Lesson One
BernouIli’s Principle Why Planes Fly
Aviation is dependent upon the principle discovered by an eighteenth century scientist，Daniel Bernoulli. ①Bernoulli’s pr inciple helps to explain why an airplane flies，how a wing produces lift，and how fuel flows in an aircraft carburetor．It explains the relationship between the pressure，the vo1ume and the velocity of a fluid in motion．Simply stated，the velocity of a given volume of a fluid in motion is inversely proportional to its pressure. As velocity increases，pressure decreases．Since both gases and liquids are classified as fluids．We’ll use air to demonstrate the properties of a fluid in motion．
There are several simple experiments that demonstrate Bernoulli’s principle．The simplest may be conducted with only a sheet of paper．②Hold the paper up to your lips find blow across the top surface．Notice that the paper rises．The velocity of the air over the top of the paper is greater than that under the paper．A low pressure area is created above the paper and the difference in pressure causes the paper to rise．Perhaps you walk past the vacuum cleaner department of department store and you’ll see a ping—pong ball suspended in the air above vacuum cleaner seemingly without sport．The air passing around the curved surface of the ball is traveling faster than the air just be on the surface．③Again, the higher pressure outside the airflow causes the ball to remain in the center of the airflow．
Another simple experiment uses a piece of paper, a straight pin and a simple sewing spoo1．First，push the pin through the paper and insert it in the hole in the spool，the pin simply keep the paper from dropping to the floor . Now, blow through the other end of the spool, a low pressure area is created as the velocity of the air increases between the spool and paper．The higher atmospheric pressure on the back of the paper holds the paper close to the end of the spool．These experiments illustrate the fact that when the velocity of the fluid increases, the pressure decreases．Conversely, when the velocity decreases, the pressure Increases How does this apply to aviation? Let's place a restriction in the path of moving air in this wind tunnel．Smoke injected into the air stream indicates the path the air takes around and through the restriction．The restriction is called a venturi，a given volume of air travels through and around the venturi in a given period of time．The entire volume must pass al1 points in the system. Let’s cons ider 3 molecules of air to be our given volume，all 3 molecules must pass around and through the venturi and meet at the other end at the same time. Notice that the molecule passing through the venturi must follow a longer curved path, traveling at greater distance in the same period of time as the molecule that follows a straight path．That means the molecules traveling through the venturi must travel faster. According to Bernoulli’s principle，as
the velocity increases, pressure decreases，this causes a reduced pressure in the center of the venturi，while pressure remains the same at either end．
Now let’s look at a half section of the venturi, does the shape remind you anything? You are looking at the cross section of an airfoil，such as a wing the primary lift producing surface of an aircraft．The same principle applies here as in the venturi，the 2 molecules of air represent a certain volume，both molecules must reach the trailing edge of the wing section in the same period of time，but the molecule traveling over the upper surface must travel further than the one traveling under the wing because a curved path it must follow. Again，the molecule traveling the curved path must travel taster than the one traveling the straight line. The pressure differential between the upper and lower surfaces of a wing produces lift that keeps the aircraft aloft④We may illustrate simply the tremendous amount of force that generated by lift．Suppose the lower surface of the wing has an area of about 15，000 square inches, remembering that pressure is a force per unit area, a pressure of 15 lbs／inch2would produce a total force on the bottom of the wing of 225，000 pounds．The curved upper surface of the wing has a greater surface area than the lower surface，perhaps 20，000 square inches．However the pressure on the upper surface is less per square inch．If the pressure we’ve reduced to 10 lbs／inch2on the upper wing surface，the total force would be reduced to 200，000 pounds．The difference in pressure between the lower and upper wing surfaces is 25，000 pounds．The greater force acting on the bottom wing surface，this is an extremely over simplified explanation of the production of lift on the wing．However，the basic idea is sound．⑤There are other factors to consider，such as the shape of the airfoil，the angle of attack，and lift and drag coefficients as well as the speed of the airfoil through the air．We’ve seen how Bernoulli’s principle creates lift on an aircraft wing whether in powered or unpowered flight．⑥But，the principle also applies to any important function in aircraft engines，specifically the fuel flow through an aircraft carburetor．Let’s return for a moment to the venturi in the wind tunnel，you recall that the pressure in the restriction of the venturi was lower than the pressure outside the venturi．A venturi is found in the primary air passage of float—type aircraft carburetor. As air is drawn into the engine by the pistons，pressure is reduced in throat of the carburetor．Let’s insert a tube in the narrowest part of the venturi．and attach the tube to a fuel supply which is open to atmospheric pressure．The difference in pressure between atmospheric pressure on the fuel supply and pressure in the venturi causes fuel to flow into the venturi where fuel is mixed with air before entering the engine combustion chambers．Venturi or orifices may be found in other parts of the aircraft，in a hydraulic line or a fuel control，a measured orifice produces a measured pressure differential between two sides of the line，causing fluid to flow at a pre—determined rate．
Let’s review we’ve learnt about the relationship of pressure and velocity of a fluid in motion．Bernoulli’s principle says that as the velocity of fluid increases，its pressure decreases．As the velocity of air passing through a venturi increases，the pressure in the narrowest part of the venturi decreases．As the velocity of air increases over the upper surface of a wing，the pressure decreases，the imbalance of forces between the upper and lowar surfaces causes the wing to rise．Bernoulli’s principle is also partly responsible for fuel flow in an aircraft carburetor which uses a venturi in the primary air passage．Venturi may also be used to create a measured rate of fluid flow．Venturi-like orifices are found in aircraft hydraulic systems and in fuel controls．
Words and Phrases
Bernoulli’ s principle 贝努利原理
carburetor 汽化器n．
inversely proportional 反比于
lip 唇n．
throat 咽喉，狭口n．
property 性质n．
vacuum cleaner 真空吸尘器
suspend 悬挂v．
curved surface 弯曲表面
sewing spool 缝纫机线轴
conversely 相反地ad．
restriction 限定，节流n．
venturi 文氏管，细腰管n．
molecule 分子n．
cross section of an airfoil 翼型剖面
sound 完好的，合理的a．
angle of attack 攻角，迎角
piston 活塞n．
orifice 小孔n．
lift and drag coefficients 升力和阻力系数
hydraulic 液压的a．
reinforce 加强v.
concept 概念，基本原理n．
Notes
①Aviation is dependent upon the principle discovered by an eighteenth century scientist，Daniel
Bernoulli．航空学与十八世纪科学家丹诺尔·贝努利所发现的原理密切相关。
to be dependent upon意为“依靠于…”“取决于…”。discovered by…是过去分词引导的定语修饰the principle。
②The simplest may be conducted with only a sheet of paper．可用一张纸来进行最简单的试
验。
to be conducted with意为“由…处理”“由…进行”。a sheet of paper意为“一张纸”，paper 是不可数名词，所以一张纸必须用a sheet of来表示，同样的用法还有许多。
③The air passing around the curved surface of the ball is traveling faster than the air just be on the surface．绕球曲面流过的气流比即将到达球表面的气流速度要快。
passing around the curved surface是现代分词引起的定语，修饰the air；faster than…意为“比…快”，比较的内容前后要一致。
④The pressure differential between the upper and lower surfaces of a wing produces lift that keeps the aircraft aloft．机翼上下表面的压差产生了升力，使飞机保持在空中。
⑤However the basic idea is sound．但基本思想是正确的。sound在这里是形容词。
⑥We’ve seen how Bernoulli’s principle creates lift on an aircraft wing whether in powered or unpowered flight．我们已经看到了，不论是有动力飞行还是无动力飞行，贝努利原理是如何在机翼上产生升力的。
whether…or…意为“不管…还是…”。
Grammar
用it作形式主语的各种结构
常见形式有：
请看下面例句：
It is often inconvenient to combine vectors by the geometric method．
用几何方法来合成矢量通常是不便当的。
It is worthwhile to use an ultra—high vacuum system for such purpose．
把超高真空装置用于这种场合是有价值的。
If a body moves from one position to another，it is said to have had displacement．
如果物体从一处移到另一处，就认为它有了位移。
It is common practice to build rockets in pieces．
通常的做法是把火箭分级制造。
It takes sunlight over eight minutes to travel to the earth．
太阳光传播到地球要8分多钟。
It requires a long—term practice to be a good pilot．
要成为优秀的飞行员需要长时间的实践。
It makes steel weak in strength to rust．
生锈使钢的强度下降。
Exercises
1. Answer the following questions：
1) What relationship is described mainly by Bernoulli’s principle?
