大学英语外报外刊阅读教程教学参考手册
第二版
端木义万主编
Lesson 26
Answers to the Questions
V. 1. B 2. D 3. A 4. C
VI.
1. The author thinks that the millennial generation is a generation that primps, dyes, pulls and shapes, younger and with more vigor.
2. Experian’s research finds that 43 percent of 6-to-9-year-olds are already using lipstick and lip gloss, 38 percent use hairstyling products and 12 percent use other cosmetics.
3. This is a group that’s grown up on pop culture that screams, again and again, that everything, everything, is a candidate for upgrading. Ads for the latest fashions, makeup tips and grooming products are circulated with a speed and fury unique to this millennium —on millions of ads, message boards and Facebook pages.
4. Statistics from the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery show cosmetic-surgery procedures performed on those 18 and younger have nearly doubled over the past decade.
5. The author, by ―level the playing field‖, means that standards of beauty are ubiquitous and people of all kinds have the same cosmetic options available to them.
Outline
I. (1) Specific example of Marleigh’s beauty care
II. (2—4) Millennial generation’s obsession with beauty
1. Starting grooming and beauty treatments at an early age
2. Surveys and findings
III. (5) Analysis of the trend
1. Diva-ization of the generation
2. Influence of pop culture and ads
IV. (6—7) Effects of the trend
1. Waste of time and money
2. Big increase of young people seeking cosmetic treatments
Lesson 27
Answers to the Questions
V. 1. D 2. C 3. D 4. A
VI.
1. Conserve is a Delhi non-profit organization recycling plastic bags into accessories. Anita Ahuja started it in order to clean up the streets of the Indian capital and help people who have problems.
2. When Anita Ahuja’s homemade products were popular at a fair at the US embassy, she realized she had finally found a successful recipe and decided to venture into accessories.
3. She, by using contracts in the Delhi government, got Conserve IDs for her ragpickers. She also got certificates of endorsement from Delhi’s chief minister and prominently displayed her own clout at the different units. She put together a group of garbage collectors, who, acting as middlemen, buy the plastic bags from 150 pickers in different pockets of the city. In this way, she ensured a regular supply of plastic bags.
4. The bags are sliced open, then washed in detergent, dipped in basil-scented water and hung out in the sun to dry, and after that were layered and compressed by heat in an ovenlike contraption. Staff and professional tailors then cut them out and sew the sheets into Conserve’s belts, bags and wallets.
5. It was difficult to train the trash pickers on the nuances of the different plastic bags because they spoke different dialects.
6. Anita Ahuja has turned down the suggestion of handing over the fabric because making the fabric alone is not so profitable.
Outline
I. (1-3) Brief accounts of Conserve
1. Conserve’s business
2. Anita Ahuja’s purpose in starting Conserve
3. Conserve’s success
II. (4-6) Conserve’s initial stage of development
1. Ahuja’s development of the idea of recycling plastic bags
2. Experiments with plastic bag recycling
3. Ahuja’s way to ensure a regular supply of plastic bags
III. (7-13) Conserve’s business management
1. Conserve’s way of recycling plastic bags
2. Payment to collectors and pickers
3. Training of trash pickers
4. Markets for Conserve’s products
IV. (14-16) The way to gain capital for business development
1. Setting up a for-profit unit
2. Use of the money to pay the rent on a new factory
3. Turning down the suggestion of handing over the fabric
V. (17) Bharti Sharma’s success at Conserve
Lesson 28
Answers to the Questions
V. 1. D 2. B 3. B 4. A
VI.
1. Zach’s walk was 650-mile long. The aim of the walk was to raise funds to help homeless
children.
2. Zach started the organization four years ago. By the end of the year, they had 27 truckloads of aid.
3. The walk was very hard. They spent two months trudging 10 or 13miles a day along sweltering
back roads.
4. They raise money for their philanthropic organization through tutoring. They use the money to
distribute blankets, clothing and soap to Washington’s homeless.
5. When Brittany and Robbie Berguist heard about a soldier overseas who couldn’t pay the phone
bill for his calls home, they raised money by selling back old cellphones to be recycled. Since then, the siblings have sent more than 600,000 phone cards to troops and raised more than $ 5 million. For their philanthropic work, Brittany had been awarded so many community-service scholarships that she has enough to cover the entire cost of Stonehill College, and even the cost of graduate school.
6. Zach’s walk raised about $ 50,000. He plans to use some of the money for a playground at an
emergency foster-care shelter at Tampa and for bedding, computers and other supplies at Sasha Bruce Youthwork.
Outline
I. (1-2) Zach’s final stage of the 650-mile fundraising walk
II. (3-8) Zach’s Little Red Wagon Foundation
1. Zach’s identity
2. Development of the Little Red Wagon Foundation
3. Media’s attention to the Little Red Wagon Foundation
III. (9-18) American children’s philanthropic efforts
1. Children’s change of image from mere poster children into high-profile CEO of their own
foundations
2. Timothy Hwang and Minsoo Han’s organization of Operation Fly
3. Effects of child philanthropic efforts
4. Efforts made by Brittany and Robbie Bergquist to help American soldiers abroad
5. Rewards to Brittany for her philanthropic efforts
IV. (19-23) Zach’s fundraising walk
1. Distance covered each day
2. Hardship endured on the way
3. Fund raised by the walk and the planned way to use the fund
4. Zach’s stress on the nee d to help homeless children
V. (24-25) Social Support for Zach’s walk
1. Sponsors for the walk
2. Zach’s gratitude for the support and attention
Lesson 29
Answers to the Questions
V. 1. A 2. D 3. B 4. C
VI.
1. They play an important role in the U.S. economy. They produce more than $1 trillion in annual revenues. Major credit card companies and banks are eager to get their business.
