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构词法(转换法、合成法、派生法)-定义和实例

构词法(转换法、合成法、派生法)-定义和实例
构词法(转换法、合成法、派生法)-定义和实例

十、构词法

英语主要有三种构词法,即转化法、合成法和派生法。

(一)转化法

把一个词从一种词类转化为另一种的方法称作转化法。

1.由名词转化成动词,例如:

care n.照顾,当心------ v. 关心,担心,照顾

cook n.炊事员------v. 烹调

water n.水------v. 浇水

2.由形容词转化成动词,例如:

empty adj.空的------v. 使空、变空

free adj. 自由的------v. 使自由

right adj. 正确的------v. 改正

warm adj. 温暖的------v. 热起来;使温暖

wet adj. 潮湿的------v. 使潮湿

3.由形容词转化成名词,例如:

right adj. 正确的------n. 正确,正义,公正

wrong adj错误的------n. 错误

4.有一些同形异类的双音节词,作动词时重音在后,作名词时重音在前,例如:

record v. [ri’k C:d] 记录,录音;

record n. [’ r ek C:d] 记录,唱片

有个别词,作形容词时重音在前,作动词时重音在后,例如:

perfect adj. [’p?:f ikt] 完美的;

perfect v. [p?’fekt] 使完善

5.有些词,因词尾有清辅音和浊辅音的差别而属不同词类。一般说来,词尾发清辅音的多为名词,发浊辅音的多为动词。词尾读音不同,拼法也常不一样。但s和th既可读作清辅音,又可读作浊辅音,因而有时没有拼法的变化。例如:

advice [?d’v ais] n. ; advise [?d’v aiz] v.

excuse [iks’kju:s] n. ; excuse [iks’kju:z] v.

use [ju:s] ; use [ju:z] v.

个别词拼法稍有差别,但读音相同,例如:

practice n.; practise v.

还有一些词在转变为另一词类时,元音和拼法同时发生变化,例如:

food [fu:d]食物n. ; feed[fi:d]喂养,给以食物v.

有些词既可作形容词又可作动词,词形不变而读音不同,例如:

live adj. [laiv]活的,活泼的; v. [liv] 活着,生活

(二)合成法

两个或两个以上的词结合成一个新词的方法称作合成法。用这种方法构成的词叫合成词。

1.合成名词

1)名词+名词前面的名词修饰后面的名词,后面的名词表达中心意思。前面起修饰作用的名词可以表示各种不同的概念,如人、物、用途、时间、地点等。例如:

basketball, birthday, football, homework, newspaper, policeman等。

2)形容词+名词如:

blackboard, midnight, loudspeaker等。

3)动名词+名词如:

dining-room, drinking-water, swimming-pool等。

4)动词+名词如:

pickpocket (扒手)等。

5)名词+动名词如:

handwriting 等。

6)动词+副词如:

take-off (飞机起飞)等。

7)副词+动词如:

income (收入)等。

8)其他方式构成的合成名词。如:

go-between (中间人)等。

2.合成形容词

1)形容词+名词+ed 如:

cold-blooded, near-sighted, warm-hearted等。

2)形容词+现在分词如:

good-looking等。

3)副词+现在分词如:

hard-working等。

4)名词+现在分词如:

peace-loving等。

5)名词+过去分词如:

man-made等。

6)副词+过去分词如:

well-known等。

7)形容词+过去分词如:

new-born等。

8)名词+形容词如:

ice-cool, life-long等。

9)其他方式构成的合成形容词如:

first-rate

3.合成动词“副词+动词”可以构成合成动词。合成动词里的副词除少数外,多半是由介词转化的副词

1)out 表示“超过”,如:to outdo(优于,战胜)

2)over表示“过分”,如:to oversleep(睡过了头)

3)under 表示“不足”或“在下”,如:to underline(在行下划线)

(三)派生法

在一个词上附加前缀或后缀构成新词的方法,称作派生法。前缀附加在单词或词根的前面,一般不改变原词的词类,但要引起词义的变化;后缀附加在单词或词根的后面,一般不改变原词的基本含义,只改变其词类。使用前缀或后缀可以派生大量新词,但是由于情况复杂,初学者不应随意乱用它们自创新词,应在使用中多查字典,弄清其准确含义及读音。

1.常见的前缀

1)dis-表示否定,可附加在名词、动词和形容词前面构成新词,如:

名词:disorder

动词:disagree

形容词:dishonest

2)in-, im-, ir- 表示否定,主要附加在外来语形容词及其派生词或副词前面,构成新词,如:

inactive adj. (不活动的)incorrect adj. (不正确的)

impossible adj. (不可能的)impolite adj. (不礼貌的)

3)un-主要附加在大多数形容词及其派生副词或名词的前面,也可以附加在起形容词作用的分词前面,如:

(1)un+形容词

unable 不能够的unfair 不公平的

unfit 不适宜的unusual 不寻常的

unhappy 不高兴的unreal 不真实的

(2)un+过去分词

unarmed 没有武装的unborn 没出生的

(3)un+现在分词

unbelieving 不信的

4)re表示“再一次,重新,返回,向后”几乎可以附加在所有的动词及其派生名词或形容词前面,构成新词。如:

rebuild v. (to build again)

reopen v. (to open again)

readdress更改地址

rebirth复活,再生

recall回忆,记起

recollect记得

recover恢复

reentry再进入,重回

reissue再发行

repay报答,回报

reproduce再生,繁殖

recount重计,再算

5)tele含义是far (远),多用于与远距离有关的词,如:

telephone, television

6)kilo含义是thousand(千),如:

kilometre

7)a-含义是on, in 或at, 可以附加在名词上,构成形容词或副词。如:

ahead, asleep

2.常见的后缀

1)名词后缀

(1)-er

a. -er附加在动词后面,表示“从事某种职业或进行某种活动的人”,如:

farmer driver

writer worker

teacher reader

b. -er附加在名词后面,表示“与这个名词有某种关系的人”,如:

officer prisoner

c. -er附加在表示地点的名词后面,表示“住在某处的人”如:

villager Londoner

d. -er附加在合成词后面,表示“从事某种职业或与某种情况有关的人”,如:

newcomer storekeeper

e. -er附加在形容词后面,表示“有某种特征或性质的人”,如:

foreigner stranger

f. -er附加在一部分动词后面,构成名词,如:

poster recorder

(2)-or得含义和-er相同,主要附加在外来语后面,如:

conductor visitor

(3)-ist

a. 表示“从事……职业的人”或“擅长某种知识或乐器的人”,如:

pianist chenist

b. 表示“信仰某种主义或制度的人”,通常都有一个相应的以-ism结尾的名词,表示“……主义”,如:

socialist---socialism communist---communism

(4)-ian附加在以ic(s)结尾的名词或形容词后面,表示“有某种专长或从事某种事(行)业的人”,如:

music---musician politics---politician

(5)-al多半附加在外来语动词后面,构成名词,表示“动作”或“行为”,如:arrive---arrival refuse---refusal

(6)-ion, -sion, -tion附加在外来语动词后面,构成名词,表示“动作”或“动作过程”,如:

a. 直接加-ion:

act---action collect—collection

invent—invention

b. 动词变化,再加-tion 或–sion 构成名词,如:

attend—attention repeat—repetion

(7)-ful可以附加在名词的后面,表示以该名词容量为单位的量,如:

glassful (一杯) plateful (一盘)

