选择题
第5页Ⅱ
1、If you look for something, you try to find it .
2、If you feel thirsty, you need something to drink.
3、Shyness is likely to be something that people try to overcome.
4、If you glance at something , you look quickly at it.
5、A piece of cake means something that is very easy to do.
6、If you feel proud, you are pleased and satisfied.
7、Courage is a quality belonging to brave people.
8、If you have a date with someone, you go to meet your boyfriend /girlfriend.
9、If you feel confident, you are sure of your ability to do things well.
10、If you discover something, you are the one who finds something that exists.
第13页Ⅳ题
1、If you want to go by bus, that suits me fine.
2、Do you have much contact with customers?
3、You’d better take a sweater in case it gets cold.
4、The deadline for finishing the project is too tight.
5、She made a (n) appointment for her son to see the doctor.
6、Tell me the main points now; leave the details till later.
7、If you want to be certain of getting a ticket, book now.
8、If was you who asked me to set up a meeting for Friday.
9、Please write to confirm your reservation as soon as possible.
10、I wish you’d change the subject and talk about something else.
41页Ⅳ题
1、I really appreciate a good cup of tea. (D. enjoy)
2、It was the most educational experience I had ever had.( B. practice)
3、They didn’t realize that we’d figured out their secret code. ( C. signal)
4、The children were allowed to do whatever they liked. ( A. anything)
5、If you cancel your booking, there will be a small charge.( C. reservation)
6、It took me a while to come up with an answer to my teacher’s question.( B. work out)
7、I know you don’t like her, but please make an effort to be polite.( A. try)
8、A five-day week benefits both individuals and the national economy.( C. does good to)
9、The disease occurs mainly in children ,but can also occur in adults. ( D. happens, appear )
10、Do you think I could stay at your house for a few days? —By all means, but you may have to
sleep on the floor. (A. Probably)
69页Ⅲ题
1、How dare you make fun of me like that!
2、They stood in silence with their heads bowed.
3、Suddenly I found him running down the street.
4、We’d better leave now or we’ll miss the bus.
5、He took a few deep breaths to calm himself down.
6、Time goes on and we still haven’t made a decision.
7、You have no get angry with me. It is not my fault (错).
8、She realized she wouldn’t have time for a coffee before her train left.
9、The neighbours complained to the police about the dogs barking (吠)。
10、I stood_at_ the door and looked _up, but the windows were all dark.
98页Ⅳ题
1、Amy, don’t be selfish _ . Let the others have a turn
2、She doesn’t like sleeping in , even on Sundays.
3、We spent a(n) lazy afternoon, relaxing on the beach.
4、There wasn’t enough wood there to build a fire.
5、You’d better put your coat on if you’re going out. It’s very cold outside.
6、Twenty people were killed when storms struck the Mid-West.
7、Police are offering a reward for information about the shooting.
8、She stood on a balcony (阳台) looking _ down into the courtyard.
9、He was the first person to talk openly on TV about having AIDS (艾滋病).
10、Carney knew he would _ draw attention to himself if he rented a oat in the middle of winter.
(Unit 1－Unit 4)
113页Ⅰ题
1、A. discuss B. umbrella C. produce D. mutter
2、A. robot B. topic C. offer D. occur
3、A. hidden B. ripe C. describe D. tight
4、A. admit B. contrast C. apparent D. disappear
5、A. sweater B. treaty C. reason D. revealing
Ⅱ、
6、Two of the attackers were killed, and _ the rest escaped.
7、The next morning, my mum came to _ pick __ me up.
8、Don’t they know how _ tight _ my schedule is?
9、Write the telephone number down in case you forget.
10、She is an economical _ housekeeper and feeds her family cheaply.
11、Let’s _ put aside _ this question for a moment.
12、The nurse is _ attending _ to a sick man.
13、A large number of students will benefit _ from __ the new teaching method.
14、I got involved __in__ a quarrel about the price.
15、Linda likes being in red to __ set _ herself apart from the other girls.
