成本管理外文文献China＇s Enterprise Cost Management Analysis and Countermeasures Abstract: With the progress and China＇s traditional Cost Management model difficult to adapt to an increasingly competitive market environment. This paper exists in our country a number of Cost Management and finally put forward to address these issues a number of measures to strengthen Cost Management. Keywords:: Cost Management measures In a market economy conditions, as the global economic integration, the development of increasingly fierce market competition, corporate profit margins shrinking. In this case, the level of high and low business costs directly determines the size of an enterprise profitability and competitive strength. Therefore, strengthen enterprise Cost Management business has become an inevitable choice for the survival and development. First, the reality of China＇s Enterprise Cost Management Analysis Cost Management in our country after years of development, has made many achievements, but now faces a new environment, China＇s Cost Management has also exposed some new problems, mainly in the following aspects: (A) Cost Management concept behind the Chinese enterprises lag behind the concept of Cost Management in pervasive phenomenon, mainly in Cost Management of the scope, purpose and means from time to biased. Many enterprises will continue to limit the scope of Cost Management within the enterprise or even only the production process at the expense of other related companies and related fields cost behavior management. We supply side, for example. The supply side of the price of the product cost of doing business, one of the most important motives. As the supply side of the price of the product and its cost plus profit, so the supply side of price in the form of its own costs to the enterprise. However, some enterprises to the supply side too much rock bottom price, as their source of high profits, without considering each other＇s interests, resulting in supply-side to conceal their true costs, price increase in disguise. This increase in procurement costs, thereby increasing commodity costs, making goods less competitive. The purpose of Cost Management from the point of view, many enterprises confined to lower costs, but less from the perspective of cost-effectiveness of the effectiveness of the means of cost reduction mainly rely on savings, can not be cost-effective. In traditional Cost Management, Cost Management purposes has been reduced to cut costs, saving has become the basic means to reduce costs. From the perspective of Cost Management to analyze the Cost Management of this goal, not difficult to find cost-reduction is conditional and limits, and in some cases, control of costs, could lead to product quality and enterprise efficiency decline. In addition, the vast majority of enterprises in the overall concept of lack of Cost Management. Most companies have a common phenomenon, that is, to rely on finance staff to manage costs. In the implementation of Cost Management process, some companies focus only on cost accounting; some business leaders only concerned about the financial and cost statements, using the number of statements to management costs. Although such an approach to reduce the cost to a certain role, but the final analysis, cost accounting, or ex post facto control, failed to do in advance of cost control and occurrence of process control, can not be replaced costing Cost Management. (B) Cost Management obsolete First of all, from a Cost Management in general and ways of looking at, not really formed, the
system＇s Cost Management methodology, from speaking, we have proposed the establishment of including cost projections, the cost of decision-making, cost planning, cost accounting, cost control, cost analysis, etc. In the within the new Cost Management system, but how to make this methodology in a scientific, systematic, forming an organic links there are many problems. Secondly, the specific method of Cost Management perspective, According to the survey, 57% of the enterprises use varieties of France, 48% of companies use sub-step. The development trend of current world production of many varieties of small batch production mode, this mode of production batches law applies to product cost. Currently, only 2% of China＇s enterprises to adopt this method to calculate, which indicates that the organization of production in China is still relatively extensive, paid insufficient attention to the consumer＇s personality. Finally, from a Cost Management tool to see, even though some enterprises to enter the computerized stage, but the cost of application management module level is not high, and many enterprises are still the manual accounting, in a modern way of technology, Information, and this is bound to constrain business further enhance the level of Cost Management, it is difficult to meet the modern Cost Management of cost Information provided by the timeliness, comprehensiveness, accuracy requirements. (C) the cost Information, a serious distortion of In China, there are a considerable number of enterprises there is the cost of the case Information is untrue, and this situation is getting worse. Cost Information distortion is mainly caused by the following reasons: First, costing only a focus on materials, labor, manufacturing overhead, ignoring the growing