2) How the paper be moved when you hold the paper up to your lips and blow across the top
surface? and why?
3) In which section of the venturi the pressure is lowest when the air stream passes the tube?
4) Why the air traveling over the upper surface must travel further than the air traveling under
the wing?
5) List some factors that must be consider to calculate the lift except the pressure difference．
6) What is the function of the measured orifice in a hydraulic line or a fuel contr01 7
7) Why the powered flight come into being? (The lift can be created by just the wings
according to Bernoulli’s principle．)
2. Choose the correct answer：
1) Which one is not correct?
A．Bernoulli’s principle have not applied in the aviation．
B．When the velocity increases，pressure decrease．
C．Bernoulli’s principle is the only scientific principle related to flight．
D．Airfoil can be considered as a part of venturi．
2) Bernoulli’s principle expresses the relationship between·
A．time and velocity of a fluid in motion
B．velOCity and distance of a motion fluid
C．pressure and friction of a liquid
D．velocity and pressure of motion fluid
3) several simple experiments that demonstrate Bernoulli’s principle．
A．There is B．Here is
C．This are D．There are
4) The curved upper surface of the wing has a surface area than the lower surface．
A．great B．greatly
C．greatest D．greater
5) It is that keeps the aircraft aloft．
A．the pressure differential between’ the upper and lower surface of a wing
B．the high velocity of air below the lower wing surface
C．the small area of upper wing surface
D．the large area of lower wing surface
6) The basic idea is sound，means that
A．the basic idea is noise
B．the basic idea is well voice
C．the basic idea is correct
D．the basic idea is hearing
7) The same principle applies here in the venturi．
A．as B. than C．that D．to
8) Since both gases and liquids as fluids．We will use air to demonstrate the
principle of a fluid in motion．
A．be classified
B．classify
C．is classified
D．are classified
9) Aviation is dependent the Bernoulli’s principle．
A．to B．for C．upon D．at
10) The fuel is mixed air．
A．with B．to C．in D．at
Lesson Two
Area and Volume
The study of mathematics is basic to the training of professional aviation maintenance technician．To watch your career，you’ll be required to make mathematic calculations that are vital to the successful completion 0f many tasks．We study in practice，①these calculations may be made safely and easily ensuring the accuracy of your work．Among the most important these calculations used frequently in aviation maintenance，are the measurement of area and volume．Sheet metal for airframe repairs is ordered and sold by the square foot，know exactly how much material to order for particular job，save the customer and your employer money by eliminating waste．Engine horsepower is based in part on the cubic inch displacement or volume of the engine cylinders．First，let’s consider the calculation of area．Everyday objects such as this wooden block are measured in three dimensions：length，width and thickness or depth．In calculating the area of one surface of the block，we concern with②only two of these dimensions：length and width．These two measurements describe a plane surface．A rectangle is a four sided plane surface with opposite side equally length and with 90 degrees or right angles between adjacent sides③．It is one of simplest plane surfaces．
The formula for calculating the area of rectangle is length multiplied by width④．L being the length of one of the sides，and W being the width of one of adjacent sides．In our example，the length of one side is 144 inches，and width of the other side is 48 inches，multiply，we find the area of the rectangle is 6，912 square inches．Area measurements are described in square units．Square is a unique form of rectangle in which all sides are equal lengths．The angle between adjacent sides is again 90 degrees．The calculation of the area of a square is done basically the same as that of rectangle．Since all sides are the same lengths，we can give them all the same symbol：S．Simply multiply the length of one side by the same number，this is called squaring the number．Our formula for the area of a square becomes simply as S②．
The next figure we’ll consider is the triangle．A triangle is a three sided plane figure，the sum of the three angles in a triangle always equals 180 degrees．As some interesting comparisons between the triangle and rectangle，that may help you better understand the method of calculating the area of the triangle．You notice that the rectangle has four angles that when added together equals 360 degrees．The sum of three angles of triangle add up to 1 80 degrees or half of the angular measurement of the rectangle．The area of the triangle is equal to half of the area of rectangle that would enclose it．Here is how that works，the three sides of triangle are the base，indicated by the letter B，the altitude，shown here in the letter A，and hypotenuse．For calculating the area，only the base and altitude measurements are necessary．If we will do a enclosure of our triangles into a rectangle，we would see that the base and altitude measurements are equivalent to the length and width measurements of rectangle．⑤However，the area of the triangle would only be half the area of the rectangle．Using the formula for calculating the area of rectangle and substituting the base and altitude notations for the length and width of rectangle．We see that the area of the triangle is the base multiplied by the altitude，that product divided by two，this formula will work for the calculations of all triangles．We’ve just used an isosceles triangle for our example，and isosceles triangle is one in which two of the angles are equal．An obtuse triangle is one in which one of the angles is greater than 90 degrees．A triangle in which all of the sides are equal and all of the angles are equal is called an equilateral or equiangular triangle．An acute triangle is one in which all of
angles are less than 90 degrees．Let’s calculate the area of our obtuse triangle whose base measures 10.5 inches and whose altitude is 2.2 inches．Multiply 10.5 by 2.2，our product is 23.1，now divide 23.1 by 2，a result is 11.55 square inches．
Next，we’ll consider the parallelogram，a four sided plane figure，whose opposite sides are parallel and equal in length，but whose sides are not at right angles to each other．Calculation of the area of the parallelogram is a combination of the calculation of the area of the rectangle and triangle．Again，we us．e the base and altitude measurements．of the triangle，where the base is equal to the one of the sides，and the altitude is the length of line drawn perpendicular to the base line，extending to the opposite side of the parallelogram．The formula for calculating the area of the parallelogram is simply the base multiplied by the altitude．By separating the triangular portion of a parallelogram from the remainder, and moving it to fill in the space of the opposite end，⑥our figure becomes a rectangle with the same width and length measurements as the base and the altitude of the parallelogram．The same amount of area or spaces is occupied by a converted parallelogram and a rectangle，only the shape has changed．For example．a parallelogram has abase measurement of 7.75 inches and an altitude of 2.35inches．Multiply the base，times the altitude，our product is 25.1875 square inches．