2. They work really hard. More than 4 in 10 work at least 6 days a week and 52 percent take less than a week off a year. When they aren’t at work, 59 percent still take calls and Emails
3. Most people think that the business of small businesses declines in summer because they believe customers go on vacation during summer.
4. The stock market changes don’t have an impact on them. Over half insist that the stock market doesn’t reflect economic reality.
5. According to Discover, a third of small business owners said that housing’s slide and the ensuing credit crisis have a significant impact on their business.
Outline
I. (1) Size, number, and importance of mom and pop businesses
II. (2) Discover’s surveys of mom and pop businesses
III. (3-9) Major findings about the real world of mom and pop businesses
1. The owner’s view on being his/her own boss
2. Normal working hours
3. Business during the summer
4. Stock market changes’ impact on mom and pop businesses
5. Fuel price changes’ impact on mom and pop businesses
6. Health care provision mandate’s impact on mom and pop businesses
7. Minimum wage increase’s impact on mom and pop businesses
IV. (10 - 11) This summer's mortgage fallout on small business
Lesson 30
Answers to the Questions
V. 1. C 2. D 3. D 4. A
VI.
1. It provides bus transportation, hotel lodging and, tailgate food and entertainment.
2. He is launching a virtual coffee marketplace that matches javaholics with independent roasters and their beans across the country
3. Wor king in Corporate America doesn’t hold the same appeal because large employers are downsizing, and high entry salaries and stock options are less common now.
4. Berlin thinks that as a student, the risk of starting an entrepreneurial venture is relatively minimal and there is often little money to lose
5. According to Preiss, the coffee market place is moving toward customers who view it more like wine. They care where it comes from, where it is grown and the quality of the beans.
Outline
I. Specific example of Calle and Berlin
(1-4) 1. Change from football fans into entrepreneurs
2. Starting a business that serves football fans
II. Fashion of college students’ launching businesses
(5-8) 1. Students’ entrepreneurial venture across the US.
2. Example at Georgia State University
3. Example at Emory University
4. Example at Morehouse College
III. Students’ interest in business and the reasons for their interest
(9-18) 1. Students’ keen interest in business
2. Reasons fo r students’ keen interest in starting up a business
a. Repression’s impact
b. Minimal risk of initial investment
c. Advantage provided by the technology
VI. Way of business development
(19-30) 1. SEC Excursion’s way of developing business
2. David Preiss’s way of developing his coffee business
Lesson 31
Answers to the Questions
V. 1. C 2. D 3. B 4. A
VI.
1. US President Bush called the G-20 summit.
2. The G-20 is expected to design new roles to meet the global financial crisis.
3. According to the author, the G-20 summit is likely to be remembered not so much for the action taken as for the milestone it marked and the emerging global economic order it heralded.
4. The new international economic order will reflect a diffusion of economic power and responsibility to countries like China, Brazil, and South Korea.
5. They welcome the expansion of the world economic club to include them. But they are also demanding a bigger role in international economic decision-making.
6. He recognizes the growing role of developing economies. He expects the summit to take up special reforms that acknowledge a changed world.
7. He warned against overzealous attempts to reinvent the system.
Outline
I. (1-3) Appearance of the G-20 and the significance
1. Appearance of the G-20
2. Significance of its appearance
II. (4-7) Likely achievement of the G-20 summit
1. No significant accords expected
2. A likely call for broad international participation in effort to stimulate global economy
3. Likely formation of working groups
4. The likely host for a follow-up summit
III. (8-10) Impact of the G-20 summit
1. A new international economic order
2. Recognition of the importance of emerging economic powers
IV. (11-14) Developing economic powers’ responses
1. Welcoming to expansion of the world economic club
2. Demanding the recognition of particular needs
a.Access to investment funds
b.Dependence on export markets
V. (15-18) Bush’s attitudes and expectations
1. Recognizing the growing role of developing economic powers
2. Expecting specific reforms to improve the system
3. Warning against overzealous attempts to reinvent the free-market system
Lesson 32
Answers to the Questions
V. 1. C 2. D 3. B 4. D
VI.
1. Ten years ago, Amazon sold books.
2. Today, Amazon’s business in Britain is very large. It is receiving 1 million orders a day, having transformed itself into a giant shopping mall. It is now challenging all the major high street chains for the title of Britain’s biggest retailer.
3. It is expanding very fast. Earlier this yea r it opened one of Europe’s largest warehouses in Swansea, 60% bigger than its existing monster-sized distribution center in Milton Keynes. But already the firm is seeking a site for another huge warehouse. It is tooling up for its next move, with the launch early next year of a low-cost, music download service that could rival Apple iTunes.
4 The traditional way of online shopping in Britain is searching out the cheapest price for each
individual purchase at price comparison websites and then ordering from a raft of different retailers. The author says that this way may now be redundant because Amazon offers the cheapest prices for most products.
5. The main reason for Amazon’s offer of cheaper prices is the benefit of scale: no shops and no staff in them, and no carrying inventory in 500 different places at the same time. Huge volumes of business enable Amazon to get better commercial terms than anyone else.
6. By ―the social aspect to shopping‖ the author means that a lot of customers want to be able to pop around to a local shop, talk about a product, speak to the shopkeeper and have a chit-chat.
7. The out-of-town shopping centers and online retailers will cause the bankruptcy of local independent stores and the disappearance of money from the locality.
8. According to Guardian Money, if customers buy all their Christmas presents on Amazon, they should be aware that if the item breaks down after six months, it appears that all the company will offer them back is 10% — 20% of the initial price.
Outline
I. (1-4) Development of Amazon in Britain
1. Transformation into a giant shopping mall
2. Further expansion
3. Price competitiveness
4. Many online competitors’ decision to join Amazon’s marketplace
II. (5-6) Reasons for Amazon’s price competitiveness
1. Benefit of scale
2. Ability to get better commercial terms
III. (7-10) Impacts of Amazon’s development on Britain
1. Posing a threat to Britain’s local independent stores
2. Causing the loss of social contact in shopping
3. Taking money out of the local areas
4. Explanation given by Amazon’s Brian McBride
IV. (11-20) Problems with Amazon’s service
1. No full protection of customers’ interests when products are found shoddy
2. Case of David Handly
3. Case of Ray Ferris
Lesson 33
Answers to the Questions
V. 1. D 2. D 3. A 4. C
VI.
