山东理工大学
毕业设计（论文）
外文资料及译文
学院：机械工程学院
专业：机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名：李明哲
学号：1021011085
指导教师：王勇
The Design of the Welding Junetion Clamp of Motorcar
Abstract
The text introduces the design method and construction of the welding junction clamp of motorcar.
Key Words: Welding assembly Location
1. Introduction
Assembly and welding fixture in the automotive body assembly and welding production line
of critical process equipment related to manufacturing quality of the car. Assembly and welding fixtures in addition to the completion of this process the parts assembly, positioning, the also served as a test and calibration procedures on the Road. welding quality of the task, so its design and manufacture of the welding process affects the level of automobile production capacity and product quality.
Automotive style vary, welding fixture shape and thus vary widely, but in the design, manufacture, adjustments have in common, you can learn from each other.
2. the structural design of welding fixture
Fixture structural design, to ensure that the folder has a good convenience of operation, clamping positioning reliability. Fixture manufacturers also adjusted to ensure easy integration of various parts of the structure surface should allow sufficient room for adjustment to ensure the three-dimensional adjustable. Ensuring the accuracy of the welding quality and welding under the premise of the structure of fixture should be as simple as possible. Fixture design is usually the general use of welded structures, the basic component is divided into three parts, namely base, support the positioning part, clamping parts, for each specific fixture positioning support base and some of the general use of 10 to 20 mm thick steel plate welded structure A3.Clamping part of the normal 10 mm with a thickness of about 45 combination of welded steel plate. Pneumatic and manual clamping part of the two, according to the size of car production clamping method to determine the general high-volume pneumatic clamping, then manually clamping can be used as auxiliary clamping; small quantities in order to reduce the cost of manually clamp mode. Manual clamping is usually manually fast clip, manual quick clip of their products has become the standard, type and quantity needed can be purchased in the market. For some fixtures require
apneumatic clamping, but direct use of pneumatic clamping. May damage the workpiece, then, can be manually pressed first place, to give a pneumatic clamping force to clamp the workpiece, which is manual - Pneumatic J the fixture clamping system is installed on a large platform, all guaranteed fixture in the welding position of welding conditions should be consistent with the design of the workpiece coordinate dimensions, which involves the positioning fixture benchmarks.
3 assembly and welding fixtures benchmarks and their choice of support surface
3.1 t flip-chip benchmark test fixture
Each fixture must be a fixture coordinate system, in this coordinate system, the coordinates of its base of support size should be supporting the workpiece and the coordinates corresponding to the same size. Fixture coordinate system is established based on fixture side of the child base. Because the whole fixture system to guarantee a space auto welding pieces of three-dimensional coordinate system, so this system in all of the fixture must have a common benchmark, this benchmark is the fixture to install platform that is the X, Y coordinate, each specific fixture in platform location, the corresponding height shall coordinate Z, so that three-dimensional XYZ coordinate system is established. In order to facilitate the installation and measurement fixture, install the platform must have the coordinates of reference, there are generally three types of structure below:
3.1.1 The quasi-hole method Tomb
Installation of platform design is the four reference holes, each hole in the center of the two connection lines form a coordinate direction, the four holes constitute the coordinates of two perpendicular lines. This, XY plane coordinate system on the set. The establishment of this benchmark is relatively simple, easy to process, but the measurements used in conjunction with the base block. Base block is a rectangular block size of the amount of accurate measurement, the platform is installed into the base hole in the base marketing, reference block off a side close to the two benchmarks to form a coordinate direction.
3.1.2 V-type to be law
This approach is in the process to install the platform into each of two 90-degree V-groove, which V-groove of a plane surface perpendicular to the installation of platform, such plane perpendicular to the platform, the two V-groove groove the surface of the form XY plane
coordinate system.
3.13 reference block method
Reference block using the side perpendicular to the two constitutive three-dimensional XYZ coordinate system, usually a fixture base with 3 to 4 blocks can be directly installed on the platform can also add a bearing fixed to the fixture platform, but requires reference block The last plane to control the height must be consistent with the direction. Manufacturing base to adjust the block in front of the two methods is relatively difficult, but the measurement is convenient, especially the use of CMM measurements. Block method with a benchmark of installation platform plane processing requirements are relatively low, a larger size of the installation platform should use this method.