这些词变成复数时,直接加-s,如glassfuls, handfuls等。

(8)-hood表示“处于……的状况”“在……时期”或“具有……气质”。

a. 附加在亲属邻里关系的名词后面,表示“身份、性质、状况”,如:

brotherhood fatherhood

b. 附加在表示不同年龄性别的人的名词后面,表示“在……时期”或“具有某种人的气质”,如:

childhood boyhood

(9)-ment附加在动词后面,表示“行为的结果”或“从事行动的手段”,如:development improvement

(10)-ness附加在形容词后面,表示“状态、情况、特征、程度”,如:carelessness illness

kindness badness

(11)-ship附加在表示人的名词后面,表示“处于……的身份或状态”,如:friend---friendship

(12)-y表示“状态、品质、活动”等义,附加在形容词或动词后面构成名词,如:difficult adj,----difficulty n.

2) 形容词后缀

(1)-able或-ible几乎可以和所有的及物动词构成形容词,表示“能够”(“适于”或“值得”)做的意思;还表示“倾向于”、“有利于”或“使成为”等意义。-able远比-ible用得多,参看下列例词;

believe---believable comfort---comfortable

(2)-al附加在名词后面,构成形容词,表示:

a.“有……的属性”,“象……”

b.“具有”,“与……有关”,“用于……”

以–al (以及-ial, -ical) 结尾的形容词,多半是外来词或由外来词根构成,很少是英语的派生词。有些以-al结尾的外来词,在英语里没有原名词词根,如:real, social等。再如:centre---central music---musical

(3)-an多半加在以元音结尾的地名上,构成形容词,如:

America---American India---Indian

(4)-ian常附加在地名或人在地名或人名后面,构成形容词,如:

Canada---Canadian Paris---Parisian

(5)-ed可以附加在名词后面,构成形容词,表示“有……的”,如:

age---aged

(6)-en可以附加在物质名词后面,构成形容词,如;

wood---wooden gold---golden

这类形容词作定语的含义和原来的名词词根作定语的含义不同,试比较:

gold medal (金质奖章) golden medal (金光闪闪的奖章) (7)-ese可以附加在一部分国名后面,表示“……地方的”,构成形容词;也可构成名词,表示“……国的人”,如:

China---Chinese Japan---Japanese

(8)-ful可以附加在名词后面,构成形容词,表示“充满……的”,“易于……的”或“具有……性质的”,如:

beauty---beautiful care---careful

use---useful hope---hopeful

有少数动词也可以附加-ful,构成形容词,如:forgetful(健忘的)。

(9)-ive和-ative可以附加在外来语动词词根的后面,构成形容词,表示“从事于(该动词所表示的)行为”或“倾向于(该动词所表示的)行为”,如:

invent---inventive创造性的,有发明能力的

talk---talkative好说话的

(10)-less表示“没有……”,可以附加在名词后面,构成形容词,如:careless colourless

homeless helpless

(11)-ly表示“具有……品质的”,附加在人称名词后面,构成形容词。这种形容词多

半具有赞美的意味,如:

friendly (友好的)fatherly (父亲般的)

-ly也可以附加在其他名词后面,构成形容词,如:

earthly现世的,世俗的lovely 可爱的

-ly还可以附加在时间名词上,表示“按周期发生”的意思,这些词既可作形容词也可作副词,有的还可作名词当期刊、杂志的名称(周刊、季刊、月刊等),如:hourly每小时一次weekly 每周一次

quarterly每季一次monthly 每月一次

yearly每年一次

(12)-ous表示“充满…..的”或“具有……性质的”,附加在名词后面,构成形容词,如:

danger---dangerous fame---famous

(13)-some表示“具有……特征的”,附加在名词(或动词)后面构成形容词,如:trouble---troublesome 使人苦恼或烦恼的,麻烦的

tire---tiresome讨厌的,令人厌倦的

worry---worrisome令人烦恼的,容易烦恼的

(14)-y, -ey可以附加在名词后面,表示“充满”,“具有……特征”,“有……的性质”或“由……组成”等义,如:

air---airy空气的,在空中

ice---icy多冰的,严寒的,冷淡的

luck---lucky幸运的,偶然发生的,吉兆的

rain---rainy多雨的

sun---sunny阳光充足的

wind---windy多风的,有大风的,空洞的

3)动词后缀

(1)-en表示“使……成为”、“使……具有”、“变得”或“变成为……”等意思,附加在形容词后面,构成动词,如:

bright---brighten sharp---sharpen

以元音和字母n或w结尾的一部分形容词,有些可以直接转化为动词;有些可以附加前缀en- 构成动词,这些词一律不用后缀-en,如:

to free to clean

to ensure to enable

转化动词有时和加-en的派生词并存,但含义或用法不同,如:

to black boots用黑鞋油擦皮靴

to blacken one’s name玷污某人的名声

-en在个别情况下也可以附加在名词后面,构成动词,如:

frighten hearten

(2)-ize (或-ise) 表示“使变成……(状态)”,“使……化”,“以……处理”,“采取……行动”,“变成……状态”或“……化”等意思,附加在形容词或少数名词后面,构成及物动词和少数不及物动词,如:

modern---modernize现代化

real---realize认识到,实现

memory---memorize记住,记录

organ---organize组织,使有机化

4)副词后缀

-ly是最为常见的副词后缀,可以附加在形容词上,构成与原形容词词义相同的副词,如:

angrily brightly

cheaply carefully

内容提要:

一、一般现在时

二、一般过去时

三、一般将来时

四、现在进行时

五、过去进行时

六、现在完成时

七、过去将来时

八、过去完成时

练习

本讲正文:

动词的时态

初中阶段应掌握的时态共有八种,即一般现在时,一般将来时,一般过去时,现在进行时,过去进行时,过去将来时,现在完成时,过去完成时。现从结构,作用,时间状语三方面加以介绍。

一、一般现在时

其结构为:be动词肯定句主语+am,is,are+其它。

否定句主语+am,is,are + not+其它。

一般疑问句Am,Is,Are+主语+其它?

特殊疑问句特殊疑问词+am,is,are+主语+其它?

实意动词1)主语为第一,二人称及第三人称复数时

肯定句主语+动词原形+其它。

否定句主语+don't+动词原形+其它。

一般疑问句Do +主语+动词原形+其它?

特殊疑问句特殊疑问词+do+主语+动词原形+其它?

2)主语为第三人称单数时

肯定句主语+动词第三人称单数+其它。

否定句主语+doesn't+动词原形+其它。

一般疑问句Does+主语+动词原形+其它?

