第一部分必修四Unit 4
Ⅰ.语法单句填空
1．(2011·江苏改编)We'd better discuss everything ________detail before we work out the plan.
答案：in句意：我们最好在制订计划之前详细地讨论一切事情。in detail详细地。
2．________(approach) the city centre, we saw a stone statue of about 10 metres in height.
答案：Approaching句意：靠近城市中心时，我们看见一座大约10米高的石雕。逻辑主语we与approach之间是主动关系，且approach与saw几乎同时发生。
3．Stephen was chosen ________(represent) the company at the conference.
答案：to represent句意：Stephen被选出代表公司参加会议。
4．Studies show that people who like sitting in the office for hours without a break are more ________ to suffer from back problems.
答案：likely句意：研究表明，喜欢长时间坐在办公室里不休息的人更可能得背部疾病。likely，possible和probable都意为“可能的”，但只有likely可用于sb.be likely to do sth.句型。
5．The old couple, ________ lived in the small village for years，can tell the names of all the villagers.
答案：having考查非谓语动词。分析句子成分可知，主语The old couple和live之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，且句中有表示一段时间的时间状语for years，因此用live的现在分词的完成式。
6．I know it's normal for such a thing to happen, but we ________(avoid) it if we'd been more careful.
答案：could/might/would/should have avoided考查虚拟语气。句意：我知道发生这样的事情是正常的，但如果我们更小心一点儿的话，这样的事是可以避免的。根据句中的“if we'd been more careful”可知，此处表示与过去事实相反的假设，故用could/might/would/should have done结构。
7．At the conference, political leaders from many countries promised to work together to defend the world ________ terrorism and other threats.
答案：against句意：会议上，来自多个国家的政治领导人承诺携手保护全球免受恐怖活动和其他威胁的伤害。defend...against/with...“保护……免受……的伤害”。
8．—He should have been warned of the danger.
—So he ________(be), but he wouldn't listen to me.
答案：was考查固定句型。根据答句可知，后者赞同前者的话。此处强调的是发生在过去的客观事实，因此应用so he was。
9．(2014·全国大纲改编)Today there are more airplanes ________(carry) more people than ever before in the skies.
答案：carrying本题考查非谓语动词。句意：现在天空中比以前有更多的飞机搭载乘客。分析结构可知，此处是there be结构，主语more airplanes后接了非谓语动词；并且，airplanes与carry之间为主谓关系，故要用现在分词作定语。
10．—Tom's still angry with me.
—You are ________(blame). How dare you call him a liar! He's the last person ________(lie)．
答案：to blame；to lie sb. be to blame“某人应对(过错、罪行)负责”，名词前有序数词，the last等词修饰时，该名词后接不定式。
Ⅱ.阅读理解
(2014·贵州省六校联盟第二次联考)
Silence is unnatural to man. He begins life with a cry and ends it in stillness. In between he does all he can to make a noise in the world, and he fears silence more than anything else. Even his conversation is an attempt to prevent a fearful silence. If he is introduced to another person, and a number of pauses occur in the conversation, he regards himself as a failure, a worthless person, and is full of envy of the emptiest headed chatterbox (喋喋不休的人). He knows that ninety-nine percent of human conversation means no more than the_buzzing_of_a_fly,_but he is anxious to join in the buzz and to prove that he is a man and not a waxwork figure (蜡塑人像)．The aim of conversation is not, for the most part, to communicate ideas; it is to keep up the buzzing sound. There are, it must be admitted, different qualities of buzz; there is even a buzz that is as annoying as the continuous noise made by a mosquito (蚊子). But at a dinner party one would rather be a mosquito than a quiet person. Most buzzing, fortunately, is pleasant to the ear, and some of it is pleasant even to the mind. He would be a foolish man if he waited until he had a wise thought to take part in the buzzing with his neighbors.
Those who hate to pick up the weather as a conversational opening seem to me not to know the reason why human beings wish to talk. Very few human beings join in a conversation in the hope of learning anything new. Some of them are content if they are merely allowed to go on making a noise into other people's ears, though they have nothing to tell them except that they have seen two or three new plays or that they had food in a Swiss hotel. At the end of an evening during which they have said nothing meaningful for a long time, they just prove themselves to be successful conversationalists.
文章大意：沉默是金，文章作者主要解释了人为什么会不停的交谈。
1．According to the author, people make conversation to ______.
A．exchange ideas
B．prove their value
C．achieve success in life
D．overcome their fear of silence
答案：D细节理解题。文章的第一段Even his conversation is an attempt to prevent a fearful silence.可知交谈是克服沉默的恐惧。故D正确。
2．By “the buzzing of a fly” (Para. 1), the author means“________”．
A．the noise of an insect B．a low whispering sound
C．meaningless talks D．the voice of a chatterbox
答案：C词义理解题。根据文章第一段大意及最后一句but he is anxious to join in the buzz and to prove that he is a man and not a waxwork figure.可知the buzzing of a fly为“无意义的交谈”之意。故C正确。
3．According to the passage, people usually talk to their neighbors ________.