16、During the trip, I was deeply _ impressed_ by the local people’s hospitality (好客)。
17、___ First of all _____, Let me share with you a piece of good news , and then we start the class.
18、The tourist ___ complained ___ about the accommodation and the guide’s poor service.
19、___ By all means _____ keep looking until you find her.
20、No one has __ come up with ___ a convincing explanation of why dinosaur (恐龙) died out.
21、Their ___ loyalty ____ to the nation should never be questioned.
22、I found myself in an entirely (完全地) new world the ___ moment ___ I arrived in Beijing.
23、I’m becoming more and more __ irritated ___ by his selfish behavior.
24、He tried very hard to ___ calm ___ the excited old lady down.
25、Her father has always been __ strict ____ on her.
26、No matter what we said, he __ insisted __ that he had done right.
27、The ___ constant ___ quarrel between the young couple (夫妻) finally caused divorce (离婚)。
28、Children should be taught to __ share __ their toys with others.
29、I didn’t __ wake __ up until I heard the alarm clock.
30、You must be alert (警觉的) to the ___ hidden ___ danger.
135页Ⅳ题
1、Children need lots of love and ____ affection ____.
2、The meeting only ___ lasted ____ for a few minutes.
3、She was ___ awakened ___ by a noise at two in the morning
4、Our dresses were the same ___ except __ that mine was red.
5、She welcomed him and ___ reminded ___ him of the last time they had met.
6、There is no magic __ formula that will turn sorrow (悲伤) into happiness.
7、I’ve had a few jobs with long periods of unemployment (失业) ___ in between ___.
8、When she mentioned the name Miranda, their eyes 1it up __ with __ respect.
9、Out of __ habit ___ he continued to get up at 6 o’clock, even after he’d retired ( 退休)。
10、__ Even though ___ he was much older than me, ___/ ___ I was actually his first girlfriend. 166页Ⅳ题
1、I turned round for my bag and it was ___ gone __ .
2、Don’t argue ___ with __ me, John. Just do what I tell you.
3、Their hospitality made a (n) ___ lasting ___ impression in me.
4、Jerrod found a love __ for ___ the game of chess when he was still a little boy .
5、Walking across the field reminded me __ of ___ the happy summers I had spent on the farm.
6、It’s believed that, at the ___ current __ growth rate, China will become the largest economy in
the word by 2030.
7、The couple are finally ____ better off ____ since their son graduated from university and
found a job.
8、His research has proved to be of little practical ___ value ___.
9、I ___ gave up ___ going to the theatre when I moved out of London.
10、Our school ___ believes in ___ letting children learn at their own pace.
193页Ⅳ题
1、He ___ reluctantly __ agreed to offer his help.
2、Remember not to ___ talk back ___ in a job interview.
3、Her refusal of the marriage would __ upset ___ the whole family.
4、I couldn’t understand even a (n) ___ single __ word she said!
5、You’d better try to make exercise a part of your daily __ routine ___.
6、Don’t you feel ___ tired __ of working at the same place for so long?
7、__ Take ___ the trouble to learn all of your students’ names. They will appreciate it.
8、He expected her to trust him, but as far as she could see they were just ___ empty words.
9、She came back with the ___ unwelcome __ news that her parents didn’t consent to (同意) her
marriage.
10、Did he want to work with the same people over a period of time or have a constant ___
stream ___ of new ones?
222页Ⅳ题
1、We were so busy that we didn’t ___ notice ___ how late it was.
2、When Frank came, I told him I was ill and ___ sent __ him __ away __ .
3、Alice kept perfectly still, __ frightened ___ that the dog might attack her.
4、I’m a little __nervous__ about leaving the kids at home all alone.
5、Rachel __ folded ____ up the ironing board and put it in the closet.
6、I helped her pull the two fighting boys __ apart ___.
7、They left the country __ in haste ___, without even saying goodbye to their family.
8、They difficulty __ arises __ from the fact that there hasn’t been enough time to train new staff.
9、There are two more people coming. Can you _make room for them to sit down?
10、I ___ suppose ___ that they’ll do some sightseeing while they are here.