特殊疑问句特殊疑问词+does+主语+动词原形+其它?

其作用为:表示习惯性,经常性的动作;表示现在的状态与特征;表示普遍真理

其常用时间状语为often,always,usually,sometimes,everyday(week,year...), in the morning(afternoon,evening)等。

Ex . 1. _______ she _______ (go)to the library every Sunday?

此题为习惯性动作,答案为Does,go.

2.They often _______(swim)in summer.

此题为经常性动作,答案为swim.

3.______(be)everyone here?

此题表示现在的状态,答案为Is.

4.The earth______(travel) round the sun.

此题表示普遍真理,答案为travels.

二、一般过去时

其结构为:be动词肯定句主语+was,were+其它。

否定句主语+was,were + not+其它。

一般疑问句Was,Were+主语+其它?

特殊疑问句特殊疑问词+was,were+主语+其它?

实意动词肯定句主语+动词过去式+其它。

否定句主语+didn't+动词原形+其它。

一般疑问句Did+主语+动词原形+其它?

特殊疑问句特殊疑问词+did+主语+动词原形+其它?

其作用为:表示过去的情况或过去习惯性动作

其常用时间状语为yesterday,the day before yesterday,...ago,last...及其它表过去的时间,如in 1998 等.

Ex. 1.I_____the number down on a piece of paper a moment ago.

A write

B writed

C wrote

D writing

此题表过去的情况,且write为不规则动词,答案为C.

2.Everything______ready before Father came.

A were

B was

C is

D are

此题句中暗示为过去时,且everything后跟第三人称单数,答案为B.

3.He always _______me last term.

A helped

B helps

C helping

D help

此题表过去习惯性动作,且help为规则动词,答案为A.

三、一般将来时

其结构为:be动词肯定句主语+will be+其它。

否定句主语+will not be+其它。

一般疑问句Will+主语be+其它?

特殊疑问句特殊疑问词+will+主语+be+其它?

实意动词肯定句主语+will+动词原形+其它。

否定句主语+won't+动词原形+其它。

一般疑问句Will+主语+动词原形+其它?

特殊疑问句特殊疑问词+will+主语+动词原形+其它?

当主语是第一人称时,助动词可为shall.且若为疑问句只能为shall.

其作用为:表示将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态.

也可用主语+am,is,are+going to do+动词原形+其它来表示计划,打算或决定要

做的事情。

对于很快就会发生的事,还可用进行时态表将来,但常局限于有位置移动色彩的动词,如go,come,leave等。

其常用时间状语为tomorrow,the day after tomorrow,next...,in+时间段及其它表将来的时间,如in 2010 等.

Ex. 1.Hurry up,or you_______(be)late.

2.What_____you________(do)tomorrow?

3.They_______(have) 6 subjects next term.

4.I think it________ again later in the day .

A rains

B will going to rain

C is going to rain

D will

be rain

5.Where________this time next year?

A will you be

B will be you

C you will be

D will you

going to be

四、现在进行时

其结构为: 肯定句主语+ am,is,are+现在分词+其他.

否定句主语+ am,is,are +not+现在分词+其他.

一般疑问句Am,Is,Are+主语+现在分词+其他?

特殊疑问句特殊疑问词+am,is,are+主语+现在分词+其他?

其作用为:表示说话当时正在发生的动作或现阶段正在进行的动作

其常用时间状语为now,this week,these days 等,也可是置于句首的Look,Listen.

现在进行时也可表示最近按计划安排将进行的动作,常会有一个表将来的时间状语。但仅限于少量词语,如go,come,leave,arrive等。

注:表态度,情感的动词和感官动词不能用于进行时态(like,know,want,hear等)

Ex. 1.They are planting trees on the hill.(改为否定句)

They are not planting trees on the hill.

2.Tom is writing a letter to his friend. (改为一般疑问句)

Is Tom writing a letter to his friend?

3.I am getting ready to run. (就划线部分提问)

What are you getting ready to do?

五、过去进行时

其结构为: 肯定句主语+was,were+现在分词+其他.

否定句主语+was,were+not+现在分词+其他.

一般疑问句Was,Were+主语+现在分词+其他?

特殊疑问句特殊疑问词+was,were+主语+现在分词+其他?

其作用为:表示过去某个时刻或时段正在进行的动作。

其时间状语为:at this time+过去时间(at this time yesterday),at that time,at+具体时间点+过去时间(at 9:00 o'clock last night),from 具体时间点to 具体时间点+过去时间(from 7:00 to 10:00 yesterday morning)。

过去进行时还可以与一般过去时搭配用于时间状语从句中。强调动作延续时用过去进行时,强调动作瞬间发生时用一般过去时。常用连词为when,while.

Ex. 1.He __________(not work) at that time.

wasn't working.

2.When the teacher_________(come)in,they_________(talk) loudly.

came为瞬间发生的动作,were talking 为持续的动作。

3.What______you_______(read) last night?

如此题强调的是昨夜正在读什么,则答案为were,reaing如此题强调的是昨夜读了什么,则答案为did,read

4.His mother ________(return)while he_______(do)his homework.

returned为瞬间发生的动作,was doing 为持续的动作。

5.My father______(watch)TV while my mother_________(cook).

was watching,was cooking 两动词均为持续的动作。

while 后的从句动词必须为进行时态。若主句和从句均为进行时,连词必须为while.

六、现在完成时

其结构为:肯定句主语+ have,has +过去分词+其它。

否定句主语+ have,has +not+过去分词+其它。

一般疑问句Have,Has+ 主语+过去分词+其它?

特殊疑问句特殊疑问词+ have,has+主语+过去分词+其它?

其作用与时间状语:

1)表示过去发生的动作影响到现在,常与already, yet, ever, never, just, before 等副词连用。

2)表示过去发生的动作持续到现在,常与表一段时间的时间状语连用。如for+时间段, since+过去时间,提问用How long.

此外,so far, in (during) the last (past)+时间段也是该时态的时间状语。

现在完成时强调过去与现在的联系,而一般过去时只强调过去的动作,与现在无关。

在现在完成时的第二个作用中,必须使用持续性动词,故某些表瞬间的动词需要特定的转换形式。

如:die---have been dead,open---have been open, close---have been closed,buy---have had, borrow---have kept

arrive (in,at),come(to)+ a place---have been in +a place,leave+ a place---have been away from+ a place,join+团体---have been in+团体,have been a+团体成员等

Ex. 1 How long have you ______the book?

A borrowed

B kept

C lent

D bought

答案为B。因此处需要一个持续性动词。

2.We _________each other since he ______.

A didn't see,left

B haven't seen,has left

C haven't seen,left

答案为C.因since的主句为现在完成时,从句为过去时。

3.____he______(wait) for you for an hour? Has,waited

4.We________just______(have) our lunch. Have,had

5.So far, no man_________(visit) this village. has visited

七、过去将来时

其结构为:be动词肯定句主语+would be+其它。

否定句主语+would not be+其它。

一般疑问句Would+主语+be+其它?

