毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译
学院（系）：机械工程学院
专业：机械工程及自动化
姓名：
学号：
外文出处：Distributed Network Research
Center and Its Application in
Agile Manufacturing
附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
指导教师评语：
该外文翻译语言流畅通顺，较准确完整地翻译了原文，所翻译的齿轮的特点和作用的文章，与毕业设计的课题相关。达
到了本科毕业外文翻译的要求。
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附件1：外文原文
Gear features and functions
Abstract
Gears in the mechanical equipment to achieve an integral, it is a lot of superior performance. The appropriate gear and reasonable use of transmission gears can improve equipment performance but also could prolong gear life.
Keywords
Gear, characteristics, fault, application
Wheel gear's spreading to move is a the most wide kind of the application spreads to move a form in the modern machine.Its main advantage BE
1 spreads to move to settle, work than in a moment steady, spread to move accurate credibility, can deliver space arbitrarily sport and the motive of the of two stalks；Power and speed scope
2 applies are wide；
3 spreads to move an efficiency high, η =0.92-0.98；
4 work is dependable, service life long；
5 Outline size outside the is small, structure tightly packed.The wheel gear constituted to°；；；from wheel gear, stalk, bearings and box body decelerates a machine, useding for prime mover and work machine or performance organization of, have already matched to turn soon and deliver a function of turning , the application is extremely extensive in the
modern machine.
6 Local deceleration machine much with the wheel gear spread to move,
the pole spread to move for lord, but widespread exist power and weight
ratio small, or spread to move ratio big but the machine efficiency lead
a low problem.There are also many weaknesses on material quality and craft
level moreover, the especially large deceleration machine's problem is
more outstanding, the service life isn't long.The deceleration machine
of abroad, with Germany, Denmark and Japan be placed in to lead a position,
occupying advantage in the material and the manufacturing craft specially,
decelerating the machine work credibility like, service life long.But it
spreads to move a form to still take settling stalk wheel gear to spread
to move as lord, physical volume and weight problem, don't also resolve
like The direction which decelerates a machine to is the facing big power
and spread to move ratio, small physical volume, high machine efficiency
and service life to grow greatly nowadays develops.Decelerating the
connecting of machine and electric motor body structure is also the form
which expands strongly, and have already produced various structure forms
and various products of power model numbers.Be close to ten several in
the last yearses, control a technical development because of the modern
calculator technique and the number, make the machine process accuracy,
process an efficiency to raise consumedly, pushed a machine to spread the
diversification of movable property article thus, the mold piece of the
whole machine kit turns, standardizing, and shape design the art turn,
making product more fine, the beauty turns. Become a set a machine material In 21 centuries medium, the wheel gear is still a machine to spread
a dynamic basic https://www.doczj.com/doc/6518110084.html,C tool machine and the craft technical development,
pushed a machine to spread to move structure to fly to develop soon.Be
spreading to move the electronics control, liquid in the system design
to press to spread to move, wheel gear, take the mixture of chain to spread
to move, will become become soon a box to design in excellent turn to spread to move a combination of direction.The academics that is in spread move the design crosses, will become new spread a movable property article the important trend of the development. Is the use of gear teeth of two gears meshing each other transmission of mechanical power and motion transmission. According to the relative position of the gear axis parallel to axis of cylindrical sub-gear drive, bevel gear axis intersect and cross-axis helical drive gear. Compact structure, high efficiency, long life and so on. Gear refers to the main, driven wheel gear direct, movement and power transmission devices. Of all the mechanical transmission, the most widely used gear can be used to transfer between any two axes of motion and power.
The characteristics of gear is: a smooth gear transmission, the transmission ratio accurate, reliable, high efficiency, long life, the use of power, speed and size range. For example, transmission of power from small to almost 100,000 kilowatts; speeds of up to 300m / s; gear diameter from a few millimeters to more than 20 meters. However, the need for specialized gear manufacturing equipment, the meshing noise transmission. Gear failure for the five forms, should be the appropriate design criteria established. However, tooth wear, plastic deformation and so on, as they have not been widely established and well-established engineering practice to use the calculation method and design data, so the gear drive design, it is usually only on the guarantee that the tooth root bending fatigue strength and tooth surface to ensure contact fatigue strength calculation of the two criteria. For high-power high-speed gear transmission (such as aero-engine main drive, drive turbine-generator unit, etc.), but also ensure the tooth surface by the anti-bonding capacity calculation guidelines. As for the ability to resist other failure, although generally not at present be calculated, but the measures
to be taken to strengthen the tooth's ability to resist these failures.
1 closed gear transmission Informed by practice, in the closed gear transmission, usually to ensure that the main tooth contact fatigue strength. Tooth surface hardness for high strength and low core-tooth gear (such as 20,20 Cr steel by quenching after carburizing gears) or a more brittle material of the gear, usually at the tooth root bending fatigue strength to ensure that the main. If the two gears are hardened and the tooth surface hardness as high as, then as the case may be. Larger transmission power, such as the input power of 75kW closed more than gear, heat, easy to lead to bad lubrication and gear damage, such as glue, in order to control the temperature rise, but also for calculation of cooling capacity.