A．about whatever they have prepared
B．about whatever they want to
C．in the hope of learning something new
D．in the hope of getting on well
答案：B细节理解题。根据文章第二段最后一句he waited until he had a wise thought to take part in the buzzing with his neighbors.可以得出答案。故B正确。
4．What is the author's purpose in writing the passage?
A．To discuss why people like talking about weather.
B．To encourage people to join in conversations.
C．To persuade people to stop making noises.
D．To explain why people keep talking.
答案：D主旨大意题。根据大意可知文章作者主要解释了人为什么会不停的交谈。故可知文章作者的写作目的。故D正确。
Ⅲ.完形填空
(2014·郑州市三模)
When you say “communication”，most people will think of words and sentences. Though these are very important, we __1__ with more than just spoken and written words. __2__，body positions are part of what we call “body language”.We often see __3__ of unconscious body language, yet there is also “learned” body language, which is __4__ from culture to culture.
We use “learned” body language __5__ we are introduced to strangers. Every culture has __6__ a formal way to greet strangers to show them we aren't __7__. Traditionally, Europeans and Americans shake hands with the right hand—the strongest one for most people. If our right hand is busy __8__ someone, it cannot be holding a weapon(武器). So the gesture is saying，“I __9__ you. Look, I'm not carrying a threatening weapon.” If you shake hands with someone, you __10__
that you trust them.
Greetings in Asian countries don't include __11__ the other person, but they always include the hands. Traditionally in China, when we greet someone, we put the right __12__ over the left and bow slightly. Muslims give a “salaam”(穆斯林的额手礼), where they touch their heart, mouth and forehead. Indians join their hands and bow their heads with __13__. In these examples, the hands are busy with the greeting and cannot hold a weapon.
Even today, when some people have __14__ styles of greeting, they still use their hands as a gesture of trust. American youths often greet each other with the __15__，“Give me five！”One person then __16__ his hand, palm(手掌) outwards and five fingers spread. The other person raises his hand and slaps the other's __17__ hand above the head in a “high five”. Nowadays, it is quite a common greeting.
Body language is __18__ and attractive for anyone to study. Some people may __19__themselves much more by their gestures than by their __20__. Look at your friends and family and see if you are a mind-reader!
文章大意：本文是一篇文化类说明文。文章主要说明了身体语言也是我们与别人交流的一种方式，而且文化背景不同，身体语言也会有所不同。
1．A.connect B．talk
C．communicate D．live
答案：C考查动词辨析。与上句中的“communication”相照应，此处指我们不仅仅通过口头和书面语言交流。故选C。
2．A.Indeed B．Therefore
C．However D．Meanwhile
答案：A考查副词辨析。本句话与上句话在语气上是承接关系，结合选项意思可知，答案为A，意为“实际上”。B项强调前后句为因果关系；C项强调前后句为转折关系；D 项强调同时发生或存在。
3．A.characters B．examples
C．signs D．movements
答案：B考查名词辨析。本句指我们会经常看见人们会无意识地使用身体语言的情况。故选B，意为“例子，实例”。A项意为“特征，性格，人物”；C项意为“迹象，标志”；D项意为“运动，移动”。
4．A.obvious B．necessary
C．useful D．different
答案：D考查形容词辨析。根据下文可知，文化不同，“习得的”身体语言也有所不同。故选D。
5．A.when B．unless
C．since D．because
答案：A考查从属连词辨析。本句指我们何时应该使用习得的身体语言。故选A。
6．A.changed B．developed
C．explored D．discovered