increase in the modern enterprise product development, the middle of testing and trial-and after-sales service on a small group of input costs associated with the content of the product was incomplete, does not correctly evaluate the products in the the whole process of life-cycle cost-effectiveness. The second is distortion caused by improper costing methods. A high degree of labor-intensive enterprises in the past years, the accounting of the simple assumption (that is, the number of direct labor hours or production basis for the allocation of indirect costs), usually do not cause serious distortions in product costs. But in a modern manufacturing environment, the proportion of direct labor costs declined significantly, a substantial increase in the proportion of manufacturing costs, and then use the traditional method of cost computation will produce irrational behavior, the use of traditional costing will lead to serious distortions in product cost information to enable enterprises to operate the mistake of choosing the direction of products. Third, to achieve the purpose of artificially adjust the cost of a number of hidden losses caused by a serious, corporate virtual surplus real loss. In China, some enterprises do not increase because of Cost Management, but in order to achieve improper goals or interest to do so at the cost of the external disclosure of false information. Study its causes and performance: business managers in order to gloss over its management performance, to investors, especially medium and small shareholders have a good explanation to take virtual cut costs, inflated benefits, such as Joan China source event, Guangxia event; some private enterprises do not even pay taxes in order to tax less, false purchase invoices, virtual offset value-added
tax; inflated costs, pay less corporate income tax; a number of enterprise Cost Management is in chaos, infrastructure work is not solid, it is difficult to accurately account for product costs, and thus disclosed the cost of information is not accurate. (D) internal Cost Management of the establishment of the main mistakes Cost of production and operation activities, a comprehensive index covering all aspects of management, but also involves all levels of personnel. However, a long time, people have been the existence of a bias, the Cost Management as a finance officer for a small number of managers patents, that the cost-effectiveness should be handled by business leaders and finance staff and to all workshops, departments, teams and groups of workers only as a producer, resulting in control costs, understand technology, understand technology, understand the financial, the majority of the workers as to which costs should be controlled, how to control problems have no intention also were unable to say in the cost-conscious indifference. Workers that Ganhaoganhuai a sample, feel market pressures, cost control initiative can not be mobilized, serious waste, mainly in energy and materials, the next material without careful planning, the next corner does not make full use of materials, energy and run , risk, dripping, and leak is serious. Cost Management of the main mistakes made to establish the Cost Management business has lost the management of large groups of promise, of course, Cost Management work is not really achieve good results. Second, strengthen enterprise Cost Management measures Cost Management for Chinese Enterprises in the problems, we should start the following efforts to strengthen Cost Management: (A) the introduction of new ideas - the use of strategic Cost Management Strategic management is central to the sustained competitive advantage for businesses, competitive advantage is the core of any Strategy, it ultimately comes from enterprises to create value for customers, this value must exceed the costs of enterprises to create it. An enterprise to gain a competitive advantage need to make a choice, that is, enterprises must strive for what would be an advantage, and to what extent the problem for superiority to make a choice. This requires the introduction of strategic management of Cost Management thinking, to achieve a strategic sense of the extensions to form a strategic Cost Management. Strategic Cost Management refers to management of the specialized approach provides an analysis of the enterprise itself and its competitors information to assist managers and evaluation of the formation of corporate Strategy, thereby creating a competitive advantage in order to meet enterprises to effectively adapt to constantly changing external environment. (B) establish a new concept 1, establish a system management concepts, the implementation of a comprehensive, whole process of Cost Management The content and scope of the cost of doing business should not be confined to areas of production, management needs to be with the change, and as the development of management development. Cost Management should be comprehensive, the whole process, and at the design stage till the development planning stage should begin to reduce the cost of activities. Modern enterprise Cost Management should include the impact on cost changes in all aspects of the projections to penetrate the enterprise, decision-making, technology, sales and other areas in all aspects of the enterprise expansion. 2, establish the concept of cost-effectiveness, cost forecasting and