2 open-gear transmission Open (semi-open) gear drive, according to tooth surface is supposed to be based to ensure that anti-wear and anti-fracture ability Dedendum two criteria are calculated, but as mentioned earlier, on the tooth surface abrasion resistance of the method of calculating capacity is not perfect yet, so off-type (semi-open) gear drive, the current only to ensure that the tooth root bending fatigue strength as a design criteria. In order to extend the open (semi-open) the life of gear, the specific needs of visualization to be obtained by increasing the appropriate modulus. Reducer is the prime mover with an independent closed between the work gear to reduce speed and to increase torque. In addition, in some occasions, there are devices used for growth, and known as the accelerator. When the motor output shaft speed input from the initiative, the drive pinion rotation, and the drive pinion gear movement, and a large number of teeth than the gear pinion, and the speed ratio gear pinion slow, then the shaft gear ( output shaft) output, which has played the role of output slowdown. Reducer of the type, variety, many types have been formulated for the trip (the country) the subject of more than 40
kinds of reducer. Reducer is based on the type of gear used, tooth profile curve divided; reducer species is based on the use of the different needs of the reducer structure; the type of reducer in the basic structure of the tooth surface, based on hardness, transmission level, the shaft type, assembly type, installation type, connection type and other factors designed reducer different characteristics. Reducer connected with the work load of the state of more complex machines, a great impact on the speed reducer is a reducer selection and calculation of an important factor in the load reducer that is the work of the state machine (from the motives) of the load, and is usually divided into three categories: 1 uniform load;2 Medium impact load; 3 strong impact load. Mechanical aspects of the slowdown in the devices typically are:
1 for the speed is relatively small, less torque on the gear drive system - ranging from a pair of gear teeth (speed) or a range of gear teeth ( variable speed). Large number of teeth for which the driving wheel, a large number of teeth used for the driven wheel.
2 for speed is relatively small, a larger torque on the gear drive system - a screw and a gear. Screw driving force with which to make decisions. If the gear teeth for N, while rotating around each gear, screw on the ring must be rotating N.
3 for the speed ratio, and torque transmission on a large turbine vice - a rod and a vortex turbine. Used to decide under which vortex dynamics. If the turbine for the number of teeth N, while rotating around each turbine, vortex must be rotating N pole lap. Air power plant is typically used for turbine Vice reducer.
Its role is to:
1 deceleration at the same time increase the output torque, torque output by motor output by the ratio of reduction ratio, but bearing in mind that do not exceed the rated torque reducer.
2 The speed at the same time reducing the load inertia, the reduction of inertia than the square of speed. We can look at General Electric has a value of inertia. There is a general helical gear reducer reducer (including parallel shaft helical gear reducer, worm gear reducer, bevel gear reducer, etc.), planetary gear reducer, cycloid reducer, worm gear reducer, planetary-type friction mechanical CVT machine and so on. And we have a common type of speed reducer:
1 worm gear reducer is a main feature of the reverse self-locking function, can have a larger reduction ratio, input shaft and output shaft axis is not the same, nor in the same plane . But in general larger, the transmission efficiency is not high, the accuracy is not high.
2 harmonic of the harmonic drive speed reducer is to use flexible components of the elastic deformation controlled to convey movement and momentum, and volume not very high accuracy, but the drawback is the limited life Flexspline, the impact of intolerance, rigidity and metal pieces compared to poor.
3 planetary reducer compare the advantage of compact structure, the return gap small, high precision, long life, rated output torque can do a lot. Enter the speed can not be too high. However, the price a little expensive. Mechanical transmission is the use of mechanical power transmission and motion transmission. Mechanical transmission in mechanical engineering in a wide range of applications, there are a variety of forms, can be divided into two categories
1 by mechanical friction between the transmission of power and movement of the friction drive, including belt drive, rope drive and friction wheel drive and so on. Easy to achieve continuously variable friction transmission, and most of them can adapt to the larger axis of the transmission distance of occasions, been able to play a buffer containing the spin and the role of the protection gear, but generally can not be
used for high-power transmission of the occasion, there is no guarantee that an accurate the transmission ratio.
2 items by active engagement with the follower, or through transmission of power or middleware meshing engagement campaign drive, including the gear drive, chain drive, screw drive and harmonic drive and so on. Meshing can be used for high-power transmission of the occasions, the exact transmission ratio, but the general requirements for the manufacture of high precision and accuracy of the installation. The form of mechanical transmission is divided into: friction drive, chain drive, gear drive, belt drive, under vortex turbine drive, ratchet drive, the crankshaft connecting rod drive, pneumatic drive, hydraulic transmission (hydraulic plane), universal joint transmission,steel transmission (the most widely elevator) drive coupling, spline drive.
