重要的人物。在^：去，他们是人民历史的书写者。他认为写歌者也拥有同样的责任。他们必须写他们周围的世界，帮助人民明白如何使它变得更好。事实上，歌词的内容十分重要。他倡导在非洲要和平与协作，同时也包括妇女权利、热爱家庭和保护环境。
南美最流行的音乐家之一是Brenda Fassie。她可以与美国流行巨星麦当娜媲美，因为她的舞台表现力震撼人心。但是她也喜欢让人深思。20世纪80年代她因为一首有关反对种族隔离的单曲而一炮走红。现在种族隔离巳经终止了，她的歌曲有关于南美政治和文化的其他方面。她使用传统的非洲语言与一种新的流行形式库威多来歌唱。
近些年，非洲以外的人们都开始听这些年轻音乐家的歌曲。通过音乐，年青一代的音乐家使非洲与世界其他的地方相连接，同时也影响着世界的其他地方。
7、第四十七篇Narrow Escape
We had left the hut too late that morning.When we stepped outside,the sky beyond the mountains to our east was already livid with colour.1It meant the day would be a hot one,and the warmth would loosen rocks that were
gripped by ice.
As soon as we stepped out on to the face,it became obvious this was going to be an awkward route.The main problem was talus,the debris that collects on mountainsides.Talus is despised by mountaineers for two reasons.First,because it can easily be pushed off on to you by people climbing above.And second,because it makes every step you take insecure.
For about30minutes we moved steadily up the face.The rock was in poor condition,shattered horizontally and mazed with cracks.When I tried to haul myself up on a block of it,it would pull out towards me,like a drawer opening.My hands became progressively wetter and colder2.Then came a shout."Cailloux!Cailloux!"I heard yelled from above,in a female voice.The words echoed down towards us.I looked up to see where they had come from.
There were just two rocks at first,leaping and bounding down the face towards us,once cannoning off each other in mid-air.And then the air above suddenly seemed alive with falling rocks,humming through the air and filling it with noise.Crack,went each one as it leapt off the rock face,then hum-hum-hum as it moved through the air,then crack again.The pause between the cracks lengthened each time,as the rocks gained momentum and jumped further and further.I continued to gaze up at the rocks as they fell and skipped towards me.A boy who had been a few years above me at school had taught me never to look up during a rock fall."Why?Because a rock in your face is far less pleasant than a rock on your helmet,"he told us."Face in,always face in."
I heard Toby,my partner on the mountain that day,shouting at me.I looked across.He was safe beneath an overhanging canopy of rock.I could not understand him.Then I felt a thump,and was tugged backwards and round,as though somebody had clamped a heavy hand on my shoulder and turned me to face them.A rock had hit the lid of my rucksack.
I looked up again.A rock was heading down straight towards me.Instinctively,I leant backwards and arched my back out from the rock to try to protect my chest.What about my fingers,though,I thought:they'll be crushed flat if it hits them,and I'll never get down.Then I heard a crack directly in front of me,and a tug at my trousers, and a yell from Toby."Are you all right?That went straight through you."The rock had pitched in front of me,and passed through the hoop of my body,between my legs,missing me but snatching at my clothing as it went.
Toby and I had spent the evening talking through the events of the morning:what if the big final stone hadn't leapt sideways,what if I'd been knocked off,would you have held me,would I have pulled you off?A more experienced mountaineer would probably have thought nothing of it.I knew I would not forget it.
词汇：
grip紧握；支配vt.紧握；夹紧livid铅色的；青灰色的；非常生气的
awkward笨拙的；尴尬的；棘手的；
注释：
1.When we stepped outside,the sky beyond the mountains to our east was already livid with colour.我们走到外面，东面笼罩在山上的天空是青灰色的。
2.For about30minutes we moved steadily up the face.The rock was in poor condition,shattered horizontally and mazed with cracks.When I tried to haul myself up on a block of it,it would pull out towards me, like a drawer opening.My hands became progressively wetter and colder.我们平稳前进了30分钟。岩石的状况很不好。当我们试图把自己拉上去，它就会滑向我们，像一个打开的抽屉。我的手巨剑出汗变得冰冷。
3.Then I felt a thump,and was tugged backwards and round,as though somebody had clamped a heavy hand on my shoulder and turned me to face them.A rock had hit the lid of my rucksack然后我感到了一阵重击，紧紧向后拉扯，像是有人使劲儿地用手夹住我的肩膀然后把我转向面对他的方向。一块石头砸在了我背包的盖子上。
练习：
1.Why was it“too late”by the time they left the hut in the morning?