232页Ⅳ题
1、That man was careful enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job.
2、The child looked __ sadly ____ at his brother who was badly wounded.
3、He is an expert in chemistry. We call him a __ chemist __ .
4、To everyone’s ___ satisfaction ____, the girl finished the job quite well.
5、My teacher told me to write a __600-word _ passage about my family in English .
6、You must come with us to the police _ headquarters . Our head is waiting for you.
7、Letting that prisoner escape was no accident; you did it __ intentionally __.
8、Can you tell me what is the __ latest ___ news about the war against terrorism?
9、To my __ joy ___, I passed the exam easily.
10、Canada is mainly a(n) ___ English-speaking ___ county.
11、The necklace that she lost is very expensive. It’s of great __ value ___.
12、The children live a village __ nearby ___ . They come here almost every day.
13、IBM has become the ___ leading ___ computer manufacturer in the world.
14、___ Honestly ___ speaking, I don’t believe what he said about you.
15、It was impossible for anyone to predict (预言) the result of the game _beforehand.
(Unit5－Unit8)240页
Ⅰ.
1、A. courage B. proud C. surround D. count
2、A. row B. blow C. crowd D. show
3、A. private B. routine C. likely D. advice
4、A. extremely B. expectation C. expression D. exhibition
5、A. audience B. autumn C. laughter D. August
Ⅱ.
6、A student __ is supposed to ___ study hard at school.
7、To my questions, my mother always ___ responds __ in a calm and quiet voice.
8、There is a small town __ at the foot of ___ the mountain.
9、__ Out of habit ___, he puts the bag on the table as soon as he comes in.
10、_On the eve of _ the examination, we felt very nervous and couldn’t fall asleep.
11、This morning after I got up , I found my bike __ missing ___.
12、Don’t worry . Our life will be __ better off ___ next month.
13、He sat on the ground ___ reading ___ a book carefully.
14、If you put your mind ___ to learning English ___, you will succeed in the future .
15、We should know that a man is not __ born with ___ knowledge.
16、Please tell me the secret ___ to ___ your great success.
17、His good character has an influence ___ on __ his success.
18、Children ___ are likely make ____ mistake.
19、It is a bad habit to smoke ___ in public ___
20、___Though___ it was cheat. I did not want to buy it.
21、I have two papers __ to write ____ this week.
22、He seems ___ to be eating ___ something now.
23、He is known ___ to have been working ___ here for more than ten years.
24、I want to have my car __ repaired __ this afternoon.
25、___ Used ___ for five years, the computer looks very old.
26、It is Monday today. You ___ should have finished __ your paper yesterday.
27、No one can avoid ___ being influenced ___ by one’s surroundings.
28、There __ used to be ___ a restaurant in the street ten years ago.
29、－Must I go shopping today?
－No, __ you needn’t ___ . We still have a lot of food at home.
30、He speaks good English. He __ must have learned ___ English before.
