Chapter Two Comparison and Translation
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Chinese—— Covert（隐含）/Parataxis （意合）
English——Overt （外显）/ Hypotaxis （形合）
1）part of speech
the grammatical versatility, where the same character can function as a noun, verb, adjective or adverb
老吾老以及人之老，
幼吾幼以及人之幼。
You should care for the old as you treat your own parents.
You should show your affection to children as you raise your own.
大漠孤烟直，长河落日圆
In boundless desert lonely smoke rises straight; Over endless river the sun sinks round.
泉声咽危石，日色冷青松。
Spring water sobs its way through treacherous rocks,
The setting sun chills the green pines.
春江水暖鸭先知
When spring comes(春）, a duck is the first to feel the warmth of water of a river(江）.
市中游侠儿，得佳者笼养之。
Some loafers in town began to keep good crickets in cages （笼）
楼中忽见一人，长三尺许，紫衣朱冠。
In the tower he spotted a man who was only three feet tall, dressed in a purple gown and wearing a red crown.
他忙把那把门的一把拽住。
He snatched the doorkeeper/ the man who held back the door.
Statements about crime are not criminal language; nor are statements about emotions necessarily emotional about emotional language.
关于犯罪的叙述并不是犯罪语言，同理，关于感情的叙述也并不就是宣泄情感的语言。
2) Case （格）
你问他、骂他、打他他都一声不吭。
Whatever you did to him, he never uttered a word.
（）孤帆远影碧空尽，（）唯见长江天际流。
His lessening sail is lost in the boundless blue sky,
Where I see but the endless River rolling by.
晋太元中，武陵人以捕鱼为业。（）缘溪行，（）忘路之远近。（）忽逢桃花林，
One day in the Taiyuan period of the Jin Dynasty, a native of Wuling Prefecture, living on fishing, was boating along a stream. Oblivious of the distance he had covered, he came upon a peach grove, which
昨夜雨疏风骤，浓睡不消残酒。试问卷帘人，却道海棠依旧。知否，知否，应是绿肥红瘦。昨夜雨疏风骤，（我）浓睡不消残酒。（我）试问卷帘人，（卷帘人）却道海棠依旧。（你）知否，知否，（海棠）应是绿肥红瘦。
我想借你家（）客房用一下。
I wonder if I can use your guest room.
3) Tense
你哪本书不看，我就拿哪本。
I‘ll take whatever book you‘re not reading.
4) passive voice and active voice （语态）
这种药用得相当普遍。
The medicine is widely used.
颜如其言，遂呼之百日，昼夜不止。
Zhao Yan began, as he was instructed, calling the woman by her name day and night without stop.
5) subjunctive mood （语气）
那天你来个电话，我就不去了。
If you had phoned me that day, I would not have gone to meet you.
2.2 Thinking Patterns and Translation
2.2.1 Chinese——holistic thinking
English——anatomical thinking
泛爱万物，天地一体也（庄子）oneness
The objective world and the subjective world are contained in a unity.
万物负阴而抱阳，冲气以为和。（老子）
The myriad things shoulder the yin vapors and embrace the yang, and through the coalescing of these vapors, they attain a state of harmony.
观象制器；观物取象；近取诸身，远取诸物
Make things certain by comparing to something else
事难显陈，理难言罄，每托物连类以形之；郁情欲抒；天机随触，每借物怀以抒之。（沈德潜《说诗碎语》
以―象‖作为语言与思维转换的媒介，并视为捕捉思想内蕴的工具，通过直观的―象‖，寻求寓于其中的―意‖。
学不可以已。青，取之于蓝，而青于蓝；冰，水为之，而寒于水。——荀子《劝学篇》
依托事象，蕴意深远
隐喻：思维的共性，
1）将一事物的特征映射到他事物之上
娃娃脸，鸡冠花，金钱豹，映山红，猫头鹰，鹰钩鼻，麦浪，爪牙，眼帘，火舌
2）寻找两种事物的相似性或相关性
蛇行，龟缩，鼠窜，蜂拥，鱼贯，蚕食，鲸，
牛饮，鸟瞰
英语也有类似现象
pot-bellied，hook-nosed，hen-pecked，
almond-eyed，crest-fallen
The road snakes among the mountain.
That rude man shouldered me aside and got on the bus ahead of me!
I tried to stop him, but he elbowed me out of the way.
He nodded his approval.
The women kissed each other good-bye.
The girls giggled their agreement.
Anatomical thinking
In Western philosophy, anatomical thinking is highly respected.
Only in conflict with individual can entirety exist. Everyone should have his own individuality. Universal cannot exist without individual and the essence of matter lies in the general individual. Aristotle (384B.C.-332B.C.))
I think, therefore I am. Descartes (1596-1650)
1)Nomenclature (命名)
人皮，树皮，兽皮，书皮(categorization)
skin, bark, hide, cover
金星，木星，水星，火星，土星，天王星，海王星，冥王星
Venus, Jupiter, Mercury, Mars, Sarurn, Urahs, Neptune, Pluto
2) Structure repetition
镇子座落在一个峡谷里，东面是山，西面是山，南面是山，北面也是山。
The town lies in a valley surrounded by mountains at all sides
这年头什么都要送礼，生要送礼，老要送礼，病要送礼，死也要送礼。
Nowadays you‘ll hav e to send presents on almost every occasion——presents for childbirth, on the birthday of the aged, to show your care when somebody is ill or for somebody‘s funeral.
我们春天需要太阳，秋天需要太阳，冬天需要太阳，夏天也需要太阳。
We need sunlight all the year round.