3.2 The choice of bearing surface
Bearing surface should be used when welding pieces are fixed on the surface of the cut plane to plane and install the platform angle is not greater than 15 degrees on the surface. As far as possible the detection surface and welding pieces of the same, flat surface as far as possible in order to facilitate processing and adjustment . Structure should be designed bearing surface can be easily processed, with the number of modules for the product can be used to process bearing NC surface, in the design, the car coordinate Xi point was not necessarily suited fixture bearing surface with NC, which requires supporting the fixture block access point S as the base, the establishment of a digital surface, this surface should be consistent and be the Bearing surface, so that when it was manufactured to S base point for NC machining, precision machining and assembly debugging easy.
4. positioning the workpiece
The general location of the workpieces to holes or obvious surface features as the positioning reference surface. The positioning pins are commonly used components. Fixture positioning sub-activities, and fixed positioning of two, for some jobs, in order to facilitate the workpiece into and out, positioning the form of optional activities, events or block pin positioning structure of the form sub-pneumatic and manual, in principle, put the workpiece seeded, positioning pieces to open into the workpiece, the positioning pieces out, and then clamp; workpiece removed, the position to return items before and after clamp release. Activities can be used locate pieces of the movement structure of pan-type or flip-style, pan-type structure is usually given priority.
5 welding pieces of the station transfer between
Most auto welding parts to be welded in several station, so it needs transmission device, usually to avoid interference welding fixture, the workpiece in the transmission before the first piece rises, which requires use elevator, lifting bodies Gear rack, four-link, etc., rack and pinion drive structure processing and link structure are not as good. usually link structure Station transmission between the institutions, there are several forms, i.e. gear and rack transmission organizations, non-rod cylinders, transmission organizations, rocker transfer institutions, because form is the reciprocating motion, rocker transfer agencies are from manufacturing to commissioning better than the others, so common rocker transfer agencies.
6 Conclusion
Automotive Welding Fixture many concrete structure, this is only in recent years, some of them work experience, along with the development of Chinese automobile industry on the requirements of more and more welding fixture, welding fixtures principle is simple, but real design and manufacture high-quality welding fixture system is a complicated project, I hope, serve this article.
汽车的焊接夹具设计
摘要
本篇介绍机动车焊接夹具结构和设计方法。
关键词：焊接装配定位
1.介绍
装配和焊接夹具在汽车车身装配和焊接生产线上是涉及汽车制造质量的关键工艺装备。装配和焊接夹具除了完成这一过程零件组装，定位，也为在道路上的测试和校准程序服务，由于焊接质量的任务要求，所以它的设计和制造的焊接工艺影响汽车的生产能力和产品质量水平。汽车的风格各不相同，焊接夹具形状，因此有很大的不同，但在设计，制造，调整，是共同的，你可以取长补短。
2.焊接夹具的结构设计