附件2：外文资料翻译译文
齿轮的特点和作用
摘要齿轮实现在机械设备中不可缺少的组成，它很多优越的性能。齿轮的传动合理恰当的运用齿轮可以提高设备的性能同时也能延长齿轮的寿命。
关键词齿轮特点故障应用
齿轮是应用的最广泛的一种传播朝着现代机器.它的的形式主要益处：
1 扩散转移到定居，比在目前稳定的工作，传动准确可信性，可以提供空间任意体育和秸秆的两个动机，动力和速度范围
2 适用是广泛;
3 利差动议一项效率高，η= 0.92-0.98;
4 工作可靠，使用寿命长;
5 外形尺寸外小，结构紧凑齿轮组成的，由齿轮，轴，轴承和箱体，减速机器，为原动机和工作机使用或业绩组织，已经匹配很快转向提供一个转折点功能，应用极为广泛的现代机器。很大的危机蔓延到移动齿轮减速机
6 当地的杆传动的领主，但存在着广泛的权力和重量比小，或传动比大，但是机械的效率低问题.领导也有很多不足之处对材料质量和工艺水平，而且，特别是大型减速机的问题更加突出，使用寿命不长，朴拙贴身的减速机在国外，与德国，丹麦和日本放在领导的位置，占据优势，在材料和制造工艺特殊，减速机等工作的信誉，服务寿命本.但是蔓延至移动形式，还需要解决秸秆齿轮的传动为领主，体积和重量问题，也解决不喜欢减速的方向，是一台机器所面临的大国和传动比，小体积，高机械效率和使用寿命大大增长，现在发展.减速的机械和电气汽车车身结构也是连接形式扩大强烈，并已编制了不同的结构形式和权力模式号码.有接近10多个，在过去一些年，控制由于现代计算机技术和数字技术的发展，使机械加工精度的各种产品，过程效率提高不以为然，推到机器上传播动产第多样化，因此，整个机器包件模具曲折，规范，设计和塑造的艺术之交，使产品更加精细，变成美丽。
成为21世纪中期一套机器材料，齿轮机床仍然是一个动态的传播基本组
成.CNC机床和工艺技术的发展，推动一机传动结构，飞速发展快速.在蔓延移动电子控制，在系统设计液体新闻界传动，齿轮，采取连锁混合物蔓延到移动，不久将成为成为一个框，以优秀的设计又蔓延到移动的方向相结合。的学者提出，在传播交叉的设计，将成为新的传播动产文中提到的发展的重要趋势。
就是两个齿轮啮合齿轮使用各种机械动力和运动传递等传输。根据相对位置的齿轮轴平行的圆柱子轴齿轮传动，伞齿轮轴交叉和跨斜轴传动齿轮。结构紧凑，效率高，寿命长等。齿轮是指主要，直接驱动齿轮，运动和动力传输设备。
在所有的机械传动，使用最广泛的设备可用于运动之间转移和权力的任何两个轴。
齿轮的特点是：齿轮传动平稳，传动比准确，可靠，效率高，寿命长，权力运行，速度和尺寸范围。例如，传输功率小，几乎一十点零零万千瓦，最高速度300米/秒，从几毫米齿轮直径超过20米。但是，专门齿轮生产设备的需要，啮合噪声传播。
齿轮故障的5种形式，应建立适当的设计标准。不过，牙齿磨损，塑性变形等，因为他们没有得到普遍建立和完善的工程实践中使用的计算方法和设计数据，因此，齿轮传动的设计，它通常只有在保证齿根弯曲疲劳强度和齿面接触疲劳，以确保这两个标准，强度计算。高功率高速（如航空发动机的主要驱动器，驱动汽轮发电机组等），而且还确保了反键能力的计算方针，齿面齿轮传动。至于抵抗能力其他故障，但一般不会在目前的计算方法，但将采取什么措施，以加强牙齿的能力，抵御这些故障。
1 封闭齿轮传动
知情实践，在封闭齿轮传动，通常以确保主要齿面接触疲劳强度。齿高强度和低核心齿轮（如20,20铬钢表面硬度齿轮渗碳淬火后）或更多的齿轮脆性材料，通常是在牙齿弯曲疲劳强度，以确保主要根源。如果两个齿轮硬化和高达齿面硬度，然后视情况而定。较大的发射功率，如输入功率75千瓦，比齿轮封闭，热，容易导致诸如润滑不良胶和齿轮损坏，更长时间，以便控制温度上升，而且对制冷量的计算。
2 开放式齿轮传动
开放式（半开）齿轮传动，根据牙齿表面应该是基础，确保抗磨损和抗断裂能
中英文对照外文翻译 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) Create and comprehensive technology in the structure global design of the building The 21st century will be the era that many kinds of disciplines technology coexists , it will form the enormous motive force of promoting the development of building , the building is more and more important too in global design, the architect must seize the opportunity , give full play to the architect's leading role, preside over every building engineering design well. Building there is the global design concept not new of architectural design,characteristic of it for in an all-round way each element not correlated with building- there aren't external environment condition, building , technical equipment,etc. work in coordination with, and create the premium building with the comprehensive new technology to combine together. The premium building is created, must consider sustainable development , namely future requirement , in other words, how save natural resources as much as possible, how about protect the environment that the mankind depends on for existence, how construct through high-quality between architectural design and building, in order to reduce building equipment use quantity and
齿轮（2模数）标准 齿数外径D内径d齿数外径D内径d齿数外径D内径d 18∮40∮3149∮102∮9380∮164∮155 19∮42∮3350∮104∮9581∮166∮157 20∮44∮3551∮106∮9782∮168∮159 21∮46∮3752∮108∮9983∮170∮161 22∮48∮3953∮110∮10184∮172∮163 23∮50∮4154∮112∮10385∮174∮165 24∮52∮4355∮114∮10586∮176∮167 25∮54∮4556∮116∮10787∮178∮169 26∮56∮4757∮118∮10988∮180∮171 27∮58∮4958∮120∮11189∮182∮173 28∮60∮5159∮122∮11390∮184∮175 29∮62∮5360∮124∮11591∮186∮177 30∮64∮5561∮126∮11792∮188∮179 31∮66∮5762∮128∮11993∮190∮181 32∮68∮5963∮130∮12194∮192∮183 33∮70∮6164∮132∮12395∮194∮185 34∮72∮6365∮134∮12596∮196∮187 35∮74∮6566∮136∮12797∮198∮189 36∮76∮6767∮138∮12998∮200∮191 37∮78∮6968∮140∮13199∮202∮193 38∮80∮7169∮142∮133100∮204∮195 39∮82∮7370∮144∮135101∮206∮197 40∮84∮7571∮146∮137102∮208∮199 41∮86∮7772∮148∮139103∮210∮201 42∮88∮7973∮150∮141104∮212∮203 43∮90∮8174∮152∮143105∮214∮205 44∮92∮8375∮154∮145106∮216∮207 45∮94∮8576∮156∮147107∮218∮209 46∮96∮8777∮158∮149108∮220∮211 47∮98∮8978∮160∮151109∮222∮213 48∮100∮9179∮162∮153110∮224∮215 齿距=(D+d)/2+(间隙0.6~1) 2模数=4.5mm 模具人：何永清 制表
