语言学期中测试
班级: 姓名：学号:
I: Multiple Choice
第一章语言与语言学
1. Linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of ___.
A. A particular language
B. The system of a particular language
C. Human languages in general
D. The English language
2.In William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet, Juliet said "What's in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet." This illustrates ___.
A. the arbitrary nature of language
B. the big difference between human language and animal communication
C. the creative nature of language
D. the universality of language
3. Which of the following features is NOT one of the design features of language?
A. Productive.
B. Dual.
C. Symbolic
D. Arbitrary
4. Who put forward the distinction between langue and parole?
A. M.A.K. Halliday
B. Ferdinand de Saussure
C. Noam Chomsky
D. Charles Hockett
5. One of the properties of language is that a language user can understand and produce sentences he/she has never heard before. This property of language is called ___.
A. duality
B. arbitrary
C. displacement
D. Productivity
6. The ____ function refers to the fact that language can be used for establishing a favorable atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas.
A. phatic
B. directive
C. evocative
D. performative
7. Modern linguistics is the scientific study of language. Consequently, modern linguistics emphasizes the importance of language data collected from ___.
A. newspapers and magazines
B. writing by the famous writers
C. the language people actually speak
D. radio broadcasts
8. Language is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning rather than by instinct. This property of language is called ___.
A. interchangeability
B. cultural transmission
C. productivity
D. arbitrariness
9.If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be ___.
A. Descriptive
B. linguistic
C. prescriptive
D. analytic linguistic
10. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. Language is a system.
B. Animals also have language.
C. Language is symbolic.
D. Language is arbitrary.
11. According to Noam Chomsky, which of the following is seen as the ideal user’s internalized knowledge of his language?
A. Competence.
B. Parole.
C. Performance
D. Langue
12. Our linguistic ability is a ___ gift of the species' gene program.
A. biological
B. physical
C. scientific
D. chemical
13. The description of a language at some point in time is a ___ study.
A. diachronic
B. prescriptive
C. descriptive
D. synchronic
14. One of the properties of language is that there is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. This property of language is ___.
A. duality
B. productivity
C. displacement
D. arbitrariness
15. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This is what we mean by ___.
A. duality
B. productivity
C. displacement
D. arbitrariness
16. Cultural transmission is one of the ____features of language.
A. suprasegmental
B. pragmatic
C. distinctive
D. design
17. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not lay down rules for "correct " linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___.
A. descriptive
B. sociolinguistic
C. prescriptive
D. psycholinguistic
18. Which of the following is the exception to the feature of arbitrariness of language?
A. Native English words
B. Borrowed words
C. Onomatopoeic words
D. One-syllable words
19. Saussure took a(n) ____ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ___ point of view.
A. sociological, psychological
B. psychological, sociological
C. Applied, pragmatic
D. Semantic, linguistic
20. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ___.
A. primary
B. correct
C. secondary
D. stable
第二章语音学与音系学
1. The tone, defined as variation, is an important suprasegmental feature of tone languages such as ____.
A. Chinese
B. English
C. Chinese and English
D. English and French
2. According to the places of articulation, sounds in English such as /t/, /l/ and /z/ can be labeled as ____ ones.
A. dental
B. bilabial
C. velar D alveolar
3. Of the following sound combinations, only ____ is permissible according to the sequentla1 rules in English.
A. kibl
B. bkil C ilkb D. ilbk
4. Of all the speech organs, the ____ is the most flexible.
A lip B. mouth C. vocal cord D. tongue
5. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.
A. voiceless
B. voiced
C. vowel
D. consonantal
6. ____ is a voiced alveolar stop.
A . /z / B. /d / C. /k/ D. /b/
7. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by "copying" a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____.
A. identical
B. similar
C. exactly alike
D. same
8. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ____.
A. in phonemic contrast
B. in complementary distribution
C. the allophones
D. minimal pair
9. The sound /f/ is a ____.
A. voiced palatal affricate
B. voiced alveolar stop
C. voiceless velar fricative
D. voiceless labiodentals fricative
l0. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.
A. back
B. central
C. front
D. middle
11. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____.
A. suprasegmental features
B. immediate constituents
C. phonetic components
D. semantic features
12. A(n)____is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.
A. phone
B. sound
C. allophone
D. phoneme
13. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.
A. phones
B. sounds
C. phonemes
D. allophones
14. Which of the following statements about allophone is NOT correct?
A. Allophones are different forms of the same phoneme.
B. Allophones of the same phoneme are in complementary distribution.
C. Allophones distinguish meaning·
D. Allophones are language specific.
15. When pitch, stress and length variations are tied to the sentence rather than to the word, they are collectively known as ____.
A. intonation
B. tone
C. phoneme
D. sentence stress
16. Which of the following is also called "semivowels ?
A. fricatives
B. liquids
C. affricates
D. glides
17. In terms of place of articulation, the two consonants /f/, /v/ are ____.
A. denta1
B. alveolar
C. palatal
D. labiodental
18. In terms of manners of articulation, the sounds /p/, /b/, /t/,/d/, /k/,/g/ are ____.
A. bilabial
B. stops
C. affricates
D. fricatives
19. What is your understanding of "the Adam’s apple” ?
A. Part of Adam’s body.
B. The front part of larynx.
C. The top of larynx.
D. A kind of apple.
20. Which of the following is NOT a velar sound?
A. /k/
B. /?/
C. /v/
D./g/
第三章形态学
1. ____ is a process of combining two or more words into one lexical unit.
A. Derivation
B. Blending
C. Abbreviation
D. Compounding
2. Words such as "telex " and "workfare "are created through ____.
A. blending
B. compounding
C. conversion
D. affixation
3. According to the morphological analysis, the underlined part in the w ord “internationali sm” should be referred to as a ____.
A. root
B. stem
C. prefix
D. suffix
4. Which of the following words is made up of bound morphemes only?
A. Happiness.
B. Television.
C. Ecology.
D. Teacher.
5. Which of the following words is a derivative?
A. Able.
B. Pet.
C. Dusty.
D. Change.
6. How many morphemes are there in the word “d i sarmed”?
A. 2.
B. 3.
C. 4
D. 5
7. When "-ing" in "gangling" is removed to get a verb "gangle", we call this way of creating words ____.
A. suffixing
B. compounding
C. back-formation
D. acronymy
8. The phoneme "vision" in the common word “television” is a(n) ____.
A. bound morpheme
B. bound form
C. inflectional morpheme
D. free morpheme
9. As is known ____ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language.
A. words
B. sentences
C. phonemes
D. morphemes
10. “-s” in the word "books" is ____.
A. a derivative affix
B. a stem
C. an inflectional affix
D. a root
11. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is ____.