A)It would be uncomfortable climbing in hot weather.
B)The livid colour of the sky would hurt their eyes.
C)Rocks loosened by melting ice could be dangerous.
D)They wouldn't be able to walk on the melting ice.
2.The first reason given to explain why mountaineers hate talus is_______.
A)that climbers above you might cause it to fall on you
B)that it allows people climbing above you to push off
C)that it makes people climbing above you feel insecure
D)that it can cause other people to push you off the mountain
3.What is likely to be the meaning of"Cailloux"?
A)Rocks are flying through the air.B)Rocks are falling.
C)There are loose rocks on the ground ahead.D)There are rocks everywhere.
4.What is sarcastic in the words of the boy in paragraph four?
A)He didn't keep his''face in".B)Not every climber wears a helmet.
C)It is very difficult not to look up during a rockfall.D)Being hit by a rock isn't"pleasant"at all.
5.In what sense was Toby"safe"?
A)The overhanging rock would protect him from falling rocks.B)He felt a hand on his shoulder.
C)His rucksack was protected.D)He had hidden under a canopy.
答案与题解：
1.C本题的问题是：为什么说他们离开小屋的时间晚了？由第一段可以知道答案“It meant the day would be a hot one,and the warmth would loosen rocks that were gripped by ice.”可知岩石的状况已经不是很好了，故此题的正确答案为C。
2.A本题的问题是：登山者讨厌斜坡的第一个原因是什么？由原文第二段可以直接得出答案。“First, because it can easily be pushed off on to you by people climbing above.”
3.B本题的问题是：“Cailloux”这个词的意思是什么？由第三段后半部分与第四段开头可知这个单词
是石头滑落的意思。“it would pull towards me,like a drawer opening”“There were just two rocks at first,leaping and bounding down the face towards us,once cannoning off each other in mid-air.”
4.D本题的问题是：在第四段男孩话语中讽刺的是什么？由第四段“‘Why?Because a rock in your face is far less pleasant than a rock on your helmet，’he told us.‘Face in,always face in.’”可知正确答案为D。
5.A本题的问题是：Toby安全的标志是什么？由文中第五段“I looked across,he was safe beneath an overhanging canopy of rock."可以得出答案。
译文：九死一生
那天早上我们离开露营的小屋已经很晚了。我们走到外面，东面笼罩在山上的天空是青灰色的。这意味着将会是很热的一天，温暖会使被冰紧裹的石头慢慢地松开。
正当我们走在表面的时候，很明显它变成了一段很难走的路。主要的何题是斜坡J在山坡上有很多的碎石。斜坡被登山者反感的原因有两个。首先，爬在上面的人很容易摔下去。其次，它使你走的每一步都很危险。
我们平稳前进了30分钟。岩石的状况很不好。当我们试图把自己拉上去，它就会滑向我们，像一个打开的抽屉。我的手逐渐出汗变得冰冷。突然有一声大喊“Cailloux!Cailloux!”我听到来自上面的一个女人的呼喊。声音成回声向下传向我们。我抬起头寻找它来的方向。
最开始只有两块石头，弹跳着移向我们，在半空中撞击。而此时上方的空气也好像随着掉落的石头有了生命，巨大的噪声充斥在空气中。撞击声在石头表面，嗡嗡声游荡在空气中，之后又有了撞击声。每次撞击声之间都有；段时间的空隙，石头越跳越远。我一直盯着石头，感觉马上它就要到我这里来一样。在学校一个比我高几年级的男孩告诉过我，当石头掉下来时千万不要抬头。“为什么”？“因为石头砸在你的头盔上要远远好过砸在你的脸上。”他告诉我们。低头，永远低头。-我听见那天和我一起登山的同伴Toby在喊我。我看了过去，他在一个延伸出的石头下面，已经安全了。我不能理解他。然后我感到了一阵重击，紧紧向后拉扯，像是有人使劲儿地用手夹住我的肩膀然后把我转向面对他的方向。一块石头砸在了我背包的盖子上。
我再次抬起头。一块石头垂直地向我硒下来。本能地，我向后倾斜，拱起我的背保护我的胸部。我的手指怎么办，我想，如果被砸上肯定会被砸扁，再也不能恢复。我听到了在我正前面的一声巨响，有人使劲儿拉我的裤子。Toby大喊：“你还好吧，石头径直向你砸过来。。”石头在我双腿间擦身而过，虽然没有碰到我，但是刮到了我的衣服。
Toby和我用整晚的时间回味早上发生的一切：假如那块大石头没有从旁边滑过，如果我被撞到，你会扶住我吗，我会把你也刮倒吗？对于一个有丰富登山经验的人来说这也许没有什么，但我知道我永远不会忘记这件事。
2015年职称英语考试（理工类）阅读理解
1、第七篇Sugar Power for Cell Phones
Using enzymes commonly found in living cells，a new type of fuel cell produces small amounts of electricity from sugar.If the technology is able to succeed in mass production，you may some day share your sweet drinks with your cell phone.