2.2.2 English—— impersonal focus
Chinese ——personal focus
The matter was discussed ex parte by propagandists on both sides.
双方宣传人员对该事件各执片面之词。
His new book hits off the American temperament with amazing insight.
他在新作中对美国人性格的描写可谓洞察秋毫。/他的新书对美国人性格的描写可谓入木三分。
Astonishment, apprehension, and even horror oppressed her.
她感到心情抑郁，甚至惊恐不安。
/惊讶、担心、恐惧使她喘不过气来。/惊讶、担忧、恐惧压迫着她。
Shortness of time has required the omission of some countries
由于时间不够，(他)无法访问一些国家。
2.2.3 Chinese——active
English——passive
我得了感冒
I was hit by flu.
他把整栋房子整修了一番
He had the whole house overhauled.
妹妹又去发廊做了一次头发
My sister had her hair dressed again in that beauty shop.
2.2.4 Chinese——implicated subject
English——explicated subject
搞得我心乱如麻
It made me upset.
只听见阵阵笑声从青竹丛中的熊猫馆传出来。
Laughter burst out /was heard to burst out from time to time from the Panda House among green bamboo.
2.2.5 Chinese —— temporal and space sequential
English ——structure required 空间搭架，搭起主语和谓语，再用连词等连接
我们是在五九年出国的，之后中国连续三年遭受自然灾害，当我们得知这个消息，心情颇为低沉。
We had been dismayed at the news of the natural calamities that followed one another for three years after we left China in 1959.
I surprised the company by refusing to drink the dark red beverage poured out of a flat-bellied bottle dressed in a tight fitting straw jacket.
这种暗红色饮料是从扁平的瓶子里倒出来的，瓶子又由草衣紧紧包裹，我不肯喝，这使他们吃惊。
汉语：
1）时序律：先发生的事先说，后发生的事后说
他五岁时，生了伤寒，变成了聋子。
He became deaf at five after an attack of
typhoid fever.
一看祥子垂头丧气的样子，车上拉着个铺盖卷，把话咽了回去。
She bit back the rest of her question at the sight of his crestfallen look and the bedding in the ricksaw.
The author finds out that good intentions alone are not enough when his attempt to be kind to an old man leaves them both feeling worse than before．
作者想对一位老人表示一番好意，结果却使两人都很难堪，这时，他才意识到仅有好意是不够的。
2）空间上的大小律
国家、大小、长短
时间：年月日
地点：国名、省名、市名
他们在村子中央靠近白马旅社的一棵老槐树下集合。
They gathered under the old pagoda tree near the White Horse hotel in the middle of the village．3）因果律：条件——结果；假设——可能；让步——转折；比较——结果；目的——行为；提前——结论
后来在这栈房里受了种种逼迫，不得不搬离。
As I met with certain kinds of pressure, I had to move.
Here too I met with certain kinds of pressure until I had to move.
Tell us as soon as possible in case they are unfriendly to you.
万一他们对你们不好要尽快告诉我们。
U. S. A. has a very old-fashioned system of measurements, though it considered itself an advanced country. 尽管美国自认为是一个发达国家，但是它有很老套的度量体系。
No longer are ―separate but equal‖ schools regarded as being permitted under the ―equal protection of the laws‖ provision of the 14th Amendment to the Constitution.
根据（美国）宪法第14次修正案―法律平等保护条款‖，―种族隔离‖学校不再具有合法性。
He was puzzled that l did not want what was obviously a ―set up‖ towards what all Americans are taught to want when they grow up：money and power．
金钱和权力，是所有美国人从小到大所受教育中想要得到的东西，可现在，通行的阶梯明明触手可及，而我却偏偏不要，对此他大惑不解。
2.2.6 transformation of thinking patterns
答不出这个问题，我觉得很难堪。
I felt ashamed of not being able to answer the question.
Such is human nature that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.
为了成为白领，许多人宁愿牺牲较高的薪酬，这是人之常情。
Aristotle could have avoided the mistake of thinking that women have fewer teeth than man, by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counted.
亚里斯多德本可以用一个十分简单的办法，让他妻张开嘴巴，数一数牙齿。这样就不会认为女人的牙齿比男人少了。
I think it enough that my parents, such as they were, never cost me a pang, and their son, such as he is, never cost them a tear.
我的父母，虽然碌碌一生，却从未招致我半点痛苦，而他们的儿子，虽然无甚作为，也从未惹过大人落泪，想到这些，足矣。
不冒点风险，做什么事情都有百分之百的把握，万无一失，谁敢说这样的话？
Who dares to claim that he is 100 percent sure of success without taking any risks?
Scarlett O‘hara was not beautiful, but men seldom realized it when caught by her charm as the Tarleton twins were. (Gone with the Wind)
那郝思嘉小姐长得并不美，可是极富魅力，男人见了他，往往要着迷，就像汤家那对双胞胎似的。（傅东华译）
那郝思嘉小姐长得并不美，但是男人被她的魅力勾住魂的时候并不会意识到这一点，就像汤家双胞胎兄弟那样。
In her face were two sharply blended the delicate features of her mother, a coast aristocratic French descent, and the heavy ones of her florid Irish（红润的）father.
译1：原来这位小姐脸上显然混杂着两种特质，一种是母亲给她的娇柔，一种是父亲给她
的豪爽。母亲是个法兰西血统的海滨贵族，父亲是个皮肤深浓的爱尔兰人。（傅东华）
译2：原来这位小姐脸上显然混杂着两种特质，一种是母亲的娇柔，母亲是法国海滨贵族的后裔，一种是父亲的结实，父亲是爱尔兰人，脸色红润。
It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.