控制系统基础论文中英文资料外文翻译文献 文献翻译 原文： Numerical Control One of the most fundamental concepts in the area of advanced manufacturing technologies is numerical control (NC).Prior to the advent of NC, all machine tools were manual operated and controlled. Among the many limitations associated with manual control machine tools, perhaps none is more prominent than the limitation of operator skills. With manual control, the quality of the product is directly related to and limited to the skills of the operator . Numerical control represents the first major step away from human control of machine tools. Numerical control means the control of machine tools and other manufacturing systems though the use of prerecorded, written symbolic instructions. Rather than operating a machine tool, an NC technician writes a program that issues operational instructions to the machine tool, For a machine tool to be numerically controlled , it must be interfaced with a device for accepting and decoding the p2ogrammed instructions, known as a reader. Numerical control was developed to overcome the limitation of human operator , and it has done so . Numerical control machines are more accurate than manually operated machines , they can produce parts more uniformly , they are faster, and the long-run tooling costs are lower . The development of NC led to the development of several other innovations in manufacturing technology: 1.Electrical discharge machining. https://www.doczj.com/doc/6518110084.html,ser cutting. 3.Electron beam welding.
中英文对照外文翻译 汽车变速器设计 我们知道，汽车发动机在一定的转速下能够达到最好的状态，此时发出的功率比较大，燃油经济性也比较好。因此，我们希望发动机总是在最好的状态下工作。但是，汽车在使用的时候需要有不同的速度，这样就产生了矛盾。这个矛盾要通过变速器来解决。 汽车变速器的作用用一句话概括，就叫做变速变扭，即增速减扭或减速增扭。为什么减速可以增扭，而增速又要减扭呢？设发动机输出的功率不变，功率可以表示为 N = w T，其中w是转动的角速度，T 是扭距。当N固定的时候，w与T是成反比的。所以增速必减扭，减速必增扭。汽车变速器齿轮传动就根据变速变扭的原理，分成各个档位对应不同的传动比，以适应不同的运行状况。 一般的手动变速器内设置输入轴、中间轴和输出轴，又称三轴式，另外还有倒档轴。三轴式是变速器的主体结构，输入轴的转速也就是发动机的转速，输出轴转速则是中间轴与输出轴之间不同齿轮啮合所产生的转速。不同的齿轮啮合就有不同的传动比，也就有了不同的转速。例如郑州日产ZN6481W2G型SUV车手动变速器，它的传动比分别是：1档3.704:１；2档2.202:1；3档1.414:1；4档1:1；5档（超速档）0.802:1。 当汽车启动司机选择1档时，拨叉将1/2档同步器向后接合1档
齿轮并将它锁定输出轴上，动力经输入轴、中间轴和输出轴上的1档齿轮，1档齿轮带动输出轴，输出轴将动力传递到传动轴上（红色箭头）。典型1档变速齿轮传动比是3:1,也就是说输入轴转3圈，输出轴转1圈。 当汽车增速司机选择2档时，拨叉将1/2档同步器与1档分离后接合2档齿轮并锁定输出轴上，动力传递路线相似，所不同的是输出轴上的1档齿轮换成2档齿轮带动输出轴。典型2档变速齿轮传动比是2.2:1，输入轴转2.2圈，输出轴转1圈，比1档转速增加，扭矩降低。 当汽车加油增速司机选择3档时，拨叉使1/2档同步器回到空档位置，又使3/4档同步器移动直至将3档齿轮锁定在输出轴上，使动力可以从轴入轴—中间轴—输出轴上的3档变速齿轮，通过3档变速齿轮带动输出轴。典型3档传动比是1.7:1，输入轴转1.7圈，输出轴转1圈，是进一步的增速。 当汽车加油增速司机选择4档时，拨叉将3/4档同步器脱离3档齿轮直接与输入轴主动齿轮接合，动力直接从输入轴传递到输出轴，此时传动比1:1，即输出轴与输入轴转速一样。由于动力不经中间轴，又称直接档，该档传动比的传动效率最高。汽车多数运行时间都用直接档以达到最好的燃油经济性。 换档时要先进入空档，变速器处于空档时变速齿轮没有锁定在输出轴上，它们不能带动输出轴转动，没有动力输出。 一般汽车手动变速器传动比主要分上述1－4档，通常设计者首先确定最低（1档）与最高（4档）传动比后，中间各档传动比一
The future of the tall building and structure of buildings Zoning effects on the density of tall buildings and solar design may raise ethical challenge. A combined project of old and new buildings may bring back human scale to our cities. Owners and conceptual designers will be challenged in the 1980s to produce economically sound, people-oriented buildings. In 1980 the Level House, designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merril1 (SOM) received the 25-year award from the American Institute of Architects “in recogn ition of architectural design of enduring significance”. This award is given once a year for a building between 25and 35 years old .Lewis Mumford described the