decision-making levels Enterprises can not succeed in the market for greater profits, they must establish the cost of determining the market concept, give full play to the cost of policy-making functions. Cost Management and enterprise＇s overall effectiveness should also be linked to the concept of dynamic cost-effective approach to cost and control issues, from the comparative analysis of input and output to look into the necessity and rationality of the enterprise from the perspective of efficiency to determine the increases or decreases in order to conduct a cost benefit as the center of the dynamic management. 3, establish a sense of innovation, technology and insist on combining The vitality lies in its continued innovation, and enterprises should seize the pulse of the market, seeking mechanism innovation, vibrancy, increase scientific and technological input, and the effective use of new technologies, new equipment, new processes and new materials, relying on technology to reduce product cost. Meanwhile, cost accounting should be considered in the scientific and technological content of products, including the cost to go to facilitate enterprises to the correct decision. The formation of the product cost, the technical factors, plays an important role, to improve Cost Management, we must implement the technology-driven economic principle of combining. 4, establish a people-oriented concept, create a cohesive force in enterprise People do not simply a tool for wealth creation, but an enterprise＇s largest capital, assets, resources and wealth, the main body of the enterprise, is the main Cost Management is to determine the cost of key factors. Therefore, to establish a people-oriented management thinking, and arouse people＇s intellectual factors, train and develop people＇s ability to work, so that employees and managers on an equal footing and enjoy the same participation in power, the humanistic, democratic management thinking throughout the enterprise management process from beginning to end, so that enterprises can truly become a democratic, humane organizations, from the human heart in order to stimulate everyone＇s sense of responsibility and willing to devote themselves masters of the spiritual power. (C) the introduction of advanced Cost Management - activity-based costing and cost-planning method Since the cost of the early 20th century inception, he has appeared ＇standard cost＇, ＇budget control＇, ＇difference＇, ＇cost-of-state analysis＇, ＇variable cost method＇, ＇volume-profit analysis＇, ＇responsibility accounting＇, etc. a series of traditional cost accounting methods. However, in today＇s increasingly competitive market economy, the traditional cost accounting methods have fatal defects, thus creating an activity-based costing and cost-planning method. 1, Activity-Based Costing Activity-Based Costing is based on ＇cost driver＇ as the fundamental basis of a cost-accounting methods. Its basic principle is that consumption of output operations, operations consume resources. In the product cost, it will be the focus from the traditional ＇products＇ move to ＇work＇ on to work for the accounting object, and the first motivation of resources based on resource allocation of costs to the job, and then tracked by the activity driver products, the final product obtained costs. It is customer-oriented chain, to the value chain as the center of the business ＇operational procedures＇fundamental and thorough reform, emphasizing the coordination of corporate internal and external customer relations, starting from
the enterprise as a whole, coordinating the various departments and links the relationship between the ask enterprises to material supply, production and marketing aspects of the operations form a continuous, synchronous＇s ＇workflow＇, the elimination of all can not increase the value of the operation, so that enterprises in the state continued to improve and promote enterprise-wide optimization, establishing competitive advantage. 2, cost planning method The cost of planning the basic ideas: (1) to full life-cycle-based, market-oriented development of target cost. Basic formula is: target cost=expected market price - target profit. (2) product design stage the cost of squeezing. This process can be expressed as the cost of the ＇Settings - decomposition - to achieve - (re-setting) - (re-decomposition) - (another achievement) - ... ...＇, and repeatedly as well as endless, until it reaches target cost. (3) the cost of production at the manufacturing stage decomposition and pressure transmission. The target cost pressures refined to teams and groups, and even individuals and vendors. (4) pre-production phase of the feedback control. Through trial and feedback from the production process and timely leak fill a vacancy, strengthen internal management, improve cost control management through a variety of incentive measures to make the cost of the ideological objectives of planning can be the greatest degree of implementation. (5) The target cost optimization. Product to meet the needs of market competition must be constantly adjusted and optimized so that the cost of setting goals to keep up with the pace of technological and market changes, so that the cost of the entire planning process to form a complete cycle, continuous improvement, and constantly perfect, and always be able to adapt to the changing market. (Iv) computer technology in Enterprise Cost Management At present, the computer is an indispensable tool for economic life, to modern information technology-based Cost Management Cost Management information system has become a symbol of modernization. 