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非谓语动词专题

非谓语动词专题(to+V原,V-ing,V-ed)

特别：to have been doing（完成时的进行式）

非谓语动词的语法功能（在句子中充当何种成分）

☆不定式的句法功能，除了谓语外，不定式可以担当句子的任何成分。

To see is to believe. 眼见为实。 (作主语和表语)

To save time is to lengthen life. (不定式短语作主语)

You should continue to learn as long as you live.

要活到老学到老。(不定式短语作宾语)

She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evenings. 她晚上经常有很多会要开。(不定式短语作定语)

To /In order to do a good job, we must have the right tools. 要干好活工具得用对。(不定式短语作目的状语)

He got up early in order to/ so as to catch the first bus. (不定式短语作目的状语)

I didn't expect you to arrive so early.

我没想到你来得那么早。(不定式短语作宾语补足语)

☆不定式的省略

①两个并列的不定式由and或or连接时，省略后面的不定式中的to。

如：I want to finish my homework and go home.

I'm really puzzled what to think or say.

特例：To be or not to be，that is a question.

He is better to laugh than to cry.

They came not to save us, but to conquer us.他们不是为拯救我们而来，而是为征服我们而来

(表示对比，每个不定式都要有to)

②句中含有动词do时，but，except，besides等后面的不带to。即“前有do，后省to”。如：He didn't do anything but complain.

③在 cannot but, cannot choose but, cannot help but , could not but ,could not help but 的后面不带to , 它们的意思都是“只好，只有” ,如： He could not but walk home. / It’s raining hard, I cannot help but stay at home./ I cannot but admire his courage.

☆不定式的复合结构 It is brave of you to do that.

It is easy for you to do that.

当下列表示人物性质，身份，特征的形容词同of 后的名词或代词关系密切，有意义上的主表关系时，常与o f 搭配。brave, careful, careless, clever, foolish, good, honest, kind, nice, right, wrong ,rude, stupid, silly, wise, thoughtful, etc

Eg：It was very kind of you to come to help me.

= You were very kind to come to help me.

下列表示事物性质的形容词同for后的名词或代词关系不密切，没有意义上的主表关系，但与句中的不定式结构关系密切，有意义上的主表关系，常与 for 搭配。easy, hard, heavy, necessary, impossible, possible, important, difficult, etc.

Eg：It’s hard for him to get rid of his bad habits .

= For him to get rid of his bad habits is hard

☆不定式主动表被动的情况

1. 不定式作定语与被修饰的名词构成动宾关系，且与句中的另一名词或代词有主谓关系时。

I’ll give you a book to read.

Please lend me a pen to write with.

2. be+adj.+to do

The question is not easy to answer.

3. 不定式作形容词的宾语，和句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系

The water is not fit to drink.

4.There be结构中不定式修饰主语时，主动式和被动式皆可

There is a lot of work to do/ to be done.

如果不定式有逻辑主语，只用主动式→There is nothing for me to do today.

5.某些动词不定式与be连用作表语时

Be to blame, be to seek, be to let

● V-ing

☆不定式和现在分词作结果状语的区别

不定式：出乎意料的结果

I woke up in the morning, to find the outside world greatly changed. 现在分词：往往与主句有因果关系

She fell off the bike, breaking her left leg.

begin和start后跟不定式而不跟动名词的情况

1.当主语是无生命之物时

Snow began to melt.

2.begin和start用于进行时态时

He is beginning to study English.

3.begin和start后面的动词是表示心理状态的词（know, understand, believe, wonder等）

I began to believe his story.

☆关于分词选定的原则

分词短语做定语时，分词的选定依据分词与被其修饰的名词的关系而定。如果名词是分词动作的执行者，用现在分词；如果名词是分词动作的承受者，用过去分词。分词短语做状语时，则要看分词与句子主语的关系。如果句子的主语是分词动作的执行者，用现在分词；如果主语是分词动作的承受者，用过去分词。

(1)Seen from the mountain，the city looks beautiful.

(2)Seeing from the mountain，we can see the river running through the city.

注意：done, to be done, being done作定语的区别

The meeting being held now is of great importance.

The meeting held yesterday was of great importance.

The meeting to be held tomorrow is of great importance.

考点解读

With复合结构

(1)With_the_children_following_him(由于孩子跟着他), he had to go back to the park.

(2) With the work finished, he could go home.

(3) With the weather so hot, they went in to have a rest.

(4) His wife came down the stairs, with a book in her hand (＝a book in her hand＝book in hand)．

(5) The students stood in line with the national flag being raised.