6
长篇阅读——匹配题 Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2. Passage 1 Paper —More than Meets the Eye A) We are surrounded by so much paper and card that it is easy to forget just how complex it is. There are many varieties and grades of paper materials, and whilst it is fairly easy to spot the varieties, it is far more difficult to spot the grades. B) It needs to be understood that most paper and card is manufactured for a specific purpose, so that whilst the corn-flake packet may look smart, it is clearly not something destined for the archives. It is made to look good, but only needs a limited life span. It is also much cheaper to manufacture than high grade card. C) Paper can be made from an almost endless variety of cellulose（纤维素化合物）-based material which will include many woods, cottons and grasses of which papyrus is an example and from where we get the word "paper". Many of these are very specialized, but the preponderance of paper making has been from soft wood and cotton or rags, with the bulk being wood-based. Paper from Wood D) In order to make wood into paper it needs to be broken down into fine strands. Firstly by powerful machinery and then boiled with strong alkalies(碱) such as caustic soda, until a fine pulp of cellulose fibers is produced. It is from this pulp that the final product is made, relying on the bonding together of the cellulose into layers. That, in a very small nutshell, is the essence of paper making from wood. However, the reality is rather more complicated. In order to give us our white paper and card, the makers will add bleach and other materials such as china clay and additional chemicals. E) A further problem with wood is that it contains a material that is not cellulose. Something called lignin. This is essential for the tree since it holds the cellulose fibres together, but if it is incorporated into the manufactured paper it presents archivists with a problem. Lignin eventually breaks down and releases acid products into the paper. This will weaken the bond between the cellulose fibers and the paper will become brittle and look rather brown and careworn. We have all seen this in old newspapers and cheap paperback books. It has been estimated that most paperback books will have a life of no greater than fifty years, not what we need for our archives. F) Since the lignin can be removed from the paper pulp during manufacture, the obvious question is "why is it left in the paper". The answer lies in the fact that lignin makes up a considerable part of the tree. By leaving the lignin in the pulp a papermaker can increase his paper yield from a tree to some 95%. Removing it means a yield of only 35%. It is clearly uneconomic to remove the lignin for many paper and card applications. It also means, of course, that lignin-free paper is going to be more expensive. G) However, it is nevertheless what the archivist must look for in his supplies. There is no point whatsoever in carefully placing our valuable artifacts in paper or card that is going to hasten their demise. Acid is particularly harmful to photographic materials, causing them to fade and in some cases simply vanish! H) So, how do we tell a piece of suitable paper or card from one that is unsuitable? You cannot do it by simply looking, and rather disappointingly, you cannot always rely on the label. "Acid-free" might be true inasmuch as a test on the paper may indicate that it is a neutral material at this time. But lignin can take years before it starts the inevitable process of breaking down, and in the right conditions it will speed up enormously. I) Added to this, as I have indicated earlier, paper may also contain other materials added during manufacture such as bleach, china clay, chemical whiteners and size. This looks like a bleak picture, and it would be but for the fact that there are suppliers who will guarantee the material that they sell. If you want to be absolutely sure that you are storing in, or printing on, the correct material then this is probably the only way. J) Incidentally, acids can migrate from material to material. Lining old shoe boxes with good quality acid-free paper will do little to guard the contents. The acid will get there in the end. Paper from Rag K) Paper is also commonly made from cotton and rag waste. This has the advantage of being lignin-free, but because there is much less cotton and rag than trees, it also tends to be much more expensive than wood pulp paper. You will still need to purchase from a reliable source though, since even rag paper and card can contain undesirable additives. L) A reliable source for quality rag papers is a recognized art stockiest. Many water color artists insist on using only
Unit one and Structure (30’) Section A Change the form of the word in the bracket as required. 1.It is the general rule, that all superior men inherit the elements of from their mother. (superior) 2. I might be able to judge their to the case. (relevant) 7. His mother had rarely him or any of her children. (critical) 8. Her sister was appointed as teaching in chemistry at Houston University. (assist) 9. This book is easily to the young reader. (access) 10. I had been writing to him , trying to get him to call me. (continual) Section B Choose the correct answer to each sentence. 11. We did not find to prepare for the worst conditions we might meet. A. worth our while B. it worth C. it worthwhile D. it worthy 12. He interrupted the speaker by asking irrelevant questions. A. continuously B. continually C. consequently D. consistently 13. In to his sister, he was always considerate in his treatment of others. A. contrary B. contract C. contact D. contrast 14. Language has always been described as the mirror to society. Chinese is no . A. exception B. explanation C. expectation D. excuse 15. We came in this field late, so we must work hard to make lost time. A. out for B. up for C. up with D. off with 16. I have gone to all this trouble .