凡是有钱的单身汉，总想娶位太太，这已经成为一条举世公认的真理。
2.3 Morphology and Translation
2.3.1 English——morphological change
Chinese—— lexical means
Two men are of a mind.
两人同心协力。
You keep an eye on that man.
对那个人你留心点。
In 1970, he was placed under house arrest when he refused to use massive force in suppressing worker riots on the seacoast.
1970年由于拒不动用大规模武力镇压沿海地区工人暴乱，他遭到了软禁。
A wise man will not marry a woman who has attainments but no virtue.
聪明的男人是不会娶一个成就有余，女人味不足的人为妻的。
科学院派给我们两位教师。
The Academy of Science assigned us two teachers.
● 2.3.2 Translation
●E-C translation
●morphological marks into lexical meaning
●She had a balance at her banker's which would have made her beloved anywhere.
她在银行里有笔存款，本可以使她令人羡慕。
（3）She knew that Amelia would tell her mother, who would probably tell Joseph.
她知道艾米准会告诉她妈妈。做妈妈的多半又会说给约瑟夫听。
Omission
(5)He covered his eyes with his hands.
他用手捂住眼睛。
It isn‘t rum for a woman to want her husband back, for respectability, though for a man to want his old wife back-well, perhaps it is funny, rather!——Jude the Obscure
一个女人为了体面，要她的丈夫回来，这并不是奇怪的，虽然一个男人要他从前那个妻子回来，也许是很有趣的事。
女人为了体面，要丈夫回来，这并不奇怪，虽然男人要前妻回来，也许很有趣。
Laura wished now that she was not holding that piece of bread and butter, but there was nowhere to put it and she couldn‘t possibly throw it away.
这时劳拉宁愿手里没有这块黄油面包，拿着又没有地方放，又不可能扔掉。
Noun substitution
Medicine is not a science but a learned profession deeply rooted in a number of sciences and charged with the obligation to apply them for man's benefit.
医学不是一门独立学科，医学是需要学问的职业，它深深根植于许多学科之中，医学的责任是要应用科学知识造福于人类。
Exercises
(1)Things of a kind come together, people of a mind fall into the same group.
(2)He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing.
(3) Be a place what it may, one gets to like it, if one lives long in it.
(4)Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret.
(1)物以类聚，人以群分。
(2)他耸耸肩，摇摇头，抬起双眼，一句话不说。
(3)无论在什么样的地方，只要住久了，总会喜欢上的。
(4)某些大企业所从事的科学研究极具普遍性和通识性，不对这些研究保密对大企业具有积极意义。
A millionaire may describe his ―just-right‖ wife as charming, beautiful, sexy, intelli gent, and well developed. On the other hand, a poor man may define his ―just-right‖ wife as pleasing, attractive, desirable, knowledgeable, and shapely.
富翁可能把心中之妻描绘成娇媚、美丽、性感、睿智、丰满。穷人则可能将之定义为乖巧可人、散发魅力、招人爱恋、明达事理、款款有形。
Men from all nationalities also have their definition of the just-right wife. For example, the Italian man describes his woman as a woman who stands six feet one-inch tall with blonde hair and blue eyes, and who is well developed in the upper portion of her body.
不同国家的男人对心目中的女人有着不同的定义。如意大利男人的理想女人是六点一英尺高，金发碧眼，上身丰满。
2.4 Subject and Translation
2.4.1 English——obligatory
Chinese——optional
实在太荒唐It‘s utterly absurd.
是我不好It‘s my fault.
热得我满头大汗I‘m all in a sweat.
盖了许多楼堂管所Many tall buildings, big mansions, hotels and guest houses have been built. 有你的份You‘ve got your share.
2.4.2 English—— noun/ pronoun/ gerund/infinitive as subject SV structure
Chinese——diversified forms of subject
The policemen are carefully searching the room. (SVO)
The girl is now a student at this college. (SVC)
The door was painted yesterday. (SV A)
It rained steadily all day. (SV A)
Her boyfriend presented her a diamond ring at her birthday party. (SVoO)
They make him the chairman every year. (SVOC)
我们已经盖了房子We have built a house.
房子盖在西院子The house was built in the western compound.
房子我们已经盖好We have built the house.
住户家具都搬进屋里了The owner has moved all his furniture to the house.
The furniture of the owner has been moved to the house.
去年又盖了一栋新房子Another house was built last year.
东院又盖了一栋房子Another house was built in the eastern compound.
这些材料只够盖一栋房子With the materials only one house can be erected.
这些材料我们只能盖一栋房子We can build no more than one house with the materials. 这碗饭我不吃了I‘m not going to eat this bowl of rice.
这点饭够吃吗Is the food enough?
今儿早上吃的什么饭What did you have for breakfast this morning?
今天食堂吃饺子。Jiaozi is served in the canteen today.
叉子不好吃，吃筷子吧.Eat with chopsticks if you can't (do it well) with fork．
吃食堂味道不好The food in the canteen doesn't taste good．
靠山吃山，靠水吃水
Local natural resources can be obtained for livelihood.
People living in mountains or by the riverside can feed on the resources contained within.
他是吃干饭的。He is good for nothing.
他是吃软饭的。He depends on his wife/woman for living.
干干净净逗人爱Everybody loves clean things.
A clean environment or person is pleasing to eyes.
我一人干就可以了I can do it alone.