归纳总结：

with复合结构既可看作介词短语，在句子中作定语；也可看作独立主格结构，常在句中充当状语。它由“with＋宾语＋补语”组成，其中，宾语和宾补之间必须有逻辑一致关系。其结构为：

adv./prep.如：(4)。

adj.如：(3)。

with+宾语+ doing(主动，同时)/being done(正在被)，如：(1)、(5)。

done(被动或完成)，如：(2)。

to do(与宾语有动宾关系，表示将要发生的动作)

另外，在确定用-ing形式还是用-ed形式，用to do还是用to be done时，都是由该非谓语动词与逻辑主语是主动关系还是被动关系来确定的。那么，如何找出非谓语动词的逻辑主语？这与非谓语动词在句中作何种成分有关，详见下表：

反面解读

1．【误】 We don't allow to smoke in the lecture hall.

【正】 We don't allow smoking in the lecture hall.

【正】 We don't allow people to smoke in the lecture hall.

【解析】考查固定结构。allow doing sth.; allow sb. to do sth. 2．【误】 She was the first person thinking of the idea.

【正】 She was the first person to think of the idea.

【解析】当序数词或由序数词所修饰的名词带定语时，此定语通常由不定式来充当。

3．【误】 The question being discussed at tomorrow's meeting is a very important one.

【正】 The question to be discussed at tomorrow's meeting is a very important one.

【解析】 being discussed表示动作正在进行，而根据at tomorrow's meeting 可判断动作发生在将来，故用to be discussed表示。

4．【误】 This boy was seen come late this morning.

【正】 This boy was seen to come late this morning.

【解析】 see，watch等动词转换为被动结构时，其后不定式一般需要带to。

5.I've been looking forward to hear from you.

【答案】 hear 改为hearing。

【解析】短语look forward to中，to为介词，所以应用动名词作宾语。

6.He admitted to have stolen the car.

【答案】 to have改为having。

【解析】 admit 后面跟动词的ing形式作宾语。

7．This is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us.

【答案】 This改为 It。

【解析】作形式主语，代替动词的ing形式，只能用it。

8．The flowers need being watered.

【答案】 being watered改为watering或者to be watered。

【解析】 need, want, require等动词的主语为物时，后面跟动名词主动形式或接不定式的被动结构，表示“……需要被……”。

9．现在分词的完成式通常不作定语或补语。

(1) 【误】 I could see the house having been beautifully decorated.

【正】 I could see the house beautifully decorated.

(2) 【误】 The book having been written long ago is hard for us to understand today.

【正】 The book written long ago is hard for us to understand today. 10．作状语的分词，其逻辑主语必须同句中主语为同一人或同一事，现在分词与其逻辑主语有主动关系，而过去分词则与其逻辑主语有被动关系。

(1) 【误】 Having found the cause, the experiment continued.

【正】 Having found the cause, they continued the experiment. (Having found＝After/When they had found)

考点击破

一、单句填空：用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空。

1. _____________ (walk) is a good form of exercise for both young and old. (全国)

2. Eugene's never willing to alter any of his opinions. It’s no use __________(argue) with him. (上海)

3. Please remain _________(seat); the winner of the prize will be announced soon. (辽宁)

4. — Can I smoke here?

—Sorry. We don’t allow ___________(smoke) here. (江苏)

5. It is difficult to imagine his ________

(accept) the decision without any consideration. (陕西)

6. I can’t stand _________(work) with Jane in the same office. She jus t refuses ________(stop) talking while she works. (北京)

7. As a result of the serious flood, two-thirds of the buildings in the area need _____________ (repair). (陕西)

8. Susan wanted to be independent of her parents. She tried ________ (live) alone, but she didn’t like it and moved back home. (湖南)

9. ______ (dress) in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor.

10. I sent you 100 dollars today with the rest _____________ (follow)

next week.

11. _______ (lose) in the mountains for weeks, the two students were finally saved by the local police.

12. _______ (put) into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.

实战演练

1.______ in thought， he almost ran into the car in front of him.

A. Losing

B. Having lost

C. Lost

D. To lose

2. ________ of the truth of the reports, he told his colleagues about it.

A．Convinced B．Convincing

C．To convince D．Having convinced

【解析】 A 动词convince表示“使……确信”；be convinced of sth.“确信……，相信”；此处用过去分词作状语。也可说，此处convinced of the truth of the reports是形容词短语作状语，表示原因。

3．— Be careful! Don't forget you are on a ladder.

— But you are holding it for me, nothing ____________ .

A．worry about B．to worry about

C．is worried about D．worrying about

【解析】 B 考查非谓语动词。“小心点。别忘了你在梯子上。”“但是你扶着呢，没什么可担心的。” nothing与不定式短语to worry about连用，构成独立主格结构，作补充说明性的状语，相当于But you are holding it for me, so there is nothing to worry about/so I have nothing to worry about. 其中to worry about作后置定语。

4．He looked at me, with an expression ________ that he felt even more puzzled.