1, the software application LOTUS, EXCEL and other spreadsheet software has a powerful form processing, database management and statistical charts processing functions, is commonly used office automation software. They do not have programming, flexible and convenient, the use of low cost, high efficiency, use of these software can be easily and quickly assist management in cost projections, decision-making, and can control the process of implementation of the monitoring analysis, received good results. Businesses can combine their own characteristics, commissioned by software developers for their costs of developing a more professional management software. 2, the application of The network has a strong scalability, enables the sharing of resources, improve efficiency and reduce costs. Internal and external Internet connection of the timely transmission of a variety of cost information, and can interactively communicate with the outside world, learn from each other and promote the application of various Cost Management techniques to achieve Cost Management objectives. (E) to take measures to ensure cost-effective information Companies should establish a sound internal control system, through accounting and other business processes control, help reduce the occurrence of the phenomenon of accounting information Cuobi to a certain extent, the accounting and other information to ensure true and reliable. For example, a good internal control system, required documents must be recorded against previous audit,
the certificate of transfer must follow certain procedures, to the reconciliation table cards and checking accounts. Through these means of control, it is possible to reduce the incidence of errors to ensure the accuracy and reliability of accounting information and thus the basis for cost accounting and management information is reliable. Enterprises also need to improve the management and accounting staff of professional ethics. The main body of the implementation of the system is the enterprise managers and decision-making participation in the operation of accounting personnel, in the generation and provision of relevant information, on one hand to enhance the legal awareness, on the one hand to enhance the sense of moral self-discipline, strengthen the moral sense of responsibility and sense of responsibility to maintain professional conscience, economic objectives of enterprises and managers to enhance the double moral standards. In addition to strengthen the market research and information feedback in the Cost Management applications. Information as a business activity is an important factor in the cost management an integral part of. With economic development, enterprise cost management level, with the development of the situation can improve, operation can proceed smoothly, to a large extent also depends on the level of the cost of feedback. Therefore, the enterprise cost management must also adapt to this objective, continually improve the level of information management, seize the opportunity to truly become the strong market competition. 中国企业成本管理的现状分析与对策摘要随着中国所取得的进展，中国传统的成本管理模式已经难以适应竞争日益激烈的市场环境。本文就我国成本管理的一些问题，最后提出了解决这些问题的多项措施，加强成本管理。
关键词成本管理管理措施在市场经济条件下，随着全球经济一体化的发展，市场竞争日趋激烈，企业利润空间缩小。在这种情况下，业务成本的高低水平，直接决定企业的盈利能力和竞争实力的大小。因此，加强企业成本管理业务已经成为一个生存和发展的必然选择。
首先，我们来看中国企业成本管理的现实分析。成本管理在我国经过多年的发展，取得了许多成就，但现在面临着一个新的环境，中国的成本管理也暴露出一些新问题，主要表现在以下几个方面
（一）成本背后的管理理念中国企业的成本管理观念落后是普遍的现象，主要表现在成本管理的范围、目的、手段和时间的偏差方面。许多企业或其他相关企业和相关领域将使成本管理费用的范围限制在企业内部甚至生产过程中。我们供应方面，例如，做生意，最重要的动机之一是产品成本的价格供应。作为供应方的产品，它的价格是成本加利润，这是企业自身的成本价格的供应方形式。然而，一些企业的供应方有太多的压价，成为高额利润的来源，而不考虑对方的利益，造成供应方隐瞒自己的真实成本，变相提高价格。采购成本的增加，从而增加商品成本，使商品竞争力较弱。
从成本管理的目的来看，许多企业局限于降低成本，但较少从成本效益的降低来着手，主要依靠储蓄成效方面来实现的，不能合乎成本效益。传统的成本管理目的已经减少，以降低成本，节约成本为基本手段。从成本管理的角度来分析这一目标成本管理，不难发现，成本降低是有条件和限制的，在某些情况下，成本控制可能导致产品质量和企业效益下滑。此外，绝大多数企业在成本管理也都缺乏整体观念，大多数公司都有一个共同的现象，那就是，
依靠财务人员进行管理成本。在成本管理过程的实施中，一些企业只注重成本核算，一些企业领导只关心财务和成本报表，从而使用报表来管理成本。这种做法虽然减少了成本的一定作用，但归根结底，成本会计或事后控制，没有做到在成本控制和过程控制发生之前，不可替代成本费用管理。
（二）成本管理过时首先，一般来看成本管理的方式没有真正形成系统的成本管理方法，从理论上讲，我们已提出建立新的成本管理系统，包括成本预测，成本决策，成本计划，成本会计，成本控制，成本分析等，但如何使这种方法能科学性，系统性地形成一个有机联系，存在着许多问题。其次，从成本管理的具体方法的角度看，根据调查，57％的企业使用品种法，有48％的企业采用分步法。目前世界上生产的发展趋势为多品种小批量的生产模式，分批法适用于这种生产模式。目前，中国的企业只有2％采用这种方法来计算，这表明，在中国的生产组织还比较粗放，重视不够，缺乏消费者的个性。最后，从成本管理工具来看，即使一些企业进入电脑化的阶段，但应用管理模块级的成本不高，许多企业仍然是手工会计。以现代生活的技术和信息来看，这势必制约企业进一步提高成本管理水平，这是很难满足现代成本管理提供的成本信息的及时性，全面性，准确性的要求。
（三）成本信息严重失真在中国，有相当数量的企业有成本信息不真实的情况下，这种状况正在恶化。成本信息失真主要是由以下原因引起首先，成本仅在材料，人工，制造费用的环节成为了一个焦点，现代企业的产品开发正在日益增加，却忽略了测试和中间试验和售后服务上与内容相关的投入成本的小群产品，对这些产品不完整的，不正确的评价，在整个生命周期成本效益过程起着非常重要的作用。第二是成本核算方法不当造成的失真。一个高度劳动密集型企业，在过去几年中，简单的假设（即直接人工小时或生产为基础分配间接费用），通常不会严重的引起扭曲产品成本的核算。但在现代制造业环境中，直接劳动成本所占的比例显著下降，而制造成本的比例大幅增加，因此，使用传统的成本计算方法会产生不合理的行为，利用传统的成本核算，在产品成本信息中将导致严重的扭曲，使企业错误的选择产品的方向。第三，要实现的目的，人为地调整成本造成潜亏严重，企业虚盈实亏。在中国，一些企业不加强成本管理，为了实现不当的目标或利益对外披露虚假信息的成本。究其原因和表现企业管理者为了粉饰其管理业绩，投资者，特别是中小股东有一个很好的解释，采取虚减成本，虚增效益，如琼民源事件，银广夏事件，一些私人企业甚至不付税，以税少，购买假发票，虚拟偏移值增值税;虚增成本，少缴企业所得税;企业成本管理的混乱，基础工作不扎实，这是难以准确核算产品成本，从而披露信息的成本是不准确的的。