计算得快是个好条件
The ability to do quick calculation is of course an advantage.
To calculate quickly is of course an advantage.
It is of course an advantage to do quick calculation.
2.4.3 Translation
1) equivalence
苏轼是位才华横溢的文学家
Su Shi is a writer with superb talent.
这种药治感冒特别灵
The medicine is death on colds.
作弊不算数。
Playing foul doesn‘t hold your score.
倾囊相助是一种美德。
Emptying one‘s purse to help people in need is of course a virtue.
It is of course a virtue to empty one‘s purse to help people in need.
2)shift
我们的自然科学还比较落后，要努力向国外学习。
Being rather backward in natural science，we should make an effort to learn from foreign
countries.
日本人的性格是长于出击，你让他随机应变，他并不擅长；我们的性格则恰恰相反。Japanese are characterized by offensive attack, but not adept at use of tactics. We are just the opposite.
我的法语看报纸很吃力。
I can‘t read newspaper in French without difficulty.
3) the last part as subject
一胎生了三个女儿。Three daughters were born at one birth.
吃饭得用筷子。Chopsticks are used for meals.
对建筑师来说，将正在营业的饭店进行翻新实在是难上加难。
One of the greatest challenges for an architect is a renovation of an operating hotel.
沿路都是小商店。Small shops dot the way.
3）Supplement
Supplement one, people, etc.
学好数理化，走遍天下都不怕。
With a knowledge of natural science, one can go anywhere in the world.
活到老学到老。
One should learn as long as one lives.
春到田间耕作忙。
With spring looking on, everyone has been busy plowing and planting.
Supplement you, we
老是跟着别人转，就不能独立行事。
If you follow somebody else all the time, you can‘t be able to be on your own.
求那种人，可谓白费劲。不如自己动手干。
With that kind of man, you will plead in vain. You‘d better do it yourself.
4) Infer from context
那里的服务设施已有改善，可以找到够标准的旅店，吃到风味食品，坐上空调旅游车了。Service facilities have been improved. Tourists can find standard hotel rooms, local Chinese food and air-conditioned tour buses.
5) Supplement it as subject
冷静耐心地处理这个微妙的问题是明智的。
It would be wise to handle this delicate problem with calmness and patience.
看到学生人数不断减少，校长心理很难受。
It pained the headmaster to find the number of students shrinking.
夏天很难保存食品。
It is difficult to preserve food in summer.
练习：
长安有一贫僧，衣衫褴褛，卖一小猿，会人言，可以驰使。
In Chang‘an there was a poor monk in shabby clothes selling a small monkey who understood human speech and could do things as he was told to.
贫士只有一布衫，遇浆洗时无可替换，只得昼夜睡。
Once a poor man had only one piece of garment. Whenever he had to wash it, he would lie in bed day and night for he didn‘t have any other garment to change for it.
I wish I could have recorded the words as he reflectively meted out （有节奏地讲述）his story, but this is essentially what he said.
他若有所思、一板一眼地诉说他的故事，我真想（）把他的话记下来，他说的话大概是这样的。
When he finally arrived, there was no market for his goods. Times were hard for everybody. After（）exhausting every possibility, he finally accepted the fact that there would be no sale. There wou ld be no exchange for him to get a few simple presents for his children‘s Christmas.
他最终到达这里，东西却卖不掉，大家的日子都过的很苦。他找到能找的地方，东西还是卖不掉，最后只得认了。那么，孩子过圣诞节，也就没有钱买几件简单的礼了。
Last week I had for about the hundredth time an experience that always disturbs me. Riding on a train, I found myself talking with my seat-mate, who asked me what I did for a living. ―I teach English.‖
上周有件事困扰着我，大概这是第一百次了。在火车上，我不知不觉和同座交谈起来。他问起我是干什么的。―教英语的‖。
Do you have any trouble predicting his response? His face fell, and groaned, ―Oh, dear,I‘ll have to watch my language.‖ In my experience there are only two other possible reactions. The first is even less inspiriting: ― I hated English in school; it was my worst subject.‖
你能想到他的反应吗？他阴着脸，嘟噜着，―噢，我讲话得注意点‖。在我的经历中，只有两种反应。第一种让人有点沮丧，―我最不喜欢英语，它是我最差的科目‖ 。
The second, so rare as to make an honest English teacher almost burst into tears of gratitude when it occurs, is an animated conversation about literature, or ideas, or the American language—the kind of conversation that shows continuing respect for ―English‖ as something more than being sure about who and whom, lie and lay.
第二种反应，是对文学、观点、美国语言侃侃而谈，说话间透露着对英语的无限尊敬，而不是who 和whom，lie 和lay之间的差异，这一情况很少，一旦出现，会让英语教师感激得泪流涕下。
复习：
汉语：意合特征
（当）其翁见子（时），（因为见子）趔趔趄趄从猪舍转出，（所以翁）情知（子）醉酒，（于是）忙购糖水梨四瓶，强灌之（后），方解其酒。子酒醒（后），（翁）再看猪，猪已醉死。
雨是最寻常的，（它）一下就是两三天。（不过）（你）可别恼，（你试向外边）看，（它）（正在下着），（它）像花针，（也）像细丝，（它）（那么）密密地斜织着，（以至于人家的）屋顶上全笼着一层薄烟。（朱自清《春》）
人不食，十日则死；大寒之隆，不衣亦死。《韩非子. 定法》
如果一个人不吃东西，那么只用十天，他就会饿死，同样，严寒的隆冬，人不穿衣服也会冻死。
英语：形合特征
The confidence that the west would remain dominant force in the 21st century, as it has for the past four or five centuries, is giving away to a sense of foreboding that forces like the emergence of fundamentalist Islam, the rise of East Asia and the collapse of Russia and East Europe could
pose real threat to the west.