Lever House as “the first office building in which modern materials, modern construction, modern functions have been combined with a modern plan”. At the time, this daring concept could only be achieved by visionary men like Gordon Bunshaft, the designer , and Charles Luckman , the owner and then-president of Lever Brothers . The project also include d a few “first” : (1) it was the first sealed glass tower ever built ; (2) it was the first office building designed by SOM ;and (3) it was the first office building on Park Avenue to omit retail space on the first floor. Today, after hundreds of look-alike and variations on the grid design, we have reached what may be the epitome of tall building design: the nondescript building. Except for a few recently completed buildings that seem to be people-oriented in their lower floors, most tall buildings seem to be arepletion of the dull, graph-paper-like monoliths in many of our cities. Can this be the end of the design-line for tall buildings? Probably cannot. There are definite signs that are most encouraging. Architects and owners have recently begun to discuss the design problem publicly. Perhaps we are at the threshold of a new era. The 1980s may bring forth some new visionaries like Bunshaft and Luckman. If so, what kinds of restrictions or challenges do they face? Zoning Indications are strong that cities may restrict the density of tall buildings, that is, reduce the number of tall buildings per square mile. In 1980 the term
第2章渐开线圆柱齿轮几何参数设计计算 2．1 概述 渐开线圆柱齿轮设计是齿轮传动设计中最常用、最典型的设计，掌握其设计方法是齿轮设计者必须具备的，对于其它类型的传动也有很大的帮助。在此重点讨论渐开线圆柱齿轮设计的设计技术。 2．2 齿轮传动类型选择 直齿（无轴向力） 斜齿（有轴向力，强度高，平稳） 双斜齿（无轴向力，强度高，平稳、加工复杂） 2．3 齿轮设计的主要步骤 多级速比分配 单级中心距估算 齿轮参数设计 齿轮强度校核 齿轮几何精度计算 2．4 齿轮参数设计原则 （1) 模数的选择 模数的选择取决于齿轮的弯曲承载能力，一般在满足弯曲强度的条件下，选择较小的模数，对减少齿轮副的滑动率、増大重合度，提高平稳性有好处。但在制造质量没有保证时，应选择较大的模数，提高可靠性，模数増大对动特性和胶合不利。 模数一般按模数系列标准选取，对动力传动一般不小于2 对于平稳载荷：mn=(0.007-0.01)a 对于中等冲击：mn=(0.01-0.015)a 对于较大冲击：mn=(0.015-0.02)a （2）压力角选择 an=20 大压力角（25、27、28、30）的优缺点：
优点：齿根厚度和渐开线部分的曲率半径增大，对接触弯曲强度有利。齿面滑动速度减小，不易发生胶合。根切的最小齿数减小。缺点：齿的刚度增大，重合度减小，不利于齿轮的动态特性。轴承所受的载荷增大。过渡曲线长度和曲率半径减小，应力集中系数增大。 小压力角（14.5、15、16、17.5、18）的优缺点： 优点：齿的刚度减小，重合度增大，有利于齿轮的动态特性。轴承所受的载荷减小。缺点：齿根厚度和渐开线部分的曲率半径减小，对接触弯曲强度不利。齿面滑动速度增大，易发生胶合。根切的最小齿数增多。 （3）螺旋角选择 斜齿轮螺旋角一般应优先选取整:10-13. 双斜齿轮螺旋角一般应优先选取:26-33. 螺旋角一般优先取整数，高速级取较大，低速级取较小。 考虑加工的可能性。 螺旋角增大的优缺点： 齿面综合曲率半径增大，对齿面接触强度有利。 纵向重合度增大，对传动平稳性有利。 齿根的弯曲强度也有所提高（大于15度后变化不大）。 轴承所受的轴向力增大。 齿面温升将增加，对胶合不利。 断面重合度减小。 （4）齿数的选择 最小齿数要求（与变位有关） 齿数和的要求 齿数互质要求 大于100齿的质数齿加工可能性问题（滚齿差动机构） 高速齿轮齿数齿数要求 增速传动的齿数要求 （5）齿宽和齿宽系数的选择 一般齿轮的齿宽由齿宽系数来确定， φa=b/a φd=b/d1 φm=b/mn φa=(0.2-0.4)
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 学院：机械工程学院 专业：机械设计制造及其自动化 姓名： 学号：XXXXXXXXXX 外文出处：《Computational Intelligence and (用外文写)Design》 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 基于微型计算机的步进电机控制系统设计 孟天星余兰兰 山东理工大学电子与电气工程学院 山东省淄博市 摘要 本文详细地介绍了一种以AT89C51为核心的步进电机控制系统。该系统设计包括硬件设计、软件设计和电路设计。电路设计模块包括键盘输入模块、LED显示模块、发光二极管状态显示和报警模块。按键可以输入设定步进电机的启停、转速、转向,改变转速、转向等的状态参数。通过键盘输入的状态参数来控制步进电机的步进位置和步进速度进而驱动负载执行预订的工作。运用显示电路来显示步进电机的输入数据和运行状态。AT89C51单片机通过指令系统和编译程序来执行软件部分。通过反馈检测模块，该系统可以很好地完成上述功能。 关键词：步进电机，AT89C51单片机，驱动器，速度控制 1概述 步进电机因为具有较高的精度而被广泛地应用于运动控制系统，例如机器人、打印机、软盘驱动机、绘图仪、机械式阀体等等。过去传统的步进电机控制电路和驱动电路设计方法通常都极为复杂，由成本很高而且实用性很差的电器元件组成。结合微型计算机技术和软件编程技术的设计方法成功地避免了设计大量复杂的电路，降低了使用元件的成本，使步进电机的应用更广泛更灵活。本文步进电机控制系统是基于AT89C51单片机进行设计的，它具有电路简单、结构紧凑的特点，能进行加减速，转向和角度控制。它仅仅需要修改控制程序就可以对各种不同型号的步进电机进行控制而不需要改变硬件电路，所以它具有很广泛的应用领域。 2设计方案 该系统以AT89C51单片机为核心来控制步进电机。电路设计包括键盘输入电路、LED显示电路、发光二极管显示电路和报警电路，系统原理框图如图1所示。 At89c51单片机的P2口输出控制步进电机速度的时钟脉冲信号和控制步进电机运转方向的高低电平。通过定时程序和延时程序可以控制步进电机的速度和在某一