答案：B考查动词辨析。难度较小，每个文化都有其自己独特的身体语言，这是逐渐发展形成的。故选B。
7．A.strange B．selfish
C．rude D．aggressive
答案：D考查形容词辨析。根据下文举例可知，这样的身体语言方式是用来向对方表示友好、消除对方的戒备心理的。故选D，意为“侵略性的，好斗的，积极进取的”。
8．A.helping B．pleasing
C．greeting D．reaching
答案：C考查动词辨析。根据上句可知，与陌生人第一次见面时，欧洲人和美国人都用握手的方式来表示友好。故选C，意为“与……打招呼，向……示好”。
9．A.recognize B．trust
C．follow D．protect
答案：B考查动词辨析。根据本段最后一句中的“you ______ that you trust them”可知，答案选B。
10．A.show B．promise
C．think D．insist
答案：A考查动词辨析。此处是指身体语言所表达的意思。故选A，意为“表明”。
11．A.disturbing B．observing
C．touching D．annoying
答案：C考查动词辨析。此处是指亚洲人与欧洲人在打招呼问候时身体语言上的一些不同，根据常识以及“but they always include the hands”可知，此处强调亚洲人问候打招呼时彼此身体接触较少。故选C。A项意为“打扰”；B项意为“观察，庆祝”；D项意为“惹恼，打扰”。
12．A.arm B．foot
C．fist D．hand
答案：D考查名词辨析。根据上句中的“but they always include the hands”可知，本句是在说“手”。故选D。
13．A.respect B．confidence
C．care D．understanding
答案：A考查名词辨析。由于是问候打招呼，所以这些身体语言都是向对方表示友好
和尊重的。故选A，意为“尊重，尊敬”。
14．https://www.doczj.com/doc/5e6013328.html,mon B．traditional
C．casual D．formal
答案：C考查形容词辨析。根据下句所举的例子可知，这个手势是年轻人见面打招呼常用的，属于非正式的，由此可知，此处指“非正式的、随意的”问候打招呼手势语。故选C。
15．A.idea B．expression
C．action D．order
答案：B考查名词辨析。“Give me five！”属于一个习惯用语。故选B，意为“表达，措辞”。
16．A.puts out B．sticks up
C．spreads out D．holds up
答案：D考查动词短语辨析。根据下句“The other person raises his hand and slaps the other's ________ hand...”可知，二者是在击掌。故选D，意为“举起，挂起”。A项意为“伸出，扑灭”；B项意为“竖起”；C项意为“蔓延，延伸”。
17．A.closed B．strong
C．open D．friendly
答案：C考查形容词辨析。根据上文中的“five fingers spread”可知，击掌时“手指分开”。故选C。
18．A.correct B．familiar
C．interesting D．original
答案：C考查形容词辨析。根据上文内容以及本句中的“and attractive”可知，身体语言包含许多文化内容，所以学习它很有意思。故选C。
19．A.express B．enjoy
C．devote D．behave
答案：A考查动词辨析。此处指有些人用身体语言传递的信息比用口头语言传递给别人的信息还要多。故选A，意为“传递，表达”。
20．A.marks B．words
C．sounds D．conversations
答案：B考查名词辨析。此处将身体语言与口头语言相对比。故选B。
Ⅳ.语法填空
(2014·河北省衡水中学二调)
Why is pink or purple a color for girls and blue or brown for boys?
The answer depends largely __1__ cultural values as well as personal experiences. To the
Egyptians, green was a color __2__ represented the hope and joy of spring, while for Muslims, it means heaven. Red is a symbol of good luck in many cultures. During the Spring Festival in China, children __3__(give) money in a red envelope to bring good fortune in the New Year. For many nations, blue is a symbol of protection and religious beliefs. Greek people often wear a blue necklace hoping to protect __4__ against evils(灾祸)．
People's __5__(choose) of colors is also influenced by their bodies' reactions toward them. Green is said to be __6__ most restful color. It has the ability to reduce pain and relax people both mentally __7__ physically. People __8__(work) in green environment have been found to have fewer stomach aches.
Red can cause a person's blood pressure to rise and increase people's appetites(食欲). Many decorators will include different shades of red in the restaurant. And many commercial websites will have a red “Buy Now” button because red is a color that __9__(easy) catches a person's eye.
Blue is another calming color. Unlike red, blue is believed to cause people to lose appetite. So __10__ you want to eat less, some suggest that eating from blue plates can help.