夹具结构设计，以确保夹具有一个良好的操作方便，夹紧定位的可靠性。夹具制造者还调整，以确保各部分的结构表面易于集成的应允许足够的空间调整，以确保立体可调。确保焊接质量的精度和焊接夹具结构的前提下，应该尽可能的简单。夹具的设计通常是一般采用焊接结构，基本组成部分分为三个部分，即基准上，支持定位的一部分，夹持部件，一般用厚度约10毫米45钢板焊接组合的一部分夹紧。气动和手动夹紧的两部分，根据汽车生产夹紧方法来确定一般高容量气动夹紧的大小，然后手动夹紧，可用于辅助夹紧小批量生产，以减少手动钳模式下的成本。手动夹紧通常是选用手动快速夹，手工快速夹已成为标准件，对于需要的种类和数量，都可以在市场上购买。对于某些装置需要的夹紧，直接使用气动夹紧，可能会损坏工件，然后，可以手动按下第一个地方，使气动夹紧力夹紧工件，手动 - 气动的夹具夹紧系统是安装在一个大的平台上，这样以保证所有在焊接位置上，夹具焊接条件能与工件坐标尺寸的设计一致，其中包括定位夹具基准一致。
3装配和焊接夹具的基准和其支撑面的选择
3.1倒装片基准测试夹具
每个夹具必须位于这个夹具坐标系系统中，这个坐标系中，其支持的大小基地的坐标应支持工件的坐标对应到相同的大小。夹具坐标系的建立必须基于在夹具边的子基准的基础上。
因为在整个夹具系统中，以保证自动焊接件空间三维坐标系的建立，因此本系统中所有的夹具必须有一个共同的基准，这个基准是安装平台，X，Y在平台的位置上都有一个具体的坐标，在夹具上同样在相应的高度上有个坐标Z，所以，这个三维的XYZ坐标系统便建立了。为了便于安装和测量夹具，安装平台必须有参考的坐标，一般有三种类型的结构，其结构如下：
3.1.1半孔的方法
平台设计安装了四个基准孔，每孔中的两个连接线的中心形成了一个坐标方向，四个孔构成的两个垂直线的坐标。这样，XY在平面坐标系统上就可以设置。设立这个基准是使加工相对比较简单，易于加工，但在测量时是要与与基块一起使用的。基块是一个精确测量量块大小长方形的块，该平台将在基准处的基孔上安装，参考隔开的一个侧面接近的两个基准，形成一个坐标方向。
3.1.2 V型法
这种方法是将平台安装到两个90度V型槽中，平台在安装的时候必须与V型槽的表面垂直，对于与整个平台的垂直，以及两个V 型槽的表面的位置的确定都应该根据X、Y的坐标系统来确定。
3.1.3参考块方法
参考块使用侧面垂直的两个构成三维XYZ坐标系统的边，通常是一个夹具基于3至4块参考块，这些参考块可以直接安装在平台上，还可以添加轴承固定在夹具的平台上，但是对参考块有要求，参考块的最后平面控制的高度必须保持在一致的方向上。在生产中，应用在前面的关于调整参考块的两种方法是比较困难的，但测量比较方便，尤其是使用三坐标测量机测量。根据一个基准将块安装在平台平面，这种方法加工要求是比较低的的，在较大规模的安装平台应该使用这种方法。
3.2承受表面的选择
承受表面应该在以下情况使用，当焊件固定在切面的表面上并且平台的安装与表面的角度不能大于15度。检测表面和焊件的表面要尽可能的保持一致，表面要尽可能的平坦光滑，这样有利于对于工件的加工和调整。承受面的结构设计应该要保证其能够容易的加工出来，对于产品的一定数量的模块可以由数控设备对其进行表面处理。在设计中，汽车坐标中的X点是不一定能够利用数控设备将
其合适的放置在支撑面上，这需要数控设备提供一个参数S点来作为一个基准来给予夹具参考块，并要建立一个数字化的表面，这个表面应该是一个方向一致的并且作为一个支撑面，这样当用数控设备根据S基点对工件进行加工的时候，精密机械的加工和装配调试就会变得相对容易一点。
4．工件的定位
工件在定位的一开始一般都是根据孔或明显的表面特征来作为大致的定位。定位销是常用的定位组件。对于某些工作的时候，为了使工件能够更加容易的进出，我们采取次定位，并且对工件两边进行固定、定位，定位有很多种可选的形式，可以采用定位块、销的结构形式进行定位，这些定位方式可采用手动或气动的形式，原则上，我们将工件放好，然后用定位件对工件进行定位，然后当定位完成后，将工件压紧；在将工件取出的时候，首先是压紧装置松开，然后定位元件回到先前的位置，这种定位和夹紧的方式可用于盘类的工件或者是翻转类的工件，盘类结构的工件一般优先选取这样的方式。
5.焊接件间的转换
大多数的自动焊接在焊接各个部位时都分别在几个焊接站，因此它需要传输设备，通常，为避免干扰焊接夹具，工件在第一件上升前就要传输，这就需要使用电梯，起重机构，齿轮齿条，四连杆等，齿轮齿条传动结构和链结构是不一样的。通常来讲，线结构传输台之间的机构，也有几种形式，即齿轮齿条传动机构，无杆气缸，传动机构，摇臂转移机构，因为这种线结构的形式是往复运动，摇臂转移机构是无论从制造还是到调试都是优于其他的结构的，所以常见的是摇杆转移机构。
6.结论
汽车焊接夹具有许多种具体结构，这篇文章所列的机构仅仅是在最近几年，他们中的一些工作经验所见到的和积累到的，随着中国汽车产业发展的发展，将会需求越来越多的焊接夹具，焊接夹具的原理很简单，但真正的设计和制造高质量的焊接夹具系统是一个复杂的项目，我希望更多的焊接夹具资料服务这篇文章。
市场营销策略外文文献及翻译 Marketing Strategy Market Segmentation and Target Strategy A market consists of people or organizations with wants,money to spend,and the willingness to spend it.However,within most markets the buyer' needs are not identical.Therefore,a single marketing program starts with identifying the differences that exist within a market,a process called market segmentation, and deciding which segments will be pursued ads target markets. Marketing segmentation enables a company to make more efficient use of its marketing resources.Also,it allows a small company to compete effectively by concentrating on one or two segments.The apparent drawback of market segmentation is that it will result in higher production and marketing costs than a one-product,mass-market strategy.However, if the market is correctly segmented,the better fit with customers' needs will actually result in greater efficiency. The three alternative strategies for selecting a target market are market aggregation,single segment,and multiple segment.Market-aggregation strategy involves using one marketing mix to reach a mass,undifferentiated market.With a single-segment strategy, a company still uses only one marketing mix,but it is directed at only one segment of the total market.A multiple-segment strategy entails