在过去的四五百年间，西方一直在世界上处于霸主地位。但到了二十一世纪，随着伊斯兰原教势力的出现，亚洲的崛起，它已感到险象将至，不复昨日之雄心。俄罗斯和东欧的解体，也对其造成巨大的威胁。
Many authorities who deplore the trend toward preoccupation with self have worries about the future. Harvard sociologist Riesman say s: ―When a movement looks strongest, that usually means it is about to fail. But because of the individualistic nature of this movement, it is hard to see how it will fail‖.
因哀叹―人人为我‖的风尚，许多权威人士对未来忧心忡忡，哈佛社会学家说：―某个运动看似摧枯拉朽，但常意味着将会一事无成。只因为运动有着利己的特性，人们很难明白怎会如此这般‖。
练习
翻译下列句子，主义句中的黑体部分
1）今天忽然听说学校要开一个运动会，这个消息使我很高兴。
Today I was very happy to hear that our university was about to schedule sports meet.
2）晚上，我们从中国大使馆回旅社的时候，天已经黑了。
Towards evening, it was already dark when we were back to the hotel from the Chinese embassy. 3）我原来打算在今年一月访问中国，后来不得不推迟，这使我非常失望。
It was a keen disappointment that I had to postpone the visit which I intended to pay to China in January.
4）There are many wonderful stories about the places I visited and the people I met.
我去过一些地方，见过不少人，说起他们，有很多奇闻。
4）It is strange that he should refuse to see me.
他竟然拒绝见我，真奇怪。
5）It is annoying that she should so easily get excited.
她居然这样容易激动，真恼火。
6）1 am wondering such a man as he should have succeeded.
真奇怪他这样的人竟然成功了。
7）Silver is known to be better than copper in conductivity.
大家知道银的导电性比铜好。
8）他有一个女儿，( )在郊区工作，( )已经打电话去了，( )下午就能赶回来。
He has a daughter who works in the suburb. Someone has phoned her, and she‘ll come back this afternoon.
10）你领悟到了人生的真谛不很好吗？
Isn‘t it good for you to know the real meaning of life?
11）走那么远的路买这么点东西值得吗?
Is the shopping worthy of such a long trip?
11）这本书同学们都读过了。
All my classmates have read the book.
12）我买的那幅画人人都很喜欢。
Everybody appreciated the drawing I bought.
―I don‘t know any hunter who hasn‘t felt a sense of sadness after he‘s shot a deer,‖ said David C. Foster, editor of Gray‘s Sporting Journal, a decidedly upscale hunting and fishing magazine, who
is himself an enthusiastic hunter.
―我还不知道哪位猎手射杀一只野鹿后不感到内疚的‖，戴维C. 福斯特说，他是《格雷野外运动》杂志编辑，一份高档的捕猎垂钓杂志，他也是一个热心的猎手。
Why do it, then? It is not enough to speak of loving the outdoors, or the comaraderie, or the challenge. No, there is some kind of blood communion between the hunter and that which he kills. 那么，为什么还要为之呢？如果说是喜欢户外，或者伙伴情谊，或者挑战，这些还不足以说明问题。是的，不能说明问题。在猎手和猎物之间存在某种血性交流。
―It takes courage to kill an animal as beautiful as a deer,‖ another hunter, Ed Van Put of Sullivan County. N.Y., said. Then he mused: Was the courage the right word? For him it was. ―It takes something extra to pull the trigger,‖ said Mr. Van Put, who monitors fish in lakes and streams for the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation.
―要猎杀一只像鹿这样美丽的动物需要勇气‖，另一位猎手艾德凡蒲说，他来自纽约州萨利文县。接着，作若有所思状：勇气是恰当的语汇吗？就他而言，应该如此。―扣动扳机需要胆量‖，他接着说。他现供职于纽约州的环保部，管理江湖的渔业。
Many non-hunters find such talk absurd, or horrible. Man y of them wouldn‘t think of killing wild game yet think nothing of buying meat at the supermarket.
很多不打猎的人认为此种说法荒唐，或者可怕。他们很多人不赞成猎杀动物，却对超市购买肉食不以为然。
There are those who don‘t eat meat but do eat fish, as though sure that the flopping in a net or boat is merely reflex, not desperation and that the writhing creature‘s unblinking betrays no more emotion than it will later, staring up from a bed of chopped ice.
还有些人只吃鱼不吃肉，他们认为，鱼在网兜和船上跳跃拍打是本能反应，不是绝望，活鱼的眼睛如同日后摆在冰渣摊上的一样，没有任何表情。
幻灯片109
2.4.4 Translation of English non-personal subject
A careful inspection will show you the leaks in the roof.
仔细检查会让你看到屋顶上的漏隙。/你仔细检查会看到屋顶上的漏隙。
This ticket will gain you admission.
这张门票会让你获得入场。/你有了这张门票可以入场。
1) Pick up personal pronoun
His slowness lost him the chance.
由于动作迟缓，他失掉了机会。
A thought came into my head.
我产生了一个想法。
Reading the magazine put many new thoughts into my head.
我读了那本杂志产生了许多新的想法。
When her eyes looked up, they were very large, odd and attractive.
她抬起头，眼睛很大，很特别，楚楚动人。
The job killed my ten good years.
我做这工作，浪费我整整十年时光。/这工作浪费了我整整十年时光。
The medicine killed my pain.