文章大意：本文主要讲述的就是在不同的文化中的颜色意义和功能作用。
答案：
1．on/upon主要取决于文化价值观和个人的经验。depend on/upon取决于。
2．that/which对于埃及人来说，绿色是代表希望和快乐的颜色。这是定语从句，先行词是color，定语从句缺少主语，故填关系代词that/which。
3．are given在中国的春节孩子们被给予红包的压岁钱带来好运。children和give是被动关系，用are given。
4．themselves希腊人经常带蓝色的项链为了保护自己没有灾祸。用反身代词themselves。
5．choice人们对颜色的选择也受身体对它们反应的影响。动词choose转换成名词choice。
6．the绿色据说是最让人安静的颜色，用the修饰最高级。
7．and它能够在精神上和身体上减轻疼痛，使人们放松。这里是并列关系，用and。
8. working据说在绿色的环境下工作的人胃疼更少。用working作定语修饰people，相当于who work。
9．easily红色是容易吸引人眼球的颜色。用副词easily修饰catch。
10．if/when如果你想吃得少，建议用蓝色的盘子吃饭。连词“如果”if/when。
Unit4 Body language语法篇 __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 要求学生掌握本单元的重点语法----动词的-ing形式作定语和状语并能熟练运用相关语法知识解决相应类型的题。 一、动词的-ing形式由“动词原形+ing形式”构成，它既是现在分词形式，也是动名词形式。v-ing 能在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语，但不能单独作谓语。其时态和语态的变化为 二、动词-ing形式的作用 1.动词-ing形式作定语 E.g. The sleeping baby looks very beautiful. (前置定语)这位正在睡觉的婴儿看起来太漂亮了。 E.g. The man sitting in the car is waiting for his daughter. (后置定语)坐在车里的男子正在等他的女儿。 E.g. The law being carried out is to ban drunken driving.(后置定语，强调正在被执行的法律) 正在执行中的这则法律旨在禁止酒后驾驶。 名师点拨 (1)现在分词短语作定语时通常后置，而单个的分词作定语时可置于被修饰词的前面，也可置于被修饰词的后面。 (2)现在分词的完成时的主动及被动形式均不作后置定语。 2．动词-ing形式作状语。 (1)作时间状语。 E.g. Working in the office，the clerk heard an explosion from the street. 在办公室工作时，这位职员听到街上发出了爆炸声。 E.g. Having finished her homework，the girl was busy with the thing she likes. 完成了家庭作业，女孩就忙于做她喜欢做的事情。 名师点拨 动词-ing形式一般式常表示该动作与句子谓语动作同时发生，而动词－ing形式的完成式则表示该
U4（BX5） 1.occupationn.(job, profession) Please state your name, age and～. 用法： occupy v. Reading occupies (takes up) most of my free time阅.读占去了我空闲时间的大部分。 The bathroom is occupied.浴室有人在用。 ～oneself( in doing sth/with sth) ——keep oneself busy (doing sth/with sth) 忙着 (做某事 );忙(于某事物 ) =be occupied (in doing sth/with sth.) He’ s occupied in looking after/ with three small children. by occupation He is a bus driver by occupation他.的职业是公车司机 profession-professional-professor by profession 就职业来说 I don ’ t know what profession would suit me. He is a lawyer by profession. For professional footballers, injures are an occupational hazard. suppose 表示“猜想；认为”之意，相当于 think 或 guess，常见用法有：1．后接宾语从句。如：
John supposed that he could find some coins soon． I don't suppose she will agree with us，will she？ 2．后接名词或代词＋不定式（不定式为to be 时常可省略）。如： We all suppose him（to be）an expert in this field． 3．与 believe，think，guess，expect 等一样，后接 so 或 not，后面省略了 宾语部分。如：—Will he come with us？他会跟我们来吗？ —Yes，I suppose so．我想会的。 —Will it rain tomorrow ？明天会下雨吗？ —No，I suppose not ／I don't suppose so．我想不会。 4．与 believe，think，guess，expect 一样，可构成复杂特殊疑问句（特殊 疑问词＋ do you suppose ＋宾语从句的其它部分）。如： ①When do you suppose they will take the exam？你认为他们什么时候考 试？ ②Who do you suppose turned u p last night？你认为昨晚谁来过？ 5.suppose 或 supposing 放在句首，表条件，引导状语从句，相当于if 或 in case等。如：① Suppose ／Supposing the car breaks down，what shall we do？ 万一车子抛锚，我们怎么办？ ②Suppose ／Supposing they didn't believe it，how should we try to persuade them ？ 6.suppose＋宾语从句可用来表建议，意为“ 怎么样？”或“何不？”。如：①Suppose we go for a picnic tomorrow ．我们明天去野餐怎么样？ ②Suppose we put off the meeting ．我们把会议推迟吧。
1.主谓一致 就近原则 1.由并列结构或连词（either…or， neither…nor，not…but， not only…but also， or 等）连接的并列主语，谓语动词与靠近的那个名词或代词保持一致。 2. 在倒装句和there be句型中，谓语动词与后面的第一个主语保持一致。 例句：There is a book and some pens on the desk.桌子上有一本书和几支钢笔。 3. 在强调句中，连接代词又在句中作主语，这时它应与被强调的主语保持一致。例句：It is Mary’s brother who was injured in the car accident. 是Mary 的哥哥在车祸中受伤了。 意义一致原则 1. 当主语与谓语动词之间插入along with，with，as well as，together with，no less than，besides，except， but， including等短语时，谓语动词不受这些插入语的干扰，依然和主语保持一致。 例句：I, along with my sister, am going to Shanghai next month. 我，还有我姐姐，打算下个月去上海。 2. 英语中有一类单、复数同型的词（people，means，sheep，deer，fish等），其单、复数取决于它在句中的含义。 例句：All of the people in the country have been prepared for the great reformation.这个国家的人都已经为大变革做好了准备。 