（四）建立的主要失误是内部成本管理一个综合指数，涵盖各方面的管理，生产经营活动的成本，但也涉及到各级人员。然而，长期以来，人们一直存在着一种偏见，作为一个为少数管理者的专业的财务人员，应当由企业领导和财务人员在控制成本，懂技术，懂财务的团队和工人群体来进行成本管理，各车间、各部门的人员，只是作为一个生产者，哪些成本应该控制，如何控制的问题，大多数工人无意也无力说，成本意识淡薄。工人，干好干坏一个样，感受到市场的压力，成本控制的积极性不能被调动起来。浪费现象严重，主要集中在能源和原材料，没有周密的计划下料，下角材料不充分利用，能源泄漏严重。当然，建立成本管理业务的主要的失误失去了诺大的群体的管理，成本管理工作是不是真正实现了较好的效果。
二，加强企业成本管理措施的问题，中国企业的管理成本，我们应该开始加强成本管理在以下几方面努力
（一）引进的新思路 - 利用战略成本管理战略管理是企业的持续竞争优势的核心，它最终由企业来为客户创造价值，这个值必须超过了企业的成本来创建它。一个企业要获得竞争优势需要做出选择，那就是，企业必须努力，这将是一个优势，为了争取优势的问题，以及到什么程度，。这就需要引进战略管理的成本管理思想，实现了战略意义的扩展，形成战略成本管理。战略成本管理是指提供企业本身管理的专门方法及其竞争对手的信息分析，以协助管理人员和评价企业战略的形成，从而创造竞争优势，以满足企业有效地适应不断变化的外部环境。
（二）建立一个新的概念 1，建立一个系统的管理理念，实施全面，全过程的造价管理做生意的成本的内容和范围不应只局限于生产领域，还要关注管理需要的变化和管理的发展。成本管理应该是全面的，全过程的，并应该在设计阶段到发展的规划阶段开始活动，以减少成本。现代企业成本管理应包括成本变动的影响，渗透在企业发展的决策、技术、销售等领域的预测的各个方面。
2，树立成本效益观念，提高成本预测和决策水平企业要想在市场获得更大的利润，就必须树立成本的观念来确定市场，充分发挥成本决策功能。企业的成本管理以整体成效的动态来理解成本效益的方法概念和成本控制问题，从输入和输出进行分析，来展现从效率的角度进入成本管理的必要性和对企业的合理性，以确定为了增加或减小，进行成本效益为中心的动态管理。
3，树立创新意识，坚持与技术相结合生命力在于持续创新，企业应抓住市场的脉搏，寻求机制创新，增加活力，加强科技投入，有效地利用新技术，新设备，新工艺和新材料，依靠科技降低产品成本。与此同时，成本会计，应考虑具有科技含量的产品，包括成本，方便企业正确决策。产品形成的成本和技术因素，起着重要的作用，改进成本管理，我们必须落实与技术驱动相结合的经济原则。
4，建立以人为本的理念，创建企业的凝聚力企业的主体是一个企业最大的资本，资产，资源和财富，，是成本管理中主要的决定成本的关键因素，他们不只是创造财富的工具。因此，要建立一个以人为本的管理思想，唤起人们的智力因素，培养和发展人们的工作能力，使员工和管理者能平等参与和享受整个过程。企业管理过程中，人文、民主的管理思想从开始到结束，可以使企业真正地成为一个民主、人道组织，这样可以从大家的内心中激发强烈的责任感和乐于奉献的精神力量，隐形中就汇聚了主人意识。
（三）引进先进的成本管理 - 基于活动的成本核算和成本规划方法自20世纪初以来的成本，已经出现“标准成本”，“预算控制”，“差异”，“成本的分析”，“变动成本法”，“本量利分析”，“责任会计“等一系列传统的成本核算方法。然而，在当今竞争日益激烈的市场经济中，传统的成本会计方法有致命的缺陷，从而建立一个基于活动的成本核算和成本规划方法是非常有必要的。
1，基于活动的成本核算“成本驱动”这个成本核算的方法作为了作业成本法的基本依据。其基本原理是，消费输出操作，作业消耗资源。在产品成本中，将重点从传统的“产品”转移到以“工作”为核算对象，并基于作业成本的资源作为分配资源的第一个动机，然后要跟踪活动驱动产品，最终产品来获得成本。它是以客户链为导向，以价值链为中心的业
务操作程序，从根本和彻底的改革，强调企业的内部和外部客户关系的协调。企业作为一个整体出发，协调各部门和链接企业物资供应之间的关系，操作生产和营销方面形成一个连续，同步的进行“工作流程”，消除一切不能增加价值的操作，使国有企业继续改善和促进企业范围内的优化，建立竞争优势。
2，成本规划方法规划的基本思路（1）以生命周期为基础，以市场为导向来发展目标成本。基本公式为目标成本=预期的市场价格 - 目标利润。
（2）产品设计阶段的成本挤压。这个过程可以表示为成本的“设置 - 分解 - 实现 - （重新设置） - （再分解） - （另一个成就） - ... ...＇,和反复，以及层出不穷，直到它达到目标成本。
（3）生产成本在制造阶段的分解和压力传递。目标成本的压力细化到班组，甚至个人和供应商。
（4）试生产阶段的反馈控制。经过反复试验和生产过程中的反馈和及时泄漏的补缺，加强内部管理，完善成本控制管理，通过多种激励措施，使规划的思想目标成本，可以最大程度的实施。
（5）目标成本的优化。产品，以满足市场竞争的需要，必须不断调整和优化，制定目标成本，要跟上技术和市场变化的步伐，使整个规划过程中的成本，形成一个完整的周期，不断改进，不断完善，始终能够适应不断变化的市场。
（四）计算机技术在企业成本管理目前，计算机是经济生活中不可缺少的工具，以现代信息技术为基础的成本管理信息系统已成为现代化的象征。
1，软件应用 LOTUS，EXCEL等电子表格软件有一个强大的表格处理，数据库管理和统计图表处理功能，是常用的办公自动化软件。他们没有编程，灵活方便，使用成本低，效率高，使用这些软件可以轻松快速地进行管理成本预测、决策，并可以控制过程实施监测分析，收到良好的效果。企业可以结合自身的特点，委托软件开发人员为他们开发更专业的管理软件进行成本管理。
2，应用该网络具有很强的可扩展性，实现了资源共享，提高效率和降低成本。可以使内部和外部的各种成本信息进行及的传递和Internet连接，并可以通过交互方式与外界沟通，取长补短，促进各种成本管理方法的应用，实现成本管理的目标。
（五）采取措施，以确保成本效益的信息公司应建立健全的内部控制制度，通过会计及其他业务流程的控制，有助于减少到一定程度，会计及其他资料，以确保真实可靠的会计信息错弊现象的发生。例如，一个良好的内部控制系统，所需的证明文件必须附有以前的审计证书，对帐表和支票帐户，转让必须遵循一定的程序，。通过这些控制手段，它可以减少错误的发生，以确保会计信息的准确性和可靠性，因此，成本会计和管理信息的基础是可靠的。
企业还需要提高管理和会计人员的职业道德。制度的实施主体是企业的管理者和决策参
与者对会计人员的的操作，在发电和提供有关资料时，一方面要增强法律意识，一方面要加强道德自律意识，强化道德意识，责任意识和保持职业良知，以提高企业和管理者的双重道德标准和经济目标除了在成本管理中的应用，加强市场调研和信息反馈。信息作为一种商业活动，是成本管理的一个重要组成部分。随着经济的发展，企业成本管理的水平，与形势的发展相结合可以提高，操作可以顺利进行，在很大程度上还取决于反馈的成本信息。因此，企业的成本管理也必须适应这一目标，在竞争激烈的市场中抓住机遇，不断提高信息化管理水平。
相关热词搜索外文成本管理文献成本管理外文文献及翻译货运成本管理外文成本控制外文文献
企业成本控制外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
译文： 在价值链的成本控制下减少费用和获得更多的利润 摘要： 根据基于价值链的成本管理理念和基于价值的重要因素是必要的。首先，必须有足够的资源，必须创造了有利的价值投资，同时还需要基于客户价值活动链，以确定他们的成本管理优势的价值链。其次，消耗的资源必须尽量减少，使最小的运营成本价值链和确保成本优势是基于最大商业价值或利润，这是一种成本控制系统内部整个视图的创建和供应的具实践，它也是一种成本控制制度基于价值链，包括足够的控制和必要的资源投资价值的观点，创建和保持消费的资源到合理的水平，具有价值的观点主要对象的第一个因素是构造有利的价值链，从创造顾客价值开始；第二个因素是加强有利的价值链，从供应或生产客户价值开始。因此它是一个新型的理念，去探索成本控制从整个视图的创建和供应的商品更盈利企业获得可持续的竞争优势。 关键词：成本控制，价值链，收益，支出，收入，成本会计 1、介绍 根据价值链理论，企业的目的是创造最大的顾客价值；和企业的竞争优势在于尽可能提供尽可能多的价值给他们的客户，作为低成本可能的。这要求企业必须首先考虑他们是否能为顾客创造价值，和然后考虑在很长一段时间内如何创造它。然而，竞争一直以“商品”（或“产品”）作为最直接的载体，因此，传统的成本控制方法主要集中在对“产品”和生产流程的过程。很显然，这不能解决企业的问题，企业是否或如何能为客户创造价值。换句话说，这至少不能从根本上解决它。 因此，企业必须首先投入足够的资源，以便他们能够创建客户值取向，然后提供它以最少的资源费用。所以在整个视图中对价值创造和提供整体的观点来控制成本，它可以为客户提供完美的动力和操作运行机制运行成本的控制，也可以从根本上彻底克服了传统的成本控制方法的缺点，解决了无法控制的创造和供应不足的真正价值。基于此，本文试图从创作的整体观讨论成本控制提供价值并探讨实现良性循环的策略，也就是说，“创造价值投资成本供应价值创造价值”。 2、成本及其控制的基于价值链理念 2.1基于价值链的成本观念 根据价值链理论，如果企业是要被客户接受，它必须创造和提供能满足其客户的价值。因此，成本（价值或资源支付费用）这不离为创造和提供顾客价值的活动，其活动的价值链。因此，我们应该从价值链角度看成本的重要。
成本管理外文文献 China's Enterprise Cost Management Analysis and Countermeasures Abstract: With the progress and China's traditional Cost Management model difficult to adapt to an increasingly competitive market environment. This paper exists in our country a number of Cost Management and finally put forward to address these issues a number of measures to strengthen Cost Management. Keywords:: Cost Management measures In a market economy conditions, as the global economic integration, the development of increasingly fierce market competition, corporate profit margins shrinking. In this case, the level of high and low business costs directly determines the size of an enterprise profitability and competitive strength. Therefore, strengthen enterprise Cost Management business has become an inevitable choice for the survival and development. First, the reality of China's Enterprise Cost Management Analysis Cost Management in our country after years of development, has made many achievements, but now faces a new environment, China's Cost Management has also exposed some new problems, mainly in the following aspects: (A) Cost Management concept behind the Chinese enterprises lag behind the concept of Cost Management in pervasive phenomenon, mainly in Cost Management of the scope, purpose and means from time to biased. Many