大学英语四级练习题单项选择题-5 1.His proposal is __A_____ to all of us and you do not need to tell us mor e about it. A.apparent B.appearing C.approaching D.apart 2.This mountain range has many high __A_____ and fertile valleys. A.peaks B.hills C.phases D.pink 3.He gave us a good __C_____ of his experience. A.demonstration B.frequency C.descripton D.instruction 4.You have your choice of three __A_____ of ice cream. A.varieties B.tops C.respects D.decks 5.This sick man was __D_____ in a blanket. A. input B.issued C.ensured D.wrapped 6.This is the military ___B_____. Nobody is allowed to get in without per mission. A.bond B.zone C.butter D.zoo 7.Rock music usually ___B____ the young people in most countries. A.applies to B.appeals to C.amazes D.actress
Test 2 第一部分：交际用语（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分） 1. —Who’s that speaking? —This is Tom ____________ A. speaks B. spoken C. speaking D. saying 2. —I’m sorry. I lost the key. —____________ A. Well, it’s OK. B. No, it’s all right. C. You are welcome. D. You are wrong. 3. —It’s rather cold in here. Do you mind if I close the window? —____________ A. Yes, please. B. No, go ahead. C. Sure, please. D. I don’t like it. 4. —____________ —He teaches physics in a school. A. What does your father want to do? B. Who is your father? C. What is your father? D. Where is your father now? 5. —Excuse me, how much is the jacket? —It’s 499 Yuan. ____________. A. Oh, no. That’s OK! B. How do you like it? C. Which do you prefer? D. Would you like to try it on? 6. —____________ —Well, they got there last Wednesday. So about a week. A. When did your parents arrive at Paris? B. How long have your parents been in Paris? C. Did your parents arrive at Paris last Wednesday? D. When will your parents go to Paris? 7. —How often do you go dancing? —____________ A. I will go dancing tomorrow. B. Yesterday. C. Every other day. D. I’ve been dancing for a year. 8. —You know, I have three kids now. —____________ A. Well, I’ve grown a mustache. B. That’s terrific! C. Say, you’ve really changed your hair. D. Well, I gave up drinking. 9. —How about going to dinner at the Mexican restaurant tonight? —____________ A. Forget it. B. Sorry, I like Mexican food. C. That’s great! D. Glad you like it. 10. —Madam, do all the buses go downtown? —____________ A. Wow, you got the idea. B. No, never mind. C. Pretty well, I guess. D. Sorry, I’m new here. 第二部分：阅读理解（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分） Passage----P126 Sixteen-year-old Maria was waiting in line at the airport in Santo Domingo. She was leaving her native country to join her sister in the United States. She spoke English very well. Though she was very happy she could go abroad, she was feeling sad at leaving her family and fiends. As she was thinking all about this, she
Universities Branch Out A) As never before in their long history, universities have become instruments of national competition as well as instruments of peace. They are the place of the scientific discoveries that move economies forward, and the primary means of educating the talent required to obtain and maintain competitive advantage. But at the same time, the opening of national borders to the flow of goods, services, information and especially people has made universities a powerful force for global integration, mutual understanding and geopolitical stability. B) In response to the same forces that have driven the world economy, universities have become more self-consciously global: seeking students from around the world who represent the entire range of cultures and values, sending their own students abroad to prepare them for global careers, offering courses of study that address the challenges of an interconnected world and collaborative (合作的) research programs to advance science for the benefit of all humanity. C) Of the forces shaping higher education none is more sweeping than the movement across borders. Over the past three decades the number of students leaving home each year to study abroad has grown at an annual rate of 3.9 percent, from 800,000 in 1975 to 2.5 million in 2004. Most travel from one developed nation to another, but the flow from developing to developed countries is growing rapidly. The reverse flow, from developed to developing countries, is on the rise, too. Today foreign students earn 30 percent of the doctoral degrees awarded in the United States and 38 percent of those in the United Kingdom. And the number crossing borders for undergraduate study is growing as well, to 8 percent of the undergraduates at America?s best institutions and 10 percent of all undergraduates in the U.K. In the United States, 20 percent of the newly hired professors in science and engineering are foreign-born, and in China many newly hired faculty members at the top research universities received their graduate education abroad. D) Universities are also encouraging students to spend some of their undergraduate years in another country. In Europe, more than 140,000 students participate in the Erasmus program each year, taking courses for credit in one of 2,200 participating institutions across the continent. And in the United States, institutions are helping place students in summer internships (实习) abroad to prepare them for global careers. Yale and Harvard have led the way, offering every undergraduate at least one international study or internship opportunity—and providing the financial resources to make it possible. E) Globalization is also reshaping the way research is done. One new trend involves sourcing portions of a research program to another country. Yale professor and Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator Tian Xu directs a research center focused on the genetics of human disease at Shanghai?s Fudan University, in collaboration with faculty colleagues from both schools. The Shanghai center has 95