Finding the area of a trapezoid is somewhat more complicated，but can be made much simpler by relating into the figure with which we are already familiar．A trapezoid is a four sided plane figure，having only two parallel sides．If we add another trapezoid the same size to our original figure，only inverted，we have construct a parallelogram that twice the area of the original trapezoid．The length of the base of the new figure becomes the sum of the base measurements，B1 and B2；the altitude remains the same as in the original figure．We now can find the area of the parallelogram by multiplying the sum of the two base measurements by the altitude．Since we can construct the parallelogram from two trapezoid of equal size，we can now find the area of one of the trapezoids by dividing the area of the parallelogram by 2. The formula them for the area of the trapezoid be—comes：the sum of two base measurements multiplied by the altitude，that product divided by 2. For example，a trapezoid measures 6 inches along its longer of major base and 2.5 inches along its shorter or minor base, its altitude is 1.5 inches．Substituting in our formula．We find that 2.5 inches plus 6 inches is 8.5 inches．Multiply 8.5 inches by 1.5 inches to get 12.75 square inches．Divide the product by 2，we have the area of the trapezoid which is 6.375 square inches．Now let’s turn our attention to another figure, the circle．A circle is a plane closed figure with every point on the line forming the edged circle and equal distance from a point within the circle which is the center．The circumference of the circle is the distance surround the edge of the circle from a point on the edge back to the same point．The diameter of the circle is the length of the straight 1ine drawn from one side of the circle through the center point to the opposite side of the circle．The radius of a circle is the length of a line drawn from the center point of the circle to the edge of the circle．The circumference of a circle has a definite relationship to the diameter，this relationship is expressed by the Greek letter π，⑦and is noted by this symbol，πrepresents the number 3.1416. This relationship will remain constant for all circles regardless of size。and this is expressed by the formula：C=π×D，where C is the circumference and D is the diameter．In other words．the circumference of a circle will always be 3.1416 times its diameter．The area of a circle may be found by multiplying the constant by the square of the radius．For example，a circle has a radius of 3 inches，and you need to know the area of the circle．First, square the radius measurement，than multiply the product by the constant 3.141 6，the area of the circle with 3 inches
radius is 28.2744 square inches．So far．We’ve considered the area measurement only，in square units．However，it is often more useful to consider area in terms of circular units．The cross sectional area of a piece of wire，for example，is measured in circular mills．A mill is one thousandth times a given measurement in an inch．The formula for finding the area of the circle in circular mills is simply the area equals the square of the diameter in mills．Let’s find the cross sectional area of a wire 1／4 inch diameter We first convert the fraction 1／4 into the decimal 0.25. Multiply 0.25 by one thousand，the diameter becomes 250 mills．Using our formula，the area is equal to the diameter⑧in mills squared，the cross sectional area of wire with diameter of 250 mills is 62，500 circular mills．Now，let’s turn our attention to the measurement of volume．So far，we’ve been working in only two dimension，however，solid objects，as we’ve ever learned，occupy space in three dimensions：lengths，widths and heights．First，let’s examine the rectangular solid．To find the area of one face of a wooden block，we multiply the length，times the width．To find the volume，we simply multiply that product by the measurement of the third dimension，height．Our formula for finding the volume of a rectangular solid is：The length times the width times the height(L×W×H)．The result is expressed in cubic units．A rectangular solid having a length of 24 inches，a width of 18 inches and height of 12 inches，contains 5,1 84 cubic inches．A cube is a rectangular solid with all edges of equal lengths．The formula for finding the volume of a cube would then be：The volume equals S1 times S2 times S3. Since all sides are equal，the formula becomes simply as cubed．For example，a cube measuring 6 inches on each side would contain 216 cubic inches．
Next，we’ll consider the volume of the cylinder．a solid form having a circular ends and parallel sides．First，we find the area of one of the circular ends by using the formula：πtimes the radius squared．We then multiply that product by the height of the cylinder．Suppose we need to know the volume of an eight inches long section of aluminum rod with a diameter of eight inches．First，find the area of one end of the rod by multiplying the radius squared by the constant 3,1416，then multiply the product by the length of the rod，eight inches．The result is 402.1 2 cubic inches，the volume of our aluminum rod．
Finally，let’s consider the volume of a sphere．A sphere is a solid body whose surface boundaries are in the equal distances from the center point．
A tennis ball is a sphere．A sphere is the shape which has the greatest volume for its surface area，and it is used in aircraft for such things as fire extinguisher and oxygen bottles and hydraulic accumulators．The volume of a sphere is found by multiplying the cubic diameter by the constant 0.5236. This new constant is the result of dividing πby 6.The volume of a sphere having a 6 inches diameter is 6 cubed or 21 6，multiplied by the constant 0.5236. Our result is 113.1 cubic inches．
Words and Phrases
area 面积n．
volume 体积n．
plane surface 平面
solid object 实体
dimension 维，尺寸n．
length 长度n．
width 宽度n．
thickness 厚n．
triangle 三角形n．
equilateral triangle 等边三角形isosceles triangle 等腰三角形
scalene triangle 不等边三角形
obtuse triangle 钝角三角形
acute triangle 锐角三角形
base 底边n．
altitude 高度n．
hypotenuse 斜边n．
rectangle [trektaerg1] n．长方形；矩形adjacent side 邻边
parallelogram 平行四边形n．trapezoid 梯形n．
circle 圆n．
radius 半径n．
diameter 直径n．
circumference 圆周n．
fraction 分数式n．
cylinder 圆柱n．
sphere 球体n．
rod 杆，棒n．
multiply 乘v．
divide 除；分v．
square 正方形；平方n．
cubic 立方的a．
eliminate 除去；消去n．
airframe 机体；结构n．
angle 角n．
substitute 替换v．
notation 标志；记数法v．perpendicular 垂直的a．
remainder 余项n．
sum 和n．
product 乘积n．
decimal 十进制的a．
boundary 边界n．
fire extinguisher 灭火器
oxygen bottle 氧气瓶
hydraulic accumulator 液压蓄压器circular mill 圆密耳
Notes
①We study in practice．我们在实践中学习。
②concern with…意为“讨论”“涉及”“与…有关”。
③A rectangle is a four sided plane surface with opposite side equally length and with 90 degrees or right angles between adjacent sides．矩形是有四个边的平面图形，其两对边相等，相邻边成90。角或垂直。
这里with…and with…引起两个并列状语，修饰surface
④…length multiplied by width．长乘以宽。
⑤If we will do a enclosure of our triangles into a rectangles，we would see that the base and altitude measurements are equivalent to the length and width measurement of rectangle．如果我们作一个包围这个三角形的矩形，我们会看到三角形的底和高的尺寸恰好相当于矩形的长和宽。
这里请注意，If一般情况下不能和will或would连用，只有在下面情况下才可以连用：1．will 或would是情态动词；2．间接引语中；3．当If从句指的是主句中动作的结果时，本例句属第一种情况。
⑥By separating the triangular portion of a parallelogram from the remainder，and moving it to fill in the space of the opposite end，…将平行四边形的剩下部分以三角形分开，填入对边的空中，…
by表示动作；separate…from…“与…分开”；fill…in 意为“填入…”。
⑦The circumference of a circle has a definite relationship t0 the diameter，this relationship is expressed by the Greek letter ，…圆的周长与直径有一种固定的关系，这种关系可以用希腊字母表示，…relationship to…意为“与…有关”。
⑧The area is equal to the diameter…面积等于用密耳表示的直径的平方。to be equal to…意为
“等于”“和…相等”。
Grammar
主谓一致
1. 由or，either…or，neither…nor…，not only…but also …等连词连接两个作主语的名词(或
代词)，应按后一个名词(或代词)来决定谓语的人称和数。例如：
Neither chemistry nor physics is easy to study．
化学和物理都不容易学。
Not only the teacher，but also the students know something about this matter．不仅教师，学生们也知道这件事。
2. 由as well as连接两个主语，必须按前一个主语确定谓语的人称和数。例如：
when a rod is subjected to tension or compression，its transverse dimensions as well as its length are changed．
杠杆受到拉伸和压缩时，不仅其长度，而且横向尺寸都发生变化。
3. 表示各种计量单位的复数名词主语，其谓语仍用单数。例如：
Three yuan is too cheap for this book．
这本书三元钱太便宜了。
273℃is taken as absolute zero．
人们取一273℃为绝对零度。
4. 用and连接两个以上作主语的名词，若属同一人、同一事物、单一概念，或意义上是一个
整体，谓语用单数。例如：
A round nose，smoothly curved top and a sharp tail is known as an aerofoil shape．
圆形的首端，光滑弯曲的顶面和尖削的尾部构成的截面称为翼型。
5. 用each，every，no，many a(an)修饰的两个以上单数名词作主语，谓语用单数。例如：Each proton and each neutron has almost the same mass as any other proton and neutron．
每个质子和中子几乎都有和其他质子和中子相同的质量。
6. 有些名词，如people(人、人们、人民)，police(警察)，cattle(牲口)，millitia (民兵)，poultry(家
禽)等，在任何情况下均视为复数。例如：
People here like sports．这儿的人都爱运动。
7. part of…作主语，of后面名词的数决定谓语的数~half of…和the rest of…作主语时也由名词
的数来决定谓语的数；one and a half后面习惯跟复数名词。例如：
Part of the heat is converted back to mechanical work．
部分热量被转换为机械功。
The rest of the students are listening to the radio．
其余的学生在听收音机。
One and a half years has passed．
一年半已经过去了。
Exercises
1. Answer the following questions：
1) List some plane figures．
2) List some solid objects．
3) With what dimensions are concerned in calculating the area of one surface of the block?