enterprises will continue to limit the scope of Cost Management within the enterprise or even only the production process at the expense of other related companies and related fields cost behavior management. We supply side, for example. The supply side of the price of the product cost of doing business, one of the most important motives. As the supply side of the price of the product and its cost plus profit, so the supply side of price in the form of its own costs to the enterprise. However, some enterprises to the supply side too much rock bottom price, as their source of high profits, without considering each other's interests, resulting in supply-side to conceal their true costs, price increase in disguise. This increase in procurement costs, thereby increasing commodity costs, making goods less competitive. The purpose of Cost Management from the point of view, many enterprises confined to lower costs, but less from the perspective of cost-effectiveness of the effectiveness of the means of cost reduction mainly rely on savings, can not be cost-effective. In traditional Cost Management, Cost Management purposes has been reduced to cut costs, saving has become the basic means to reduce costs. From the perspective of Cost Management to analyze the Cost Management of this goal, not difficult to find cost-reduction is conditional and limits, and in some cases, control of costs, could lead to product quality and enterprise efficiency decline. In addition, the vast majority of enterprises in the overall concept of lack of Cost
中英文翻译 原文 Logistics costs and controlling Abstract Logistic costs are defined differently in companies. In many cases, the reported logistic costs of companies even within the same business differ more than justified by their operations. Some companies do not count interest and depreciation on inventories as logistic costs. Others include the distribution costs of their suppliers or the purchasing costs. In some cases, even the purchase value of the procured goods is included in the logistic costs (Baumgarten et al. 1993; Gudehus and Kotzab 2004; Weber 2002). Logistic costs are defined differently in companies. In many cases, the reported logistic costs of companies even within the same business differ more than justified by their operations. Some companies do not count interest and depreciation on inventories as logistic costs. Others include the distribution costs of their suppliers or the purchasing costs. In some cases, even the purchase value of the procured goods is included in the logistic costs (Baumgarten et al. 1993; Gudehus and Kotzab 2004; Weber 2002).
外文翻译 原文 Cost Control Material Source:Encyclopedia of business,2 and ed. Author:Anthony, Robet N 1 Cost Control Cost control, also known as cost management or cost containment, is a broad set of cost accounting methods and management techniques with the common goal of improving business cost-efficiency by reducing costs, or at least restricting their rate of growth. Businesses use cost control methods to monitor, evaluate, and ultimately enhance the efficiency of specific areas, such as departments, divisions, or product lines, within their operations. During the 1990s cost control initiatives received paramount attention from corporate America. Often taking the form of corporate restructuring, divestment of peripheral activities, mass layoffs, or outsourcing, cost control strategies were seen as necessary to preserve—or boost—corporate profits and to maintain—or gain—a competitive advantage. The objective was often to be the low-cost producer in a given industry, which would typically allow the company to take a greater profit per unit of sales than its competitors at a given price level. Some cost control proponents believe that such strategic cost-cutting must be planned carefully, as not all cost reduction techniques yield the same benefits. In a notable late 1990s example, chief executive Albert J. Dunlap, nicknamed "Chainsaw Al" because of his penchant for deep cost cutting at the companies he headed, failed to restore the ailing small appliance maker Sunbeam Corporation to profitability despite his drastic cost reduction tactics. Dunlap laid off thousands of workers and sold off business units, but made little contribution to Sunbeam's competitive position or share price in his two years as CEO. Consequently, in 1998 Sunbeam's board fired Dunlap, having lost confidence in his "one-trick" approach to management. A complex business requires frequent information about operations in order to plan for the future, to control present activities, and to evaluate the past performance of managers, employees, and related business segments. To be successful,
毕业设计（论文） 外文文献翻译 文献、资料中文题目：研究建设项目的工程造价 文献、资料英文题目： 文献、资料来源： 文献、资料发表（出版）日期： 院（部）： 专业：工程管理 班级： 姓名： 学号： 指导教师： 翻译日期： 2017.02.14
科技文献翻译 题目：研究建设项目的工程造价 研究建设项目的工程造价 摘要 在工程建设中，中国是拥有世界最大投资金额和具有最多建设项目的国家。它是一 项在建设项目管理上可以为广泛的工程管理人员进行有效的工程造价管理，并合理 确定和保证施工质量和工期的条件控制施工成本的重要课题。 在失去了中国建筑的投资和技术经济工程，分离的控制现状的基础上，通过建设成 本控制的基本理论为指导，探讨控制方法和施工成本的应用，阐述了存在的问题在 施工成本控制和对决心和施工成本的控制这些问题的影响，提出了建设成本控制应 体现在施工前期，整个施工过程中的成本控制，然后介绍了一些程序和应用价值工 程造价的方法在控制建设项目的所有阶段。 关键词：建设成本，成本控制，项目 1.研究的意义 在中国，现有的工程造价管理体系是20世纪50年代制定的，并在1980s.Traditional 施工成本管理方法改进是根据国家统一的配额，从原苏联引进的一种方法。它的特 点是建设成本的计划经济的管理方法，这决定了它无法适应当前市场经济的要求。 在中国传统建筑成本管理方法主要包括两个方面，即建设成本和施工成本控制方法 的测定方法。工程造价的确定传统的主要做法生搬硬套国家或地方统一的配额数量 来确定一个建设项目的成本。虽然这种方法已经历了20多年的改革，到现在为止，计划经济管理模式的影响仍然有已经存在在许多地区。我们传统的工程造价控制的