3. 多数情况下，由“what”引导的名词性从句作主语时，其后的谓语动词通常用单数形式。 例句：What I want to say is just “ Take care!”.我只想说：“多保重！” 4. 当主语与all， none， any，some等不定代词、形容词连用时，应根据具体句意，来决定其后的谓语动词的单复数。 例句：All I know about this company is what he told me yesterday.我对这家公司的了解都是昨天完他告诉我的。 5. “…+ (of) +名词”结构描述数量时，如果“of”后的名词为单数（不可数名词），则谓语动词用单数，如果名词为复数，则谓语动词用复数。 例句：Most of the water here is clean.大部分的水是干净的。 80% cotton has been sent to America.80%的棉花已经被送往美国。 Half of the apples are red.有一半儿的苹果是红的。 6. 词组“a number of， a great/good many， a group of +可数名词复数”的结构作主语时，谓语动词应用复数；如果冠词a变为the，则谓语动词用单数。 例句： A number of ancient buildings are destroyed in the war.许多的古代建筑在战争中被毁。 The number of the visitors has decreased this year. 游客的数量今年减少了。 7. 英语的集体名词（committee, crowd, family, public, group, party, team, class, club, company, union ,clergy, mankind,militia,police,people,poultry等词），指代“整体”时为单数；指代“其中的各成员”则为复数。 例句：My family was very poor when I was a little girl.当我还是一个小女孩儿的时候，我家很穷。
U5(BX5) First aid Language points 1 Aid (v)帮助; 援助=help sb 帮助某人去做…. aid sb to do 在…事帮助某人aid sb in … He aided me in business. I aided her to continue her study. At Christmas, many organizations aid the poor. n /U/帮助; 援助 在某人的帮助下with the aid of 为了帮助… in ai d of Teachers give their lessons with the aid of computers. He raised money in aid of the sick. 知识拓展： give/offer aid 援助 come to sb.'s aid 帮助某人 cut off aid （突然）终止援助 a hearing aid 助听器 teaching aids 教具 medical aid 医疗救护 2. temporary 暂时的，临时的 temporary relief from pain短暂的解痛 temporary work/ solution临时工作/解决办法 3. fall ill fall+ adj. ill asleep awake sick silent His wife suddenly _______ ________ last week. She has _______ ________ for a week. fell ill been ill 4 get+过去分词表被动或状态 The computer got damaged when we were moving. My bike is getting repaired now. My glasses got broken while I was playing basketball. Peter and Mary got married last year. get done get injured受伤 get dressed穿衣服
2015年必修四英语主谓一致 句子的主语有单复数及人称的变化，其谓语动词需要根据主语的人称和数的不同而有所变化。即：谓语动词与其主语在人称和数上必须保持一致。 她的梦想已经实现了。 Her dreams ______ come true. Her dream _______come true. 从以上两个例句可以看出谓语动词随主语的数而变化。 她(他)常常搭公车上学。 She/He often goes to school by bus. 他们常常搭公车上学。 They often go to school by bus. 他（她）是老师。 He/She is a teacher. 他们是老师。 They are teachers. ●主谓一致可分为以下四种：语法一致、意义一致、就近原则、随前原则 【语法一致】 （1）主语是and，both…and…连接的并列结构 如果主语指的是两个或两个以上的人或物，则谓语动词用复数。 在中国的这个地方既种稻子又种小麦。 Both rice and wheat _____ grown in this part of China. (be) 我妈妈和我已看过这部电影。 My mother and I have seen the film. ? A knife and fork ___ used to have meals. （be） ?The singer and dancer _____ on the stage. （be） 注意：由and连接的并列主语前面分别有each，every，no修饰时，其谓语动词用单数形式。 Every boy and every girl has to receive education in our country. 在我国每一个男女孩子都得受教育。 师生没有被邀请参加晚会。 No student and no teacher ________________ （2）主语后面接说明主语的修饰语
英语语法试题 2 51. Give me your telephone number ________ I need your help. A) whether C) so that B) unless D) in case 52. They lost their way in the forest, and _____ made matters worse was that night began to fall. A) that C) what B) it D) which 53. _________ to speak when the audience interrupted him. A) Hardly had he begun C) Not until he began B) No sooner had he begun D) Scarcely did he begin 54. I will give this dictionary to _________ wants to have it. A) whomever C) whoever B) someone D) anyone 55. The engineers are going through with their highway project, ________ the expenses have risen. A) even though C) now that B) just because D) as though 56. Water will continue to be _________ it is today ------- next in importance to oxygen. A) how C) as B) which D) what 57. Prof. Lee’s book will show you _________ can be used in other contexts. A) that you have observed C) how that you have observed B) that how you have observed D) how what you have observed 58. You can arriv e in Beijing earlier for the meeting _________ you don’t mind taking the night train. A) provided C) though B) unless D) until 59. Most electronic devices of this kind, _______ manufactured for such purposes, are tightly packed. A) that are C) which is B) as are D) it is 60. As for the winter, it is inconvenient to be cold, with most of ________ furnace fuel is allowed saved for the dawn. A) what C) which B) that D) such 61. Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, _________ obtaining water is not the least. A) of which C) on which B) for what D) in which 62. _________ is generally accepted, economical growth is determined by the smooth development of production. A) What C) It B) That D) As 63. Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe ________ it provides the building blocs from which the other elements are produced. A) so that C) in that B) but that D) provided that 64. The senior librarian at the circulation desk promised to get the book for me ________ she could remember who last borrowed it. A) ever since C) even though B) much as D) if only
Period IV Grammar必修4,unit4 Teaching aim: Grasp the usages of -ing form used as the attributive and the adverbial I. Preparation for the grammar by oneself before class. [自学探究] (SB P29 Discovering useful structures II. Students work together to make a thorough inquiry during class. [合作学习] STEP1.现在分词作定语 现在分词及其短语可以在句子中作定语,其作用相当于一个定语从句。其动作和谓语动词同时发生,与其修饰词之间是主动关系,也就是说现在分词的动作就是它修饰的那个词的动作。 1.现在分词作定语时的位置 (1现在分词作定语时多置于它所修饰的名词之前;分词短语用于它所修饰词的后面。例如: He is an attacking player.他是一个攻击型的运动员。 They lived a room facing the north thirty years ago. 三十年前,他住在一个朝北的房间里。 (2如现在分词修饰由some/any/no + thing/body/one所形成的不定代词或指示代词those 时,分词在这些被修饰词的后面。例如: Anyone swimming will be punished.正在游泳的任何人都将受到惩罚。
重点把握:动词-ing形式中的动名词也可用作定语,它表示用作…的,而现在分词作定语通常相当于一个定语从句。如: a writing table = a table used for writing ;a sleeping boy = a boy who is sleeping 2、现在分词作定语时与谓语动词的时间关系 现在分词表进行意味和主动意味,因此,用现在分词作定语时,其表示的动作是与谓语动词同时发生的,或是正在发生的动作。例如: There were no soldiers drilling. = There were no soldiers who were drilling.没有士兵在操练。 The man running over there is our chairman. = The man who is running over there is our chairman. 正在朝那边跑的那个人是我们主席。 重点把握:having done(现在分词的完成时态表示该动作先于另一个动作,现在分词的完成时态永远不能作定语。 3、如果一个及物动词作定语,既要表达进行意味,又要表达被动意味时,可用现在分词的被动语态。例如: The meeting being held is very important.正召开的会议很重要。 The skyscraper being built is still higher than that built the year before last. 正在建的那幢摩天大楼比前年建的那幢还高。 STEP2. 现在分词作状语
完整版专四英语语法 考点
语法考点之一：虚拟语气 考点1. If从句中的虚拟语气 1、与过去事实相反：从句sb had done，主句sb would(should, could, might)+ have done； 2、省略if，从句的语序用到装，即将were, had或 should移至主语的前面，但否定词not不前移。 3、与将来事实相反：从句sb did (should+do或were+to do)，主句sb would (should, could, might)+do。 4、错综条件句：主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间段。 比如：从句对过去虚拟，而主句对现在虚拟，即从句sb had done，主句sb would(should, could, might)+do； 考点2：表示建议、要求、命令等动词如insist, order, command, suggest, advise, propose, ask, require, request, demand引导的从句及it引导的相应的分词、名词和形容词从句，谓语用（should)+动词原形。 考点3：It is +advisable, essential, important, imperative, incredible等从句，谓语用（should）+动词原形。 考点4：it is (high/about) time that的结构中，从句使用一般过去式。例如: 考点5：much as"尽管，虽然"引导让步状语从句，从句中用would have done表示假设。 考点6：if only, wish, as if/as though引导从句， 与过去事实相反：had + done； 与现在事实相反：动词过去式； 与将来事实相反：could/would + do 考点7：would rather/sooner从句中 使用一般过去式或过去完成式 分别表示对现在或过去的虚拟 考点8：lest / for fear that+(should ) +原形动词。 语法考点之二：情态动词 *情态动词: will（愿意）, shall（将）, must（必须）, can, may, would, should (应该), might, could, ought to, used to（过去常常）, need（需要）, dare（竟敢），have to（不得不） 考试中，情态动词部分重点测试以下内容： （1）情态动词+行为动词完成式（表示推测） （2）某些情态动词的特殊用法 考点1. 情态动词＋have＋过去分词结构表示推测 (1) must have done表示推测过去某事“一定”发生了。否定形式为：can’t / couldn’t have v-ed, 表示过去不可能发生某事。 (2) could have done表示推测过去某动作“很可能”发生了。 (3) may / might have done 表示推测过去某事“也许”发生了.