A. lexical
B. morphemic
C. grammatical
D. semantic
12. The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound____.
A. is the sum total of the meaning of its components
B. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemes
C. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase
D. none of the above
13. Bound morphemes are those that ____.
A. have to be used independently
B. cannot be combined with other morphemes
C. have to be combined with other morphemes
D. can either be free or bound
14. As one of the affixes, a prefix is ____.
A. below the stem
B. after the stem
C. before the stem
D. in the middle of the stem
15. ____ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
A. syntax
B. grammar
C. morphology
D. morpheme
16. Which one of the following is NOT a suffix for adjectives?
A. -ous .
B. -ness
C. -al
D.-able
17. ____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.
A. Prefixes
B. Suffixes
C. Roots
D. Affixes
18. The stem of the word “d isengagements” is ____.
A. engagement
B. disengage
C. engage
D. disengagement
19. Which of the following words is a derivational one?
A. Cocktail
B. Reads
C. Establishment
D. Kids
20. ____ and ____ can constitute a compound.
A. A stem, an affix
B. A free morpheme; a free morpheme
C. A root, an affix
D. A prefix, a suffix
II: Define the following terms
2. parole p.4
3. competence p.5
4. performance p.5
5. synchronic study p.4
6. diachronic study p.4
7. IPA p.17
8. phonetics p.15/22
9. narrow transcription p.17
10. phonology p.22
11. phoneme p.23
12. phone p.23
13. allophone p.23
14. assimilation rules p.26
15. suprasegmental features p.27
16. morpheme p.32
17. morph p.33
18. allomorph p.33
19. free morpheme p.33
20. bound morpheme p.33
21. inflectional morpheme p.35
22. derivational morpheme p.35
23 compounding pp.38-39
24. conversion p.100
25. derivation p.37
语言学期中测试
班级: 姓名：学号:
I: Multiple Choice
第一章语言与语言学
1. Linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of ___.
A. A particular language
B. The system of a particular language
C. Human languages in general
D. The English language
2.In William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet, Juliet said "What's in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet." This illustrates ___.
A. the arbitrary nature of language
B. the big difference between human language and animal communication
C. the creative nature of language
D. the universality of language
3. Which of the following features is NOT one of the design features of language?
A. Productive.
B. Dual.
C. Symbolic
D. Arbitrary
4. Who put forward the distinction between langue and parole?
A. M.A.K. Halliday
B. Ferdinand de Saussure
C. Noam Chomsky
D. Charles Hockett
5. One of the properties of language is that a language user can understand and produce sentences he/she has never heard before. This property of language is called ___.
A. duality
B. arbitrary
C. displacement
D. Productivity
6. The ____ function refers to the fact that language can be used for establishing a favorable atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas.
A. phatic
B. directive
C. evocative
D. performative
7. Modern linguistics is the scientific study of language. Consequently, modern linguistics emphasizes the importance of language data collected from ___.
A. newspapers and magazines
B. writing by the famous writers
C. the language people actually speak
D. radio broadcasts
8. Language is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning rather than by instinct. This property of language is called ___.
A. interchangeability
B. cultural transmission
C. productivity
D. arbitrariness
9.If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be ___.
A. Descriptive
B. linguistic
C. prescriptive
D. analytic linguistic
10. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. Language is a system.
B. Animals also have language.
C. Language is symbolic.
D. Language is arbitrary.
11. According to Noam Chomsky, which of the following is seen as the ideal user’s internalized knowledge of his language?
A. Competence.
B. Parole.
C. Performance
D. Langue
12. Our linguistic ability is a ___ gift of the species' gene program.
A. biological
B. physical
C. scientific
D. chemical
13. The description of a language at some point in time is a ___ study.
A. diachronic
B. prescriptive
C. descriptive
D. synchronic
14. One of the properties of language is that there is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. This property of language is ___.
A. duality
B. productivity
C. displacement
D. arbitrariness
15. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This is what we mean by ___.
A. duality
B. productivity
C. displacement
D. arbitrariness
16. Cultural transmission is one of the ____features of language.
A. suprasegmental
B. pragmatic
C. distinctive
D. design
17. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not lay down rules for "correct " linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___.
A. descriptive
B. sociolinguistic
C. prescriptive
D. psycholinguistic
18. Which of the following is the exception to the feature of arbitrariness of language?
A. Native English words
B. Borrowed words
C. Onomatopoeic words
D. One-syllable words
19. Saussure took a(n) ____ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ___ point
of view.
A. sociological, psychological
B. psychological, sociological
C. Applied, pragmatic
D. Semantic, linguistic
20. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ___.
A. primary
B. correct
C. secondary
D. stable
第二章语音学与音系学
1. The tone, defined as variation, is an important suprasegmental feature of tone languages such as ____.
A. Chinese
B. English
C. Chinese and English
D. English and French
2. According to the places of articulation, sounds in English such as /t/, /l/ and /z/ can be labeled as ____ ones.
A. dental
B. bilabial
C. velar D alveolar
3. Of the following sound combinations, only ____ is permissible according to the sequentla1 rules in English.
A. kibl
B. bkil C ilkb D. ilbk
4. Of all the speech organs, the ____ is the most flexible.
A lip B. mouth C. vocal cord D. tongue
5. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.
A. voiceless
B. voiced
C. vowel
D. consonantal
6. ____ is a voiced alveolar stop.
A . /z / B. /d / C. /k/ D. /b/
7. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by "copying" a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____.
A. identical
B. similar
C. exactly alike
D. same
8. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ____.
A. in phonemic contrast
B. in complementary distribution
C. the allophones
D. minimal pair
9. The sound /f/ is a ____.
A. voiced palatal affricate
B. voiced alveolar stop
C. voiceless velar fricative
D. voiceless labiodentals fricative
l0. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.
A. back
B. central
C. front
D. middle
11. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____.
A. suprasegmental features
B. immediate constituents
C. phonetic components
D. semantic features
12. A(n)____is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.
A. phone
B. sound
C. allophone
D. phoneme
13. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.
A. phones
B. sounds
C. phonemes
D. allophones
14. Which of the following statements about allophone is NOT correct?
A. Allophones are different forms of the same phoneme.
B. Allophones of the same phoneme are in complementary distribution.
C. Allophones distinguish meaning·
D. Allophones are language specific.
15. When pitch, stress and length variations are tied to the sentence rather than to the word, they are collectively known as ____.
A. intonation
B. tone
C. phoneme
D. sentence stress
16. Which of the following is also called "semivowels ?
A. fricatives
B. liquids
C. affricates
D. glides
17. In terms of place of articulation, the two consonants /f/, /v/ are ____.
A. denta1
B. alveolar
C. palatal
D. labiodental
18. In terms of manners of articulation, the sounds /p/, /b/, /t/,/d/, /k/,/g/ are ____.
A. bilabial
B. stops
C. affricates
D. fricatives
19. What is your understanding of "the Adam’s apple” ?
A. Part of Adam’s body.
B. The front part of larynx.
C. The top of larynx.
D. A kind of apple.
20. Which of the following is NOT a velar sound?
A. /k/
B. /?/
C. /v/
D./g/
第三章形态学
1. ____ is a process of combining two or more words into one lexical unit.