1. Louis Gill has taken to laying out cots and mattresses between the shelter’s 174 registered beds to cope with the rush of homeless families brought to his doors by the financial crisis.
2. According to Louis Gill, in the preceding year homeless families increased by 34 percent and homeless children increased by 24 percent.
3. The author thinks that the recession has caused ravages including a surge in foreclosures and unemployment approaching 10 percent and driven thousands of families onto the streets.
4. According to administration officials, the typical homeless person has changed to become less focused on the chronologically homeless or single individual homeless to somebody who is part of
a family whether it be a mother or a father, or a child in a homeless family.
5. The life of homeless young women is particularly fraught with danger because they are at much greater risk of being victimized when they have no stable home. It can be more difficult to obtain needed services.
6. They suggest that rural and suburban areas were particularly ill-equipped to cope with the new wave of homelessness
7. The department has allocated $1.5 billion over the next three years to combat homelessness nationwide.
Outline
I. (1-2) Specific example of Bakersfield Homeless Center
1. Going beyond capacity to cope with the rush of homeless families
2. Fast increase of homeless families and children
II. (3-5) Change in the make-up of homeless people
1. Gill’s idea about the change
a. Original stereotype of a homeless person
b. Present increase of people becoming homeless due to the economic crisis
2. Government figures supporting Gill’s experience
III. (6-11) HUD’s report about the homeless
1. Increase of homeless families nationwide and in rural and suburban areas
2. Distribution of homeless people
3. Change of homeless stereotypes
4. Dangerous situation faced by homeless women
5. Issues left out in the report
IV. (12-15) HUD’s study and findings
1. Way of study: measuring changes in the number of homeless people
2. Case study’s findings
a. Inability of rural and suburban areas to cope with the new wave of homeless people
b. Increase of homeless people in some states
c. Case of a Kentucky emergency shelter
V. (16) Efforts made by HUD and local areas to help the homeless
Lesson 34
Answers to the Questions
V. 1. C 2. A 3. A 4. A
VI.
1. In 2003, the Congress passed the federal Partial-Birth Abortion Ban.
2. The three lower courts criticize the law because the law does not have an exception for protecting the health of pregnant women.
3. The Supreme Court upheld the federal Partial-Birth Abortion Ban
4. They hold that the ban is harmful to women’s health and interferes with medical decision making and opens the floodgates for states to chip away at Roe.
5. Jay Sekulow believes that state legislatures will now be emboldened to pass other restrictions, including ones requiring informed consent.
6. According to David Masci, abortion could become a more visible issue in the next presidential election, and at the very least, the ruling will force candidates, who have already weighed in along partisan lines, to speak more clearly about where they stand
7. If the majority comes to see the decision as the first step towards dismantling Roe, it would mobilize Americans in ways abortion opponents would regret.
Outline
I. (1—3) Supreme Court’s ruling and its effect
1. Illegality of partial-birth abortion
2. Supreme Court’s ruling to uphold the federal Partial-Birth Abortion Ban
3. Limited effect of the ruling
II. (4—6) Views on the ruling’s impact
1. Abortion-rights activists’ view
2. Abortion opponents’ view
3. Jay Sekulow’s view
III. (7) Ruling’s effect on politicians: forcing them to speak even more clearly about their stand IV. (8) Prospects of anti-abortion movement
Lesson 35
Answers to the Questions
V. 1.B 2. D 3. C 4. A
VI.
1. David Shipler’s description of the bleak world of the American working poor is a kind of domino model of a downward economic spiral.
2. His book is based on his interviews of scores of people. The book lacks the first-person focus and angry wit of Nickel and Dimed. But poverty is in the details, and he lays those in abundance.
3. Convenience stores in poor neighborhoods routinely advance cash to their customers at the at interest rates of about 20% for a two-week loan. If the debt can’t be paid, it’s gladly rolled over——for another 20%. One study in Illinois found that the average customer had 10 renewals of that kind, which meant that in the space of a few months, he or she owed twice as much in interest that had been borrowed.
4. The essence of Shipler’s message is that working poverty is a seamless web of challenges, some personal, some erected by a society content to let the federal minimum wage languish at a $
5.15 an hour.
5. Unscrupulous bosses make workers falsify their time sheets so that they can work longer hours for the same pay. Labor contractors deduct exorbitant housing costs from the worker’s pay, but warehouse them in filthy barracks.
6. Shipler’s solutions are a higher minimum wage, better job training and medical coverage for the almost 44 million who have none.
7. The author says so because the working poor don’t vote in anything like the numbers of their more affluent neighbors, therefore carry no real weight and the economic situation is gloomy, the economic boom of the 90s is gone, the job creation is feeble, and the time limits on welfare are kicking in.
Outline
I. (1) Shipler’s description of the working poor’s life
II. (2-5) Aim, features, essence of the book
1. Shipler’s aim in writing the book
2. Main features of the book
3. Shipler’ dissection of the extortionate are loan fees
4. Essence of Shipler’s message
III. (6-7) Analysis of the working poor’s own problems
1. Problems on the part of the working poor
2. Nothing to fall back on when they stumble
IV. Shipler’s solution and the author’s comment
Lesson 36
Answers to the Questions
V. 1. C 2. A 3. B 4. B
VI.
1.Tom Mauser is the father of Columbine victim Daniel Mauser. He maintains a memorial page
to his son because he wants to arouse Americans’ attention to the gun violence problem and get their action.
2.America’s gun violence is very serious. Each year America loses 11,000 to gun homicide, and
three times that number are injured.