工业设计原著选读 优秀的产品设计 第一个拨号电话1897年由卡罗耳Gantz 第一个拨号电话在1897年被自动电器公司引入，成立于1891年布朗强，一名勘萨斯州承担者。在1889年，相信铃声“中央交换”将转移来电给竞争对手，强发明了被拨号系统控制的自动交换机系统。这个系统在1892年第一次在拉波特完成史端乔系统中被安装。1897年，强的模型电话，然而模型扶轮拨条的位置没有类似于轮齿约170度,以及边缘拨阀瓣。电话，当然是被亚历山大格雷厄姆贝尔（1847—1922）在1876年发明的。第一个商业交换始建于1878（12个使用者），在1879年，多交换机系统由工程师勒罗伊B 菲尔曼发明,使电话取得商业成功,用户在1890年达到250000。 直到1894年，贝尔原批专利过期，贝尔电话公司在市场上有一个虚拟的垄断。他们已经成功侵权投诉反对至少600竞争者。该公司曾在1896年，刚刚在中央交易所推出了电源的“普通电池”制度。在那之前，一个人有手摇电话以提供足够的电力呼叫。一个连接可能仍然只能在给予该人的名义下提出要求达到一个电话接线员。这是强改变的原因。 强很快成为贝尔的强大竞争者。他在1901年引进了一个桌面拨号模型，这个模型在设计方面比贝尔的模型更加清晰。在1902年，他引进了一个带有磁盘拨号的墙面电话，这次与实际指孔，仍然只有170度左右在磁盘周围。到1905年，一个“长距离”手指孔已经被增加了。最后一个强的知名模型是在1907年。强的专利大概过期于1914年，之后他或他的公司再也没有听到过。直到1919年贝尔引进了拨号系统。当他们这样做，在拨号盘的周围手指孔被充分扩展了。 强发明的拨号系统直到1922年进入像纽约一样的大城市才成为主流。但是一旦作为规规范被确立，直到70年代它仍然是主要的电话技术。后按键式拨号在1963年被推出之后，强发明的最初的手指拨号系统作为“旋转的拨号系统”而知名。这是强怎样“让你的手指拨号”的。 埃姆斯椅LCW和DCW 1947 这些带有复合曲线座位，靠背和橡胶防震装置的成型胶合板椅是由查尔斯埃姆斯设计，在赫曼米勒家具公司生产的。 这个原始的概念是被查尔斯埃姆斯（1907—1978）和埃罗沙里宁（1910—1961）在1940年合作构想出来的。在1937年，埃姆斯成为克兰布鲁克学院实验设计部门的领头人，和沙里宁一起工作调查材料和家具。在这些努力下，埃姆斯发明了分成薄片和成型胶合板夹板，被称作埃姆斯夹板，在1941年收到了来自美国海军5000人的订单。查尔斯和他的妻子雷在他们威尼斯，钙的工作室及工厂和埃文斯产品公司的生产厂家一起生产了这批订单。 在1941年现代艺术博物馆，艾略特诺伊斯组织了一场比赛用以发现对现代生活富有想象力的设计师。奖项颁发给了埃姆斯和沙里宁他们的椅子和存储碎片，由包括埃德加考夫曼，大都会艺术博物馆的阿尔弗雷德，艾略特诺伊斯，马尔塞布鲁尔，弗兰克帕里什和建筑师爱德华达雷尔斯通的陪审团裁决。 这些椅子在1946年的现代艺术展览博物馆被展出，查尔斯埃姆斯设计的新的家具。当时，椅子只有三条腿，稳定性问题气馁了大规模生产。 早期的LCW（低木椅）和DWC（就餐木椅）设计有四条木腿在1946年第一次被埃文斯产品公司（埃姆斯的战时雇主）生产出来，被赫曼米勒家具公司分配。这些工具1946年被乔治纳尔逊为赫曼米勒购买，在1949年接手制造权。后来金属脚的愿景在1951年制作，包括LCW（低金属椅）和DWC（就餐金属椅）模型。配套的餐饮和咖啡桌也产生。这条线一直
Load and Ultimate Moment of Prestressed Concrete Action Under Overload-Cracking Load It has been shown that a variation in the external load acting on a prestressed beam results in a change in the location of the pressure line for beams in the elastic range.This is a fundamental principle of prestressed construction.In a normal prestressed beam,this shift in the location of the pressure line continues at a relatively uniform rate,as the external load is increased,to the point where cracks develop in the tension fiber.After the cracking load has been exceeded,the rate of movement in the pressure line decreases as additional load is applied,and a significant increase in the stress in the prestressing tendon and the resultant concrete force begins to take place.This change in the action of the internal moment continues until all movement of the pressure line ceases.The moment caused by loads that are applied thereafter is offset entirely by a corresponding and proportional change in the internal forces,just as in reinforced-concrete construction.This fact,that the load in the elastic range and the plastic range is carried by actions that are fundamentally different,is very significant and renders strength computations essential for all designs in order to ensure that adequate safety factors exist.This is true even though the stresses in the elastic range may conform to a recognized elastic design criterion. It should be noted that the load deflection curve is close to a straight line up to the cracking load and that the curve becomes progressively more curved as the load is increased above the cracking load.The curvature of the load-deflection curve for loads over the cracking load is due to the change in the basic internal resisting moment action that counteracts the applied loads,as described above,as well as to plastic strains that begin to take place in the steel and the concrete when stressed to high levels. In some structures