外文翻译 原文 Cost-Containment and Cost-Management Strategies Material Source: Author: Alan f. Goldberg ,William P. Fleming The leadership and boards of trustees of all healthcare organizations are the ultimate stewards of the limited resources available to best meet community needs. The strategic planning process leads the organization down a clear path of setting priorities, making choices, and taking action. The day a new cancer center opens or the latest technology arrives is an exciting one for the community. After the ribbon cutting, these new programs become the responsibility of the hospital's service line directors or clinical managers. Their staffing is based on projections and other assumptions that may or may not be on point but have a direct impact on the operations and finances of the organization. As part of normal decision making for a hospital's new initiatives, a payer mix and revenue stream were predicted. Now two significant environmental events have made projections more uncertain and put aggressive cost management on center stage: the economic downturn and payment reform. The economic downturn affecting hospitals began in the fall of 2008. Its broad impact on the organization was described by Goldberg and Petasnick (2010): With credit markets drying up, unemployment rising, consumer confidence eroding, and employee morale shaken, healthcare system executives had their hands full. The combined result of the turmoil made the old adage "cash is king" truer than ever. As consumers pulled back and individuals lost health insurance, hospitals experienced losses in volume for elective, nonemergent healthcare. Financial operating results suffered. Meanwhile, losses in investment values eliminated the safety net reserves created by nonoperating income. Many hospitals and healthcare systems were forced to consider or enact layoffs and postpone or cancel capital-intensive projects. All were required to rethink their strategic plans. Because of the economic downturn and high unemployment, which led to income declines and individuals losing job-based healthcare coverage, Medicaid enrollment is projected to increase 10.5 percent in fiscal 2010.
项目成本控制 1施工企业成本控制原则 施工企业的成本控制是以施工项目成本控制为中心，施工项目成本控制原则是企业成本管理的基础和核心，施工企业项目经理部在对项目施工过程进行成本控制时，必须遵循以下基本原则。 1.1成本最低化原则。施工项目成本控制的根本目的，在于通过成本管理的各种手段，促进不断降低施工项目成本，以达到可能实现最低的目标成本的要求。在实行成本最低化原则时，应注意降低成本的可能性和合理的成本最低化。一方面挖掘各种降低成本的能力，使可能性变为现实；另一方面要从实际出发，制定通过主观努力可能达到合理的最低成本水平。 1.2全面成本控制原则。全面成本管理是全企业、全员和全过程的管理，亦称“三全”管理。项目成本的全员控制有一个系统的实质性内容，包括各部门、各单位的责任网络和班组经济核算等等，应防止成本控制人人有责，人人不管。项目成本的全过程控制要求成本控制工作要随着项目施工进展的各个阶段连续进行，既不能疏漏，又不能时紧时松，应使施工项目成本自始至终置于有效的控制之下。 1.3动态控制原则。施工项目是一次性的，成本控制应强调项目的中间控制，即动 态控制。因为施工准备阶段的成本控制只是根据施工组织设计的具体内容确定成本目标、编制成本计划、制订成本控制的方案，为今后的成本控制作好准备。而竣工阶段的成本控制，由于成本盈亏已基本定局，即使发生了偏差，也已来不及纠正。 1.4目标管理原则。目标管理的内容包括：目标的设定和分解，目标的责任到位和执行，检查目标的执行结果，评价目标和修正目标，形成目标管理的计划、实施、检查、处理循环，即 PDCA 循环。 1.5责、权、利相结的原则。在项目施工过程中，项目经理部各部门、各班组在肩负成本控制责任的同时，享有成本控制的权力，同时项目经理要对各部门、各班组在成本控制中的业绩进行定期的检查和考评，实行有奖有罚。只有真正做好责、权、利相结合的成本控制，才能收到预期的效果。
Reference for business,Encyclopedia of Business.2nd ed,Cos Des Cost control Roger J. Binder Abstract Cost control, also known as cost management or cost containment, is a broad set of cost accounting methods and management techniques with the common goal of improving business cost-efficiency by reducing costs, or at least restricting their rate of growth. Businesses use cost control methods to monitor, evaluate, and ultimately enhance the efficiency of specific areas, such as departments, divisions, or product lines, within their operations. Control of the business entity, then, is essentially a managerial and supervisory function. Control consists of those actions necessary to assure that the entity's resources and operations are focused on attaining established objectives, goals and plans. Control, exercised continuously, flags potential problems so that crises may be prevented. It also standardizes the quality and quantity of output, and provides managers with objective information about employee performance. Management compares actual performance to predetermined standards and takes action when necessary to correct variances from the standards. Keywords: Cost control；Applications；Control reports；Standards；Strategic Cost control, also known as cost management or cost containment, is a broad set of cost accounting methods and management techniques with the common goal of improving business cost-efficiency by reducing costs, or at least restricting their rate of growth. Businesses use cost control methods to monitor, evaluate, and ultimately enhance the efficiency of specific areas, such as departments, divisions, or product lines, within their operations. During the 1990s cost control initiatives received paramount attention from corporate America. Often taking the form of corporate restructuring, divestment of