3. The reasons for Americans’inaction about gun violence problem are the gun lobby’s great
influence on the public and American s’ fear about an armed takeover. They are convinced that any form of gun control is a major step toward the total elimination of all guns.
4. No, punishment alone isn’t enough because in most cases once they lose loved ones it is too
late, and because punishment doesn’t stop shooters intent on committing suicide following their rampage.
5. They put the issue on the statewide ballot and won by a margin of 70 percent to 30 percent.
6. The author suggests that Americans should put more measures on the ballot or learn to put
more pressure on elected officials to offset the relentless badgering of the gun lobby.
I. (1-3) American’s reaction to the frequent gun violence
1. Tom Mauser’s effort to get public attention to the gun violence problem
2. Need for far more attention and action
3. Most Americans’ passive reaction to gun violence
II. (4) Serious extent of gun violence
III. (5-6) Reasons f or Americans’ weak reaction to gun violence
1. Powerful influence of the gun lobby
2. Public fear about armed takeover and total elimination of all guns
IV. (7-10) Difficulty in preventing gun violence
1. Punishment’s limited effect
2. Existence of the gaping gun loophole
3. Sale of military style assault weapons
4. Political leaders’ submission to the hard-core gun supporters
V. (11-12) Measures to solve the gun violence problem
1. Colorado’s measures to close the gun show loophole
2. Need to put more measure on the ballot and more pressure on elected officials
VI. (13-14) Gloomy prospects
1. Difficulty is enforcing reasonable restrictions due to gun lobby’s stranglehold on policy makers
2. Overwhelming voices of fear
Lesson 37
Answers to the Questions
V. 1. B 2. A 3. A 4. D
VI.
1. It was the most powerful ever in the region, measured a preliminary magnitude of 7.0. It rocked
the island of Haiti, collapsing a hospital, the presidential palace and other buildings, triggering massive panic and claiming thousands of lives.
2. The earthquake was so destructive because it measured a magnitude of 7.0, was centered about
10 miles west of Port-au-Prince and was shallow, and it hit one of the city’s most densely
populated areas.
3. According to Fajardo, relief efforts were hampered by poor road conditions and lack of security.
4. The installations of the UN Peacekeeping Force sustained serious damage. The headquarters
collapsed and troops were trying to find survivors amid the wreckage of the five-story building.
5. The US government promised to provide both civilian and military disaster relief and
humanitarian assistance.
6. US officials planned to send teams to assess Haiti’s needs, but first they wanted to determine
whether airport runways were able to receive cargo planes.
I. (1) Newslead
Summary of the news story about the Haiti earthquake
II. (2 – 4) Impact of the earthquake
1. Catastrophic destruction
2. Issuing of tsunami alerts and reports about aftershocks
III. (5) Specifics about the earthquake
Size and location of the earthquake and time of its occurrence
IV. (6 – 9) Details about the effects of the earthquake
1. Casualties and damages
2. Stern’s account
3. Photos showing damages
V. (10 – 11) Background information about Haiti’s
1. Poverty
2. Disasters caused by storms, military coups and gang violence
VI. (12 - 18) More details about the quake’s damages
1. Rodger’s account
2. Fajardo’s account
3. Joseph’s account
4. Alain LeRoy’s account
VII. (19 - 26) America’s response to the quake
1. Obama’s pledge to help
2. Hillary Clinton’s offer of help
3. US Embassy personnel’s account
4. US officials’ plan
VIII. (27 - 30) Further details about the earthquake’s damages
1. AP’s account
2. Godfrey’s account
3. Impact on Cap-Haiten: little damage
4. Buzard’s account
Lesson 38
Answers to the Questions
V. 1. B 2. C 3. C 4. A
VI.
1. President Lech Kaczynski’s plane crashed in Smolensk, Western Russia on April 10, 2010
2. The aim of President Lech Kacz ynski’s trip was to attend the commemoration of the Katyn
Forest Massacre.
3. The crash killed 97 people, of whom 88 were passengers.
4. The crash was a stunning blow to Poland and threw the whole nation into grief. Poles mourned
the death of their leaders and united in their grief. Thousands massed outside the Presidential
Palace, laying flowers and lighting candles.
5. Relationship between Poland and Russia has been strained ever since the Katyn Forest
Massacre. The crash happened at the moment that the two countries were beginning to come to terms with the killing of Poland’s officers. So, the relationship took a chilling twist. For poles, it was a wound which is difficult to heal.
6. The Law and Justice Party lost numerous important leaders in addition to the president.
Although Mr. Kaczynski had been trailing far behind his opponent in the polls, the outpouring of sympathy from the mourning public might benefit his party in the moved-up presidential election.
7. According to the article, Russia’s leaders, acutely aware of the potential fallout of the crash,
immediately reached out to Poland with condolences. Mr. Putin left Moscow to meet Mr. Tusk at the site of the crash, and President Medvedev recorded an address to the Polish people, saying, ―All Russians share your sorrow and mouring.‖
Outline
I. (1 – 2 ) News lead
Summary of the news story about the Polish jet crash
II. (3 – 5) Impact of the crash on the relationship between Poland and Russia
1. A stunning blow to Poland
2. A difficult-to-heal wound
III. (6 – 7) Possible cause of the crash
1. Air traffic controllers’ warning and order
2. Plane’s descent in spite of the warning and the order
IV. (8) Information about the passengers
V. (9 – 15) Polish people’s reaction to the crash
1. National grief over the crash
2. Examples of Niemczyk, Figurski and Tusk
3. Background information about the aim of the trip
4. Welesa’s comment on the crash: the second disaster after Katyn
VI. (16 – 18) Effects of the crash on Poland’s politics and relations with other c ountries
1. Repercussions on the coming presidential election
2. Effects on Poland’s relationship with other countries
VII. (19 – 22) The two governments’ responses
1. Kaczynski and Tusk’s arrival at Katyn
2. Background information about the two countrie s’ half-a-century relationship
3. Russian leaders’ prompt offer of condolences
VIII. (23 - 26) Additional information about the cause of the crash
1. Category and age of the plane
2. Officials’ repeated request for a replacement of the plane
3. Russian ne ws media’s reports about the crash
IX. (27 - 29) Additional information about the passengers
1. Number of Polish passengers
2. Information about the high ranking passengers
3. Information about Kaczynski
X. (30 - 31) Impact on Poland’s plan to host America’s missiles
1. Kaczynski’s support for the plan
2. Unlikely change of the plan
Lesson 39
Answers to the Questions
V. 1. D 2. C 3. B 4. C
VI.