特殊疑问句特殊疑问词+would+主语+be+其它?

实意动词肯定句主语+Would+动词原形+其它。

否定句主语+wouldn't+动词原形+其它。

一般疑问句Would+主语+动词原形+其它?

特殊疑问句特殊疑问词+would+主语+动词原形+其它?

注:也可用was,were+going to do 的结构来表示。

其作用为:表示从过去某时看将要发生的事情.此时态常用于主句是一般过去时的宾

语从句中。

Ex. 1.Linda told me that she________(go)to the park the next day. would go

2.We didn't know when he________(arrive)until he called us. would arrive

3.They asked if they ________(visit )the farm by bus. were going to visit

八、过去完成时

其结构为:肯定句主语+ had + 过去分词+其它。

否定句主语+ had + not+过去分词+其它。

一般疑问句Had+ 主语+ 过去分词+其它?

特殊疑问句特殊疑问词+ had+ 主语+过去分词+其它?

其作用为:过去某时之前已发生的动作或情况,即过去的过去,与现在无关。

此时态常用于

1)以by,before+过去时间,时间段+before,the (week...)before为时间状语的简单句中。

2)主句为一般过去时的宾语从句中。

3)与一般过去时搭配,用于when,after,before引导的时间状语从句中

Ex. 1.We ____(be) there twice by the end of last year. had been

2.They_________(finish)the work before 1998. had finished

3.He said he ________(see) the film the week before. had seen

4.The sun________(rise) when he got up. had risen

5.Yesterday,I ________(leave)the classroom after I ______(clean) it. left had

cleaned

现在完成时中,关于终止性动词与持续性动词的要求,在过去完成时中,依然适用。

EXERCISES

用所给动词的适当形式填空

1.I usually(get) up at six,but yesterday I (get) up at seven, and tomorrow I (get) up at eight.

2.When I got there, you already(start) playing.

3.She (draw) a horse at this time yesterday.

4.We (study) in this school for 3 years.

5.If it (not rain) tomorrow, they (go) fishing.

6.Lily said that she (put) on the new dress the next day.

7.How many times the girl(see) the film since last year?

8.Jack (collect) more than two hundred Chinese stamps.

9.By the end of last month, he (teach) us four English songs.

10.The doctors(operate) on the sick boy now.

11.My brother(speak) French well.

12.There (be) a volleyball match on the playground tomorrow afternoon.

13.Look,the students(have) a physics lesson in the lab.

14.When we (arrive) home yesterday afternoon, the wind (blow) hard.

15.We never(hear) the story of Miss Evans before.

16.I (not write) to my friend Mike for a long time.

17.Please (not open) the window. It (be) cold outside.

18.Hurry up! We(wait) for you.

19.Listen! Someone(knock) at the door.

20.Do you know if he (come) next week?

21.Soon they(build) a high way between the two cities.

22.I just(buy) a dictionary. I(buy) it last week.Now, I (look) up a word in it.

23.He (finish) junior middle school in July 1997.

24.Kate's sister(play) the piano wonderfully.

25.We didn't get the tickets because our teacher (give) them all to the other class.

26. it (take) you half an hour to finish your homework yesterday?

27.The teacher told us that we (not have) a maths test the next Monday.

28. the bus (come) yet?

29.These foreign friends(be) to the Great Wall twice.

30.Jim isn't at home. He (go) to his uncle's.

31."Mother,may I go out and play?"

"you (clean) your bedroom?"

"Yes, I(do) it five minutes ago."

32.The boy is not hungry. He (have) his lunch.

33.I think the suit (fit) me before long though it (not fit) me now.

34.As soon as the rain(stop),they (go) out and played happily.

35.They (call) you in a day or two.

36.I (tell) her the news as soon as she (come) back. I promise you.(我答应

你)

37.Her aunt (study) in Germany at this time last year.

38you(read) this book? No, but I(borrow) one from the library .Would you like to go with me?

39.Please keep quiet. Can't you see we (talk) about something important?

40.Our teacher often(work) at night but she usually (go) to work on time.

单项选择、填空

( )1.---Where is Kate? ---She _____ to England.

A.has been B.has gone C.will be D.will go ( )2.What____he_____ when his mother opened the door?

A.did,do B.had done C .will do D.was,doing

( )3.---How long _____the man_____? ---For 4 years.

A.has,died B.did,die C.was,died D.has,been dead

( )4.She told us that she ________ our factory the next day.

A.had visited B.was visited C.would visit D.will visit

( )5.We _____ not go to the cinema if it _______this afternoon.

A.will,will snow B.will,snows C.do,snows D.do,will snow

( )6.Mr Lee said he _____ never _____to Japan.

A.has,gone B.has,been C.had,gone D.had,been

( )7.The earth _____ around the sun all the year.

A.has moved B .moved C.moves D.will move

( )8.He_______his bike,he has to walk to school.

A.lost B.loses C.has lost D.had lost

( )9.I was late for the meeting. When I reached there,all the people____.

A.had left B.has been left C.has left D.had been away

( )10.Two years has passed since I ______you the first time.

A.meet B.have met C.met D.had met

( )11.I ________in Beijing for half a year now.

A.was B.have come C.had come D.have been ( )12.When we _______the railway station,the train _____for 5 minutes.

A.got to,had been away B.reached,had left

C.arrived,has been away D.arrived at,has left

( )13.---_____ we go and see Liu Ming tomorrow?

---Good idea! He _____be very pleased.

A.Will,will B.Shall,will C.Shall,shall D.Will,shall

( )14.The story _______in London in1940.

A.happened B.has happened C.happens D.was happening

( )15.Look,the birds ______ towards the south. They _____ to the south every year.

A.are flying,flies B.fly,are flying

C.are flying,fly D.were flying,flew

( )16.How long have you ____the book?

A.bought B.borrowed C.keep D.had ( )17.I have _____the USA for two months.

A.been to B.gone to C.been in D.went ( )18.We_______millions of trees on the hills in a few years' time.

A.have planted B.planted C.will plant D.plant ( )19.They_______a film this evening.

A.see B.are seeing C.shall see D.are going to see ( )20.My brother ________a League member for three years.

A.has been B.has become C.has joined D.was ( )21.He knew Beijing very well because he ______there many times.

A.had been B.went C.has been D.was ( )22.His uncle _____the Army two years ago.

A.joins B.joined C.has joined D.has been in

( )23.He____there already.

A.arrives B.arrived C.has arrived D.has been ( )24.Please______to me as soon as you ________ there.

A.write,get B.wrote,got C.writing,get D.write,will get

( )25.He_____some friends and he often ______ them during his stay in Tokyo.

A.has, visits B.has, visited C.had, visited D.had, visits

( )26.How often _____you ____to the park when you were in Tianjin?