A. Derivation
B. Blending
C. Abbreviation
D. Compounding
2. Words such as "telex " and "workfare "are created through ____.
A. blending
B. compounding
C. conversion
D. affixation
3. According to the morphological analysis, the underlined part in the word “internationalism”should be referred to as a ____.
A. root
B. stem
C. prefix
D. suffix
4. Which of the following words is made up of bound morphemes only?
A. Happiness.
B. Television.
C. Ecology.
D. Teacher.
5. Which of the following words is a derivative?
A. Able.
B. Pet.
C. Dusty.
D. Change.
6. How many morphemes are there in the word “disarmed”?
A. 2.
B. 3.
C. 4
D. 5
7. When "-ing" in "gangling" is removed to get a verb "gangle", we call this way of creating words ____.
A. suffixing
B. compounding
C. back-formation
D. acronymy
8. The phoneme "vision" in the common word “television” is a(n) ____.
A. bound morpheme
B. bound form
C. inflectional morpheme
D. free morpheme
9. As is known ____ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language.
A. words
B. sentences
C. phonemes
D. morphemes
10. “-s” in the word "books" is ____.
A. a derivative affix
B. a stem
C. an inflectional affix
D. a root
11. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is ____.
A. lexical
B. morphemic
C. grammatical
D. semantic
12. The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound____.
A. is the sum total of the meaning of its components
B. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemes
C. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase
D. none of the above
13. Bound morphemes are those that ____.
A. have to be used independently
B. cannot be combined with other morphemes
C. have to be combined with other morphemes
D. can either be free or bound
14. As one of the affixes, a prefix is ____.
A. below the stem
B. after the stem
C. before the stem
D. in the middle of the stem
15. ____ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
A. syntax
B. grammar
C. morphology
D. morpheme
16. Which one of the following is NOT a suffix for adjectives?
A. -ous .
B. -ness
C. -al
D.-able
17. ____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.
A. Prefixes
B. Suffixes
C. Roots
D. Affixes
18. The stem of the word “disengagements” is ____.
A. engagement
B. disengage
C. engage
D. disengagement
19. Which of the following words is a derivational one?
A. Cocktail
B. Reads
C. Establishment
D. Kids
20. ____ and ____ can constitute a compound.
A. A stem, an affix
B. A free morpheme, a free morpheme
C. A root, an affix
D. A prefix, a suffix
II: Define the following terms
1. langue p.4
2. parole p.4
3. competence p.5
4. performance p.5
5. synchronic study p.4
6. diachronic study p.4
7. IPA p.17
8. phonetics p.15/22
9. narrow transcription p.17
10. phonology p.22
11. phoneme p.23
12. phone p.23
13. allophone p.23
14. assimilation rules p.26
15. suprasegmental features p.27
16. morpheme p.32
17. morph p.33
18. allomorph p.33
19. free morpheme p.33
20. bound morpheme p.33
21. inflectional morpheme p.35
22. derivational morpheme p.35
23 compounding pp.38-39
24. conversion p.100
25. derivation p.37
南京师范大学联办生学士学位课程考试
英语专业
《英语语言学》课程考试卷
I. Multiple Choice ( 20x1)
Directons: You are supposed to choose the best out of the four choices and write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space in the TABLE.
1. What are the dual structures of language?
A. Sounds and letters.
B. Sounds and meaning
C. Letters and meaning
D. Sounds and symbols.
2. Which of the following is NOT a compound word?
A. Landlady
B. Greenhouse
C. Uplift
D. Unacceptable
3. Which of the following statements about language is NOT true?
A. Language is a system.
B. Language is symbolic.
C. Animals also have language
D. Language is arbitrary
4. Who put forward the distinction between Langue and Parole?
A. Saussure
B. Chomsky
C. Halliday
D. Anonymous
5. According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language?
A. competence
B. parole
C. performance
D. langue
6. The study of the way listeners perceive the sounds is called ____.
A. acoustic phonetics
B. auditory phonetics
C. articulatory phonetics
D. phonology
7. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in ____.
A. the place of articulation
B. the obstruction of airstream
C. the position of the tongue
D. the shape of the lips
8. Which is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription?
A. Phonetics.
B. Phonology.
C. Semantics.
D. Pragmatics.
9. Which studies the sound systems in a certain language?
A. Phonetics
B. Phonology
C. Semantics
D. Pragmatics
10. Which studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed?
A. Morphology
B. Syntax
C. Phonology
D. Semantics
11. ______ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context.
A. Pragmatics
B. Semantics
C. Sense relation
D. Concept
12. ______is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of or the change brought about by the utterance.
A. A locutionary act
B. An illocutionary act
C. A perlocutionary act
D. A performative act
13. Historical linguistics explores __________.
A. the nature of language change
B. the causes that lead to language change
C. the relationship between languages
D. all of the above
14. Language change is essentially a matter of change _____.
A. in collocations
B. in meaning
C. in grammar
D. in usages
15. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its _____.
A. use of words
B. use of structures
C. accent
D. morphemes
16. ______ in a person's speech or writing usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation.
A. Regional variation
B. Changes in emotions
C. Variation in connotations
D. Stylistic variation
17. Human linguistic ability largely depends on the structure and dynamics of______.
A. human brain
B. human vocal cords
C. human memory
D. human
18. Linguistic _____ is the brain's neurological specialization for language.
A. fossilization
B. performance
C. competence
D. lateralization
19. In first language acquisition, imitation plays _____.
A. a minor role
B. a significant role
C. a basic role
D. no rule
20. In general, a good second language learner is an adolescent_____.
A. who has a strong and well-defined motivation to learn
B. who seeks out all chances to interact with the input
C. who is willing to identify himself with the culture of the target language community
D. all the above
II. Define the following terms (6x5)
Directions:You are supposed to write each of the following definitions in the corresponding space.
1. productivity
2. context
3. sentence and utterance
4. regional dialect and sociolect
5. psycholinguistics
6. interlanguage
Ill. Decide whether the statements are true or false (10x1)
Directions: You are supposed to put your answer T (true) or F (false) for each sentence into the corresponding space in the TABLE.
1. A sentence cannot be a word or a fragment in strict sense, but an utterance can be a word or a fragment of a sentence.
2. A stem first of all refers to any morpheme or combination of morphemes, but an affix can be added to it.
3. Every word in a language can find at least one referent in the objective world.
4. In most cases, lexicon means vocabulary and is related to the analysis and creation of words, idioms and collocations.