it may be essential that the flexural members remain crack free even under significant overloads.This may be due to the structures’being exposed to exceptionally corrosive atmospheres during their useful life.In designing prestressed members to be used in special structures of this type,it may be necessary to compute the load that causes cracking of the tensile flange,in order to ensure that adequate safety against cracking is provided by the design.The computation of the moment that will cause cracking is also necessary to ensure compliance with some design criteria. Many tests have demonstrated that the load-deflection curves of prestressed beams are approximately linear up to and slightly in excess of the load that causes the first cracks in the tensile flange.(The linearity is a function of the rate at which the load is applied.)For this reason,normal elastic-design relationships can be used in computing the cracking load by simply determining the load that results in a net tensile stress in the tensile flange(prestress minus the effects of the applied loads)that is equal to the tensile strength of the concrete.It is customary to assume that the flexural tensile strength of the concrete is equal to the modulus of rupture of the
E---MARKETING (From:E--Marketing by Judy Strauss,Adel El--Ansary,Raymond Frost---3rd ed.1999 by Pearson Education pp .G4-G25.) As the growth of https://www.doczj.com/doc/5418103276.html, shows, some marketing principles never change.Markets always welcome an innovative new product, even in a crowded field of competitors ,as long as it provides customer value.Also,Google`s success shows that customers trust good brands and that well-crafted marketing mix strategies can be effective in helping newcomers enter crowded markets. Nevertheless, organizations are scrambling to determine how they can use information technology profitably and to understand what technology means for their business strategies. Marketers want to know which of their time-ested concepts will be enhanced by the Internet, databases,wireless mobile devices, and other technologies. The rapid growth of the Internet and subsequent bursting of the dot-com bubble has marketers wondering,"What next?" This article attempts to answer these questions through careful and systematic examination of successful e-mar-keting strategies in light of proven traditional marketing practices. （Sales Promotion;E--Marketing；Internet；Strategic Planning ） 1.What is E--Marketing E--Marketing is the application of a broad range of information technologies for: Transforming marketing strategies to create more customer value through more effective segmentation ,and positioning strategies；More efficiently planning and executing the conception, distribution promotion,and pricing of goods,services,and ideas;andCreating exchanges that satisfy individual consumer and organizational customers` objectives. This definition sounds a lot like the definition of traditional marketing. Another way to view it is that e-marketing is the result of information technology applied to traditional marketing. E-marketing affects traditional marketing in two ways. First,it increases efficiency in traditional marketing strategies.The transformation results in new business models that add customer value and/or increase company profitability.