A．indicate B．indicates

C．indicating D．indicated

【解析】 C with an expression indicating…为with复合结构，其中an expression为逻辑主语，indicate与这个逻辑主语之间有主动关系，故用现在分词。

7．He claimed ________ in the supermarket when he was doing shopping yesterday.

A．being badly treated

B．treating badly

C．to be treated badly

D．to have been badly treated

【答案】 D

8．— Why are the students working so hard these days?

— ________ ready for the coming entrance examination.

A．To get B．Get

C．Getting D．Got

【解析】 A 本题考查非谓语动词。联系语境可知，这些日子学生们努力学习是为即将到来的考试做准备，动词不定式作目的状语。故A项正确。

9．If water becomes increasingly scarce in decades ________ ，water shortage will become a hot issue all over the world.

A．coming B．having come

C．to come D．to be coming

【解析】 C 本题考查非谓语动词。

用不定式表示将要到来的。句意为：如果在将来的几十年水资源变得稀少，那么水资源的缺乏将会成为全球比较热门的一个话题。

10．The party was a success，but we thought it a pity not ________ you. A．to invite B．to be inviting

C．to have invited D．to be invited

【答案】 C

11．Hearing the 2009 World Winter University Games ________ open，all the people in the Harbin Sports Center Gym burst into cheers. A．declare B．declared

C．declaring D．to be declared

【解析】 B 考查过去分词的用法。很显然选项B和其逻辑主语the 2009 World Winter University Games是被动关系，选B。

12．As the light turned green，I stood for a moment, not ________ and asked myself what I was going to do.

A．moved B．moving

C．to move D．being moved

【解析】 B move的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，所以用现在分词，not moving 作伴随状语。如果不注意分析，很容易受并列的谓语动词stood…and asked干扰而误选A。

13．An offer of a reward has caused many students in our school ________ actively in the competition.

A．participate B．participated

C．participating D．to participate

解析】 D 句意为：比赛有奖，这使得我校很多学生积极参加了比赛。cause sb. to do sth. 为固定用法。

16．— Where is Tom？I have something important to tell him.

— I last saw him ________ in the library reading.

A．sit B．seated C．seating D．sat

【解析】 B 本题考查非谓语动词。

题干句子空白处用seated作宾语补足语，因为seat是及物动词和宾语him之间的逻辑关系是动宾关系。

19．[2010·江苏卷]

The retired man donated most of his savings to the school damaged by the earthquake in Yushu, ________ the students to return to their classrooms. A．enabling B．having enabled

C．to enable D．to have enabled

【解析】 A 本题考查非谓语动词。现在分词短语作谓语动词donated的结果

状语。

21．Mrs. White showed her students some old maps ________ from the library.

A．to borrow B．to be borrowed

C．borrowed D．borrowing

【解析】 C 考查非谓语动词的用法。borrowed短语作后置定语，表示一个被动的、已经完成的动作。

22．[2010·上海卷] That is the only way we can imagine ________ the overuse of water in students' bathrooms.

A．reducing B．to reduce C．reduced D．reduce

【解析】 B 此处考查非谓语动词。the way to do sth.意为“做某事的途径、方式”。we can imagine 作定语，前面省略了that。

23．[2010·陕西卷]

________ from the top of the tower，the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees.

A．Seen B．Seeing C．Having seen D．To see

【解析】 A 本题考查非谓语动词。句子的主语和see构成逻辑上的动宾关系，故用过去分词短语作状语。

26．[2010·四川卷]

In many people's opinion，that company，though relatively small，is pleasant _____________.

A．to deal with B．dealing with

C．to be dealt with D．dealt with

【解析】 A 考查非谓语动词的用法。这里用“形容词＋动词不定式”结构，动词不定式主动形式表示被动意义。

27．[2010·山东卷] I have a lot of readings ________ before the end of this term.

A．completing B．to complete

C．completed D．being completed

【解析】 B 根据动词短语have sth. to do，且本句有时间状语the end of this term，选B。

29．Mr Wang made up his mind to devote all he could ______ his oral English before going abroad.

A. improve

B. to improve

C. improving

D. to improving

【解析】 D 考查非谓语动词的用法。

此题中包含固定短语devote…to，其中to为介词，后面应接动名词。动词devote 后接的宾语为all，all又为先行词，后又包含一个定语从句he could (do)。此题很容易以为could后应接动词原形；而误选A项。答案为D项。

30．I’m busy now. I’m sorry I can’t help _____ the flowers.

A. watering

B. watered

C. waters

D. to water

【解析】 D 考查非谓语动词的用法。

答案为D项。此题中的can’t help并不是表示“情不自禁做某事”的意

思，根据上文可知其意为“不能帮助做某事”，其结构为can’t help (to) do。

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