1. The early returns from Afghanistan’s presidential election had the smell of a decorous massage job.
2. Karzai is very good at the traditional form of Afghan politics, crating alliances among tribal and ethnic factions. He distributes money to those allies and in this way gain their support.
3. The military situation in Afghanistan has deteriorated. The Taliban have grown in strength. It is widely expected General McChrystal will be requesting more troops.
4. No. Obama’s dilemma is not as stark as has been posed in recent press accounts. The military has become far more nuanced when it comes to making requests of Presidents. The negotiations about what McChrystal can officially request will not take place anywhere near the public eye. It is very likely that more troops will be sent. Most Democrats have little desire to reverse themselves. They don’t want to hurt the President, and they don’t want to be perceived as weak on defense come election time.
Outline
I. (1) Election situation
1. Early returns from the presidential election
2. Fraudulent management
II. (2) Absurdity of holding the election
1. Factors preventing a fair election
2. Karzai’s problems
III. (3) Military situation in Afghanistan
1. Taliban’s growth of strength
2. Expected request from General McChrystal for more troops
IV. (4-6) Discussion about Obama’s next move
1. Analysis of the situation facing Obama
a. Not a dilemma as stark as has been posed in recent press accounts
b. The military’s response: far more nuanced in making requests
c. Most democrats’ response: having little desire to reverse themselves
2. Discussion about the right thing to do in Afghanistan
a. Nothing wrong with the invasion
b. Wrong to ignore traditional Afghan ways of social organization
c. Legitimate to question the present way of Afghan nation-building
d. Need to work out a better plan
Lesson 40
Answers to the Questions
V. 1. D 2.C 3.C 4. A
VI.
1. The construction of Israeli settlements has cost $ 17 billion.
2. The cost calculations leave out the vast military resources spent guarding the settler community, and the massive subsidies dished out by the government to those dwelling east of the Green Line.
3. The early success in Kedumim settlement was a shot in the arm for wave after wave of successive would-be settlers.
4. The Rabin government did not show opposition to the settlement. Instead, it pandered to the government. This stand gave strength to the settler movement.
5. Israelis gradually warmed up to the settler movement. They were won over by constant propaganda claiming settlements were vital for the protection of ―Israel proper‖.
6. Rightwing hard-line politicians dominate Israel’s political scene. They have little to no interest in bringing settlement activity to a halt.
7. According to the author, external pressure serves only to provoke a siege-mentality response and plays into the hands of the paranoiacs on the Israeli right.
Outline
I. (1 – 2) Cost of Israel’s settlements
1. Cost of settlement construction
2. Spending on Vast military resources and provision of subsidies
II. (3 – 9) Reaction of the Israeli public and government to settlement construction
1. No existence of Israelis’ antipathy
2. Early non-believers’ reaction
3. The Rabin administration’s reaction
4. Maj ority’s gradual warming to the settler movement
5. Rightwing hard-line politicians’ domination of the political scene
6. Settlers’ belief in the right to stay
III. (10 – 12) Measures to solve the problem
1. Need to convince Israelis about the harm of the settlement project
2. Need for a clear and concrete plan of action
3. Need to stand up to the misdeeds
Lesson 41
Answers to the Questions
IV. 1.D 2. D 3. A 4. C
V.
1. The treaty will improve the relations between Russia and America.
2. The treaty reduces the number of both sides’ strategic delivery vehicles (ICBMs, SLBMS and heavy bombers).
3. By saying ―But nobody should make a big fuss over it one way or the other‖, the author means that although the treaty does reduce strategic nuclear arms, it doesn’t go far enough and therefore its significance should not be overstressed in any of the possible ways.
4. The treaty allows each side to deploy no more than 700 strategic delivery vehicles
5. The author says that the treaty doesn’t reduce strategic arms much because since the 1991 START Agreement, both sides have cut their nuclear arsenals. The US now has about 850 strategic delivery vehicles (very close to the new treaty’s limit) and Russia has about 600 (below the limit). The US has 2252 bombs and warheads while Russia has about 2787 – closer to, or a little above, the 1991 treaty limits. So the new treaty will force some cuts on both sides – but not as deeply as these numbers suggest.
6. During the Cold War, nuclear arms-control talks were a surrogate for diplomacy. They gave US and Soviet diplomats something to talk about –let them get to know each other, scope out intentions and reduce distrust.
7. The chances of the treaty’s ratification are good. It takes 67 Senators to pass an international treaty into law. This means 8 Republicans must go along with it. Those Republicans opposed to the treaty will have a hard time mastering any objections to the treaty on substantive grounds.