1. The closing of the cigarette factory had ____ effects on the town’s economy. 第一空disastrous 2. I’ve always envied painters and poets—I have no ____ ability at all. 第1空: artistic 3. He’s struggling to ____ his fear of flying, but he still panics sometimes when he has to board a plane. 第1空: overcome 4. She held her newborn baby with ____ tenderness.第1空: infinite 5. The whole nation was ____ into profound grief when Princess Diana died in an acciden t.第1空: plunged
The volunteers’ ____ is t o work with the police to reduce crime on the streets of New York.第1空: mission 7. The city is planning a public ____ to awaken people to the problem of noise pollution.第1空: campaign 8. Once their books are open, A students don’t let anything ____ them from their studies.第1空: distract 9 He was knocked unconscious by a stone, and after I ____ him, he didn’t recognize me.第1空: revived Amanda wasn’t feeling well that day but she performed in the play with her ____ease .第1空: accustomed 11. When you fee l overwhelmed by the complications of life in the big city, it’s good to _ ___to the countryside for a few days.第1空: retreat
大学英语四级练习题单项选择题- 5 1.Hisproposalis__A_____toallofusandyoudonotneedtotellusmoreaboutit. A.apparent B.appearing C.approaching D.apart 2.This mountain range has many high __A_____ and fertile valleys. A.peaks B.hills C.phases D.pink 3.He gave us a good __C_____ of his experience. A.demonstration B.frequency C.descripton D.instruction 4.You have your choice of three __A_____ of ice cream. A.varieties B.tops C.respects D.decks 5.This sick man was __D_____ in a blanket. A. input B.issued C.ensured D.wrapped 6.This is the military ___B_____. Nobody is allowed to get in without permission. A.bond B.zone C.butter D.zoo 7.Rock music usually ___B____ the young people in most countries. A.applies to B.appeals to C.amazes D.actress 8.Would he have seen you if you hadn’t __B_____ to him
《新编大学英语-3下》期末考试模拟卷（2） I.选择填空（30%） 1. When a territorial animal or bird intrudes on the territory of another creature of the same species, the later will only perform some hostile gestures to warn_______ the intruder. A) out B) back C) off D) away 2. The university is trying to make more accommodations __________ for students. A) similar B) possible C) likely D) available 3. Jack left the job ____.after 10 years because he was beginning to feel________. A) trapped B) appealed C) valued D) structured 4. I declared that by the next class meeting I was going to ______ my job and end my engagement. A) quit B) give up C) abandon D) go away with 5. _________, old people appreciate being independent. A) Judging from B) In my opinion C) Now that D) regardless of 6. Arthur has some strange ideas, but on this occasion I’m ________ to agree with him. A)incline B) inclining C) inclined D) to incline 7. A good manager should _________ the health and happiness of his employees. A) concern in B) concern for C) be concerned with D) be concerning about 8._______many women of her age, she struggled to find a balance between her career and her children. A)Like B) Alike C) Similar D) Same 9. No characteristic is caused ________ by either environment or genes, A) approximately B) exclusively C) separately D) actually 10. Entering the room, I found my father _______ at the desk and _______ something A. seat …write B. seated …wrote C. seated …writing D. seating … writing II.阅读理解（30%） (I) We're supposed to start work at nine,but I often come in later because I have to take my children to school first, but then I stay a bit later.Of course,if I've got an early meeting or if I've got to be in count first thing in the morning,my wife has to take the kids to school.We're supposed to work a 40-hour week,but I think most people actually work more than that.We're supposed to dress smartly,particularly if we have contact with clients,so I always wear a suit and tie to work.Female lawyers aren't allowed to wear trousers or ever dark tights.They have to wear knee-length skirts-no minis.The secretaries can wear tailored trousers,but no jeans.A weekly dress-down day was introduced last month--it's an idea from America,where everybody comes into work in casual dress on a Friday.Personally,I have no desire to come into work wearing jeans and a T-shirt.I like to make a difference between work and home,and I can wear casual clothes at home.I think people should dress smartly for work-it gives a good impression.Smoking,eating and drinking are strictly forbidden in the office.There's a non-smoking cafeteria downstairs,and smokers have t go outside.Personally,I thing smoking ought to be banned in all public place. 11. Why is the man often late for work? A)Because he has trouble getting to sleep at night. B)Because he has to drive a long way to get to work. C)Because he has to take his children to school first. D)Becauseit’s the rush hour and the traffic is very heavy. 12. When can office workers come to work in casual dress?