4) What is a rectangle?
5) What is a scalene triangle?
6) How to calculate the area of a parallelogram?
7) Write down the formula of the area of a trapezoid．
8) Why is the sphere used in aircraft for such things as fire extinguisher and accumulators?
9) What is the value of constant?
10)What is used to measure the area and volume?
2. Choose the correct answer：
1) The formula of calculating the area of rectangle is length width．
A．divided by B．multiplied by
C．time by D．plus by
2) Square is a form of rectangle．
A．usual B．general
C．typical D．particular
3) The formula for finding the volume of a sphere is multiplied by result of dividing
by 6．
A．cubic radius B．square diameter
C. cubic diameter
D. area of sphere
4) A sphere is a solid body surface boundaries are in the equal distances from the
center point.
A．whom B．whose
C．who D．his
5)the area of a circle, we use the formula:
πtimes the radius squared.
A．To find B．To be found
C．Being found D．Found
6) A sphere is the shape which has the volume for its surface area.
A．greatest B．most great
C．more greater D．most greatest
7) A scalene triangle is the one in which sides are equal length.
A．none of B．not
C．nothing D．never
8)is a solid form having circular ends and parallel sides.
A．A cylinder B．A sphere
C．Triangle D．A circle
9) The area of triangle is equal the base multiplied the altitude.
10)We concern one figure.
A．to B．with
C．of D．for
Lesson Three
Electrical Power System
The 757 electrical power system is designed to supply airplane user systems with AC and DC power
GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION
A. The electrical power system consists of a 115-volt ac system, and a 28-volt dc system.
B. AC Electrical Power
(1) The electrical power system generates and controls 115/200-volt, 3-phase, 400-Hz ac power.
Two integrated drive generators (IDGs), one mounted to and driven by each engine, supply main ac power . An auxiliary power unit driven generator provides inflight backup to the
IDGs. System control is by three generator control units, and one bus power control unit. (2) The system normally provides two, non-parallelable ac power channels. During a category III
autoland, the static inverter is powered from the hot battery bus to provide a third
independent ac power channel.
C. DC Electrical Power
(1) Two main 28-volt dc power channels are supplied by two transformer rectifier units (TRUs).
The TRUs convert main 115-volt ac power.
(2) The main battery and its charger provide a backup source for the standby power system .
During a category III autoland, the main battery and its charger provide a third independent dc power channel .
D. An independent non-time-limited standby power system is installed on the extended range
airplanes. 115-volt ac power is supplied by a hydraulic motor generator which is activated
automatically when power is lost at both main ac buses. A part of the ac power is transformed and rectified by a transformer/rectifier unit to supply dc power for the dc essential loads.
AC GENERATION
A. The ac generation system consists of two integrated drive generators (IDGs), one auxiliary power
unit (APU) generator, and an external power source receptacle. All sources are rated to supply 115/200-volt, 3-phase, 400-Hz, 90-kva ac power. System control and protection is
provided by units in the electrical/electronics equipment compartment.
B. Two IDGs, one mounted to the accessory gearbox of each engine, supply main power .
C. The APU generator is mounted to, and driven by, the APU. On the ground, the unit can supply
ground service, ground handling, and/or main power. Inflight, the APU generator is a substitute
power source for either IDG
.D. External power may be connected to supply ground service, ground handling, and/or main power. .
E. The power system includes three generator control units (GCUs). One GCU controls each IDG.
The third GCU controls the APU generator. The GCUs work with flight compartment switches to control breakers connecting power to the main ac, and ac tie buses .
F. The bus power control unit (BPCU) oversees system operation. Each GCU is connected to the
BPCU through a serial data link. The BPCU sends commands and exchanges system status with the GCUs. The BPCU controls external power, ground service, and ground handling operation .
G. Built-in-test equipment (BITE) in the GCUs and BPCU checks operation of the units and stores
fault information. BITE information is shown on the BPCU display.
H. Control switches are on electrical systems control panel M10063. This panel is on pilots'
overhead panel P5. Electrical system indications such as AC and DC load, frequency, and
voltage appear on the ELEC/HYD page of the engine indication and crew alerting system
(EICAS) display The EICAS display panel is P2. This ELEC/HYD page is for maintenance functions only and is not accessible to the crew inflight.
I. A hydraulic motor generator is provided as a non-time-limited backup source of electrical power.
It comes on line automatically when power is lost at both main AC buses. The system is rated to supply 115/200 volt, 3-phase 10 kva ac power continuously.
New Words
Phase 相（位）n.
Generator 发电机n.
Category 种类，等级n.
Battery 电池（组），蓄电池n.
Essential 本质的，必需（要）的a.
Rate 定额，定…的等级v.
Accessory 附（零、备、配）件n.
Substitute 代用的a.
Frequency 频率n.
voltage 电压（量），电位差n.
Abbreviations
IDG Integrated Drive Generator 整体驱动发电机
TRU Transformer Rectifier Unit 变压整流组件
GCU Generator Control Unit 发电机控制组件BPCU Bus Power Control Unit 电源汇流条控制组件BITE Built In Test Equipment 机载自测设备
Exercise
1．就课文回答问题
1) What does electrical power system consist of?
2) Where does the APU generator locate?
3) Describe the four power sources of AC generation system?
4) Is the ELEC/HYD page accessible to the flight crew inflight?
Lesson Four
Air Conditioning And Pressurization Systems -
The cabin air conditioning and pressurization system supplies conditioned air for heating and cooling the cockpit and cabin spaces. This air also provides pressurization to maintain a safe，comfortable cabin environment. In addition to cabin air conditioning, some aircraft equipment and equipment compartments require air conditioning to prevent heat buildup and consequent damage to the equipment．
Some of the air conditioning systems installed in modern aircraft utilize air turbine refrigerating units to supply cooled air. These are called air cycle systems．Other model aircraft utilize a compressed gas cooling system. The refrigerating unit is a freon type, quite similar in operation to a common household refrigerator．Systems utilizing this refrigeration principle are called vapor cycle systems.