成本管理外文文献及翻译-译国译民译国译民翻译公司: 成本管理外文文献 China's Enterprise Cost Management Analysis and Countermeasures Abstract: With the progress and China's traditional Cost Management model difficult to adapt to an increasingly competitive market environment. This paper exists in our country a number of Cost Management and finally put forward to address these issues a number of measures to strengthen Cost Management. Keywords:: Cost Management measures In a market economy conditions, as the global economic integration, the development of increasingly fierce market competition, corporate profit margins shrinking. In this case, the level of high and low business costs directly determines the size of an enterprise profitability and competitive strength. Therefore, strengthen enterprise Cost Management business has become an inevitable choice for the survival and development. First, the reality of China's Enterprise Cost Management Analysis Cost Management in our country after years of development, has made many achievements, but now faces a new environment, China's Cost Management has
餐饮业成本控制方案 成本控制是餐饮管理的主要内容之一，对餐厅餐厅的经营具有决定性意义。 一、成本控制的重要性 1．餐饮成本控制关系到产品的规格，质量和销售价格，因产品的售价是以食品成本和规定的毛利率来计算的，成本的高低直接影响其售价，因此搞好成本控制是餐饮工作的必需。 2．成本控制有利于满足宾客需要并维护宾客的利益。宾客到餐厅就餐，不仅希望能够享受到精美的菜点和热情的款待，更希望餐饮产品物美价廉，而为保证这一点，就必须进行成本控制。 3．成本控制直接关系到餐厅以至于整个餐厅的营业收入和利润。餐厅在满足宾客的餐饮需求的同时，还担负着为餐厅提供盈利的任务。如果成本失控，就会影响餐厅的经营成果，甚至造成不应有的亏损。因为，为保证餐厅的既得利益，就必须加强成本控制。 4．成本控制可以改善餐厅的经营管理。成本控制的关键取决于餐厅的经营管理水平，经营管理水平越高，成本控制就越好，反之就会产生成本失控现象。因此，搞好成本控制也既改善了餐
厅的经营管理。 二、成本控制 餐饮成本，包括食品原料成本、劳动力成本和设备折旧费用。而餐饮成本控制主要是控制原料成本，原料成本随着营业收入的变化而变化。营业收入增加，原料成本也随之增加，营业收入降低，原料成本也随之减少，如果没有营业收人，也就没有成本可言。 而劳动力成本和设备的折旧费用等等，不随营业收入的变化而变化，因此在这里只介绍食品、酒水的成本控制。 (一)食品成本控制 在餐厅的营业收入中，除去成本即为毛利。食品成本与营业收入之比，或减去毛利率，就是食品成本率，用公式表示为：食品成本率=食品成本/营业收入×100% 或：食品成本率=1-毛利率 所以说，在确定毛利率的同时也就决定了食品成本率。餐厅的食品成本率一旦确定，餐饮管理人员就应以此为依据，努力控制食品成本。 餐厅的业务活动从食品原料的采购，验收、库存，发放、粗加工、切配，烹饪、服务到收款，其经营环节较多，且每一环节都会影响到食品成本。因此，餐厅必须加强餐饮产品生产，服务，销售全过程的成本控制。
Project Budget Monitor and Control Author：Yin Guo-li Nationality：American Derivation：Management Science and Engineering.Montreal: Mar 20, 2010 . With the marketing competitiveness growing, it is more and more critical in budget control of each project. This paper discusses that in the construction phase, how can a project manager be successful in budget control. There are many methods discussed in this paper, it reveals that to be successful, the project manager must concern all this methods. 1. INTRODUCTION The survey shows that most projects encounter cost over-runs (Williams Ackermann, Eden, 2002,pl92). According to Wright (1997)'s research, a good rule of thumb is to add a minimum of 50% to the first estimate of the budget (Gardiner and Stewart, 1998, p251). It indicates that project is very complex and full of challenge. Many unexpected issues will lead the project cost over-runs. Therefore, many technologies and methods are developed for successful monitoring and control to lead the project to success. In this article, we will discuss in the construction phase, how can a project manager to be successful budget control. 2. THE CONCEPT AND THE PURPOSE OF PROJECT CONTROL AND MONITOR Erel and Raz (2000) state that the project control cycle consists of measuring the status of the project, comparing to the plan, analysis of the deviations, and implementing any appropriate corrective actions. When a project reach the construction phase, monitor and control is critical to deliver the project success. Project monitoring exists to establish the need to take corrective action, whilst there is still time to take action. Through monitoring the activities, the project team can analyze the deviations and decide what to do and actually do it. The purpose of monitor and control is to support the implementation of corrective actions, ensure projects stay on target or get project back on target once it has gone off target。
原文： Information systems and cost control The purpose of this paper is to consider how the key concepts of management information systems might be integrated with accounting concepts relating to the managerial process of cost control to form a coherent module for a business school curriculum. Perhaps the best place to start is with some definitions. Cost control, as seen by the writers of cost accounting texts, is the set of processes by which management secures and monitors adherence to cost standards. It is thus narrower than cost management, which encompasses both cost adherence and cost reduction and, according to some, includes actions which direct an organization away from activities which have low benefit-to-cost ratios. There is much less agreement about the definition of management information systems. The information systems field draws from many disciplines ., computer science, management science, organizational behavior, and even accounting -- and information systems texts and courses usually include discussions of concepts and issues from these other disciplines. Many HIS definitions focus on the computer hardware and software which are important components of most formal systems, Other definitions take a broader perspective and focus on the task which the HIS is to accomplish. EIN and SEGEV for example, suggest this definition: A management information system is a system for collecting, storing, retrieving, and processing information that is used, or desired, by one or more managers in the performance of their duties. This definition sounds strangely like many common definitions of managerial accounting, which may be why we prefer it. It also has the advantage of allowing us to consider the broad range of issues which are important to understanding information systems, not just the physical elements from which they are built. In our discussion, however, we shall try to limit our attention to those issues