Outline
I. (1-3) Evaluation of the treaty
1. Four points worthy of attention
2. Contents of the four points
3. Overall evaluation
II.(4-5) Specifics of the treaty
1. Reduction of strategic delivery vehicle number
2. Reduction of vehicles that can be deployed
3. Reduction of the number of warheads and bombs
III. (6-15) Analysis of the treaty’s impact on the nuclear weapon stockpile
1. Seeming big news compared with the 1991 START Agreement
2. No deep cuts in strategic delivery vehicles, bombs and warheads
3. The treaty’s counting rules
4. Both sides’ current nuclear arsenals
5. No big reduction of the present nuclear arsenals
6. Exclusion of short-range nuclear weapons
7. Conclusion: not much of a strain
IV. (16-18) The treaty’s effect on other issues in Russian-American relations
1. Building mutual trust
2. Role played by nuclear arms-control talks during the Cold War period
3. Caution about the hoped-for effect
V. (19-20) Possibility of the Senate’s ratification of the treaty
1. V otes needed to pass the treaty into law
2. Major problem faced by Republicans
Lesson 42
Answers to the Questions
IV. 1.C 2. C 3. A 4.A
V.
1. The conference on the future of artificial intelligence took place at the Asilomar Conference Ground on Monterey Bay on February 25, 2009.
2. Asilomar was chosen in order to evoke a landmark event in the history of science. In 1975, the world’s leading biologists also met in Asilomar to discuss the new ability to reshape life by swapping generic material among organisms. The conference led to guidelines for recombinant DNA research, enabling experimentation to continue.
3. Intelligence explosion refers to the situation in which smart machines would design even more intelligence machines.
4. Scientist s’concern about artificial intelligence research is that future advances could create social disruption and even have dangerous consequences.
5. Some scientists see the vision as plausible and unnerving while others have extolled the coming of ultrasmart machines, saying they will offer huge advance in life extension and wealth creation.
6. It has captured imaginations in Silicon Valley. This summer, an organization called the Singularity University began offering courses to prepare a ―cadre‖ to shape the advances and help society cope with the ramifications.
7. Dr. Horritz said that he was hopeful that artificial intelligence research would benefit humans, and perhaps even compensate for human failings.
Outline
I. (1-5) Advances in artificial intelligence and scientists’ concern
1. Advances in artificial intelligence
2. Scientists’ debating about the need to set limits on research
3. Scientists’ concern about the possible grave consequences
II. (6-12) Conference on the future of the artificial intelligence
1. Scientists’ general assessment about the development of artificial intelligence
2. Focus of attention on the effects of criminals’ use of artificial intelligence systems
3. Discussion about possible threats to human jobs
4. Time for issuing the conference report
5. Purpose in choosing Asilomar for the conference
6. Organizer and aim of the conference
III. (13-22) The idea of intelligence explosion
1. Origin and development of the idea
2. Scientists’ responses to the vision
3. The issues that the AAAI report deals with
4. The conference’s effort to seek ways to guide artificial intelligence research
5. Significance of the conference
IV. (23-24) Prospects of artificial intelligence research
Lesson 43
Answers to the Questions
IV. 1. D 2. A 3. B 4. C
V.
1. They were interested in the evolution of language and, in particular, in the linguistic capability of great apes.
2. The Gardners decided to try teaching a chimpanzee to sign in the way that deaf people do.
3. Their chosen subject was a female chimp named Washoe. She proved an adopt learner. She now has a vocabulary of about 200.
4. Their hypothesis was that the meaning of expressions has been hard-wired by evolution whereas the meaning of gestures is learnt, and at least to some extent, is arbitrary.
5. The researchers found exactly what they expected. Expression almost always occurred in the same contexts in different groups and different species. Gestures did not. Half of the gestures they regularly observed seemed to have completely different meanings in the two species. Moreover, even within a single group, the meaning of a gesture could vary with context.
6. The study suggests that the step of speech may have been built on mental attributes that were acquired millions of years ago when the ancestors of apes and men began go wave meaningfully at each other.
Outline
I. (1-2) The Gardners’ research
1. Interest in great apes’ linguistic capabilities
2. Decision to teach a chimpanzee to sign
II. (3-6) Research by Amy Pollick and Frans de Waal
1. Aim of the research
2. Way of the research
3. Hypothesis of the research
4. The research’s findings
III. (7) Conclusion
The development of speech may have been built on mental attributes acquired much earlier when gesture was used.
Lesson 44
Answers to the Questions
IV. 1. C 2.A 3.D 4. D
V.
1. General Motors intends to develop vehicle-to-vehicle communication systems.
2. Their purpose in developing vehicle-to-vehicle communication systems is to improve automotive safety.
3. For $200 per vehicle, cars will be able to continually share data about their location, speed, angle of steering wheel, acceleration or deceleration rate, even whether the air bags have gone off or wind-shield wipers are on. With the help from signals from roadside markers and traffic lights, in-car computers will be able to determine if a car should slam on the brakes, alert the driver to a passing vehicle in the blind spot or slow for a red light up ahead that another driver isn’t heeding.
4. Automakers have a mountain of issues to sort out, including how to rank incoming signals by importance, how to minimize false alarms and how to make the networks secure.
5. The first networks will work among cars in close proximity. Car computers keep a record of the activities of all surrounding cars so they can quickly discard information about a car moving quickly in the opposite direction but track a car moving in the same direction around a corner and determine if it will be in the same lane as your own.
6. The US Congress gave the grant to the auto industry of 75 megahertz of radio spectrum for safety use and this has made all the networking possible.
7. Carmakers have much more spectrum than they need for safety alerts. Some are eager to use this spectrum for commerce or entertainment. Drivers could order and pay in the McDonald’s drive-through lane or synch a car’s music system with a home c omputer. Shell could beam a free cartoon to the kids’ video players for drivers who spend $20 on gas. Service stations could remotely diagnose mechanical problems.