1.名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句(Noun Clauses）。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 一、引导名词性从句的连接词 引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类： 连词：that（无任何词意） whether,if（均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性） as if ,as though（均表示“好像”，“似乎”） 以上在从句中均不充当任何成分 连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which.whichever,whomever 连接副词：when, where, how, why 不可省略的连词： 1. 介词后的连词 2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。 That she was chosen made us very happy. We heard the news that our team had won. 比较： whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代： 1. whether引导主语从句并在句首 2. 引导表语从句 3. whether从句作介词宾语 4. 从句后有"or not" Whether he will come is not clear. 大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用it充当形式主语。 二. 主语从句 作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。 有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下： （1）It + be + 名词+ that从句 （2）It + be + 形容词+ that从句 （3）It + be + 动词的过去分词+ that从句 （4）It + 不及物动词+ that 从句 另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”，常用的句型有： It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that … It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that… It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that…
英语专业四级语法汇总 语法回顾篇： 专四语法考点虚拟语气、情态动词、非谓语动词、复合句、倒装、小语法（省略，时态，反义疑问句，代词，强调句，主谓一致，冠词，形容词及副词）、as 的特殊用法。 专四英语语法考点串讲之一虚拟语气 一般说来，有下列几种考点需要考生注意(十考点及两备考点） 考点1. 与现在事实相反 从句谓语动词用did (be用were)， 主句谓语动词would (should, could, might)+do； 考点2. 与过去事实相反 从句谓语动词用had done， 主句谓语动词用would(should, could, might)+ have done； 例如： 43. I _________the party much more if there hadn’t been quite such a crowd of people there. A. would enjoy B. will have enjoyed C. would have enjoyed D. will be enjoying KEY: C 49. All of us would have enjoyed the party much more if there _________ quite such a crowd of people there. A. weren’t B. hasn’t been C. hadn’t been D. wouldn’t KEY: C 考点3.与将来事实相反， 从句谓语动词用：did (should + do或were + to do)， 主句谓语动词用：would (should, could, might)+do。
一、对比练习: Book4 Unit4 Body language v –ing 形式做定语和状语训练题 1. He stood there ___ _for his mother . 2. __ for two hours , he went away.(wait) 3. __ to the left , you'll find the post office . 4. If you ________ to the left , you'll find the post office . 5. __ to the left , and you'll find the post office .(turn) 6. __ from space , the earth looks blue . 7. _ _from space , we can see the earth is blue .(see) 8. The dirty clothes ____ , the girl hung them up outside . 9. __ the dirty clothes ,the girl hung them up outside .(wash) 10 The building ____ now will be a restaurant . 11. The building ___ next year will be a restaurant . 12. The building ___ last year is a restaurant.(built) 13. In the ____ week we'll have another exam. 14. In the week __ _______ ,we'll have another exam.(come) 15. Most of us went to see her, __ _____ some girls. 16. Most of us went to see her, some girls __ ______ _.(include) 17. If time ____ , I'll go to see my friends tomorrow. 18. Time ___ _____ , I'll go to see my friends tomorrow.(permit) 19 ___ his wallet, he became very worried. 20. __ ______ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.（lose ） 21. The girl __ ______ in a colorful skirt looks beautiful. 22. The mother __ her son must be late for the work.(dress) 二、用所给词的正确形式填空。 1 ________ i t with me and I'll see what I can do.(leave) 2. _ by the Comrade Lei Feng, we try our best to do good deeds.（inspire ） 3. I listened to the wind, __ ___ (think) that he would not come tonight. 4 _________ ( eat) nothing since the night before, I felt very hungry. 5. The girl glanced over her shoulder and found herself __ ___ (follow) by a young man in black ． 6. More than one hundred workers remained____(trap) in the coal mine, though fifty had been saved. 7. I had as much fun sailing the seas as I now do (work)with students. 8. After the guests left, she spent as much time as she could _ ____ (tidy) up the rooms. 9. Keep quiet! I hear someone ____ “ my heart will go on ”. (sing) 10. Please fill in the form, ___ (give) your name, address and telephone number. 11. T he policeman came up to the lonely house with the door (open), __ (stand) there for a while and then entered it. 12. Something as simple as ___ _(eat) vegetables in childhood may help to protect you against serious illness in later life. 13 ______ (influence) by the growing interest in nature, more and more people enjoy outdoor sports . 14. In almost every country, English is a key to ____ (get) ahead.