5. The use of the term 'implicature' is different from 'implication' in that it usually indicates
a rather narrowly denned logical relationship between two propositions.
6. The defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication are termed design features.
7. There are other channels, besides language, for communicating our thoughts, so language is only one aspect of semiotics.
8. Modem linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, written language as secondary.
9. Descriptive linguistics aims to lay down rules for 'correct' language use, i.e., to tell people what they should say and what should not say.
10. Phonology is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and their patterns.
IV. Answer the following questions (4x10).
Directions:You are supposed to answer each of the following questions in the corresponding space.
1. What are the possible causes of language change?
2. Draw a tree diagram for the following sentence to show its syntactic structure
They knew that the senator would win the election.
3. What is arbitrariness? Illustrate it with examples
4. What do you think of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? Give examples or proof to support your point of view. ^
语言学概论期末考试试卷2 一、填空题（每空1分，共15分） 1、人与人的口头交际过程是非常复杂的，从通信理论的角度可以将之理解为和的过程。 2、符号包含的两个方面是、。 3、到目前为止，语言学家的研究主要有三种不同的角度，分别是着眼于语言的、、。 4、共时语法指的是从某一时期存在的语法现象的角度地、 地研究语法，研究的重点是某一语言在特定范围的语法表现形式和语法规则系统。 5、义素分析的要求一是，二是。 6、文字改革有三种不同的情况：一种是；一种是；还有一种是。 二、单项选择题（每小题1分，共10分） 1、下列国家中不是以单一民族，单一语言为基础建立起来的是（） A．瑞士B．法国C．西班牙D．英格兰 2、语言是一种（） A．形式和内容相统一的视觉符号系统B．音义结合的听觉符号系统C．用于交际的触觉符号系统D．集视觉、听觉、触觉为一体的符号系统 3、普通语言学从理论上讲是研究（） A．个别民族语言的特殊规律B．人类各种语言一般与个别的规律 C．几种民族语言的一般与个别的规律D．汉语普通话的发展规律 4、噪音是（） A．振幅固定而有规则的声波B．频率最低、振幅最大的音 C．具有周期性重复的复合波形的音D．不具备整数倍的不规则的音 5、把语法分成词法、句法两个部分，是（）提出来的。 A．结构语法学B．形式语法学C．现代语法学D．传统语法学 6、语义的基本特征是（） A．概括性B．民族性C．模糊性D．同语言形式的结合 7、词的（）是词义的基本的和核心的部分 A．通俗意义B．非通俗意义C．理性意义D．非理性意义 8、“我吃光了盘子里的菜”这句话中，“光”的语义指向是（） A．我B．吃C．盘子里的菜D．盘子 9、日文的假名是典型的（） A．辅音文字B．音节文字C．表意文字D．意音文字 10、四川人在公开场合讲普通话，在家里讲四川话，这是一种（）
天津师范大学考试 2010—2011 学年第二学期期末考试 《语言学概论》试卷（ B 卷）答案及评分标准 一、填空题: （每空0.5 分，本大题共10 分）1．表意文字表音文字 2．发音时气流是否受阻 3．历史稳定性（稳固性）全民常用性（全民性）构词的能产性（能 产性） 4、增添删除（删减） 5．渐变性不平衡性 6．清浊，舌位高舌位低 7．时位调位重位8．舌位的高低、舌位的前后、唇形的圆展（圆与不圆） 二、名词解释。（每小题2 分，本大题共10 分）1．语音：2. 历史比较语言学： 3. 条件变体： 4. 性： 5. 方言词： 三、分析题: （本大题共30 分，每小题6 分） 1. 分析下列句法结构中歧义出现的原因并加以分化（6 分） A 爱慕的是小王：分化：别人爱慕的人是小王；小王爱慕的是别人。歧义出现的原因是 “小王”的施受关系不明。 B 王熙凤也不知道哪儿去了分化：别人也不知道王熙凤哪儿去了，王熙凤也不知道别 人哪儿去了。歧义出现的原因是“王熙凤”的施受关系不明。 C 修了一条乡村公路分化：把一条（坏了的）乡村公路修好了；修出（成）了一条乡村公路。 歧义出现的原因是“路”到底是表示结果还是表示受事关系不明。 D 这个灯笼挂了一天了 分化：这个灯笼已经挂上去了，挂上去的时间是一天。这个灯笼挂了一天了还没有挂上去。 歧义出现的原因是动词“挂”既有“持续”的语义特征，又有“完成” 的语义特
征。 2. 用严式国际音标给下列汉字注音（6 分）春眠不觉晓花落知多少答案略 3. 分析下列各词的结构类型，并指出各语素的性质：（6 分） 学员：附加式（派生词）；词根+后缀。烟头儿：附加式（派生词）；词根+词根+后缀。秋千：单纯词；双声词。 Returns：附加式；词干+词尾。blackboard :复合词；词根+词根。 抗菌素：复合词；前缀+词根+词根。 4. 下列语言属于不同的语系，试将它们进行分类（6 分）印欧语系：西班牙语、波兰语、印地语、德语、意大利语；阿尔泰语系：哈萨克语、满语、蒙古语； 南岛语系：高山语；南亚语系：佧瓦语；闪——含语系：阿拉伯语汉藏语系：苗语。评分标准：错一项扣一分。 5. 用语音术语描述下列辅音（6 分）（1）[v] 唇齿浊擦音。 （2）[L] 舌尖中浊边音。 （3）[ts] 舌尖前不送气清塞擦音。 （4）[p h] 双唇送气清塞音。 （5）[x] 舌面后（舌根）清擦音。 （6）[z] 舌尖前浊擦音。 四、简答题: （每小题10 分，本大题共30 分） 1. 请用具体的例子说明共时语言学和历时语言学的区别（10 分）共时语言学，又叫静态语言学。它以语言在历史发展过程中某一特定状态中的语言系统为研究对象,揭示语言的内部结构规律，分析各种语言单位,描写语言规则,而不考虑时间的因素。 （3 分） 历时语言学，又叫动态语言学,它研究语言的历史发展,描写和研究语言从一个时期到另一个时期的演变方式,研究这种演变在语言内部和外部的 原因。（3 分） 举例4 分，各举两个以上，分别得二分。仅各举一例，分别得一分。 2. 请简要回答洋泾浜与克里奥尔的区别（10 分） 洋泾浜是指某些与外族人接触较多的地区，因语言相互影响而形成的一种特殊的语言现象。（2 分） 克里奥尔又叫混合语,指各种语言频繁接触的地区出现的包含不同语言成分的混合的自然语言。（2 分） 二者不同的是：
1. The study of language development over a period of time is generally termed as _____linguistics. D A. applied B. diachronic C. comparative D. synchronic 2. The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a __C__ formula "S→NP VP". A. hierarchical B. linear C. tree diagram D. vertical 3. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop? A A. [p] B.[m] C.[b] D.[t] 4. The words ―make‖ and ―bus‖ are called _____D____because they can occur unattached. A. derivational morphemes B .inflectional morphemes C. bound morphemes D. free morphemes 5. The pair of words ―lend‖ and ―borrow‖ are____B______. A. gradable antonymy B. relational (converse) antonymy C. synonyms D. co-hyponyms 6. The semantic components of the word ―man‖ can be expressed as ____C___. A.＋animate,＋human,＋male,－adult; B.＋animate,＋human,－male,－adult; C.＋animate,＋human,＋male,＋adult D.—animate,＋human,－male,－adult 7. What kind of function does the sentence ―How do you do?‖ have? B A. Directive B. Phatic C. Informative D. Evocative 8. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as_______A____. A. lexical words B. grammatical words C. function words D. form words 9. Which of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition?______A_. A. Language acquisition is a process of habit formation B. Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings C. Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language D. Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use 10. The branch of linguistics that studies meaning of language in context is called __C? A. morphology B. sociolinguistics C. pragmatics D. psycholinguistics 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language.