Outline
I. (1-2) General Motors’ testing of new communication systems
1. Engineer’s instructions
2. Communications system’s intelligent response
II. (3-5) Automakers’ effort to develop vehicle-to-vehicle communication systems
1. Aim of the development
2. Functions of the communication systems
III. (6-8) Issues, ideas and difficulty in research and development
1. Issues that have to be sorted out
2. Ideas under consideration
3. Difficult part of designing the needed software
IV. (9-13) Value and stages of development
1. The networks’ value in improving safety
2. Features of the first networks
3. Eventual form of communication multihop messaging
4. Roles by the government in the development
5. Networks’ wide scope of use
V. (14-15) Problem and caution
1. Legal questions
2. Word of caution: keeping the safety belt on
Lesson 45
Outline
I. (1-2) China’s rail revolution
1. Building a 20, 000 km railway network including 13,000 km track for high-speed trains
2. Slashing the time for travel
II. (3) Effects of transcontinental railway and interstate highway system on the U.S. development, exploration and trade
III. (4-9) High-speed trains’ implications for China
1. Helping spread economic development more evenly
2. Helping transform isolated backwaters into becoming heartland hubs
3. Creating sth. of an economic miniboom
4. Helping spur consumer spending
5. Helping eliminate trade bottlenecks
6. Putting the policy of opening up the west in high gear
7. Giving a boost to development of medium-size cities
IV. (10) Side-effects of rail revolution: creating unexpected challenges
1. Demand for opening up railway systems to competition
2. Undermining restrictive residency regulations
Lesson 46
Outline
I. (1) Specific example of Wang Xiaodong’s return t o China
II. (2-5) The Thousand-person Plan and its effects
1. Brief account of the Plan
2. Some scientists’ support
3. Bones of contention
a. Contention over the time of work in China
b. Contention over money
Ⅲ. (6-8) China’s efforts to attract talented e xpats in the past decade and the effects
1. The Changjiang Scholar Plan
2. The Hundred-Person Plan
3. The effects of the two plans
Ⅳ. (9-11) Candidates and their goals
1. Examples of candidates
2. Candidates’ hope of helping Chinese academia toward a meri t-based system
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新视野大学英语（第二版）第一册Unit 1 III. 1. rewarding 2. communicate 3. access 4. embarrassing 5. positive 6. commitment 7.virtual 8. benefits 9. minimum 10. opportunities IV. 1. up 2. into 3. from 4. with 5. to 6. up 7. of 8. in 9. for 10.with V. 1.G 2.B 3.E 4.I 5.H 6.K 7.M 8.O 9.F 10.C Sentence Structure VI. 1. Universities in the east are better equipped, while those in the west are relatively poor. 2. Allan Clark kept talking the price up, while Wilkinson kept knocking it down. 3. The husband spent all his money drinking, while his wife saved all hers for the family. 4. Some guests spoke pleasantly and behaved politely, while others wee insulting and impolite. 5. Outwardly Sara was friendly towards all those concerned, while inwardly she was angry. VII. 1. Not only did Mr. Smith learn the Chinese language, but he also bridged the gap between his culture and ours. 2. Not only did we learn the technology through the online course, but we also learned to communicate with friends in English. 3. Not only did we lose all our money, but we also came close to losing our lives. 4. Not only do the workers want a pay increase, but they also want reduced working hours. 5. Not only is the house expensive, but it is also too far away from my company. Translation VIII. 1. Not only can students choose when and where to learn for an online course, but they can also take time to think through answers before making a reply. 2. She is excited by the idea of online learning while be considers it meaningless and useless. 3. Communicating with native English speakers is a very rewarding experience from which we can learn a lot. 4. Today, more and more people have access to the Internet through which they look for the information they need. 5. He wants her to give up working and stay home to look after the children. She feels, however, that this is too much for her. 6. Now that we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work. IX. 1. 我永远都不会忘记那位老师，是他告诉我学外语是有趣的、有价值的。如果没有他，我的英语说得不会像现在这样好。
Unit 1 From her accent I guess she’s from the Northeast. 从她的口音我猜她是来自东北地区的。 It was very clever of her to turn his argument against himself. 她很聪明，使他对自己的论点 I found a couple of shoes under the bed but they don’t make a pair. 我在床下发现了一双鞋，但他们不做一双 4. Dr. Bright always takes his time as he examines his patients and treats them with extreme care. Bright博士总是把他的时间用于他检查他的病人，并把他们的极端护理 5. British companies are trying to avoid the fate their American counterparts have already suffered. 英国公司正试图避免他们的美国同行已经遭受的命运。 6. Wilfred’s remarks confirmed me in my opinion that he was an honorable young man. 威尔弗雷德的话证实了我在我看来，他是一个光荣的年轻人 7. The key witness for the prosecution was offered police protection after she received death threats. 检察机关的主要证人在收到死亡威胁后提供了警方的保护 8. I thought that was the end of the matter but subsequent events proved me wrong. 我认为这是事情的结束，但随后的事件证明我错了。 9. Having practiced for so long, the New York baseball team stands a chance winning the World Series this year. 经过这么长时间的练习，纽约棒球队赢得了今年的世界系列赛的机会。 10. At the trial , Bob’s teacher, who was called as a character witness, said he was a quiet boy who had never been in trouble before. 在审讯中，鲍伯的老师，被称为证人，说他是个安静的男孩以前从未惹过麻烦。 Unit 2 11. We’ve just had a very fruitful meeting with the management and we’re now much more hopeful about the pay rise. 我们刚刚与管理层有了一个非常富有成效的会议，我们现在对加薪的希望更大了 12. The book I’m reading explains the evolution of plant and animal life on earth. 我读的这本书解释了地球上动植物的进化
最全的全新版大学英语第二版综合教程2答案 课后练习答案 Unit1 Ways of Learning Part II Reading Task Comprehension Content Question Pair Work 1. They were studying arts education in Chinese kindergartens and elementary schools in Nanjing. 2. Their 18-month-old son Benjamin was fond of trying to place the key into the slot of the key box during their stay at the Jinling Hotel. 3. They would come over to watch Benjamin and then try to teach him how to do it properly. 4. Because he realized that this anecdote was directly relevant to their assigned tasks in China: to investigate early childhood education and to throw light on Chinese attitudes toward creativity. 5. Most of them displayed the same attitude as the staff at the Jinling Hotel. 6. He emphasized that the most important thing is to teach the child that on can solve a problem effectively by oneself. 7. He means that this incident pointed to important differences in educational and artistic practices between China and the USA.