Interaction design Moggridge Bill Interaction design，Page 1-15 USA Art Press, 2008 Interaction design (IxD) is the study of devices with which a user can interact, in particular computer users. The practice typically centers on "embedding information technology into the ambient social complexities of the physical world."[1] It can also apply to other types of non-electronic products and services, and even organizations. Interaction design defines the behavior (the "interaction") of an artifact or system in response to its users. Malcolm McCullough has written, "As a consequence of pervasive computing, interaction design is poised to become one of the main liberal arts of the twenty-first century." Certain basic principles of cognitive psychology provide grounding for interaction design. These include mental models, mapping, interface metaphors, and affordances. Many of these are laid out in Donald Norman's influential book The Psychology of Everyday Things. As technologies are often overly complex for their intended target audience, interaction design aims to minimize the learning curve and to increase accuracy and efficiency of a task without diminishing usefulness. The objective is to reduce frustration and increase user productivity and satisfaction. Interaction design attempts to improve the usability and experience of the product, by first researching and understanding certain users' needs and then designing to meet and exceed them. (Figuring out who needs to use it, and how those people would like to use it.) Only by involving users who will use a product or system on a regular basis will designers be able to properly tailor and maximize usability. Involving real users, designers gain the ability to better understand user goals and experiences. (see also: User-centered design) There are also positive side effects which include enhanced system capability awareness and user ownership. It is important that the user be aware of system capabilities from an early stage so that expectations regarding functionality are both realistic and properly understood. Also, users who have been active participants in a product's development are more likely to feel a sense of ownership, thus increasing overall satisfa. Instructional design is a goal-oriented, user-centric approach to creating training and education software or written materials. Interaction design and instructional design both rely on cognitive psychology theories to focus on how users will interact with software. They both take an in-depth approach to analyzing the user's needs and goals. A needs analysis is often performed in both disciplines. Both, approach the design from the user's perspective. Both, involve gathering feedback from users, and making revisions until the product or service has been found to be effective. (Summative / formative evaluations) In many ways, instructional
Journal of Industrial Textiles https://www.doczj.com/doc/5418103276.html,/ Optimization of Parameters for the Production of Needlepunched Nonwoven Geotextiles Amit Rawal, Subhash Anand and Tahir Shah 2008 37: 341Journal of Industrial Textiles DOI: 10.1177/1528083707081594 The online version of this article can be found at: https://www.doczj.com/doc/5418103276.html,/content/37/4/341 Published by: https://www.doczj.com/doc/5418103276.html, can be found at:Journal of Industrial TextilesAdditional services and information for https://www.doczj.com/doc/5418103276.html,/cgi/alertsEmail Alerts: https://www.doczj.com/doc/5418103276.html,/subscriptionsSubscriptions: https://www.doczj.com/doc/5418103276.html,/journalsReprints.navReprints: https://www.doczj.com/doc/5418103276.html,/journalsPermissions.navPermissions: https://www.doczj.com/doc/5418103276.html,/content/37/4/341.refs.htmlCitations: - Mar 28, 2008Version of Record >>