大学英语四级匹配题详 解 Pleasure Group Office【T985AB-B866SYT-B182C-BS682T-STT18】
长篇阅读——匹配题 Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2. Passage 1 Paper — More than Meets the Eye A) We are surrounded by so much paper and card that it is easy to forget just how complex it is. There are many varieties and grades of paper materials, and it is fairly easy to spot the varieties, it is far more difficult to spot the grades. B) It needs to be understood that most paper and card is manufactured for a specific purpose, so that whilst the corn-flake packet may look smart, it is clearly not something destined for the archives. It is made to look good, but only needs a limited life span. It is also much cheaper to manufacture than high grade card. C) Paper can be made from an almost endless variety of cellulose（纤维素化合物）-based material which will include many woods, cottons and grasses of which is an example and from where we get the word "paper". Many of these are very specialized, but the of paper making has been from soft wood and cotton or , with the bulk being wood-based. Paper from Wood D) In order to make wood into paper it needs to be broken down into fine strands. Firstly by powerful and then boiled with strong alkalies(碱) such as caustic soda, until a fine of fibers is produced. It is from this pulp that the final product is made, relying on the bonding together of the cellulose into layers. That, in a very small nutshell, is the essence of paper making from wood. However, the reality is rather more complicated. In order to give us our white paper and card, the makers will add and other materials such as china clay and additional chemicals. E) A further problem with wood is that it contains a material that is not cellulose. Something called . This is essential for the tree since it holds the cellulose fibres together, but if it is incorporated into the manufactured paper it presents archivists with a problem. Lignin eventually breaks down and releases acid products into the paper. This will weaken the bond between the cellulose fibers and the paper will become brittle and look rather brown and careworn. We have all seen this in old newspapers and cheap paperback books. It has been estimated that most paperback books will have a life of no greater than fifty years, not what we need for our archives. F) Since the lignin can be removed from the paper pulp during manufacture, the obvious question is "why is it left in the paper". The answer lies in the fact that lignin makes up a considerable part of the tree. By leaving the lignin in the pulp a papermaker can increase his paper yield from a tree to some 95%. Removing it means a yield of only 35%. It is clearly uneconomic to remove the lignin for many paper and card applications. It also means, of course, that lignin-free paper is going to be more expensive. G) However, it is nevertheless what the must look for in his supplies. There is no point whatsoever in carefully placing our valuable artifacts in paper or card that is going to their . Acid is particularly harmful to photographic materials, causing them to fade and in some cases simply vanish! H) So, how do we tell a piece of suitable paper or card from one that is unsuitable You cannot do it by simply looking, and rather disappointingly, you cannot always rely on the label. "Acid-free" might be true inasmuch as a test on the paper may indicate that it is a neutral material at this time. But lignin can take years before it starts the inevitable process of breaking down, and in the right conditions it will speed up enormously. I) Added to this, as I have indicated earlier, paper may also contain other materials added during manufacture such as bleach, china clay, chemical whiteners and size. This looks like a bleak picture, and it would be but for the fact that there are suppliers who will