Air Conditioning System
The function of an air conditioning system is to maintain a comfortable air temperature within the aircraft fuselage．The system will increase or decrease the temperature of the air as needed to obtain the desired value. Most systems are capable of producing an air temperature of 70o F to 80° F，with normally anticipated outside air temperatures．This temperature-conditioned air is then distributed so that there is a minimum of stratification (hot and cold layers). The system，in addition，must provide for the control of humidity，it must prevent the fogging of windows，and it must maintain the temperature of wall panels and floors at a comfortable level．In a typical system the air temperature is measured and compared to the de sired setting of the temperature controls．Then，if the temperature is not correct，heaters or coolers are set into operation to change the air temperature，and
the air is mixed together to create a uniform temperature in the cabin．In summary，an air conditioning system is designed to perform any or all of the following functions：(1)Supply ventilation air，(2)supply heated air，and(3)supply cooling air．
Cabin Pressure Control System
The cabin pressure control system is designed to provide cabin pressure regulation，pressure relief，vacuum relief，and the means for selecting the desired cabin altitude in the isobaric and differential range．In addition，dumping of the cabin pressure is a function of the pressure control system．A cabin pressure regulator，an outflow valve，and a safety valve are used to accomp1ish these functions．
Basic requirements
Five basic requirements for the successful functioning of a cabin pressurization and air conditioning system are：
(1) A source of compressed air for pressurization and ventilation．Cabin pressurization sources can be either engine-driven compressors，independent cabin superchargers，or air bled directly from the engine．
(2) A means of controlling cabin pressure by regulating the outflow of air from the cabin．This is accomplished by a cabin pressure regulator and an outflow valve．
(3) A method of limiting the maximum pressure differential to which the cabin pressurized area will be subjected．Pressure relief valves, negative(vacuum) relief valves，and dump valves are used to accomplish this．
(4) A means of regulating(in most cases cooling)the temperature of the air being distributed to the pressurized section of the airplane．This is accomplished by the refrigeration system，heat exchangers，control valves，electrical heating elements，and a cabin temperature control system．
(5) The sections of the aircraft which are to be pressurized must be sealed to reduce inadvertent leakage of air to a minimum．This area must also be capable of safely withstanding the maximum pressure differential between cabin and atmosphere to which it will be subjected．Designing the cabin to withstand the pressure differential and hold 1eakage of air within the limits of the pressurization system is primarily an airframe engineering and manufacturing problem．
In addition to the components just discussed，various valves，controls，and allied units are necessary to complete a cabin pressurizing and air conditioning system．When auxiliary systems such as windshield rain—clearing devices，pressurized fuel tanks, and pressurized hydraulic tanks are required，additional shut-off valves and control units are necessary．
New Words pressurization 增压．加压n．
maintain 保持；维修vt．
equipment 设备；装置n．
compartment 舱；室；隔舱n．
buildup 增大；集结n．．
consequent 作为结果的；随之发生的a．
utilize 利用vt．
refrigerate 使冷；使凉vt．
freon 氟利昂n．
anticipate 期望；预期vt．
stratification 分层n．
layer 层；地层n．
humidity 湿气；湿度n．
typical 典型的；代表性的a．
measure 测量；量vt．
Uniform 恒定的；相同的a．
summary 概要；摘要n．
regulation 调节；控制；规则n．
relief 释压；解除n．
isobaric 等压的a．
differential 差别的；区别的a．
accomplish 完成(任务等) vt．
Successful 成功的；结果良好的a．
supercharge 对……增压vt．
negative 负的；否定的a．
leakage 漏；漏出n．
allied 性质上有密切联系的；联合的a．
Phrases and Expressions in addition 另外provide…for…为……提供……
机务维修常用英语 一. 询问航班到达时间 1.请告诉我A981航班预计达到时间？ Could you please tell me the ETA of flight CA918? 当地时间19：30 Nineteen thirty local time. 2.航班因天气/机械故障原因延误了。 The flight is delayed due to the weather /mechanical fault . 二.飞机到达停机位。 1. 请确认飞机停留区域清洁.无障碍物。 Make sure the aircraft parking area is clear of completion of obstruction. 2.请与驾驶舱进行通话联系。 Contact the cockpit with interphone. 3.请将停留刹车杀住/松开。 Set /release parking brake. 停留刹车已刹上/松开。 Parking /brake is set/released 4.请档上/挪开轮档。 Position/remove wheel chocks please. 5.请插上/取下起落架安全销。 Insert/remove landing gear safety pin. 起落架安全销已插上/取下。 Landing gear safety pins are insert/released. 6请关车。 Shut down engines. 三.对飞机情况进行了解 1. 飞机有故障吗？ Is there any trouble with the aircraft? 2. 一切正常 Everything is ok ! 3. 有.请看飞行记录本/客舱记录本 Yes. please look at flight log book/cabin log book. 4. 请往飞行记录本上签字 Shut down engines. 四.维护工作。 1. 请打开前/中/主起落架舱门检查系统管路/导线/部件有无损坏/松动/渗漏。 Open nose /central/main landing gear door and check the system line /wire/component for damage /loose/leakage. 2. 减震支柱内筒伸出正常且洁净。 Shock absorber sliding tube is correct extension and cleanliness. 3. 请检查中起落架减震支柱指示。 Check the indication of pressure gauge on central landing dear strut.
课程名称：机务英语第一册 COUR SE NAM E：Technical English Book I 课程编码： COUR SE COD E： 启用日期： INIT IAL US E D ATE： 修订次数： REVI SIO N N O.： 最新修订日期： LATE ST REV ISI ON DAT E： 教学大纲 COURSE SYLLABUS （仅供培训使用） （FOR TRAINING ONLY） 编写 WRITER 审核 AUDITOR 批准 APPROVAL 中国国际航空股份有限公司机务培训中心 Aircraft Maintenance Training Center of Air China Limited