原文来源：李海宏《Marketing Customer Satisfaction》[A].2012中国旅游分销高峰论坛.[C].上海 Marketing Customer Satisfaction 顾客满意策略与顾客满意营销 Since the 20th century, since the late eighties, the customer satisfaction strategy is increasingly becoming business has more customers share the overall business competitive advantage means. 自20世纪八十年代末以来,顾客满意战略已日益成为各国企业占有更多的顾客份额,获得竞争优势的整体经营手段。 First, customer satisfaction strategy is to get a modern enterprise customers, "money votes" magic weapon 一、顾客满意策略是现代企业获得顾客“货币选票”的法宝 With the changing times, the great abundance of material wealth of society, customers in the main --- consumer demand across the material has a lack of time, the number of times the pursuit, the pursuit of quality time to the eighties of the 20th century entered the era of the end consumer sentiment. In China, with rapid economic development, we have rapidly beyond the physical absence of the times, the pursuit of the number of times and even the pursuit of quality and age of emotions today gradually into the consumer era. Spending time in the emotion, the company's similar products have already reached the same time, homogeneous, with the energy, the same price, consumers are no longer pursue the quality, functionality and price, but the comfort, convenience, safety, comfort, speed, jump action, environmental protection, clean, happy,
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译原文：
DESIGN and ENVIRONMENT Product design is the principal part and kernel of industrial design. Product design gives uses pleasure. A good design can bring hope and create new lifestyle to human. In spscificity,products are only outcomes of factory such as mechanical and electrical products,costume and so on.In generality,anything,whatever it is tangibile or intangible,that can be provided for a market,can be weighed with value by customers, and can satisfy a need or desire,can be entiled as products. Innovative design has come into human life. It makes product looking brand-new and brings new aesthetic feeling and attraction that are different from traditional products. Enterprose tend to renovate idea of product design because of change of consumer's lifestyle , emphasis on individuation and self-expression,market competition and requirement of individuation of product. Product design includes factors of society ,economy, techology and leterae humaniores. Tasks of product design includes styling, color, face processing and selection of material and optimization of human-machine interface. Design is a kind of thinking of lifestyle.Product and design conception can guide human lifestyle . In reverse , lifestyle also manipulates orientation and development of product from thinking layer.
毕业论文外文文献翻译 毕业设计（论文）题目关于企业内部环境绩效审计的研究翻译题目最高审计机关的环境审计活动 学院会计学院 专业会计学 姓名张军芳 班级09020615 学号09027927 指导教师何瑞雄
最高审计机关的环境审计活动 1最高审计机关越来越多的活跃在环境审计领域。特别是1993-1996年期间，工作组已检测到环境审计活动坚定的数量增长。首先，越来越多的最高审计机关已经活跃在这个领域。其次是积极的最高审计机关，甚至变得更加活跃：他们分配较大部分的审计资源给这类工作，同时出版更多环保审计报告。表1显示了平均数字。然而，这里是机构间差异较大。例如，环境报告的数量变化，每个审计机关从1到36份报告不等。 1996-1999年期间，结果是不那么容易诠释。第一，活跃在环境审计领域的最高审计机关数量并没有太大变化。“活性基团”的组成没有保持相同的：一些最高审计机关进入，而其他最高审计机关离开了团队。环境审计花费的时间量略有增加。二，但是，审计报告数量略有下降，1996年和1999年之间。这些数字可能反映了从量到质的转变。这个信号解释了在过去三年从规律性审计到绩效审计的转变（1994-1996年，20％的规律性审计和44％绩效审计;1997-1999：16％规律性审计和绩效审计54％）。在一般情况下，绩效审计需要更多的资源。我们必须认识到审计的范围可能急剧变化。在将来，再将来开发一些其他方式去测算人们工作量而不是计算通过花费的时间和发表的报告会是很有趣的。 在2000年，有62个响应了最高审计机关并向工作组提供了更详细的关于他们自1997年以来公布的工作信息。在1997-1999年，这62个最高审计机关公布的560个环境审计报告。当然，这些报告反映了一个庞大的身躯，可用于其他机构的经验。环境审计报告的参考书目可在网站上的最高审计机关国际组织的工作组看到。这里这个信息是用来给最高审计机关的审计工作的内容更多一些洞察。 自1997年以来，少数环境审计是规律性审计（560篇报告中有87篇，占16％）。大多数审计绩效审计（560篇报告中有304篇，占54％），或组合的规律性和绩效审计（560篇报告中有169篇，占30％）。如前文所述，绩效审计是一个广泛的概念。在实践中，绩效审计往往集中于环保计划的实施（560篇报告中有264篇，占47％），符合国家环保法律，法规的，由政府部门，部委和/或其他机构的任务给访问（560篇报告中有212篇，占38％）。此外，审计经常被列入政府的环境管理系统（560篇报告中有156篇，占28％）。下面的元素得到了关注审计报告：影响或影响现有的国家环境计划非环保项目对环境的影响;环境政策;由政府遵守国际义务和承诺的10％至20％。许多绩效审计包括以上提到的要素之一。 1本文译自：S. Van Leeuwen.(2004).’’Developments in Environmental Auditing by Supreme Audit Institutions’’ Environmental Management Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 163–1721