2018南京师范大学外国语言学及应用语言学（外应）考研初试经验 本科国际政治专业，跨考南师大外国语学院外国语学院外国语言学及应用语言学专业，初试总分410，复习那么久有了收获，感谢一直帮助我的那位上一届学姐，这里我也分享一些复习准备的经验，希望对19级考外应或者英语语言文学的学弟学妹们一点帮助。 这个专业对我来说相当于一张白纸，尤其是语言学，所以我开始得比较早，大三寒假确定了考研的学校和专业，上学期开学的时候买好了参考书以及一些复习资料，然后就着手慢慢复习了。前期的进度比较慢，基本上是以看书和做笔记为主，下半学期才进入完全的背记阶段。这里我分科说一下。 1/政治 政治考了68，比我预期的高。虽然我是学政治的，但是真的一点优势也没有（因为我对自己的专业真的一点兴趣也没有，学得也不好），政治可以说是复习得比较不上心的一门。我全程是跟着肖秀荣走的，但是我开始得比较晚，舍友七月份就开始看了，我九月份才开始看精讲精练，中途也断断续续的，最后可以说是赶进度才看完。所以学弟学妹们一定要把握好进度，不要过快也不要过慢。所有的资料都是肖秀荣教授的，从七八月份到十二月份，每个阶段都有每个阶段要看的内容。前期精讲精练一定要看仔细，但不需要完全背诵下来，主要练的是选择题，大题前面不用担心，到十一二月直接背肖四肖八就好。 精讲精练配套的1000题是要做好几遍的，我是看完大概两三章做一次题的，第一遍可以用铅笔写，然后把错题勾出来，再做一遍，最后一个月再把那些错题拿出来反复看。错题的价值是很高的，有些多选题我看了两三遍都还是会错。 大题最后直接背肖四肖八就好啦，肖四是必须要背的，不背写不出来，然后大题的平均分都差不多，所以选择题的正确率决定了最后的分。 2/二外 我的二外是日语，考了92分。日语可以说是救了我，考完专业课的时候真的崩溃，所以总分其实也就是日语捞了我一把。 我本科是外国语大学，然后专业课也没什么兴趣，大一下学期就修了日语双学位并且坚持上完了，三年级上学期准备了N2考试，所以这一门基本上没怎么操心，也没花太多时间。
英语语言学练习题 Ⅰ. Matching Match each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitions in Column B. Column A 1.displacement https://www.doczj.com/doc/638531603.html,ngue 3.suprasegmental feature 4.deep structure 5.predication analysis 6.idiolect 7.pidgin 8.mistakes 9.interlanguage 10.motivation 11.arbitrariness https://www.doczj.com/doc/638531603.html,petence 13.broad transcription 14.morphology 15.category 16.errors https://www.doczj.com/doc/638531603.html,ponential analysis 18.context 19.blending 20.culture 21.learning strategies 22.selectional restrictions 23.phrase structure rules 24.culture diffusion Column B A.Learners’ independent system of the second language, which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language. 9 B.Learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive, having a strong impact on his efforts n learning a second language. 21 C.The rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories. 23 D.Through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B. 24 E. A personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. 6 F. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 7 G.The kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predications into their constituents- ---- arguments and predicates. 5 H.They refer to constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. 22 I.The structure formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties. 4 J.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. 3 K.The study of the internal structure of words, and the rules that govern the rule of word formation. 14 L.The abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 2 https://www.doczj.com/doc/638531603.html,nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. It is one of the distinctive features of human language. 1 N.Learner’s conscious, goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. 10 O.The total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. 20 P.The common knowledge shared by both the speaker and hearer. 18
09年1月-02年10月全国自学考试语言学概论试题-大题汇总 三、名词解释题（本大题共4小题，每小题3分，共12分） 26．口语（09-1） 27．仿译词（09-1） 28．语言符号的强制性（09-1） 29．语气意义（09-1） 26．音位变体（08-10） 27．语法手段（08-10） 28．语音对应关系（08-10） 29．中介语（08-10） 26. 克里奥耳语（08-1） 27. 借词（08-1） 28. 音节（08-1） 29. 词的语体色彩（08-1） 32．轻音（07-10） 33．语言规划（07-10） 34．语言遗传机制（07-10） 35．应用语言学（07-10） 26．组合关系（07-1） 27．词的理性意义（07-1） 28．双语现象（07-1） 29．音位（07-1） 30．洋泾浜（07-1） 32．发音部位（06-10） 33．向心词组（06-10） 34．音节文字（06-10） 35．第二语言教学（06-10） 26. 聚合关系（06-1） 27. 社会方言（06-1） 28. 语言符号的强制性（06-1）29. 词义的模糊性（06-1） 30. 派生词（06-1） 32．音素（05-10） 33．基础方言（05-10） 34．