课程名称：机务英语第一册 Course Name: Technical English Book I 课程编码： Course Code: 课程长度: 学时204 Course Duration: 204 hours 培训对象: Target Group: 人员资格： Qualifications Required: ●教员资格：经过分公司人力部组织的机务英语教员培训的人员 Instructor Qualification Required: Instructor authorized by aircraft maintenance training center of Air China ●学员资格：有初中英语水平或完成了起点英语课程的人员 Trainees Qualification Required: personnel who possesses middle school English level or successfully finished the beginners English training. 培训目标: 通过培训，使受培人员能够： Objectives: After completing this course, trainees are able to: ●完成培训后，能够拥有基本的技术词汇，阅读简单的英文工卡 Mastering the fundamental technical vocabulary , being able to read related English version job cards 课程内容: 教 学大 纲 COURSE SYLLABUS 国航股份 AIR CHINA LIMITED
飞机 A/C（是airc raft 的英文缩写形式） 航前检查 pre flight check 航后检查 postflight check 短停检查 transi t check 定检 scheduled m aintenance 发现 found或revealed （注：对已发生事情的描述常用过去式） 故障 trouble 或 failure 或 fault 失效 fail 或 malfunction 不工作 inoperative 缩写INOP 工作不稳定 rough 工作稳定 smoothly 排故 troubleshooting 为了排故 for troubleshoo ting 不能fail to…或can’t 根据 refer 或 per to 或according to； 维护手册 AMM 更换 replaced 件号 part number 缩写P/ N 时控件 time control part 拆下 removed 安装 installed 上件 part on
下件 part off 放行标准 DDG（是dispatch deviation guide的英文缩写形式） 最低设备清单 MEL（是mini mum equipment list的缩写形式） 同意放行 dispatch approv ed 或 released 因为 due 或 because 因停场时间不足 due time short 没有备件 lack parts 或 no spare parts available 或 no parts in stock 待件 wait for parts 申请保留 apply for reser vation 保留故障 defer defect 保留项目 defer item 保留期限 due time 关闭保留项目 close defer red item 撤消保留项目 rescind def erred item 前部 forward 缩写fwd 后部 after 缩写aft 左 left 缩写L 或 LH 右 right 缩写R 或 R H 上面 upper 下面 lower 内侧 inboard 缩写 I/B 外侧 outboard 缩写 O/B
飞机A/C（是aircraft 的英文缩写形式） 航前检查preflight check 航后检查postflight check 短停检查transit check 定检scheduled maintenance 发现found或revealed（注：对已发生事情的描述常用过去式） 故障trouble 或failure 或fault 失效fail 或malfunction 不工作inoperative 缩写INOP 工作不稳定rough 工作稳定smoothly 排故troubleshooting 为了排故for troubleshooting 不能fail to…或can’t 根据refer 或per to 或according to； 维护手册AMM 更换replaced 件号part number 缩写P/N 时控件time control part 拆下removed 安装installed 上件part on 下件part off 放行标准DDG（是dispatch deviation guide的英文缩写形式） 最低设备清单MEL（是minimum equipment list的缩写形式） 同意放行dispatch approved 或released 因为due 或because 因停场时间不足due time short 没有备件lack parts 或no spare parts available 或no parts in stock 待件wait for parts 申请保留apply for reservation 保留故障defer defect 保留项目defer item 保留期限due time 关闭保留项目close deferred item 撤消保留项目rescind deferred item 前部forward 缩写fwd 后部after 缩写aft 左left 缩写L 或LH 右right 缩写R 或RH 上面upper 下面lower 内侧inboard 缩写I/B 外侧outboard 缩写O/B 内侧发动机inboard engine 外侧发动机overboard engine 起落架landing gear 缩写LDG 主轮main wheel 前轮nose wheel 测试test 通电测试power-on test 安装测试test for installation 操作测试operational test 系统测试test for system 正常normal 或OK 异常abnormal
1 FIM Fault Isolation Manual故障隔离手册 2 AMM Aircraft Maintenance Manual飞机维护手册 3 WDM Wiring Diagram Manual线路图手册 4 SSM System Schematics Manual系统原理图手册 5 SRM Structure Repair Manual结构修理手册 6 CMM Component Maintenance Manual (Overhaul Manual)部件维护手册（大修） 7 NDT Non-Destructive Test Manual无损探伤手册 8 CPM Corrosion Prevention Manual防腐手册 9 PPBM Power Plant Buildup Manual动力装置手册 10 BITE Built-in Test Equipment Manual自检手册（Only for CRJ） 11 SB Service Bulletin服务通告On Line 12 SL Service Letter服务信件On Line 民航机务专业术语 1、the airframe 机身,结构 2、The front (fore) part 前部 3、The rear (aft) part 后部 4、port 左旋(舵) 5、starboard 右旋(舵) 6、the inboard engine or inboards 内侧发动机 7、the outboard engine or outboards 外侧发动机 8、the nose 机头
9、the belly 腹部 10、the skin 蒙皮 11、the windscreen or windshield 风挡 12、the wing 机翼 13、the trailing edge 机翼后缘 14、the leading edge 机翼前缘 15、the wing tip 翼尖 16、the control surface 操纵面 17、ailerons 副翼 18、flaps (inboard flap,outboard flap,leading edge flaps) 襟翼（内侧襟翼，外侧襟翼，前缘缝翼） 19、spoilers (inboard\outboard spoiler)(spoiler down\up) 阻力板，扰流板（内、外侧扰流板）（扰流板放下、打开） 20、slats 缝翼 21、elevators (elevator control tab) 升降舵（升降舵操纵片） 22、rudder (rudder control tab) 方向舵（方向舵操纵片） 23、flap angle 襟翼角 24、flap setting 襟翼调整 25、the full flap position 全襟翼位置 26、a flapless landing 无襟翼着陆 27、the landing gear 起落架 28、stabilizer 安定面
机务实用英语词汇 轮档挡好-- Chocks in 地面电源设备接好--Ground power connected 收到-- Roger 现在关闭发动机--Shutting down engines 准备牵引-- Ready for pushback 所有舱门已关好--All doors checked closed >松刹车-- Brakes off 松刹车-- Release parking brakes 刹车已松-- Brakes off 刹车已松-- parking brake Released 可以牵引--Clear for pushback 23号跑道起飞--Runway( or face)two three 05号跑道起飞--Runway( or face)zero five 牵引完成--Pushback complete 刹车--Brakes on 刹车--Set parking brake 刹车刹好--Brakes on 刹车刹好-- Parking brake set 准备启动1（或2）号发动机--Start number one(or two) 可以启动1（或2）号发动机--Clear number one(or two) 已经供气（如需气源车）--Pressure on 启动结束--Start complete 断开地面设备-- Disconnect ground equipment 插销移开--Ping Removed 稍等--Standby Air Conditioning System （空调系统） PACK空调主件 HOT BLEED AIR热引气 OUTLET DUCT外流管 BYPASS V ALVE旁通活门 RAM AIR 冲压空气 INLET SCOOP 进气口 TRIM AIR V ALVE 调节空气 PACK FLOW SWITCH空调主件流量 EXTRACTOR FAN 排气风扇 GUARDED FLAP 有保护盖的导片 ISOLATION V ALVE 隔离活门 “LIGHT OUT”AUTO POSITION “灯灭”自动状态 BLOWER 鼓风机 EXTRCTOR排风扇 OVERBOARD 机外 ONBOARD机上 OPEN-CIRCUIT开路
最新民航英语900句大全 Part one Public English 第一部分公共英语Chapter 1 Basic English 基础英语 Chapter 2 Daily English 日常英语 Chapter 3 Tourism English 旅游英语 Part two Specialized English 第二部分专业英语 Chapter 4 Ground Handling Service English 地面服务英语 Chapter 5 Air Cargo Service English 航空货运服务英语 Chapter 6 Security Screening Service English 安全检查服务英语Chapter 7 Control Centre Service English 指挥中心服务英语 Chapter 8 Operation Support Service English 运行保障服务英语 Chapter 9 Airport Aviation Catering Service English 航空食品服务英语Chapter 10 Aircraft Maintenance Service English 机务维修服务英语 Part one Public English (第一部分公共英语) Chapter 1 Basis English (英语基础) 一、海航机场集团 董事长 Director of the Board/Board Chairman/Chairman of the Board 执行总裁 Executive President