外文翻译 原文 Marketing Material Source：Marketing Management Author：Philip Kotler Marketing Channels To reach a target market, the marketer uses three kinds of marketing channels. Communication channels deliver messages to and receive messages from target buyers. They include newspapers, magazines, radio, television, mail, telephone, billboards, posters, fliers, CDs, audiotapes, and the Internet. Beyond these, communications are conveyed by facial expressions and clothing, the look of retail stores, and many other media. Marketers are increasingly adding dialogue channels (e-mail and toll-free numbers) to counterbalance the more normal monologue channels (such as ads). The marketer uses distribution channels to display or deliver the physical product or service to the buyer or user. There are physical distribution channels and service distribution channels, which include warehouses, transportation vehicles, and various trade channels such as distributors, wholesalers, and retailers. The marketer also uses selling channels to effect transactions with potential buyers. Selling channels include not only the distributors and retailers but also the banks and insurance companies that facilitate transactions. Marketers clearly face a design problem in choosing the best mix of communication, distribution, and selling channels for their offerings. Supply Chain Whereas marketing channels connect the marketer to the target buyers, the supply chain describes a longer channel stretching from raw materials to components to final products that are carried to final buyers. For example, the supply chain for women’s purses starts with hides, tanning operations, cutting operations, manufacturing, and the marketing channels that bring products to customers. This supply chain represents a value delivery system. Each company captures only a certain percentage of the total value generated by the supply chain. When a company acquires competitors or moves upstream or downstream, its aim is
本科毕业设计（论文） ( 2012届) （外文翻译） 题目： 学院:__________ ____________ 专业:_________ 市场营销_____________ 班级:_________ ___________ 姓名:___________ ______________ 学号:________ __________ 指导老师:___________ ___________
原文题目：《市场定位策略》 作者：Powpaka Samart 原文出处:1999,Sasin Journal of Management,5,79-97 市场定位策略 定位的战略性角色 营销策略由两部分组成：目标市场战略和营销组合战略。目标市场战略三个过程组成：市场细分，目标（或目标市场选择），市场定位等。营销组合战略指的是创造一个独特的产品，分销，促销和定价策略（4PS）的过程，旨在满足客户的需求和希望。目标市场战略和营销组合策略有密切的联系，有很强的相互依存关系。目标市场战略是用来制订营销组合策略方针。 市场细分是把一个市场当中具有相似需求和特点、可能会对特定产品和特定的营销程序产生相似回应的人们，分成不同的客户的子集的过程。目标或目标市场的选择是一个或多个，通过评估每个细分市场，寻求利益的相对吸引力，而且该公司业务的相对优势。最后，定位是设计产品和发展战略营销计划，共同在目标市场建立一个持久的竞争优势的过程。 目标市场定位战略的概念是众所周知的，尤其是被大多数消费品营销从业者在制定市场营销组合策略有用作为非理论概念的方式。然而在实践中，营销人员往往绕过正式的定位，直接制定营销组合策略。这可能是由于这样的事实，这些经理们不知道如何获取感知图---表明这是一个客户原始需求的产品的位置。 本文的目的是展示营销从业者能够获得定位和营销组合策略制定的感知图的现实途径。具体来说，感知映射及其关系的定位总是被第一时间注意到。这是通过统计技术的讨论，可以遵循用于创建感知图。最后，通过因子分析定位过程的例子是证明。 目标市场战略 目标市场战略是确定一个（或多个目标市场）的过程和它的（或他们）独特的定位。目标市场策略包括：（1）市场细分，（2）市场选择，（3）市场定位。 市场细分。市场细分是一个分割成几部分或几个同质异构的潜在市场的进程。换句话说，在一个潜在的市场客户可能有不同的偏好。因此，使用产品和产品计划并不是一个有效和高效的办法。为了有效和有效率，管理者需要根据顾客的喜好对潜在顾客进行整合，根据该公司的实力，用独特的服务来满足其中一个或多个组别细分市场。另一种看待市场细分的方式是测试市场是否存在同质偏好或者需求差异性。良好的市场细分结果应具有以下特征的部分：（1）实体性（即：每个细分市场的容量足够大），（2）可盈利/可辨识/可测性（即每个段可在人口或消费心理特征方面的描述）（3）无障碍性（即媒体消费和