语言迁移（05-10） 35．语言获得（05-10） 34. 词形变化（05-1） 35. 派生词（05-1） 36. 语言转用（05-1） 32．韵律特征（04-10） 33．语系（04-10） 34．文化局限词语（04-10） 35．中介语（04-10） 32. 语法单位的形成关系（03-10） 33. 义素（03-10） 34. 音位文字（03-10） 35. 语言的亲属关系（03-10） 32. 语流音变（02-10） 33. 语法范畴（02-10） 34. 蕴含（02-10） 35. 他源文字（02-10） 五、简答题（本大题共3小题，每小题6分，共18分） 33．简述国际音标的优点。（09-1） 34．词缀和词尾有什么不同？（09-1） 35．汉语的语素、音节和汉字是一一对应的吗？ 30．举例说明语言符号的离散特征和线性特征及其对语言的作用。（08-10）31．举例说明汉语词双音节化的作用。（08-10） 32．说明什么是儿童语言获得的“模仿说”和“强化说”。（08-10） 33. 词义的模糊性和歧义有什么区别？（08-1） 34. 什么是语言符号的离散特征和线性特征？（08-1） 35. 一般语汇的主要类型有哪些？（08-1）
语言学概论 一、单项选择题（每小题2分，共20分} 1．下列说法只有是正确的。 A．语言是人类最重要的辅助性交际工具。 B．语言就是说话，说话就是语言。 C．语言是一种特殊的社会现象。 D．语言具有地方色彩，说明语言不具有社会性。 2．下列说法只有是错误的。 A．汉语的声调是由音高变化形成的。 B．语言中的轻重音是由音重变化形成的。 C．音位具有区别词形的作用。 I)．音素具有区别词形的作用。 3．下列说法只有是正确的。 A．“老”可以同“新、旧、少、嫩”等构成反义词。 B．“大”和“小”是绝对对立的反义词。 C．“红”与“黑”这对反义词具有非此即彼的关系。 D．反义词“冷”和“热”具有相对性。 4．下列说法只有____正确。 A．意译词如“激光”、“电话”都是借词。 B．仿译词如“机关枪”、“铁路”都是借词。 C．“尼姑”、“和尚”、“玻璃”是借词。 D．“爱神”、“北极熊”、“超人”都是借词。 5．下列词义的变化，属于词义的缩小。 A．“meat”原指菜肴，现在指荤菜。 B．“走”本义是跑，现在指步行。 C．“江”原指长江，今泛指江河。 D．“book”原指一种树木，今指成本的著作。 1．C 2．D 3．D 4．C 5．A 3．下列说法只有( )是正确的。 A.语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字也是人类最重要的交际工具 B．不同的阶级使用语言具有不同的特点，说明语言具有阶级性 C．人类多种多样的语言说明语言具有任意性特点 D．语言是一种纯自然的现象 4.下列说法只有( )是正确的。 A.语法的组合规则是潜在的 B．语法的聚合规则是潜在的 C．语法的组合规则存在于书面语言中 I)．语法的聚合规则存在”ji【j头沿吉中 5．单纯阋就是由一个( )构成的词。 A．词根 B．词干 【！．词缀
南京师范大学英语语言学考研复试经验 南师英语语言文学下的语言学方向和外应初试和复试考的是一样的，只是进去后的研究方向不同。 楼主初试总分398，排名第二，政治68，日语94，专业一117，专业二119，复试笔试122，面试80，口语82，最后综合排名也是第二。 查分后，对结果不满意的，可以申请复查，但基本不会有变动。 看过17年的题，比16年略微简单点，所以分数线应该会偏高一点。去年外应最高分402，然后就是398，397，393，389。英语语言文学初试最高399，录取的最低为373。 这个复试线基本就是按照大家的成绩来确定的(当然，最后扩招的话，就另当别论了。我们去年是扩招了，今年不清楚。上课到现在，老师也没给我们透露过，这样也好，对大家都公平)。去年是1:1.2的比例确定进复试名额的，比如总共招5个人，那么进复试的有6个人。这个比例还算好的。我闺蜜，去年考陕师大，1:2的比例，对半刷，比南师狠。 那么重点来了，去年，我们可以给学长(南师研究生贴吧里有学长可以帮忙查排名，具体帖子自己去找)发邮件，查排名，然后按照1:1.2的比例，结合招生官网的录取人数，就可以算出来自己能不能进复试。南师不给排名，搞得很多分数处于边缘的同学很纠结，所以知道排名还是很有用的。貌似有人说今年学长不干了，这个我就不清楚了，有心的同学自己去贴吧找找看。 群 那么如果真的不能通过学长查了，那就得靠你们自己了。 另外，复试分面试和笔试，具体的复试经验我之前都说过了。
最后的重点来了，语言学方向的同学，不管是外应还是英语语言文学下的语言学，复试的考题和初试不太一样，所以真题是很有价值的。那么真题找谁呢，你懂的。某号，就无散领斯伊斯无就。如果辨别不出来这个号，那我也无能为力了。最后祝大家好运。在美丽的随园校区等大家来。 特别要说的是，复试的压力绝对在初试之上。总共名额9个，推免推了5个，留给我们这些参加考试的就只有4个名额了。而且复试全考专业课，考的不仅细，就题目本身来说，较初试还上升了一个难度，挺有挑战性的。最最关键的，它超钢，会考到其他书里的东西。所以，真题是极其有价值的。当时就是买了去年考上的学姐的复试资料。南师复试还是比较公平的，以实力说话，而且复试也绝不是走过场，你要付出比初试更大的努力。楼主当时准备复试，前后差不多一个月，把戴的书过了3遍，买的资料过了2～3遍，时间紧，任务重，压力大，就这么熬过了3月份，最终结果很欣慰，笔试122。另外，楼主每天会跟读一会儿新概念2，因为面试也是很重要的。 以上内容为仙林南师大考研网整理的英语语言文学考研知识点，如果同学还想获得更多英语语言文学考研资料，可以加入我们的南京师范大学考研复试交流群还可获得超强院校专业信息、每日打卡监督学习、研究生学姐答疑，不定期奖励活动等。
英语语言学期末考试试卷 第一部分选择题 I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%X10=20%) 1. Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar, but they differ in that ____________. A. Saussure took a sociological view of language while Chomsky took a psychological point of view B. Saussure took a psychological view of language while Chomsky took a sociological point of view C. Saussure took a pragmatic view of language while Chomsky took a semantic point of view D. Saussure took a structural view of language while Chomsky took a pragmatic point of view 2. Language is a system of ____________ vocal symbols used for human communication. A. unnatural B. artificial C. superficial D. arbitrary 3. We are born with the ability to acquire language, _______________. A. and the details of any language system are genetically transmitted B. therefore, we needn’t learn the details of our mother tongue C. but the details of language have to be learnt.