翻译部分 英文原文 Gear mechanisms Gear mechanisms are used for transmitting motion and power from one shaft to another by means of the positive contact of successively engaging teeth. In about 2,600B.C., Chinese are known to have used a chariot incorporating a complex series of gears like those illustrated in Fig.2.7. Aristotle, in the fourth century B .C .wrote of gears as if they were commonplace. In the fifteenth century A.D., Leonardo da Vinci designed a multitude of devices incorporating many kinds of gears. In comparison with belt and chain drives ,gear drives are more compact ,can operate at high speeds, and can be used where precise timing is desired. The transmission efficiency of gears is as high as 98 percent. On the other hand, gears are usually more costly and require more attention to lubrication, cleanliness, shaft alignment, etc., and usually operate in a closed case with provision for proper lubrication. Gear mechanisms can be divided into planar gear mechanisms and spatial gear mechanisms. Planar gear mechanisms are used to transmit motion and spatial gear mechanisms. Planar gear mechanisms are used to transmit motion and power between parallel shafts ,and spatial gear mechanisms between nonparallel shafts. Types of gears (1)Spur gears. The spur gear has a cylindrical pitch surface and has straight teeth parallel to its axis as shown in Fig. 2.8. They are used to transmit motion and power between parallel shafts. The tooth surfaces of spur gears contact on a straight line parallel to the axes of gears. This implies that tooth profiles go into and out of contact along the whole facewidth at the same time. This will therefore result in the sudden loading and sudden unloading on teeth as profiles go into and out of contact. As aresult, vibration and noise are produced. (2)Helical gears. These gears have their tooth elements at an angle or helix to the axis of the gear(Fig.2.9). The tooth surfaces of two engaging helical gears inn planar gear mechanisms contact on a straight line inclined to the axes of the gears. The length of the contact line changes gradually from zero to maximum and then from maximum to zero. The loading and unloading of the teeth become gradual and smooth. Helical gears may be used to transmit motion and power between parallel shafts[Fig. 2.9(a)]or shafts at an angle to each other[Fig. 2.9(d)]. A herringbone gear [Fig. 2.9(c)] is equivalent to a right-hand and a left-hand helical gear placed side by side. Because
专业资料 学院： 专业：土木工程 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：Structural Systems to resist (用外文写) Lateral loads 附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 抗侧向荷载的结构体系 常用的结构体系 若已测出荷载量达数千万磅重，那么在高层建筑设计中就没有多少可以进行极其复杂的构思余地了。确实，较好的高层建筑普遍具有构思简单、表现明晰的特点。 这并不是说没有进行宏观构思的余地。实际上，正是因为有了这种宏观的构思，新奇的高层建筑体系才得以发展，可能更重要的是：几年以前才出现的一些新概念在今天的技术中已经变得平常了。 如果忽略一些与建筑材料密切相关的概念不谈，高层建筑里最为常用的结构体系便可分为如下几类： 1.抗弯矩框架。 2.支撑框架，包括偏心支撑框架。 3.剪力墙，包括钢板剪力墙。 4.筒中框架。 5.筒中筒结构。 6.核心交互结构。 7. 框格体系或束筒体系。 特别是由于最近趋向于更复杂的建筑形式，同时也需要增加刚度以抵抗几力和地震力，大多数高层建筑都具有由框架、支撑构架、剪力墙和相关体系相结合而构成的体系。而且，就较高的建筑物而言，大多数都是由交互式构件组成三维陈列。 将这些构件结合起来的方法正是高层建筑设计方法的本质。其结合方式需要在考虑环境、功能和费用后再发展，以便提供促使建筑发展达到新高度的有效结构。这并
不是说富于想象力的结构设计就能够创造出伟大建筑。正相反，有许多例优美的建筑仅得到结构工程师适当的支持就被创造出来了，然而，如果没有天赋甚厚的建筑师的创造力的指导，那么，得以发展的就只能是好的结构，并非是伟大的建筑。无论如何，要想创造出高层建筑真正非凡的设计，两者都需要最好的。 虽然在文献中通常可以见到有关这七种体系的全面性讨论，但是在这里还值得进一步讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论中。 抗弯矩框架 抗弯矩框架也许是低，中高度的建筑中常用的体系，它具有线性水平构件和垂直构件在接头处基本刚接之特点。这种框架用作独立的体系，或者和其他体系结合起来使用，以便提供所需要水平荷载抵抗力。对于较高的高层建筑，可能会发现该本系不宜作为独立体系，这是因为在侧向力的作用下难以调动足够的刚度。 我们可以利用STRESS，STRUDL 或者其他大量合适的计算机程序进行结构分析。所谓的门架法分析或悬臂法分析在当今的技术中无一席之地，由于柱梁节点固有柔性，并且由于初步设计应该力求突出体系的弱点，所以在初析中使用框架的中心距尺寸设计是司空惯的。当然，在设计的后期阶段，实际地评价结点的变形很有必要。 支撑框架 支撑框架实际上刚度比抗弯矩框架强，在高层建筑中也得到更广泛的应用。这种体系以其结点处铰接或则接的线性水平构件、垂直构件和斜撑构件而具特色，它通常与其他体系共同用于较高的建筑，并且作为一种独立的体系用在低、中高度的建筑中。