A.do, go B.did, go C.will, go D.have, gone

( )27.What do you________ do tomorrow?

A.want to B.going to C.go to D.like to ( )28.The students _____ on a farm for ten days. Then they ____ to a factory.

Though they _____ back at school, they still remembered those famers and workers.

A.have stayed,went,were B.had stayed,go,are

C.have stayed,go,have been D.had stayed,went,were

( )29.It ______ Thursday tomorrow.

A.is going to be B.will going to be C.will D.will be

( )30.I _______ him since we last met in 1998.

A.don't see B.haven't seen C.didn't see D.have seen ( )31.My mother often _________ clothes last summer.

A.wash B.washes C.washed D.is washing ( )32.He_______always late for school when he was young.

A.is B.was C.will be D.were

( )33.He usually _____to school by bus.

A.go B.went C.goes D.will go

( )https://www.doczj.com/doc/5e17053997.html,st summer I went to Beijing and ______ there for one month.

A.have stayed B.stays C.stay D.had stayed ( )https://www.doczj.com/doc/5e17053997.html,st night, my father _____ reading the book for about 2 hours.

A.keeps B.had kept C.kept D.has kept

( )36.Do you know that sound ________ much more slowly than light.

A.go B.went C.goes D.will go

( )37.As soon as he __________ home, he will have a bath.

A.get B.will get C.gets D.is getting

( )38.He fell asleep while he ______a book.

A read

B was reading

C is reading

D had read

( )39.Look, someone ______a picture on the blackboard. How beautiful it looks!

A.draws B.is drawing C.has drawn D.drew ( )40.Look at the empty room. All the guests_________.

A.are, leaving B.left C.have left D.will leave ( )41.Look,Susan!What a beautiful dress my mother ________me!

A.is buying B.has bought C.buys D.bought ( )42.His father died when he _______ a child.

A is

B was

C had been

D has been

( )43.We arrived after the film_______.

A.has started B.had started

C.was started D.had been started

( )44.Let's wait till the rain_______.

A .has stopped B.will stop C.is stopping D.stops ( )45.It ____5 years since we knew each other.

A.is B.had been C.will be D.was

( )46.She ____sad since you went away.

A.has been B.is C.was D.had been

( )47.I _____him for two months.

A.got to know B.have got to know C.have know D.knew ( )48.That's why you ______so worried in the last few days.

A.are B.have been C.had been D.were

( )49.The scientist ________us a talk on air by then.

A.gave B.will give C.gives D.had given ( )50._____5:30 yesterday,they had finished th work.

A.At B.In C.On D.By

( )51.I think he will be back ____three days .

A.after B.in C.on D.later

( )52.I think he will be back ______three o'clock.

A.after B.in C.on D.later

( )53.Where is Jim? He _______his lessons in the classroom.

A.does B.is doing C.has done D.did

( )54. Where is Jim? He ______to London.

A.has gone B.goes C.went D.will go

( )55.When he got to the cinema,the film had ____for half an hour.

A.begun B.been on C.started D.been in ( )56.---Did you see him last night? ---No, he _____to bed when I got home.

A.went B.had gone C.has gone D.had been ( )57.---_____you _____the medicine? ---Yes,I ______it after lunch.

A.Did take,took B.have taken,have taken

C.Have taken,took D.will take,takes

( )58.Judy_______the Great Wall twice,and now she still____to go there.

A.went to,wanted B.goes to,wants

C.has gone to,wants D.has been to,wants ( )59.---Excuse me. Look at the sign:No smoking. ---Sorry, I ____ it.

A.don't see B.didn't see C.haven't seen D.won't see ( )60.Tom has worked there ______ two years ago.

A.for B.at C.in D.since

( )61.I______you for a long time. Where _____ you_______?

A didn't see,did go

B didn't see,have gone

C haven't seen,have been

D haven't seen,have gone ( )62.He has _____been to Shanghai,has he?

A.already B.never C.ever D.still

( )63.---Tom _______out. ---Oh,has he? What time ____ he _____ out?

A.is,did,go B.went,is,going

C.has gone,did,go D.is going,does,go ( )64.---Where is Li Lei?

---He ____ his sports shoes in the room. He ____football with his friends.

A.is puttng on,is playing B.puts on,will play

C.is putting on,will play D.put on,played

( )65.Lily and Lucy can speak good Chinese because they _____China for 6 years.

A.have been in B.have been to C.have come to D.were ( )66.The students will go to the West Hill Farm by bike if it _____fine tomorrow.

A.will be B.is C.was D.does

( )67.Henry ____a birthday card for Sam yesterday.

A.has bought B.buys C.bought D.will buy

( )68.How long ______at this factory?

A.have you come B.has he in C.will he be D.had he been ( )69.I've _______this dictionary _______a year. It's still new now.

A.bought,for B.had,for C.bought,since D.had,since

( )70.When I got to the factory,the workers ____about the film.

A.are,talking B.have talked C.were talking D.talked ( )71.Our knowledge of the universe _____all the time.

A.grow B.is growing C.grows D.grew

( )72.He remembered he _______a new jacket, but he _____for it.

A.has chosen,has paid B.has chosen,hasn't paid

C.had chosen,had paid D.had chosen,hadn't paid

( )73.I'll catch up with Lucy before she _____the finishing line.

A.reach B.is reaching C.reaches D.will reach ( )74.---Meimei,why didn't you give the book to Ann?

---Well,she ____a copy for herself last week.

A.buys B.had bought C.has bought D.bought

( )75.Stay inside. It ______hard outside right now.

A.is raining B.has rained C.was raining D.rains

( )76.---Would you please not draw pictures on the wall? ---Sorry, I ______it again.

A.am not doing B.don't do C.didn't do D.won't do ( )77.---How long have you _____there? ---About 4 years.

A.come B.gone C.left D.worked

( )78.He______his homework and now is listening to music.

A.finished B.will finish C.has finished D.finish ( )79.The Reads ____ lunch when I got to their house.

A.were having B.was having C.are having D.is having ( )80.His hair ____ white these days.

A.have turned B.are C.has turned D.will be

部分答案:

1.B has been to 表示去过某地,但现在已回来。has gone to表示去了某地,且现在还未回来。C、D选项不符合题意。

2.D本题强调他妈妈开门的一瞬间他正在做什么,而非做了什么。B,C选项不符合题意。

3.D How long,for 均暗示本题应用完成时,且die 为终止性动词,不能与for+时间段连用,C 为干扰项.

4.C told,the next day 均暗示本题应用过去将来时,A 不符合题意,B 为干扰项。

5.B在if 引导的条件状语从句中,要求主句为一般将来时,从句为一般现在时。

6.D said,never 均暗示本题应用过去完成时,而此题又强调主语从未去过日本。

7.C此题为客观真理,必须用一般现在时。

8.C本题表示发生在过去的丢车事件对现在造成步行上学的影响。

9.A到达会场发生在过去,人已离开又发生在到达会场之前。应用过去完成时。本题中没有动作持续的暗示,故不选D.