语言学概论》期末试卷 1. (单选题） 下 列关于“语言”的说法,不正确的一项是（D ）（本题2.0 分） A 、语言系统是由多个子系统组合而成的B 、 语言是一个符号系统 C 、 语言符号具有任意性和线条性特征D 、 语言符号的音义关系可以任意改变 2. (单选题） 下 卜列兀音音素都是后兀音的一组是（B）本题2.0分） A 、[u, ￡] B 、 [a , A ] C 、 [a ,y] D 、[o, a] 3. (单选题） 下 F列辅音音素都是塞音的一组是（B）（本题2.0分） A 、[k, 1] B 、[p, k] C 、[p, n] D 、[t, v] 4. （单选题）从语音的社会功能角度划分出来的最小语音单位是
(A)(本题2.0分) A 、音位 B 、 曰素 C 、 音节 D 、 音渡 5.(单选题）汉语普通话中的“我”和助词“的”单念时发音分别 为［uo］和［te］,而在实际语流中，“我的”发音是［uo de］,这是语流音变中的（A）本题2.0分） A 、顺同化现象 B 、 逆同化现象 C 、 弱化现象 D 、 异化现象 6.(单选题）语音的本质属性是（C ）本题2.0分） A 、物理属性 B 、 生理属性 C 、 社会属性 D 、 心理属性 7.（单选题）英语“students”中的“-s”是（C）本题2.0分）
A 、虚词语素 B 、 词根语素 C 、 构形语素 D 、 构词语素 8.(单选题）从词的构造方式看，下列各项中属于复合词的是（D）本题2.0分） A 、木头 B 、 念头 C 、 苦头 D 、 山头 9.(单选题）划分词类的最本质的标准是（A ）（本题2.0分） A 、分布标准 B 、 意义标准 C 、 形态标准 D 、 逻辑标准 10.（单选题）下面词组中，结构类型与其他各组不冋的一组是（D）本题2.0分） A 、年轻漂亮/朴素大方 B 、我们大家/首都北京 C、铁路民航/工人农民 D、贯彻执行/讨论研究
《语言学概论》期末试卷 1.( 单选题 ) 下列关于“语言”的说法 ,不正确的一项是 (D )(本题 2.0 分) A、语言系统是由多个子系统组合而成的 B、语言是一个符号系统 C、语言符号具有任意性和线条性特征 D、 语言符号的音义关系可以任意改变 2.( 单选题 ) 下列元音音素都是后元音的一组是 ( B)(本题 2.0 分) A、[u, ε] B、[α, Λ] C、[α,y] D、[o, a] 3.( 单选题 ) 下列辅音音素都是塞音的一组是 ( B)(本题 2.0 分) A、[k, 1] B、[p, k] C、[p, n] D、[t, v] 4.( 单选题 ) 从语音的社会功能角度划分出来的最小语音单位是
( A)(本题 2.0 分) A、音位 B、音素 C、音节 D、音渡 5.( 单选题 ) 汉语普通话中的“我”和助词“的”单念时发音分别为[uo]和[te],而在实际语流中 ,“我的”发音是 [uo de],这是语流音变中的( A)(本题 2.0 分) A、顺同化现象 B、逆同化现象 C、弱化现象 D、异化现象 6.( 单选题 ) 语音的本质属性是 (C )(本题 2.0 分) A、物理属性 B、生理属性 C、社会属性 D、心理属性 7. ( 单选题) 英语“ students”中的“ -s”是 ( C)(本题 2.0 分)
A、虚词语素 B、词根语素 C、构形语素 D、构词语素 8. ( 单选题) 从词的构造方式看, 下列各项中属于复合词的是( D)(本题 2.0 分) A、木头 B、念头 C、苦头 D、山头 9.( 单选题 ) 划分词类的最本质的标准是 (A )(本题 2.0 分) A、分布标准 B、意义标准 C、形态标准 D、逻辑标准 10.( 单选题 ) 下面词组中 ,结构类型与其他各组不同的一组是( D)(本题 2.0 分) A、年轻漂亮/朴素大方 B、我们大家/首都北京
《语言学概论》期末试卷1. ( 单选题) 下列关于“语言”的说法,不正确的一项是(D )(本题2.0分) A、语言系统是由多个子系统组合而成的 B、语言是一个符号系统 C、语言符号具有任意性和线条性特征 D、语言符号的音义关系可以任意改变 2. ( 单选题) 下列元音音素都是后元音的一组是( B)(本题2.0分) A、[u, ε] B、[α, Λ] C、[α,y] D、[o, a] 3. ( 单选题) 下列辅音音素都是塞音的一组是( B)(本题2.0分) A、[k, 1] B、[p, k] C、[p, n] D、[t, v] 4. ( 单选题) 从语音的社会功能角度划分出来的最小语音单位是( A)(本题2.0分) A、音位 B、音素 C、音节
5. ( 单选题) 汉语普通话中的“我”和助词“的”单念时发音分别为[uo]和[te],而在实际语流中,“我的”发音是[uo de],这是语流音变中的( A)(本题2.0分) A、顺同化现象 B、逆同化现象 C、弱化现象 D、异化现象 6. ( 单选题) 语音的本质属性是(C )(本题2.0分) A、物理属性 B、生理属性 C、社会属性 D、心理属性 7. ( 单选题) 英语“students”中的“-s”是( C)(本题2.0分) A、虚词语素 B、词根语素 C、构形语素 D、构词语素 8. ( 单选题) 从词的构造方式看,下列各项中属于复合词的是( D)(本题2.0分) A、木头 B、念头
D、山头 9. ( 单选题) 划分词类的最本质的标准是(A )(本题2.0分) A、分布标准 B、意义标准 C、形态标准 D、逻辑标准 10. ( 单选题) 下面词组中,结构类型与其他各组不同的一组是( D)(本题2.0分) A、年轻漂亮/朴素大方 B、我们大家/首都北京 C、铁路民航/工人农民 D、贯彻执行/讨论研究 11. ( 单选题) 目前已知的最古老的拼音文字是( C)(本题2.0分) A、古埃及文字 B、古希腊文字 C、腓尼基文字 D、中国的甲骨文 12. ( 单选题) 判断两种话是不同语言还是同一种语言的不同方言应该主要参考( C)(本题2.0分) A、相互理解程度 B、语言结构的差异程度
南京师范大学 2018年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题（B卷）科目代码及名称：802语言竖垄?满分：丘g分 注意：＠认真阅读答题纸上的注意事项；＠所有答题内容必须写在匼匿困上，写在本试题纸或草稿纸上均无效；＠本试题纸须随答题纸一起装入试题袋中交回，否则按考试违纪处理。 一、填空题（每小题1分，共10分） 学派。 1希腊化时期，在埃及形成的第一个专业的语文学派是 2无限的句子中包含着有限的词和为数不多的 3语言符号中的形式和意义的结合完全由社会，而不是它们之间有什么必然的、本质的联系。 4元音的音质是由舌位的高低、舌位的前后和----三方面来决定的。 5记录语言的书写符号系统是。 6在语言符号系统中，最小的语言单位是 7来自古英语byrgels的buriels(埋葬）原来是单数，后来仿造funeral,重新创造了单数形式burial。这种新形式的创造就是作用的结果。 8. 由词根语素和词缀组合起来构成的词称为。 9古埃及的、古美索不达米亚的钉头字、中美洲的玛雅和我国的甲骨文都是表意文字。10."我喜欢吃葡萄”这句话可以变为“他知道我喜欢吃葡萄＇中的一个成分，这种嵌套关系说明结构规则有。 二、名词解释（每小题5分，共20分） 1语流音变： 2. 社会方言： 3历史比较法： 4语言融合： 三、论述题（每小题10分，共50分） L试述词语替换的两个因素，并请举适当的例子加以说明。 2试述形态的概念，并请举适当的例子加以说明。 3. 人类语言和其他动物的交际方式有何区别？（谈到五点即可获满分） 4请以适当的例子说明下一观点：每一种文字都必须适应自己所记录的语言的结构特点和语音特点。 5什么是语法范畴？语法范畴具有哪些特点？ 四、分析操作题（共40分） 1请按提示特征写出对应的语言结构类型，并将所列出的具体语言填入相应空格(8分）： 英语苗语日语美诺米尼语 a无内部屈折特征，变词语素和语法意义一对应的语言类型是如 b. 缺乏词形变化，语序很严格，不能随便变动的语言类型是＿＿——一＿＿，比如，比 c.-个词往往相当千其他语言的一个句子的语言类型是＿＿一——_,比如 d.有丰富的词形变化，一个变词语素可以同时表示好几种语法意义的语言类型是，比如。 科目名称：802语言学基础第1页共2页