我用了这药，疼痛消失了。
A great elation overcame them.
他们欣喜若狂
2) pick up place, person or any other noun as subject or no subject
Autumn finds a beautiful sunny Beijing.
秋天，北京阳光灿烂，景色优美。
History knows only two kinds of war, just and unjust.
历史上的战争，只有正义和非正义的两类。
Dusk found the child crying in the street.黄昏来临，小孩在街上啼哭。
3) non-definite referent
By now optimism had given way to doubt.
至此，（人们）不再乐观而是疑惑重重。
Its remoteness effectively masked its activity.
它地处边陲，人们/外界不易了解其中的活动。
Some new paint will smarten up the house.
(你)只要重新粉刷一下，房子的面貌就会焕然一新。
练习：
（1）Fear rooted him to the spot.
他惊吓得呆立不动了
（2）Gifts and messages snowed in on her birthday.
生日那天，她收到了大量的礼品和贺信。
生日那天，礼品和贺信像雪花一样飘然而至。
（3）Investigation fathered the baby on him.
调查结果证明，他就是那个婴儿的生父。
（4）A new dignity crept into his steps.
他走起路来，不知不觉平添了几分尊严。
（4）Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh.
这位曾使世人欢笑的人自己却饱尝辛酸。
（5）The thick carpet killed the sound of my foot steps.
我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点脚步声也没有。
（6）The execution of the prisoner preceded the president's arrival.
总统尚未到达，囚犯已被处决。
（7）Dad‘s shy grin reflected the devilment that had returned to his eyes.
爸爸似笑非笑的样子，眼里露出了作弄人的精怪。
（8）The exigency of the case admitted of no alternative.
情况紧急，别无选择。
Life becomes one long exercise in delayed gratification; everything you do, you are doing only because it will someday get you where you want to be.
为了得到未来的满足感，生活成了千日之功，你所做的一切，你正在做的一切，是为了某天让你得到你想要的东西。
Between Mr. Muhammad‘s teachings, my correspondence, my visitors…and my reading of books, months passed without even thinking about being imprisoned.
在默罕默德的教诲中，在与外界的通信中，在亲朋的探视中，在我的读书时光中，岁月就这样流逝，甚至没有了坐牢的感觉。
2.5 Part of Speech and Translation
2.5.1 Chinese——characterized by verbs
English—— abstract noun and preposition
黛玉把花具放下，接书来瞧，从头看去，越看越爱，不顿饭功夫，将十六出俱看完，自觉辞藻警人，余香满口，虽看完了，却只管出神，内心还默默记诵。
Putting down the flower vase, Daiyu picked up a book and read from the very beginning. The more she read, the more interested she became in it. Before long she went through all the sixteen chapters. She became so preoccupied with its well-composed words and with lingering appeal that she tried to learn them by heart.
华大妈在枕头底下掬了半天，掏出一包洋钱，交给老栓，老栓接了抖抖地装入衣袋，又在外面按了两下，便点上灯笼，吹熄了灯盏，走向屋子去了。
Fumbling for quite a while, Grandma Hua took out from under the pillow a packet of coins and handed to Old Shuan, who, after some weighing, slipped it into his pocket and pressed it to make sure.
请假坐飞机回家探亲
ask for leave to go home by air to see one‘s relatives( for a visi t of his parents)
持枪劫车杀人越货
hijack a truck to loot the goods by killing the driver with a gun
打电话约个时间见面叙谈
fix an appointment over the phone to meet for a chat
The main objection to vegetarianism on a long-term basis is the difficulty of getting enough protein——the body-building element in food.
反对长期素食的主要理由是：很难得到足够的蛋白质，它是食物中强健体魄的元素。
During the training, the trainees shall participate the pre-acceptance at the seller‘s factory.
在接受培训期间，受训方须参加在卖方工厂进行的预验收。
On one memorable occasion a fight broke out at a beach party, with everyone punching and shoving.
海滩上的一次打架是令人难忘的，大家你推我搡，挥舞着拳头。
Wisdom prepares for the worst；but folly leaves the worst for the day it comes.
聪明人未雨绸缪，愚蠢者临渴掘井。
The absence of intelligence is the indication of satisfactory developments.
没有消息来报，意味着进展顺利。
I marveled at the relentless determination of the rain.
雨无情地下个不停，我感到惊异。
2.5.2 Translation
1）E-C translation:
change nouns into verbs
Two dials and I was able to get through the switch-board a second time.
两次拨号我才再次接通了总机。
我拨了两次才再次接通了总机。
The speculation is that the church is part owner of the weapon company.
人们的推测是教会是武器公司的共有者。
有人推测教会享有武器公司的部分所有权。
I‘m afraid I can‘t teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I.教你游泳，我恐怕难以胜任。我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。
He was always an unwelcome intruder.
他经常冒冒失失地冲进别人家里。
Change prepositions into verbs
The smell of wild flowers came to us on the light breeze that was blowing.
野花的芬芳乘着吹拂的清风扑鼻而来。
The book is beyond me.
这本书我看不懂。
China backs UN meeting on Gulf War.
中国支持联合国召开会议，讨论海湾战争问题。
―Coming!‖ away she sk immed over the lawn, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch. ―来啦！‖ 她转身蹦着跑开了，越过草坪，跨上台阶，穿过走廊，来到了门廊。
Change adjectives into verbs
Both newspapers were critical of these measures.