10.C since 引导的时间状语从句中,主句为现在完成时,从句应为一般过去时。

11.D for 引导的时间段必须要用持续性动词。

12.A本题时态应为过去范畴,车开在先,人到在后,且for的出现标志从句动词应为持续性动词。

13.B Shall we/I do sth 是争求对方意见或建议的常用句型,且shall只能用于第一人称.

14.A本题为过去范畴,且不强调某一具体时刻的动作,所以选A.

15.C本题look 暗示现在进行时态,every year 则表规律性动作,用一般现在时。

16.D与How long 搭配应用持续性动词,keep 不是过去分词故选D.

17.C 与for+时间段搭配应用持续性动词。

18.C in+时间段用于将来时。

19.D 本题this evening 可考虑为将来的时间状语,故只能选D。

20.A与for +时间段搭配应用持续性动词。

21.A因过去多次去北京才导致了解该城市,而主句已为过去时,故选A。

22.B本题为过去时,与动词持续性或终止性无关。

23.C本题为现在完成时第一种用法,与动词持续性或终止性无关。

24.A本题主句为祈使句,相当于一般将来时,谓语动词用一般现在时,故选A.

25.C本题during his stay in Tokyo表明动作发生在过去。

26.B根据从句中的谓语动词时态题示主句应为过去时,而不能单独看How often。就用一般现在时。

27.A本题虽有tomorrow,但因出现助动词do,故不考虑将来时,且want具有将来色彩。

28.D本题最后一句出现remembered,说明动作发生在过去,而去农场又发生在去工厂之前,且有for+时间段做时间状语,故选D。

29.D星期变化为客观规律,不是推测或打算。故选D 不选A。

30.B since 引导时间状语从句,主句为现在完成时,从句现为一般过去时。see为终止性动词,但其否定形式可用于since 引导时间状语从句中。

31.C

32.B

33.C often,always,usually 等副词若与过去时间状语同时出现,则服从后者。

34.D

35.B for+时间段若与过去时间状语同时出现,则服从后者。故此两题用过去完成时。

36.C宾语从句的主句为过去时,但从句为客观真理,所以仍保留一般现在时.

37.C as soon as要求主句为一般将来时,从句为一般现在时。

38.B while 后面应跟着进行时态,而主句的felt 则暗示过去范畴。

39.C本题易错选B和D,但后面的感叹句表明画画已成事实,且对现在产生影响。故选C。

40.C

41.B此两题思路与No 39.相同,均应考虑过去动作影响现在。

42.B本题必须用过去时态,但没有迹象表明动作的先后顺序,所以选B不是C。

43.B本题必须用过去范畴,但有迹象表明动作的先后顺序,电影放映在先,人随后到,且电影开演不必用被动所以选B。

44.D主句为祈使句,till 引导时间状语从句要求用一般现在时。

45.A It is+时间段+since引导过去时为固定句型。

46.A since 引导时间状语从句,主句现在完成时,从句用一般过去时。与上句的固定句式不同。

47.C for 前面应跟完成时和持续性动词。get to do sth属于终止性动词搭配。

48.B in(during) the last(past)+时间段用于现在完成时。

49.B by then 在这里理解为“届时”用于将来时。

50.D本题不应见到具体时刻便选A。应考虑到后面的过去完成时。

51.B in+时间段用于将来时。.D选项应为three days later。

52.A after+时间段用于过去时,若在将来时中应带具体时间点。

53.B

54.A 试比较这两题,虽问句相同但侧重点不同故答案不同。

55.B sth begin的持续性对应词为sth has(had) been on。

56.B我到时他已去睡觉了而不是去睡过觉。故选B。

57.C 本题用现在完成时询问是否完成某事,经肯定后再用一般过去时说何时完成的。

58.D前一分句有twice 表示去过,后一分句now,still 表现在还想去。

59.B说没看见应是谈话之前发生的,经提醒现已看见。故选B不选C。

60.D since+过去时间点用于现在完成时中,for 后跟时间段。

61.C for 后跟时间段用于现在完成时。问对方上哪去了说明对方已回来,即去过某地。

62.B反意疑问句中附加问句部分是肯定形式,故前面应为否定。

63.C has he 部分说明应用现在完成时,而具体外出时间则在过去。

64.C此时此地问人在哪里,回答为正在某地做某事。下一步要做的动作用将来时。

65.A have been in表示在某处居住或逗留了一段时间。

66.B if 引导条件状语从句主句是将来时,从句为一般现在时。fine是形容词。

67.C yesterday是一般过去时的时间状语。

68.C How long不仅可与现在完成时连用,还可与现在时,过去时,将来时连用。此题用排除法。A为终止性动词,B为干扰项,D无迹象表明过去的过去。

69.B buy是终止性动词其代替词是have。

70.C当从句某一突然动作发生时,主句动作一直在持续,又在过去范畴。故用过去进行时。

71.B

72.D 上面两题均为课文原句。一题强调知识一直在不断增长,用现在进行时。一题强调―记起‖的内容发生在―记起‖这一动作之前。并要考虑转折的关系。

73.C before引导的时间状语从句对于将要发生的事情也是主将从现。

74.D last week 是一般过去时的时间状语。

75.A right now表现在。

76.D 道歉后应许诺将不会再做。

77.D 四个词中只有work 是持续性,可与How long 同时使用。

78.C 发生在过去的完成作业的动作,对现在造成可以欣赏音乐的结果。

79.A 姓氏前有the后有s,谓语动词应用复数形式,从句是由when引导的表示过去的时间状语从句,所以用过去进行时态。

80.C hair是不可数名词,these days 表现阶段的变化结果。

整体结构为:be+过去分词

被动语态的例外内容

练习1.将下列主动语态转化为被动语态

2.单项选择

3.动词的适当形式填空

正文

英语中的语态也是谓语动词的一种形式,用来表示主语和谓语之间的关系。英语中有两种语态,主动语态和被动语态。前者表示主语是谓语动作的执行者,后者则表示主语是谓语动作的承受者。只有及物动词才有被动语态。

初中阶段要掌握一般现在时,一般过去时和情态动词(含一般将来时)的被动语态。有能力的同学还可试着理解现在进行时和现在完成时的被动语态。现将相关结构介绍如下。

整体结构为:be+过去分词

一般现在时:am,is,are+过去分词

一般过去时:was,were+过去分词

情态动词:can,may,must等+be+过去分词

(一般将来时:will,shall be+过去分词)

现在进行时:am,is,are+being+过去分词

现在完成时:have,has+been+过去分词

被动语态的用法

1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。

2)当需要强调动作的承受者时。

主动语态转化为被动语态的练习中可借助此窍门理解。

宾变主,主从by。

be的数量和时态。

不用did和by I。

其余可以抄下来。

第一句强调原主动语态中的宾语,即动作承受者变为被动语态的主语。原主动语态中主语,则由中文译为"被"的介词by 引出。

第二句强调be 动词要随着时态及主语的单复数发生变化。

第三句强调被动语态中要使用过去分词而不是过去式,且介词by 的后面跟人称代词的宾格形式。

第四句强调其它句子成分可以照抄。(例外内容将在后面单独讲解。)

被动语态的例外内容

1。带双宾语的被动语态

有些及物动词带有直接宾语和间接宾语。在用于被动语态时,可将其中一个宾语变成主语,另一宾语保留在谓语后面。若以表物的直宾做主语,则间宾前需有介词.

e g.The teacher gave us a book.