译文 流体传动及控制技术已经成为工业自动化的重要技术，是机电一体化技术的核心组成之一。而电液比例控制是该门技术中最具生命力的一个分支。比例元件对介质清洁度要求不高，价廉，所提供的静、动态响应能够满足大部分工业领域的使用要求，在某些方面已经毫不逊色于伺服阀。比例控制技术具有广阔的工业应用前景。但目前在实际工程应用中使用电液比例阀构建闭环控制系统的还不多，其设计理论不够完善，有待进一步的探索，因此，对这种比例闭环控制系统的研究有重要的理论价值和实践意义。本论文以铜电解自动生产线中的主要设备——铣耳机作为研究对象，在分析铣耳机组各构成部件的基础上，首先重点分析了铣耳机的关键零件——铣刀的几何参数、结构及切削性能，并进行了实验。用电液比例方向节流阀、减压阀、直流直线测速传感器等元件设计了电液比例闭环速度控制系统，对铣耳机纵向进给装置的速度进行控制。论文对多个液压阀的复合作用作了理论上的深入分析，着重建立了带压差补偿型的电液比例闭环速度控制系统的数学模型，利用计算机工程软件，研究分析了系统及各个组成环节的静、动态性能，设计了合理的校正器，使设计系统性能更好地满足实际生产需要 水池拖车是做船舶性能试验的基本设备,其作用是拖曳船模或其他模型在试验水池中作匀速运动,以测量速度稳定后的船舶性能相关参数,达到预报和验证船型设计优劣的目的。由于拖车稳速精度直接影响到模型运动速度和试验结果的精度,因而必须配有高精度和抗扰性能良好的车速控制系统,以保证拖车运动的稳速精度。本文完成了对试验水池拖车全数字直流调速控制系统的设计和实现。本文对试验水池拖车工作原理进行了详细的介绍和分析,结合该控制系统性能指标要求,确定采用四台直流电机作为四台车轮的驱动电机。设计了电流环、转速环双闭环的直流调速控制方案,并且采用转矩主从控制模式有效的解决了拖车上四台直流驱动电机理论上的速度同步和负载平衡等问题。由于拖车要经常在轨道上做反复运动,拖动系统必须要采用可逆调速系统,论文中重点研究了逻辑无环流可逆调速系统。大型直流电机调速系统一般采用晶闸管整流技术来实现,本文给出了晶闸管整流装置和直流电机的数学模型,根据此模型分别完成了电流坏和转速环的设计和分析验证。针对该系统中的非线性、时变性和外界扰动等因素,本文将模糊控制和PI控制相结合,设计了模糊自整定PI控制器,并给出了模糊控制的查询表。本文在系统基本构成及工程实现中,介绍了西门子公司生产的SIMOREGDC Master 6RA70全数字直流调速装置,并设计了该调速装置的启动操作步骤及参数设置。完成了该系统的远程监控功能设计,大大方便和简化了对试验水池拖车的控制。对全数字直流调速控制系统进行了EMC设计,提高了系统的抗干扰能力。本文最后通过数字仿真得到了该系统在常规PI控制器和模糊自整定PI控制器下的控制效果,并给出了系统在现场调试运行时的试验结果波形。经过一段时间的试运行工作证明该系统工作良好,达到了预期的设计目的。 提升装置在工业中应用极为普遍,其动力机构多采用电液比例阀或电液伺服阀控制液压马达或液压缸,以阀控马达或阀控缸来实现上升、下降以及速度控制。电液比例控制和电液伺服控制投资成本较高,维护要求高,且提升过程中存在速度误差及抖动现象,影响了正常生产。为满足生产要求,提高生产效率,需要研究一种新的控制方法来解决这些不足。随着科学技术的飞速发展,计算机技术在液压领域中的应用促进了电液数字控制技术的产生和发展,也使液压元件的数字化成为液压技术发展的必然趋势。本文以铅电解残阳极洗涤生产线中的提升装置为研究
英文原文： SHAFT AND GEAR DESIGN Abstract: The important position of the wheel gear and shaft can' t falter in traditional machine and modern machines. The wheel gear and shafts mainly install the direction that delivers the dint at the principal axis box. The passing to process to make them can is divided into many model numbers, useding for many situations respectively. So we must be the multilayers to the understanding of the wheel gear and shaft in many ways Key words : Wheel gear ; Shaft In the force analysis of spur gears, the forces are assumed to act in a single plane .We shall study gears in which the forces have three dimensions.The reason for this, in the case of helical gears, is that the teeth are not parallel to the axis of rotation. And in the case of bevel gears, the rotational axes are not parallel to each other. There are also other reasons, as we shall learn.Helical gears are used to transmit motion between parallel shafts. The helix angle is the same on each gear, but one gear must have a right-hand helix and the other a left-hand helix. The shape of the tooth is an involute helicoid. If a piece of paper cut in the shape of a parallelogram is wrapped around a cylinder, the angular edge of the paper becomes a helix. If we unwind this paper, each point on the angular edge generates an involute curve. The surface obtained when every point on the edge generates an involute is called an involute helicoid. The initial contact of spur-gear teeth is a line extending all the way across the face of the tooth. The initial contact of helical gear teeth is a point, which changes into a line as the teeth come into more engagement. In spur gears the line of contact is parallel to the axis of the rotation; in helical gears, the line is diagonal across the face of the tooth. It is this gradual of the teeth and the smooth transfer of load from one tooth to another, which give helical gears the ability to transmit heavy loads at high speeds. Helical gears subject the shaft bearings to both