两家报纸都批评了这些措施。
2) C-E translation
properly use nouns and prepositions to replace verbs
1964年中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹，震惊了整个世界。
China‘s first atomic blast in October in 1964 was a great shock to the rest of the world.
你得喝几口水把药丸吞下去。
You have to wash the pill down with sips of water.
他一般坐地铁上下班。
He usually rides subway to and from work.
总理跟他谈了差不多八个小时，谈话中吃了一顿饭，直谈到深夜。
Premier Zhou talked with him for about eight hours through dinner and well into midnight.
他拿着枪绕着屋子走了一圈。
He walked around the house with a gun.
创一流服务，迎四海佳宾。
( )First class service to all guests.
上周末，我们开车外出度假，希望避开城市的喧嚣和污染。
Last weekend, we drove out on vacation, hoping to get away from the noise and pollution of the city.
我怕我唱不好。
I‘m afraid I‘m not a good singer.
他这个人吃得少，却很能睡。
He‘s a light eater but a heavy sleeper.
这些人闹什么东西呢？闹名誉、闹地位、闹出风头。
What are these people after? They are after fame and position and want to be in the limelight.
2.6 Abstract, Concrete, Idiomatic and translation
2.6.1 English——abstract noun
Chinese——concrete expression
complexity 复杂的局面
dejection 沮丧的情绪
favoritism 徇私的作风
infiltration 渗透作用
jealousy 嫉妒心理
loftiness 崇高的气质
precaution 预防措施
remedy 补救办法
probability 可能性
readability 可读性
tension 紧张局势
transportation 运输工具
trifles 鸡毛小事
translation 翻译作品
We have winked at these irregularities too long.
长期以来我们对这些违规行为熟视无睹。
The crime sent him into notoriety.
这一罪行使他落入声名狼籍的境地。
●Amazingly, that advice worked. With concentration -and a chunk of courage-it d idn‘t take
long before our feet became sensitized to the ground‘s gradations, textures and irregularities.
●真神了，那建议管用了，注意力集中——鼓足勇气——没用多久，我们的脚就能敏感地
觉察出地面的高低、形状、不平坦之处。
There were forty-five thousand paid admission.
有四万五千人买了入场门票。
There is more to their life than political and social and economic problems, more than transient everydayness.
他们的生活远不止那些政治的、社会的和经济问题，远不止一时的日常琐事。
London is a junction of many roads and also of many influences.
伦敦是公路的交汇之处,也是风云人物的云集之地。
The black people were fighting against the segregation of the government.
黑人正在和政府的隔离政策作斗争。
The socialists have decided to go into the opposition.
社会党决定充当反对派角色。
There was a wide emptiness over road and pavement.
公路上和人行道上一派空旷景象。
2.6.2 Chinese——vivid, expressive, emotional
English——plain, factual
E-C translation
I am a mere nobody.我只是一无名小卒。
He was open to charges of willful blindness.人们指责他固执己见，盲目从事。
C-E translation
那位小伙子真是喝了大胆汤。That young man has great courage, indeed.
她毛邃自荐来到这所学校做老师。She volunteered to be a teacher in the primary school.
半夜听到狼嚎，她感到毛骨悚然。She was horror-stricken when she heard the cries of the wolves at midnight.
他万万没有想到在他前进的道路上会有这么多拦路虎。
He had never expected that so many obstacles would stand in his way.
他这一阵心头如同十五个吊桶打水，七上八下的，老是宁静不下来。
His mind was in a turmoil these days and he was quite unable to be calm.
2.6.3 in C-E translation, categorized words omitted （省掉范畴词）
发展过程development
谦虚态度modesty
残暴行为cruelty
无知表现ignorance
稳定性stability
我们党结束了那个时期的社会动荡和纷扰不安的局面。
Our party put an end to the social unrest and upheaval that time.
人民内部的矛盾问题
Contradictions among People
促进和平统一事业。
Promote peaceful reunification.
近年来青少年犯罪现象越来越多。
In recent years juvenile delinquency has
been steadily on the rise.
我们要重视沿海与内地贫富差距问题。
We must pay close attention to the gap
of living standards between coastal and inland areas.
实践证明，我们协调经济发展与环境保护两者之间的关系的做法是行之有效。
In practice, our coordination of economic development and environmental protection has proved to be effective.
中国在全国范围内开展污染防治工作和环境保护活动。
China is carrying out nationwide pollution control and environmental protection.
2.6.4 English abstract noun into Chinese sentence
（1）Your silence on this matter puzzled me.
你对此事沉默不语，我感到迷惑不解。
（2）He shook his head and his eyes were wide, then narrowed in indignation.
他摇了摇头，两眼睁得圆圆的，接着又眯成一条线，露出了愤怒的神色。
（3）The vacancy of his expression made me doubt if he was listening.
他毫无表情，我怀疑他是否在听着。
2.6.5 Abstract noun into Chinese idiomatic expression
（1）He waited for her arrival with a frenzied agitation.
他等着她来，躁动不安。
（2）But there had been too much publicity about my case.
但我的事现在已经搞得人人皆知了。
2.7 Compare Conjunction
2.7.1 About Conjunction
2.7.2 The Conjugative Features of Chinese and English
2.7.3 Their Application in Translation
2.7.1 About Conjunction
One of cohesive devices to create linkage between clauses or words
Cohesive devices (Halliday & Hasan)
照应（reference）；
替代（substitution ）；
省略（ellipsis）；
连接（conjunction）；
词汇衔接（lexical cohesion）
Here‘s Sue. She has just arrived. (reference)
I think so. (substitution)
Who‘s there? （）Fred? (ellipsis)
I drank coffee after coffee. (lexical cohesion)
Conjunction
I got up and had a coffee. (additive)
I got up but went back to sleep. (adversative)
I was awake so I got up. (causal)
I got up then I had a coffee. (temporal)
Compare:
广出猎，见草中石，以为虎而射之，没镞，
Li Kuang was out hunting one time when he spied a rock in the grass which he mistook for a tiger. He shoot an arrow at the rock and hit it with such a force that the tip of the arrow embedded itself in the rock.