In fuel cells，chemical reactions generate electrical currents.The process usually relies on precious metals，such as platinum.In living cells，enzymes perform a similar job，breaking down sugars to obtain electrons and produce energy.
When researchers previously used enzymes in fuel cells，they had trouble keeping them active，says Shelley D.Minteer of St Louis University1.Whereas biological cells continually produce fresh enzymes，there’s no mechanism in fuel cells to replace enzymes as they quickly degrade.
Minteer and Tamara Klotzbach，also of St Louis University，have now developed polymers that wrap around an enzyme and preserve it in a microscopic pocket.“We tailor these pockets to provide the ideal microenvironment”for the enzyme，Minteer says.The polymers keep the enzyme active for months instead of days.
In the new fuel Cell，tiny polymer bags of enzyme are embedded in a membrane that coats one of the electrodes.When glucose from a sugary liquid gets into a pocket，the enzyme oxidizes it，releasing electrons and protons.The electrons cross the membrane and enter a wire through which they travel to the other electrode，where they react with.oxygen in the atmosphere to produce water.The flow of electrons through the wire constitutes an electrical current that can generate power.
So far，the new fuel cells don’t produce much power，but the fact that they work at all is exciting，says Paul Kenis，a chemical engineer at the University of Illinois2at Urhana-Champaign3.“Just getting it to work.”Kenis says，“is a major accomplishment.”
Sugar-eating fuel cells could be an efficient way to make electricity.Sugar is easy to find.And the new fuel cells that run on it are biodegradable，so the technology wouldn’t hurt the environment.The scientists are now trying to use different enzymes that will get more power from sugar.They predict that popular products may be using the new technology in as little as3years.
练习：
1.According to the first paragraph，when can we share our sweet drinks with our cell phones?
A When enzymes can be commonly found in living ceils.
B When the technology of producing a new type of fuel cell appears.
C When the technology of a new type of fuel cell is suitable for mass production.
D When the technology of mass producing cell phones appears.
2.What trouble did Minteer and Klotzhach have in their research?
职称英语阅读理解 文稿归稿存档编号：[KKUY-KKIO69-OTM243-OLUI129-G00I-FDQS58-MG129]
【经典资料，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可编辑修改】 【经典考试资料，答案附后，看后必过，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可修改】 第二十七篇Driven to Distraction Joe Coyne slides into the driver’s seat, starts up the car and heads1 to town. The empty stretch of interstate gives way to urban congestion2, and Coyne hits the brakes as a pedestrian suddenly crosses the street in front of him. But even if he hadn’t stopped in time, the woman would have been safe. She isn’t real. Neither is the town. And Coyne isn’t really driving. Coyne is demonstrating a computerized driving simulator that is helping researchers at Old Dominion University3 (ODU) examine how in-vehicle guidance systems affect the person behind the wheel.4 The researchers want to know if such systems, which give audible or written directions, are too distracting — or whether any distractions are offset5 by the benefits drivers get from having help finding their way in unfamiliar locations.6 “We are looking at the performance and mental workload of drivers,” said Caryl Baldwin, the assistant psychology professor lending the research, which involves measuring drivers reaction time and brain activity as they respond to auditory and visual cues7. The researchers just completed a study of the mental workload8 involved in driving through different kinds of environments and heavy