We were given a book by the teacher.

A book was given to us by the teacher.

Her mother always buys her some books .

She is always bought some books by her mother.

Some books are always bought for her by her mother.

2.省to不定式做宾补的被动语态

在主动语态中,动词make,let,have,see,hear,等后接动词不定式做宾语补足语时,动词不定式都需去掉to。但在被动语态中后面的不定式都需加to。

eg.A small boy saw him enter the house.

He was seen to enter the house (by a small boy).

His parents make him brush his teeth after every meal.

He is made to brush his teeth after every meal (by his parents).

除非要强调动作的执行者,否则一般来说,被动语态可省略by 引导的部分。如没有把握就不要轻易省去.

EXE.1.将下列主动语态转化为被动语态。答案

1)People call him Little Tom.

(答案)

2)Children often sing this song.

(答案)

3)People all over the world know the Great Wall.

(答案)

4)The students clean the room every day.

(答案)

5)A PLA man saved the boy.

(答案)

6)The students gave the foreign friends a warm welcome.

派生法英语构词法归纳

派生法英语构词法归纳 一、英语最常用前缀、后缀 前缀意义单词加前缀派生词加后缀派生词 ad- 向、到 join加入 adjoin邻接 adjoining邻接的, 隔壁的 re- 回 turn转动 return回来 returnless回不来的 再、又 build建造 rebuild重建 rebuilder重建者 con- 共同 firm 坚固 confirm确定 confirmedly坚定地 ob- 向 press压 oppress压迫 oppressive压制性的, 压迫的 in- 里 port港口 import进口;重要 important重要的 否定 correct正确 incorrect不正确 rectitude正直, 公正 trans- 贯通 port港口 transport运输 transportation运输 pre- 前 school学校 preschool学龄前 preschooler学龄前儿童 pro- 前 long长的 prolong延长 prolongate延长, 伸长 per- 完全 form形状 perform完成 performance履行,表演 ex- 外 port港口 export出口 exporter出口商 dis- 分开 part部分 dispart分离 dispartment分离, 分开 否定 agree同意 like喜欢 disagree不同意 dislike厌恶 disagreement争执, 不和 dislikeful令人嫌恶的 sub- 下 way路 subway地铁 exportable可输出的 un 否定 like象 unlike不象... unlikeness不相等, 不象 sur 上 face脸面 surface表面 surfacewise沿着表面(地) 注:-ing,-less(否定),-ed,-ive,-ant,-ful,-able是形容词后缀; -er,-itude,-ation,-ance,-ment,-ness,是名词后缀; -ly,-wise是形容词、副词后缀;-ate是动词、名词、形容词后缀。 读者掌握上述后缀基础上,完全可以“猜出”最后一列派生单词的意义,实现“不背而记”。 二、派生法构词公式:<前缀>+词根(词根变体或单词)+<后缀> 前缀词根单词 fect变体单词 ad-向、到 fect 做 affect影响, 感动 fair affair事务, 事件 re-回;再 refect使精神振作 act retroact反作用 con-共同 confection甜食 pact compact契约 de-下 defect过失, 缺点 fic deficit赤字 in-里 infect传染, 感染 pact impact影响 trans-贯通 transfect转染 act transaction交易 pre-前 prefect各类官员 fig prefigure预示 per-完全 perfect完美的 funct perfunctory草率 ex-外 effect效果, 作用 fic efficient生效的 dis-否定 disaffect 使疏远 fic difficult困难的 前缀单词单词单词单词 ad-向、到 press压力 adpress压于表面 test

构词法之派生法

英语构词法 一、构词法之派生法的讲解 英语构词法主要有:合成法,转化法,派生法,混成法,截短法和词首字母缩略法。 派生 Derivation 前缀

后缀

注意: -ese, -ian, -ist 既可以构成名词,又可以构成形容词。-er 构成的名词,既有表示人的,又有表示物的。

二、课堂巩固练习

Ⅰ.Match the right words from the right column with the words on the left. ( ) 1. enrich A. trying to find jobs ( ) 2. semicircle B. remove, get rid of ice, frost ( ) 3. troublesome C. of, having, using imagination ( ) 4. sharpen D. make or become sharp ( ) 5. job-hunting E. half a circle ( ) 6. limitless F. causing trouble G. make rich, improve in quality, flavour, ( ) 7. imaginative etc. ( ) 8. defrost H. without limit Ⅱ.Use the appropriate form of the words to fill in the blanks. 1. The mother didn’t know why her daughter was crying _______. (noise) 2. He was one of the best _______ in yesterday’s football mat ch. (play) 3. Look! How ______ Kate is laughing! (happy) 4. It snowed _____ last night and now the streets are covered with snow. (heavy) 5. Edison was a great ______. During his life he had many ______. (invent) 6. More and more _____ have come to visit China over these years. (foreign) 7. We want _________ reasons for your failure to help. (satisfy) 8. Please give me some reference work. It will ______ my task. (simple) 9. The boy had the _______ of being half starved. (appear) 10. The police have _______ a plot against the President. (cover) 11. The doctor said that Mary’s mother needed an _______.(operate) 12. She hoped that her son would become a _______. (music) 13. Few ______ words made us excited. (speak) 14. The days on the moon get hotter than ______ water. (boil) 15. Thank you for your _________. (kind) 16. Many college students work while they are studying because they want to make some money for their college _____. (expensive)