视之，石也，因复更射之，终不能复入石矣。《史记》
Later when he discovered that it was a rock, he tried shooting at it again, but he was unable to pierce it a second time.
他来，我走。
When he comes, I‘ll leave.
If he comes, I‘ll leave.
这两个乱撞到此，正要问路，不想遇到贤弟。《水浒传》
We barged around until we came here. We were just about to ask for directions when you unexpectedly arrived, brother. （沙博理）
问君能有几多愁? 恰似一江春水向东流。
If you ask me how my sorrow has increased, just see the over-brimming river flowing east.
他十分信服老队长，吩咐他做什么，总是话才出口，抬腿就走。
As he showed great respect to his squad leader, he would act out promptly whatever order he might issue.
He respected his squad leader so much that he would act out promptly whatever instruction he might deliver.
2.7.2 The Conjugative Features of Chinese and English
English：conjunctives, overt （显性），obligatory （强制性）
1) conjunction (coordinator/ subordinator)
and，or，but，yet，so，as well as，(n)either...(n)or.. /that，when，while，if, because, though, for, as，since，until，so...that，unless, etc.
2) conjunctive adverbs
A. additive (递进)：in addition, besides, similarly，likewise, for instance, indeed, furthermore, moreover, what‘s more, etc.
B. adversative (转折)：however, instead, on the other hand, by contrast, nevertheless, at any rate, as a matter of fact, in spite of, regardless, etc.
C. causal(因果)：consequently, it follows, for, under the circumstances, for this reason, hence, thus, etc.
D. temporal(先后)：then, next, on another occasion, in conclusion, an hour later, finally, at last, etc.
3) attributive conjunction （限定关联词）
who，whom，whose，that，which，what，when，where，why，how
●Soon she will learn that nothing bad will happen to her if she doesn‘t buy anything.
●(2) Compulsive bargain hunters, however, often buy things that they don‘t need just because
they are cheap.
Chinese conjunction, optional （非强制性）
（1）结庐在人境，而无车马喧。
I built my hut amid the throng of men, but do not hear the din of life.
（2）妾虽浑身碎骨，莫报万一。《水浒传》
Were she torn in pieces for her lord‘s sake it would not repay a thousandth part.
No sacrifice on my part could repay even one ten-thousandth of what I owe you.
（3）倘有用妾之处，万死不辞。《水浒传》
Could she be of any use she would not shrink from a myriad deaths.
But if there is any way I can serve you, I would welcome death ten thousand times before declining.
（4）世人都晓神仙好，只有娇妻忘不了！
君生日日说恩情，君死又随人去了。（好了歌）
All men long to be immortals
Yet dote on the wives they‘ve wed,
Who swears to love her husband evermore
But remarry as soon as he‘s dead. (Yang Hsien-Yi)
（5）俺婆婆若见我披枷带锁赴法场餐刀去阿，枉将他气杀也么哥。《窦娥冤》
If my mother-in-law were to see me in chains being led to the execution ground, she would burst with indignation.
（6）既是咱婆婆来了，叫他来，待我嘱咐他几句话咱。《窦娥冤》
Since my mother-in-law is here, ask her to come closer. Let me say a few words to her.
（7）从来就没有什么救世主，也不靠神仙皇帝。（并列关系）
There won‘t be any supernatural beings, or emperors who can save us from sufferings.
（3）见秀不但没有露出赚少的意思，反而说了些领情的话。（转折关系）Xiu didn‘t show any intention that she had less than she should. Instead, she expressed her gratitude.
（4）几房的本家大约已经搬走了，所以很寂静。（因果关系）
As several families of our clan moved away, the neighbourhood has become a lonely place. （5）我们把政策交给群众，为的是更好地取得群众的帮助和监督。（目的关系）
We have made our policies known to the public so that they can supervise and help improve our work.
generally implied conjunction （隐性为常态）
A. word order
（1）她不老实，我不能信任她。
As she is n ot honest, I can‘t trust her.
（2）他没按时来，我们出发了。
We set out though he didn‘t show up as it was scheduled.
（3）你不惹我，我不惹你。
I‘m not to offend you unless I‘m offended.
（4）抓住了主要矛盾，一切问题就可以迎刃而解。
Once the principal contradiction is grasped, all problems can be readily solved.
（5）说是说了，没有结果。
I‘ve made proposals, but they proved futile.
（6）风太大，船不能开，回去吧。
We‘d better go back, since the wind is too strong and we can‘t set sail.
（7）二人彼此见了礼，归坐献茶。
After an exchange of bows and verbal salutation, the two men sat down with tea served.
B. proverbs
（1）种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。
As you sow, so will you reap.
（2）不知苦中苦，哪知甜中甜?
If you have never tasted the bitterness of gall, how can you know the sweetness of honey? （3）聪明一世，糊涂一时。
Smart you are as usual, but this time you are a fool.
（5）跑了和尚，跑不了庙。
The monks may run away, but the
temple can’t run away with them.
C. contracted compound sentence
（1）有饭大家吃。
Let everybody share the food if there is any.