试论学习机务英语的重要性和方法 摘要：越来越多的年轻人加入到民航机务队伍中来，机务维修工作中，他们对专业英语的学习和运用常显得困惑和无助，本文从阅读、语法、听力、口语几个方面入手，有针对性的推荐学习专业英语的方法，循序渐进，卓有成效，能使人快速地综合提升专业英语水平。随着中国民航维修行业向着专业化和规模化方向发展，机务英语对于就业和职业要求显得越加重要，机务人用专业英语武装自己，提升维修能力，灵活运用英语进行情景交流，成为不可或缺的复合型人才，显得尤为重要和具有现实意义。 引言 随着国家改革开放步伐的加快和航空运输业的快速发展，越来越多的飞机引入运输市场；随着中国民航飞机维修企业专业化和规模化趋势的不断体现，越来越多的年轻人加入到各大航空公司机务队伍，走上飞机维修岗位。机务年轻人刚从各类院校毕业不久，他们具有一定的英语基础和专业文化水平，但是每当飞机维修工作中遇到各种英文维修资料，如某机型AMM（飞机维修手册）、某机型MEL（最低设备清单）、某机型TSM（排故手册）等等，时而感到专业英语知识的贫乏而手足无措。可是怎样才能更加深入地学好专业英语呢？怎样才能把专业英语知识处置裕如地运用到维护实践和场景交流中去呢？ 一、学好机务英语的重要性。 笔者长期从事民航飞机机电维修专业工作，对英语的学习和运用兴趣浓厚，觉得年轻的机务从业人员要想学好专业英语，首先要提高对学好专业英语认识的重要性和自觉性，才能坚持在工作中和业余时间里对英语的学习寻找时间，学而不怠。机务工作专业性强，科技含量高，与外国同行打交道机会多，英语的应用显得尤为重要。英语水平的高低甚至可以作为衡量机务工程师和技术员维修和排故能力的重要标志，因为很多机型的维修手册，排故手册，其工作程序步骤都是英文版的资料，看不懂英文资料，就无法进行全面的维修和排故工作；英语口语能力，包括机务口语交流和场景会话能力的增强，在未来机务工作中显得越加重要。因为英语是作为机务专业技术人员学习外国飞机维修先进知识和技术，进行维修技能和技术交流的重要工具。另外我国已经加入WTO组织，使用英文进行场景会话，对于年轻人在未来施展才华也大有好处。 二、机务英语阅读材料的选取和专业词汇的把握。 对专业英文资料的选材精读，如对英文版《航空概论》、国航工技分公司编写的四册《机务英语》，以及具体机型的AMM等的学习，是扩大专业词汇量
关于民航英语一些常用词汇 1 . handle /'hendle/ v. 处理 2 . item/'aitэm/ n.项目，条款，术语 3 .origin /'oridgin/ n.起源，由来 4 .desination/desti'nei∫эn/ n. 目的地 5 .departure/di'pa:t∫э/ n. 离开 6 .economy class 经济舱 7 .business class 公务舱 8 .first class 头等舱 9 .essential/i'sen∫эl/ a. 基本的 10.offer/'ofэ/ v. 提供 11.route /ru:t/ n. 路线 12.reasonable/'ri:znэbl/ a. 合理的 13.direct flight 衔接航班
14.according to 根据 15.purpose/'pэpэs/ n. 目的 16.available/э'veilэbl/ a.可利用的 17.high season 旺季 18.in that case 那样的话 19.recommend/,rekэ'mend/ v. 推荐 20.standby /'standbai/ v.候补 In the reservation office,the agents whose job is to handle telephone reservations for passengers should know some important items. 呼叫中心负责处理电话预定的工作人员应该掌握一些重要的术语。 First,passenger's name; 首先，顾客的姓名； Second,the number of Identification Card; 其次，顾客的身份证； Third,origin and destination; 第三，出发地和目的地； Fourth,departure time and arrival time; 第四，离港和到达时间；
民航机务专业术语 1、the airframe 机身,结构 2、The front (fore) part 前部 3、The rear (aft) part 后部 4、port 左旋(舵) 5、starboard 右旋(舵) 6、the inboard engine or inboards 内侧发动机 7、the outboard engine or outboards 外侧发动机 8、the nose 机头 9、the belly 腹部 10、the skin 蒙皮 11、the windscreen or windshield 风挡 12、the wing 机翼 13、the trailing edge 机翼后缘 14、the leading edge 机翼前缘 15、the wing tip 翼尖 16、the control surface 操纵面 17、ailerons 副翼 18、flaps (inboard flap,outboard flap,leading edge flaps) 襟翼(内侧襟翼，外侧襟翼，前缘缝翼) 19、spoilers (inboard\outboard spoiler)(spoiler down\up) 阻力板，扰流板(内、外侧扰流板) (扰流板放下、打开) 20、slats 缝翼 21、elevators (elevator control tab) 升降舵(升降舵操纵片) 22、rudder (rudder control tab) 方向舵(方向舵操纵片) 23、flap angle 襟翼角 24、flap setting 襟翼调整 25、the full flap position 全襟翼位置 26、 a flapless landing 无襟翼着陆 27、the landing gear 起落架 28、stabilizer 安定面 29、the nose wheel 前轮 30、gear locked 起落架锁定 31、the wheel well 起落架舱 32、the wheel door 起落架舱门 33、 a tyre 轮胎 34、to burst 爆破 35、 a deflated tyre 放了气的轮胎 36、a flat tyre 走了气的轮胎 37、 a puncture 轮胎被扎破 38、to extend the flaps (to retract the flaps) 放下襟翼(收上襟翼) 39、gear extention (gear retraction) 起落架放下(起落架收上) 40、The gear is jammed. 起落架被卡死。 41、The flaps are jammed. 襟翼被卡死。
一，询问航班到达时间 1，请告诉我A981航班预计达到时间？ Could you please tell me the ETA of flight CA918? 当地时间19：30 Nineteen thirty local time. 2,航班因天气/机械故障原因延误了。 The flight is delayed due to the weather /mechanical fault . 二，飞机到达停机位。 1，请确认飞机停留区域清洁，无障碍物。 Make sure the aircraft parking area is clear of completion of obstruction. 2,请与驾驶舱进行通话联系。 Contact the cockpit with interphone. 3,请将停留刹车杀住/松开。 Set /release parking brake. 停留刹车已刹上/松开。 Parking /brake is set/released 4，请档上/挪开轮档。 Position/remove wheel chocks please. 5，请插上/取下起落架安全销。 Insert/remove landing gear safety pin. 起落架安全销已插上/取下。 Landing gear safety pins are insert/released. 6请关车。 Shut down engines.三,对飞机情况进行了解 1，飞机有故障吗？ Is there any trouble with the aircraft? 2，一切正常 Everything is ok ! 3，有，请看飞行记录本/客舱记录本 Y es, please look at light log book/cabin log book. 4，请往飞行记录本上签字 Shut down engines. 四，维护工作。 1，请打开前/中/主起落架舱门检查系统管路/导线/部件有无损坏/松动/渗漏。 Open nose /central/main landing gear door and check the system line /wire/component for damage /loose/leakage. 2，减震支柱内筒伸出正常且洁净。 Shock absorber sliding tube is correct extension and cleanliness. 3，请检查中起落架减震支柱指示。 Check the indication of pressure gauge on central landing dear strut. 压力指示正常。 The indication is normal. 4，请检查轮胎的损坏和磨损情况。 Please check tyre for damage and wear. 5，请检查轮胎压力/外表。
1. civil aviation 民用航空 2. plane, aircraft, airplane 飞机 3. airliner 班机 4. airline 航空公司 5. jet, supersonic plane 喷气机 6. airliner, passenger aircraft 客机 7. long-range aircraft, long-haul aircraft 远程飞机 8. medium-haul aircraft 中程飞机 9. propeller-driven aircraft 螺旋桨飞机 10. jet (aircraft) 喷气飞机 11. turbofan jet 涡轮风扇飞机 12. turboprop 涡轮螺旋桨飞机 13. turbojet 涡轮喷气飞机 14. by air, by plane 乘飞机 15. passenger cabin 客舱 16. tourist class 普通舱, 经济舱 17. first class 一等舱 18. waiting list 登机票名单 19. boarding check 登机牌 20. airport 航空港 21. air terminal 航空集散站 22. tarmac 停机坪 23. air hostess, stewardess 空中小姐, 女乘务员 24. steward 乘务员 25. aircraft crew, air crew 机组, 机务人员 26. pilot 驾驶员, 机长 27. takeoff 起飞 28. landing 着陆 29. to board a plane, get into a plane 上飞机 30. non-stop flight to 飞往, 直飞 31.to get off a plane, alight from a plane 下飞机 32. in transit 运送中的 33. off-peak season淡季 34. flight schedule航班时间表 35. safety inspection安全检查 36. departure time起飞时间 37. arrival time到达时间 38. seat belt安全带 39. air-sickness bag晕机袋 40. earplug耳塞 41. eye-mask眼罩 42. headset plug 耳机插头 43. armrest扶手 44. life vest救生衣
航空机务常用英语大全汇 总 Modified by JEEP on December 26th, 2020.