Unit1 Great scientists 学习目标 重点词汇 conclusion; attend; cure; absorb; blame; link; announce 小词简析 重点短语 put forward; apart from; be strict with；make sense；make+名词 重点句型 1. every time +从句 2. suggest + 从句 3. so... that 知识讲解 重点词汇 conclusion 【原句回放】Draw a conclusion 得出结论 【点拨】conclusion n.结论，结束 I found the conclusion of the TV series was very amazing. 我觉得那个电视剧的结尾很令人惊讶。 No conclusion should be drawn before all the facts are buttoned down. 所有事实弄清楚之前不能得出结论。 注意相关短语： draw/ reach/ make/ come to/ arrive at a conclusion得出结论 bring sth. to a conclusion 使结束 in conclusion 最后，总之 I’ve come to the conclusion that he’s not the right person for the job. 我断定他不适合做这项工作。 In conclusion, I’d like to say I’ve enjoyed staying here so much. 总之，我想说我在这里过得非常愉快。 【拓展】conclude vt. & vi.使结束；推断出 The doctor concluded that his disease was cancer. 医生断定他的病是癌症。 Let me conclude my speech with a saying: where there is a will, there is a way. 让我用一句谚语结束我的讲演：有志者，事竟成。 expose 【原句回放】But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera. 但当他想到要帮助（那些）受到霍乱威胁的普通百姓，他就感到很振奋。 【点拨】expose vt.使暴露，揭露，使面临，使遭受（与介词to连用）
Unit 4Body language [写得准] [用得活] [积得多] 1.major adj.主要的 2._cheek n. 面颊 3.approach vt.& vi. 接近；靠近；走近 n. 接近；方法；途径 4.represent vt. 代表；象征 5.function n. 作用；功能；职能 vi. 起作用；运转 6.ease n. 安逸；舒适 vt. 减轻(痛苦、忧虑) 7.facial adj.面部的→face n．脸；面容 8.statement n．陈述；说明→state vt.陈述；说明 9.association n．社团；联系；联想→associate vt.把……联系起来 10.curious adj.好奇的→curiously adv.好奇地→curiosity n．好奇心 11.defend vt.保护；保卫→defence n．防御；保卫 12.misunderstand vt.误解；误会→misunderstanding n．误解；误会 13.speak v．说话；演讲→spoken adj.口语的→unspoken adj.未说出口的；非口语的 14.truly adv.真实地；真诚地；真正地→true adj.真实的→truth n．真理 15.anger n．怒气；怒火→angry adj.生气的 16.greet vi.& vt.迎接；问候→greeting n．迎接；问候；招呼用所给词的适当形式填空 1.One’s (face) expression may tell you some of his/her inner feelings. 2.The teacher often asks us to make use of every chance we get to improve our (speak) English. 3.Hearing what her children said, the mother burst into (angry)． 4.He the other day that the __________ was not made by him.(state) 5.If you somebody, it’s likely to lead to a .(misunderstand) 6.In time of war, lots of money will be spent on _____ and many measures will be taken to a country from being attacked.(defend) 7.The boy looked at the box ______ and then he opened it out of .(curious) 8.To tell you the ，I’m truly grateful for your helping me make my dream come ______.(true) 1.表示“主要的；首要的”的形容词一 览 ①major主要的；重要的 ②main 主要的 ③primary 主要的；首要的 ④principal 主要的；首要的 ⑤chief 首要的 2.常见“人体部位及器官”名词荟萃 ①cheek脸颊 ②forehead 额头 ③chest 胸部 ④shoulder 肩膀 ⑤throat 喉咙 ⑥tongue 舌头 ⑦lung 肺 ⑧liver 肝脏 3.“方法”种种 (1)做某事的方法 ①the approach to doing sth. ②the way to do/of doing sth. ③the means of doing sth. ④the method of doing sth. (2)用这种方法 ①in this way ②by this means ③with this method [写得准] [用得活] 1.defend_..._against 防御；保卫……以免受 2.on_the_contrary 相反地 3.at_ease 舒适；快活；自由自在 4.turn_one’s_back_to 背对；背弃 5.as_well_as_ 和……一样好；而且；也；和 6.be_likely_to 很可能……； 有希望…… 7.in_general 总的来说；通常 8.lose_face 丢脸 9.as_if 好像 10.put_up 举起；升起；搭建；留宿选用左栏短语填空 1.Before the interview, the interviewer wore a bright smile on his face, putting us at_ease. 2.Turning_his_back_to_ one of his friends made him lose all his friends. 3.Thinking about the fact that I was not prepared well enough, and not wanting to lose_face,_I gave up the plan. 4.In_general,_the northerners are keen on dumplings while the southerners are fond of rice.