英语构词法大全

英语常见构词法 一、常见的前缀 前缀一般会改变词义,但不改变词性;后缀一般不改变词义,而不改变词性。1.表示否定意义的前缀 1)纯否定前缀 a-, an-, asymmetry(不对称)anhydrous(无水的) dis- dishonest, dislike I类:in-, ig-, il, im, ir, Incapable(不能的,无能力的,不能胜任的), inability(无能力,无才能), Ignoble(不光彩的,卑鄙的,卑贱的), impossible, immoral(不道德的), illegal(不合法的), irregular(不规则的) ne-, n-, none, neither(either两者中一个), never non-, nonsense(胡说,废话;荒谬的)sense(感觉,观念,道理)neg-, neglect(疏忽,忽视) un- unable, unemployment(失业) 2)表示错误的意义 male-, mal-, malfunction(发生故障,不起作用;故障), maladjustment(失调) mis-, mistake, mislead(误导,带错) pseudo-, pseudonym(假名), pseudoscience 注:pseudo(伪君子,假冒的) 3)表示反动作的意思 de-, defend(辩护,防护), demodulation(解调) dis-, disarm(裁军,解除武装), disconnect(拆开,使分离,断开) discover = uncover发现

re-,reverse反面的,反转,倒车 un-, unload(卸载,卸,卸货), uncover(发现,揭开) with-, withdraw(stop sth or stop making sth撤退,撤消,取款), withstand(抵挡,反抗,经得起,。。。站立不倒be strong enough not to be harm) withhold(阻止,。。。抓住不放to refuse to give sth to someone) 4)表示相反,相互对立意思 anti-, ant- antiknock( 防震), antiforeign,(排外的) contra-, contre-, contro-, contradiction(矛盾,否认,反驳), contro-flow(逆流) counter-, counterreaction(抵抗,发对的行动,中和), counterbalance(使平衡,自动抵消) O类(可以不记忆) ob-, oc-, of-, op-, object(物体;反对,拒绝), oppose, occupy 2. 表示空间位置,方向关系的前缀 1)a- 表示“在……之上”,“向……”(与空间类名次搭配) aboard, aside, 2)by- 表示“附近,邻近,边侧” bypath(侧道,小路), bypass(弯路) 3)circum-, circu-, 表示“周围,环绕,回转” circumstance(环境,情况), circuit(电路,回路) 4)de-, 表示“在下,向下” descend(下降;沿。。。向下), degrade(使降级,贬低;降级;grade 年级,成绩,级别) 5)en-, 表示“在内,进入”(不记忆) encage(关在笼中,禁闭), enbed(上床) 6)ex-, ec-, es-, 表示“外部,外”

英语构词法中的派生法

派生法(derivation): 在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀,从而构成一个与原单词意义相近或相反的词。 前缀(prefix): 一般改变意义,不改变词性。 表示否定的: dis-, like---dislike, appear---disappear, agree---disagree, cover---discover, il-, legal---illegal, literate---illiterate; im-, possible---impossible, polite---impolite,mortal-immortal; in-, correct---incorrect, direct---indirect, complete---incomplete; ir-, regular-irregular, relative---irrelative, revocable---irrevocable, of being ; able to be , revoke: (transitive) to take back or ; ; ? to revoke a law2. (intransitive) cards to break a rule of play by to when able to do so; ,renege. (intransitive; often foll by on) to go back (on one's , etc) mis-,“错误,坏” take---mistake, understand---misunderstand, fortune---misfortune, lead---mislead, mischievous;mal-, “坏,恶的”function---malfunction, maladroit笨拙的 (mal+adroit灵巧的) adjective 1. or 2. in thought or , malevolent恶意的(male+vol意志+ent→坏意志) 1. or appearing to wish to others; 2. astrology having an evil influence; non-,“不,非”’ fiction---non-fiction, non-cooperation, non-negotiable, non-stop直达 的,non-profit, non-commercial; un-, “不,非”happy---unhappy, fair---unfair, like---unlike(不像), certain-uncertain,known-unknown,usual-unusual,important-unimportant, accessable---unaccessable, accountable---unaccountable, fold-unfold, 前缀a-,① 加在单词或词根前面,表示”不,无,非”, acentric 无中心的(a+centric中心的) asocial 不好社交的(a+social好社交的) ;amoral 非道德性的(a+moral道德的;注意:immoral apolitical.不关政治的(a+political政治的) anemia 反常的(a+nomal正常 的+ous) ② 加在单词前,表示”在…,…的” ,asleep 睡着的(a+sleep睡觉), aside 在边上(a+side旁边),ahead 在前地(a+head头),alive 活的(a+live活) awash .泛滥的(a+wash冲洗),alike(相似的,一样的);

(完整版)英语构词法详解及练习

高中英语构词法讲解与练习 一.类别 英语构词法主要有:合成法,转化法,派生法,混成法,截短法和词首字母缩略法。 二.定义与精讲 1.转化法 英语中,有的名词可作动词,有的形容词可作副词或动词,这种把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法。 1)动词转化为名词 ①很多动词可以转化为名词,大多数情况下,意思没有多大的变化,如: Let's go out for a walk.我们到外面去散散步吧。 ②有时意思有一定变化,如: He is a man of strong build.他是一个体格健壮的汉子。 ③有的与一个动词和不定冠词构成短语,表示一个动作,如: Let's have a swim.咱们游泳吧。 2)名词转化为动词 ①很多表示物件,如 Did you book a seat on the plane? 你订好飞机座位了吗? ②身体部位,如:

Please hand me the book.请把那本书递给我。 ③某类人的名词可以用作动词来表示动作,如: She nursed her husband back to health.她看护丈夫,使他恢复了健康。 ④某些抽象名词也可作动词。如: We lunched together.我们在一起吃了午餐。 3)形容词转化为动词 有少数形容词可以转化为动词。如: We will try our best to better our living conditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。 4)副词转化为动词 有少数副词可以转化为动词。例如: Murder will out.(谚语)恶事终必将败露。 5)形容词转化为名词 ①表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词,如: You should be dressed in black at the funeral.你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服 ②某些形容词如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与the连用,表示一类人,作主语时,谓语用复数如下,如: The old in our village are living a happy life.我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。 2.派生法

构词法之派生法

. 英语构词法 一、构词法之派生法的讲解 英语构词法主要有:合成法,转化法,派生法,混成法,截短法和词首字母缩略法。 派生Derivation 前缀 后缀

注意:-ese, -ian, -ist 既可以构成名词,又可以构成形容词。-er 构成的名词,既有表示人的,又有表示物的。

二、课堂巩固练习 Ⅰ.Match the right words from the right column with the words on the left. ( ) 1. enrich A. trying to find jobs ( ) 2. semicircle B. remove, get rid of ice, frost ( ) 3. troublesome C. of, having, using imagination ( ) 4. sharpen D. make or become sharp ( ) 5. job-hunting E. half a circle ( ) 6. limitless F. causing trouble ( ) 7. imaginative G. make rich, improve in quality, flavour, etc. ( ) 8. defrost H. without limit Ⅱ.Use the appropriate form of the words to fill in the blanks. 1. The mother didn’t know why her daughter was crying _______. (noise) 2. He was one of the best _______ in yesterday’s football m atch. (play) 3. Look! How ______ Kate is laughing! (happy) 4. It snowed _____ last night and now the streets are covered with snow. (heavy) 5. Edison was a great ______. During his life he had many ______. (invent) 6. More and more _____ have come to visit China over these years. (foreign) 7. We want _________ reasons for your failure to help. (satisfy) 8. Please give me some reference work. It will ______ my task. (simple) 9. The boy had the _______ of being half starved. (appear) 10. The police have _______ a plot against the President. (cover) 11. The doctor said that Mary’s mother needed an _______.(operate) 12. She hoped that her son would become a _______. (music) 13. Few ______ words made us excited. (speak)

初中英语构词法汇总及练习

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初中英语常用构词法归纳

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