第四十一篇 Too Little for Global Warming Oil and gas will run out1 too fast for doomsday global warming scenarios2 to materialize, according to a controversial new analysis presented this week at the University of Uppsala in Sweden. The authors warn that all the fuel will be burnt before there is enough carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to realize predictions of melting ice caps and searing temperatures. Defending their predictions, scientists from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change3 say they considered a range of estimates of oil and gas reserves, and point out that coal-burning could easily make up4 the shortfall. But all agree that burning coal would be even worse for the planet. The IPCC’s predictions of global meltdown pushed forward5 the 1997 Kyoto Protocol6, an agreement obliging signatory nations to cut CO2 emissions. The IPCC considered a range of future scenarios, from unlimited burning of fossil-fuels to a fast transition towards greener energy sources. But geologists Anders Sivertsson, Kjell Aleklett and Colin Campbell of Uppsala University say there is not enough oil and gas left even the most conservative of the 40 IPCC scenarios to come to pass7. Although estimates of oil and gas reserves vary widely, the researchers are part of a growing group of experts who believe that oil supplies will peak as soon as 2010, and gas soon after. Their analysis suggests that oil and gas reserves combined amount to the equivalent of about 3,500 billion barrels of oil considerably less than the 5,000 billion barrels estimated in the most optimistic model envisaged by the IPCC. Even the average forecast of about 8,000 billion barrels is more than twice the Swedish estimate of the world’s remaining reserves. Nebojsa akicenovic, an energy economist at the University of Vienna, Austria who headed the 80-strong IPCC team that produced the forecasts, says the panel’s work still stands8. He says they factored in9 a much broader and internationally accepted range of oil and gas estimates than the “conservative”Swedes. Even if oil and gas run out. “there’s a huge amount of coal underground that could be exploited.” He says that burning coal could make the IPCC scenarios come true, but points out that such a switch would be disastrous. Coal is dirtier than oil and gas and produces more CO2for each unit of energy, as well as releasing large amounts of particulates. He says the latest
2016职称英语教材-卫生类C级完形填空及参考译文1 第一篇Better Control of TB Seen If a Faster Cure Is Found The World Health Organization1 estimates that about one-third of all people are infected with bacteria that cause tuberculosis . Most times, the infection remains inactive. But each year about eight million people develop active cases of TB, usually in their lungs. Two million people die of it. The disease has increased with the spread of AIDS and drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis. Current treatments take at least six months. People have to take a combination of several antibiotic drugs daily. But many people stop as soon as they feel better. Doing that can lead to an infection that resists treatment. Public health experts agree that a faster-acting cure for tuberculosis would be more effective. Now a study estimates just how effective it might be. A professor of international health at Harvard University2 led the study. Joshua Salomon says a shorter treatment program would likely mean not just more patients cured. It would also mean fewer infectious patients who can pass on their infection to others. The researchers developed a mathematical model to examine the effects of a two-month treatment plan. They tested the model with current TB conditions in Southeast Asia. The scientists found that a two-month treatment could prevent about twenty percent of new cases. And it might prevent about twenty-five