《语言学概论》期末试卷 1.(单选题)下列关于“语言”的说法,不正确的一项是(D )(本题 2."0分) A、语言系统是由多个子系统组合而成的 B、语言是一个符号系统 C、语言符号具有任意性和线条性特征 D、语言符号的音义关系可以任意改变 2.(单选题)下列元音音素都是后元音的一组是( B)(本题 2."0分) A、[u,ε] B、[α,Λ] C、[α,y] D、[o, a] 3.(单选题)下列辅音音素都是塞音的一组是( B)(本题 2."0分) A、[k, 1] B、[p, k] C、[p, n] D、[t, v] 4.(单选题)从语音的社会功能角度划分出来的最小语音单位是( A)(本题2."0分)
A、音位 B、音素 C、音节 D、音渡 5.(单选题)汉语普通话中的“我”和助词“的”单念时发音分别为[uo]和[te],而在实际语流中,“我的”发音是[uo de],这是语流音变中的( A)(本题 2."0分) A、顺同化现象 B、逆同化现象 C、弱化现象 D、异化现象 6.(单选题)语音的本质属性是(C )(本题 2."0分) A、物理属性 B、生理属性 C、社会属性 D、心理属性 7.(单选题)英语“students”中的“-s”是( C)(本题 2."0分) A、虚词语素 B、词根语素
C、构形语素 D、构词语素 8.(单选题)从词的构造方式看,下列各项中属于复合词的是( D)(本题 2."0分) A、木头 B、念头 C、苦头 D、山头 9.(单选题)划分词类的最本质的标准是(A )(本题 2."0分) A、分布标准 B、意义标准 C、形态标准 D、逻辑标准 1 0."(单选题)下面词组中,结构类型与其他各组不同的一组是( D)(本题 2."0分) A、年轻漂亮/朴素大方 B、我们大家/首都北京 C、铁路民航/工人农民 D、贯彻执行/讨论研究
What is language? “ Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.” System: linguistic elements are arranged systematically, rather than randomly. Arbitrary: e.g. book Symbolic: people use the sounds or vocal forms to symbolize what they wish to refer to. V ocal: language is primarily vocal, rather than written Human-specific: Design features of language 语言的本质特征Arbitrariness （任意性） Saussure: the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning, even with onomatopoeic words: The dog barks bow wow in English but “汪汪汪”in Chinese. Onomatopoeia: words that sound like the sounds they describe Duality （二重性）Language consists of two levels of structures. The lower (secondary) level is a definite set of meaningless sounds which combine to form meaningful units (morphemes, words, such as he, left) which constitute a higher (primary) level. Productivity or Creativity （创造性）Because of duality the human speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences, most of which are never before produced or heard. Words can be used in new ways to mean new things, and can be instantly understood by people who have never come across that usage before. Displacement（移位性）One can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words, one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future. Our language enables us to communicate about things that do not exist or do not yet exist. e.g. A dog cannot tell people that its master will be home in a few days. Cultural transmission（文化传递性）Language is culturally transmitted. It cannot be transmitted through heredity. e.g. a person learns to speak is a cultural one other than a genetic one like the dog’s barking system. e.g. a Chinese baby born and brought up in London an English child brought up in Beijing Interchangeability（互换性）It refers to that man can both produce and receive message. One can be a speaker or a hearer Specialization （专门性）It refers to the fact that man does not have a total physical involvement in the act of communication
南京师范大学考研 ——语言学及应用语言学
考研路漫漫，我与你齐索。去年的考研结束了，今年考研的战斗也已经敲响了。回想自己这一年的考研历程，感觉特别的不容易。庆幸的是，终于成功收到了录取通知书，辛苦付出没有白费。今天借着机会，把自己这一年的南师大语言学及应用语言学考研经验分享出来，希望对大家有所帮助。 一、政治 看了很多政治贴，都建议不要太早复习，从9月或10月开始就好，不然复习太早以后知识会忘光光的。但以为早起的鸟一定有虫子吃，我在5月份开始零零散散地看政治，每天一个小时，直到9月份政治大纲下来开始进入政治学习阶段。在真正学习阶段中，才发现之前看的都白看了，知识点、做练习依旧处于基础水平，没有任何成效。并且我报了个考研政治辅导班，效果非常好的，也正因为如此政治我考了85分。 参考书： 1.政治大纲。建议买一本，虽然里面的字很小、书也很厚，但毕竟是权威，是出题的基础，第一遍复习必备，每天30、40页。另外，看的时候必须集中注意力，只有精力集中了，看得才会又快又有效率。 2.肖秀荣1000题。我做了大概三遍，从暑假7月底到临考前一周。第一遍打基础，标记错题，并在答案分析上标注重点；第二遍再重新做一遍，同样标记错题，着重记忆;第三遍做两次的错题。这样反复练习，针对易错易混的知识点能够记牢。如果一些大会、意义或者第一次什么的你实在分不清，建议自己总结，写在一张纸上，每天早上晨读的时候念一念、记一记，加深印象，因为考的都是选择题，第一反应就是你最熟悉的那个吧。 3.李凡政治新时器。我认为前面几页的知识点大纲比较好，用大括号、小括号的形式总结四本书，可以借同学的复印或网上下载。我就是偶然看到了在一个楼层复习的同学的资料，虽然不认识，但还是厚脸皮地借来复印了。当然自己总结更好，这要在有充足时间的基础上。这几个图可以用来构建知识框架，就是把书读薄的过程，让所有的知识点在你脑子里有一个位置去放它，并且可以通过这个知识点联系到其他知识点，这样就可以答政治大题了。