飞机 A/C（是aircraft 的英文缩写形式）航前检查 preflight check 航后检查 postflight check 短停检查 transit check 定检 scheduled maintenance 发现 found或revealed（注：对已发生事情的描述常用过去式） 故障 trouble 或 failure 或 fault 失效 fail 或 malfunction 不工作 inoperative 缩写 INOP 工作不稳定 rough 工作稳定 smoothly 排故 troubleshooting 为了排故 for troubleshooting 不能fail to…或can’t 根据 refer 或 per to 或 according to； 维护手册 AMM 更换 replaced 件号 part number 缩写P/N 时控件 time control part 拆下 removed 安装 installed 上件 part on 下件 part off 放行标准 DDG（是dispatch deviation gu ide的英文缩写形式） 最低设备清单 MEL（是minimum equipm ent list的缩写形式） 同意放行 dispatch approved 或 released 因为 due 或 because 因停场时间不足 due time short 没有备件 lack parts 或 no spare parts av ailable 或 no parts in stock 待件 wait for parts 申请保留 apply for reservation
English Test for Technicians One Part I. Vocabulary and structure Directions: There are 25 words in this part. For each word there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the ONE that best translate the word. 1.inverter A 控制器 B 整流器 C 变流机 D 启动机 2.charger A 容器 B 谐音 C 换向器 D 充电机 3.flap A 大翼 B 襟翼 C 副翼 D 缝翼 4.switch A 电门B扫掠 C 同步 D 补充 5.idle A 点火 B 照亮 C 慢车 D 加速 6.rack A 屏蔽 B 支架 C 光栅 D 速率 7.alternating current A 支流 B 交流 C 变流 D 汇流 8.conversion A 交谈 B 耦合 C 转换 D 接触 https://www.doczj.com/doc/5e11229135.html,mutator A 换向器 B 燃烧室 C 罗盘 D 压气机 10.backup A 背景 B 缓冲隔板 C 回路 D 备用 11.frequency A 冻结 B 频率 C 脉冲 D 构架 12.exciter A 励磁器 B 交换器 C 集电环 D 消音器 13.stator A 定子 B 转子 C 夹具 D 启动器 14.data bus A 数据库 B 数据总线 C 数据区 D 数据链 15.electrical load A 电源 B 电荷 C 电动 D 电子枪 https://www.doczj.com/doc/5e11229135.html,pound A 化合物 B 部件 C 压气机 D 罗盘 17.fastener A 紧固件 B 加强件 C 过滤器 D 反馈
机场用英语 aircraft crew, air crew 机组 , 机务人员 pilot 驾驶员 , 机长 steward 男服务员 stewardess, hostess 空中小姐 radio operator 报务员 hatch 舱口 aeroengine, air engine 航空发动机 npilot"s cockpit 驾驶舱 parachute 降落伞 passenger cabin 客舱 luggage partment 行李舱 airport 航空港 , 民航机场 airfield, aerodrome, airdrome 机场 airport beacon 机场灯标 aboarding check 登机牌 plane ticket 飞机票 flight, flying 飞行 bumpy flight 不平稳的飞行 smooth flight 平稳的飞行 ramp 扶梯 altitude, height 高度 air route, air line 航线 economy class, tourist class 经济座 non-stop flight 连续飞行 climbing, to gain height 爬升 ceiling 上升限度 first class 头等 night service 夜航 airsick 晕机 direct flight, straight flight 直飞 landing 着陆 to board a plane, get into a plane 上飞机 to get off a plane, alight from a plane 下飞机to face the wind 迎风 ````````````````````````````````````````````````````````` Main Facilities in the Airport 机场主要设备 terminal departure building 机场大厦 / 候机楼international departure building 国际航班出港大厦seeing-off deck 送客台 domestic departure lobby国内线出港候机厅 coffee shop咖啡室
1. The fuel system is designed to provide an uninterrupted flow of clean fuel from the fuel tanks to the engine. The fuel must be available to the engine under all conditions of engine power, altitude, attitude, and during all approved flight maneuvers. Two common classifications apply to fuel systems in small airplanes gravity-feed and fuel-pump systems. The gravity-feed system utilizes the force of gravity to transfer the fuel from the tanks to the engine，for example, on high-wing airplanes where the fuel tanks are installed in the wings. This places the fuel tanks above the carburetor, and the fuel is gravity fed through the system and into the carburetor. If the design of the airplane is such that gravity cannot be used to transfer fuel, fuel pumps are installed，for example, on low-wing airplanes where the fuel tanks in the wings are located below the carburetor. 燃油系统是设计用来提供持续的从油箱到发动机的洁净燃油流量。燃油在所有发动机功率，高度，姿态和所有核准的飞行机动条件下必须能够供给发动机。小飞机上使用了两个常规类别的燃油系统-重力馈送系统和燃油泵系统。 重力馈送系统使用重力来把燃油从邮箱输送到发动机，例如，在上翼飞机上，油箱是安装在机翼里的。油箱被置于汽化器之上，燃油由于重力经过系统送到汽化器。如果飞机的设计不能用重力输送燃油，就要安装油泵，例如，在下翼飞机上机翼中的邮箱处于汽化器下方。 2. FUEL PRIMER Both gravity fed and pump systems may incorporate a fuel primer into the system. The primer is used to draw fuel from the tanks to vaporize it directly into the cylinders prior to starting the engine. This is particularly helpful during cold weather, when engines are hard to start because there is not enough heat available to vaporize the fuel in the carburetor. It is important to lock the primer in place when it is not in use. If the knob is free to move, it may vibrate out during flight and can cause an excessively rich mixture. 起动注油器 重力馈送和油泵系统也可以结合气动注油器。启动注油器用于气动发动机之前从油箱中抽油直接气化送入气缸。在冷天气特别有用，那时发动机会很难气动，因为没有足够的热量来气化汽化器中的燃油。气动注油器在不使用时锁定位置很重要。如果旋钮可以自由活动，飞行中它会被振动出来，引起过分富油。 3. Wind shear is a sudden, drastic change in wind speed and/or direction over a very small area. Wind shear can subject an aircraft to violent updrafts and downdrafts as well as abrupt changes to the horizontal movement of the aircraft. While wind shear can occur at any altitude, low-level wind shear is especially hazardous due to the proximity of an aircraft to the ground. Directional wind changes of 180° and speed changes of 50 knots or more are associated with low-level wind shear. Low-level wind shear is commonly associated with passing frontal systems, thunderstorms, and temperature inversions with strong upper level winds (greater than 25 knots). Wind shear is dangerous to an aircraft for several reasons. The rapid changes in wind direction and velocity change the wind’s relation to the aircraft disrupting the normal flight
飞机A/C（是aircraft 的英文缩写形式）航前检查preflight check 航后检查postflight check 短停检查transit check 定检scheduled maintenance 发现found或revealed（注：对已发生事情的描述常用过去式） 故障trouble 或failure 或fault 失效fail 或malfunction 不工作inoperative 缩写INOP 工作不稳定rough 工作稳定smoothly 排故troubleshooting 为了排故for troubleshooting 不能fail to…或can’t 根据refer 或per to 或according to； 维护手册AMM 更换replaced 件号part number 缩写P/N 时控件time control part 拆下removed 安装installed 上件part on 下件part off 放行标准DDG（是dispatch deviation guide 的英文缩写形式） 最低设备清单MEL（是minimum equipment list的缩写形式） 同意放行dispatch approved 或released 因为due 或because 因停场时间不足due time short 没有备件lack parts 或no spare parts av ailable 或no parts in stock 待件wait for parts 申请保留apply for reservation 保留故障defer defect 保留项目defer item 保留期限due time 关闭保留项目close deferred item 撤消保留项目rescind deferred item 前部forward 缩写fwd 后部after 缩写aft 左left 缩写L 或LH 右right 缩写R 或RH 上面upper 下面lower 内侧inboard 缩写I/B 外侧outboard 缩写O/B 内侧发动机inboard engine 外侧发动机overboard engine 起落架landing gear 缩写LDG 主轮main wheel 前轮nose wheel 测试test 通电测试power-on test 安装测试test for installation 操作测试operational test 系统测试test for system