percent of TB deaths. The model shows that these reductions would take place between two thousand twelve and two thousand thirty. That is, if a faster cure is developed and in wide use by two thousand twelve. The World Health Organization reductions the DOTS3 program in nineteen ninety. DOTS is Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course. Health workers watch tuberculosis patients take their daily pills to make sure they continue treatment. Earlier this year, an international partnership of organizations announced a plan to expand the DOTS program. The ten-year plan also aims to finance research into new TB drugs. The four most common drugs used now are more than forty years old. The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development4 says its long-term goal is a treatment that could work in as few as ten doses. 1.找到速效治疗剂可以更好控制结核病 世界卫生组织估计全球有大约三分之一的人感染了导致结核病的病菌。大多数时候，这种感染是不活跃的。但是每年大约有八百万结核病病例，通常是在肺部。两百万人因此丧命。结核病发病率由于艾滋病的传播和抗药型结核病的出现而增加。目前的治疗至少需要六个月。患病者不得不每日服用多种抗生素药品。许多人在稍感舒适后就停止使用药品，这么做可能导致抗药性感染。公共卫生专家一致认为针对结核病的速效治疗剂将会更加有效果。现在有一项研究评估这种速效治疗剂究竟效力有多大。这项研究由美国哈佛大学国际卫生方面的教授率领。Joshua Salomon说，疗程较短的治疗计划可能不仅仅意味着更多病人被治好，也意味着将感染传给别人的病人会更少。 研究者们设计了一个数学模型来检测两个月治疗计划的效果。他们以东南亚目前的结核病情况来检验这个模型。科学家们发现两个月的治疗可以防止大约20％的新病例，也可能防止大约5％因结核病引起的死亡。这个模型表明，如果速效治疗剂可以在2012年前研发出来并大规模使用的话，减少结核病例在2012年到2030年间就可以实现。 世界卫生组织在1990年制定了DOTS计划，DOTS意指短期直接观察治疗。卫生工作者监督结核病人每天服药，以确信他们继续治疗。今年年初，一个国际组织同盟宣布了一项扩大DOTS的计划。这个十年计划也旨在资助新结核药品的研究。现在四种最常用的药品也有四十多年的历史了。全球结核病药物开发联盟宣称它的长期目标是找到一种治疗方法，可以通过十次剂量就效果。
2015年全国职称英语考试理工类新增文章汇总 word版全网独一份 注：押题皇后王霞老师授意，新增文章仍然是考试热门文章，务必掌 握。 2015年职称英语教材理工类的变动比较小，一共只有5篇新增文章。2015年职称英语教材理工类新增的5篇文章，分布在阅读理解和补全短文：阅读理解理工C和理工B各新增一篇文章；补全短文理工A、B和C各新增一篇文章。完形填空理工类整体都没有新增文章。
理工C阅读理解新增文章 第九篇An Essential Scientific Process All life on the earth depends upon green plants. Using sunlight, the plants produce their own food. Then animals feed upon the plants. They take in the nutrients the plants have made and stored. But that’s not all. Sunlight also helps a plant produce oxygen. Some of the oxygen is used by the plant, but a plant usually produces more oxygen than it uses. The excess oxygen is necessary for animals and other organisms to live. The process of changing light into food and oxygen is called photosynthesis. Besides light energy from the sun, plants also use water and carbon dioxide. The water gets to the plant through its roots. The carbon dioxide enters the leaves through tiny openings called stomata. The carbon dioxide travels to chloroplasts, special cells in the bodies of green plants. This is where photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplasts contain the chlorophylls that give plants their green color. The chlorophylls are the molecules that trap light energy. The trapped light energy changes water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and a simple sugar called glucose. Carbon dioxide and oxygen move into and out of the stomata. Water vapor also moves out of the stomata. More than 90 percent of water a plant takes in through its roots escapes through the stomata. During the daytime, the stomata of most plants are open. This allows carbon dioxide to enter the leaves for photosynthesis. As night falls, carbon dioxide is not needed. The stomata of most plants close. Water loss stops. If photosynthesis ceased, there would be little food or other organic matter on the earth. Most organisms would disappear. The earth’s atmosphere would no longer contain oxygen. Photosynthesis is essential for life on our planet. 词汇： nutrient n.营养物 organism n.生物体，有机体 carbon dioxide n.二氧化碳 chloroplast n.叶绿体 molecule n.分子 vapor n.水蒸气 oxygen n.氧气 photosynthesis n.光合作用 chlorophyll n.叶绿素 glucose n.葡萄糖 cease v.停止 注释： 1．Then animals feed upon the plants.动物以植物为食。 练习： 1．In the first paragraph，the word “excess” means Aheavy. Bextra. Cgreen. Dliquid.