radial and thrust loads. When the thrust loads become high or are objectionable for other reasons, it may be desirable to use double helical gears. A double helical gear (herringbone) is equivalent to two helical gears of opposite hand, mounted side byside on the same shaft. They develop opposite thrust reactions and thus cancel out the thrust load. When two or more single helical gears are mounted on the same shaft,the hand of the gears should be selected so as to produce the minimum thrust load Crossed-helical, or spiral, gears are those in which the shaft centerlines are neither parallel nor intersecting. The teeth of crossed-helical fears have point contact with each other, which changes to line contact as the gears wear in. For this reason they will carry out very small loads and are mainly for instrumental applications, and are definitely not recommended for use in the transmission of power There is on difference between a crossed heli cal gear and a helical gear until they are mounted in mesh with each other. They are manufactured in the same way. A pair of meshed crossed helical gears usually have the same hand; that is , a right-hand driver goes with a right-hand driven. In the design of crossed-helical gears, the minimum sliding velocity is obtained when the helix angle are equal. However, when the helix angle are not equal, the gear with the larger helix angle should be used as the driver if both gears have the same hand Worm gears are similar to crossed helical gears. The pinion or worm has a small number of teeth, usually one to four, and since they completely wrap around the pitch cylinder they are called threads. Its mating gear is called a worm gear, which is not a true helical gear. A worm and worm
Construction of rock or soil in the construction. It is a modern city of high-speed product development, the city will again ease the contradictions of the role to improve the living environment, but also opened up new human life. Rational development and utilization of human natural and artificial excavation of the underground space, not only help to ease the development of modern urban contradictions, to improve the living environment, but also to open up a new human life. Because of the large-scale development of underground construction, underground architecture is taking shape, its research includes the history of development of underground construction and development of underground space development and utilization of underground space in urban planning, various types of underground construction planning and design, as well as underground construction and related environmental, physiological, psychological and technical issues. Underground construction has a good protective performance, better thermal stability and confined, as well as an integrated economic, social and environmental benefits. Underground construction in a certain thickness of rock or soil, you can avoid or reduce nuclear weapons, conventional weapons, chemical and biological weapons of destruction, while at the same time more effectively to resist earthquakes, hurricanes and other natural disasters. Underground construction in and around the confined environment of relatively stable existence of the temperature field, temperature, or for creating ultra-clean manufacturing environment and at low temperatures or under high-temperature storage of materials, pollution prevention, especially for energy conservation as well. In the city planned the construction of underground construction, urban land use for savings, lower building density, to improve urban transportation, the