Stress Level Tied to Education Level 1.Stress level is closely related to. social status. 2.The1,031adults were interviewed. on a daily basis for 8 days. 3.Which group reported the biggest number of stressful days? People with college degrees. 4.The less advantaged people are, the greater. the impact of stress on their health is. 5.Less-educated people report fewer days of stress possibly because. Stress is too common a factor in their life. Medical Journals 1.The main readers of medical journals are. health professionals. 2.Which of the following statements is NOT true? Most medical journals publish only online. 3.How many major types of articls are mentioned in the passage? Five. 4.An article dealing with results from different studies on the same topic is called. A research article. 5.Letters to the editor enable readers of a medical journal to express comments on. Articles published in that journal. Need for Emphasis on Treatment 1.Which is true of many AIDS sufferers in developing countries? They are not receiving any treatment. 2.The WHO publishes its World Health Report. Once a year. 3.According to Lee, our response to the AIDS disease is. A matter of great significance. 4.AIDS treatment programs may also result in. more effective prevention. 5.How many people have died of AIDS so far? More than 20 million. Heat and Health 1.More than 600 people died from heat in Chicago. In 1995. 2.What can piople learn from the Mean Heat Index? The average temperature of an extrem ely hot day. 3.A heat wave is a period of time during which. The weather is much hotter than usual. 4.Muscle pain in hot weather means that. Y our body needs more water. 5.For people who are not in good health,heat can. Be deadly. Losing W eight 1.The study showed that most of the girls. Had a healthy body weight. 2.What percentage of the girls considered themselves overweight? Nearly 30 percent. 3.The survey participants were girls. Who were 10 to 1 4. 4.What kind of institution does the lead researcher work with? A hospital. 5.Unhealthy attitudes about weight,body image and food may. Lead to an eating disorder. Pushbike Peril 1.According to the passage, some engineers are trying to improve the handlebars because. they are not noble enough. 2.In paragraph 2, the author mentions a study of serious abdominal iniuries. To tell us why Kristy Arbogast began the projict. 3.Paragraph 3 mainly discusses. how serious injuries occur. 4.The passage implies that. It is not easy to persuade manufacturers to adopt the new design. 5.In which of the following ways the handgrip work? It reduces the dangerous forces in bicycle accidents. Aate-night Erinking 1.The author mentions “pick-me-up”to indicate that. coffee is a stimulant. 2.Which of the following tells us how caffeine affects sleep? Caffeine halves the body’s levels of sleep hormone. 3.What does paragraph 3 mainly discuss? Different effects of caffeinated coffee and decaf on sleep. 4.What does the experiment mentioned in paragraph 4 prove? Caffeine drinkers produce less sleep hormone. 5.The author of this passage probably agrees that. we should not drink coffee after supper. Attitudes to AIDS Now 1.What do activists worry about? People may stop worrying about AIDS. 2.According to the passage, people’s attitude toward the cure of AIDS is. realistic. 3.The Gallup Poll shows that the number of people. Who think AIDS is the country’s top health killer has fallen. 4.According to the Kaiser Poll, which of the following is NOT correct? More and more people die of AIDS now.
Taking Pictures of the World Meet Annie Griffiths Belt,a National Geographic photographer.Belt has worked for National Geographic since 1978,and has taken pictures on almost every continent in the world.In fact,Antarctica is the only continent Belt hasn't seen yet. Belt's photographs are well known for their beauty and high quality.They also reflect very different cultures and regions of the world.Belt has photographed the ancient city of Petra, Jordan,as well as the green landscapes of the Lake District in England.Recently,her pictures appeared in a book about undeveloped natural places in North America. Everywhere that Belt goes,she takes pictures of people. Belt has found ways to connect with people of all ages and nationalities even when she does not speak their language." The greatest privilege of my job is being allowed into people's lives,"she has said."The camera is like a passport,and I am often overwhelmed by how quickly people welcome me!"
The First Four Minutes最初四分钟 When do people decide whether or not they want to become friends?人们什么时候决定他们是否愿意成为朋友？During their first four minutes together, according to a book by Dr. Leonard Zunin. In his book, “Contact：The first four minutes" he offers this advice to anyone interested in starting new friendships：“Every time you meet someone in a social situation, give him your undivided attention for four minutes. (1) A lot of people's whole lives would change if they did just that. ”按列奥纳多?祖尼博士的书中所说是在他们相处的最初四分钟。在他的书《接触：最初四分钟》里，他向所有对开始新的友谊感兴趣的人们提出了这样的建议：“每次你在社交场合遇到什么人时，全神贯注地注意他四分钟。如果这样做了的话，他们的生活就会完全不同。”； You may have noticed that the average person does not give his undivided attention to someone he has just met. 你可能已经注意到了，一般人都不会全神贯注地注意一个他刚认识的人。(2) He keeps looking over the other person's shoulder, as if hoping to find someone more.他不停地往其他人身后看，好像要在屋里其他地方找到更趣的人似的。If anyone has ever done this to you, you probably did not like him very much.如果有人对你这样，你大概不会很喜欢他。
第五篇Tracking Down HIV In the summer of 1980, a patient had a strange purplish spot removed from below his ear. It was Kaposi’s sarcoma, a rare form of skin cancer. This patient also had lymph node swelling and exhaustion. In November 1980, a Los Angeles immunologist examined a young man who had diseases linked to immune system malfunctions. The doctor had a T-cell count taken of the patient’s blood. T-cells are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role1 in immune responses. The patient had no helper T-cells. By the end of 1980, 55 Americans were diagnosed with infections related to immune system breakdown; four had died. A year later the death toll was 74. Intravenous drug users had T-cell abnormalities. People who had received blood transfusions showed symptoms of immune system breakdown. By July 1982, 471 cases of the disease, now called Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), had been reported; 184 people had died. In April 1984, American virologist Dr. Robert Gallo isolated the pathogen, or disease producer, responsible for2 AIDS. He called it HTLV-III. In Paris, Dr. Luc Montagnier identified a virus he called LAV. An international panel of scientists determined that both men had found the same virus. It became known as Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Blood banks began screening for HTV in 1985, but by then about 29,000 people had been infected through blood transfusions. Some 12,000 hemophiliacs had contracted HIV through blood-clotting products. By 1995, 477,900 Americans had AIDS; 295,500 had died.
2013职称英语阅读理解英文及译文 2013年新增（一）阅读判断 1.第一篇：Taking Pictures of the world 2.*第十二篇：Starting a New Tradition （二）概括大意与完成句子 1.第五篇：US Signs Global Tobacco Treaty 2.第八篇：How We Form First Impression （三）阅读理解 1.第三篇：Shark Attack ！ 2.第五篇：The Travels of Ibn Battuta 12年新增的篇目：第1、8、10、11、16、19、20、26、30、33、34、35、37、38、47篇 13年新增的篇目：第3、5篇。 12年第8篇(C级)第33篇B级，第35篇A级2012年已考 职称英语阅读理解文章译文(参加综合A、B、C级考试需要掌握文章) 3 第一篇讲述关于人们的故事 Telling Tales about People 第二篇课外学习带来很大不同 4 Outside-the-classroom Learning Makes a Big Difference 5 第三篇小心鲨鱼 5 Shark Attack! 6 第四篇火鸡盛宴和感恩节的祝福 6 Feast on Turkey and Good Wishes at Thanksgiving 7 第五篇伊本白图泰游记7 The Travels of Ibn Battuta 8 第六篇看电视与长途汽车旅行9 TV Shows and Long Bus Trips 10 第七篇现代日光浴者10 Modern Sun Worshippers 11 第八篇变化中的中产阶级11 The Changing Middle Class 12 第九篇单亲幼儿最出色12 Single-parent Kids Do Best 13 第十篇艾伦的来信13 A Letter from Alan 14 第十一篇芭蕾舞的发展14 The Development of Ballet 15 第十二篇走私15 Smuggling 15 第十三篇芭比娃娃16 The Barbie Dolls 16 第十四篇睡眠17 Sleep 17
职称英语补全短文第3课时1 PASSAGE 8 Einstein Named "Person of Century" Albert Einstein，whose theories on space time and matter helped unravel the secrets of the atom and of the universe，was chosen as "Person of the Century" by Time magazine on Sunday. A man whose very name is synonymous with scientific genius，Einstein has come to represent_（1）_the flowering of 20th century scientific thought that set the stage for the age of technology. "The world has changed far more in the past 100 years than in any other century in history. The reason is not political or economic，but technological-technologies_（2）_，" wrote theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking in a Time essay explaining Einstein's significance. "Clearly，no scientist better represents those advances than Albert Einstein." Time chose as runner-up President Franklin Roosevelt to represent the triumph of freedom and democracy over fascism，and Mahatma Gandhi as an icon for a century when
2020年职称英语新增文章：教材理工类第六篇 第六篇 The Apgar Test The baby was bom at 3：36 p. m. At 3：37，she scored 4 out of 10 on her first test. At 3：41，she scored 8 out of 10. The doctor was glad. Another baby, bom at 8：24 p. m.，scored 3 out of 10 on his first test He scored 4 out of 10 on his second test. He took another test at 8：34 and scored 5. 1 He called for help1. These newborn babies took a test called the Apgar test. This test helps doctors diagnose problems. 2 Most babies take two tests. The first is at 1 minute after birth, and the second is at 5 minutes after birth. If a baby’s score at 5 minutes is less than 6，the baby takes another test at 10 minutes after birth. The Apgar t est is not an intelligence test. It’s a test that shows a baby’s health right after it is bom. The Apgar test measures things such as a baby’s color, heart rate, and breathing. The test has five parts, and the score for each part can be 0，1，or 2. 3