Vocabulary I. 1. 1)on balance 5)illustrated9)involved 2)resist 6)budget 10)economic 3)haul 7)lowering11)blasting 4)wicked 8)boundary12)just about 2. 1)cut back/ down2)pick up 3)get by 4)get through 5)face up to 6)turn in 7)making up for8)think up 3. 1) pursued his mathematical studies and taught himself astronomy 2) often generate misleading thoughts 3) attach great importance to combining theory with practice in our work 4) be suspected of doing everything for money 5) before he gets through life 4. 1) their indoor, a profit, to invest in 2) device, the improvement, on a global scale 3) stacked, temptation, never dined out II Confusable Words 1. 1) house 2) Home 3) home, family 4) household 2. 1) doubt 2) suspect 3) doubted 4) suspected 5) suspect III. Word Formation 1)rise2)final3)regular4)cash5)hows, whys 6)upped7)yellowed8)bottled9)lower10)search Comprehensive Exercises I. Cloze 1. Text-related 1)get by2)temptation3)get through4)improvements 5)aside from6)suspect7)supplement8)profit
大学物理实验教材课后思考题答案 一、转动惯量： 1．由于采用了气垫装置，这使得气垫摆摆轮在摆动过程中受到的空气粘滞阻尼力矩降低至最小程度，可以忽略不计。但如果考虑这种阻尼的存在，试问它对气垫摆的摆动（如频率等）有无影响？在摆轮摆动中，阻尼力矩是否保持不变？ 答：如果考虑空气粘滞阻尼力矩的存在，气垫摆摆动时频率减小，振幅会变小。（或者说对频率有影响， 对振幅有影响） 在摆轮摆动中，阻尼力矩会越变越小。 2．为什么圆环的内、外径只需单次测量？实验中对转动惯量的测量精度影响最大的是哪些因素？ 答：圆环的内、外径相对圆柱的直径大很多，使用相同的测量工具测量时，相对误差较小，故只需单次测 量即可。（对测量结果影响大小） 实验中对转动惯量测量影响最大的因素是周期的测量。（或者阻尼力矩的影响、摆轮是否正常、平稳的摆动、物体摆放位置是否合适、摆轮摆动的角度是否合适等） 3．试总结用气垫摆测量物体转动惯量的方法有什么基本特点？ 答：原理清晰、结论简单、设计巧妙、测量方便、最大限度的减小了阻尼力矩。 三、混沌思考题 1. 精品文档
有程序（各种语言皆可）、K值的取值范围、图 +5分 有程序没有K值范围和图 +2分 只有K值范围 +1分 有图和K值范围 +2分 2.（1）．混沌具有内在的随机性：从确定性非线性系统的演化过程看，它们在混沌区的行为都表现出随机不确定性。然而这种不确定性不是来源于外部环境的随机因素对系统运动的影响，而是系统自发 精品文档
精品文档 产生的 （2）．混沌具有分形的性质（3）．混沌具有标度不变性（4）．混沌现象还具有对初始条件的敏感依赖性：对具有内在随机性的混沌系统而言，从两个非常接近的初值出发的两个轨线在 经过长时间演化之后，可能变得相距“足够”远，表现出对初值的极端敏感，即所谓“失之毫厘，谬之千里”。 答对2条以上+1分，否则不给分，只举例的不给分。 四、半导体PN 结 （1）用集成运算放大器组成电流一电压变换器测量11610~10--A 电流，有哪些优点? 答：具有输入阻抗低、电流灵敏度高、温漂小、线性好、设计制作简单、结构牢靠等优点。 （2）本实验在测量PN 结温度时，应该注意哪些问题？ 答：在记录数据开始和结束时，同时都要记录下干井中温度θ，取温度平均值θ。 （3）在用基本函数进行曲线拟合求经验公式时，如何检验哪一种函数式拟合得最好，或者拟合的经验公式最符合实验规律？ 答：运用最小二乘法，将实验数据分别代入线性回归、指数回归、乘幂回归这三种常用的基本函数，然后求出衡量各回归方程好坏的拟合度R 2。拟合度最接近于1的函数，拟合得最好。 五、地磁场 （1）磁阻传感器和霍耳传感器在工作原理有什么区别？ 答：前者是磁场变化引起材料阻值变化，最终使得电桥外接电压转变为对应的输出电压；后者是磁场变化引起流经材料内部的载流子发生偏转而产生电压。 （2）为何坡莫合金磁阻传感器遇到较强磁场时，其灵敏度会降低？用什么方法来恢复其原来的灵敏度？ 答：传感器遇到强磁场感应时，对应的磁阻材料将产生磁畴饱和现象，外加磁场很难改变磁阻材料的
Unit 11. Vocabulary 1) insert 2) on occasion 3) investigate 4) In retrospect 5) initial 6) phenomena 7) attached 8) make up for 9) is awaiting 10) not …in the least 11) promote 12) emerged 2. Rewrite each sentence 1) There is a striking contrast between the standard of living in the north of the country and the south. 2) Natural fiber is said to be superior to synthetic fiber. 3) The city's importance as a financial center has evolved slowly. 4) His nationality is not relevant to whether he is a good lawyer. 5) The poems by a little-known sixteenth-century Italian poet have found their way into some English magazines. 3. 1) Chinese isn't a subject that can be picked up in a month. You can't accomplish your goal of mastering the language unless you work at it for years. Well, it sounds as if I'm exag-gerating the difficulties, but the fact is I'm only telling the truth. 2) The principal is somewhat disappointed with the performance of the children. From what she has gathered, some of the teaching staff have neglected their pupils. She has just announced that strict work regulations have been made and that they apply to both Chinese and overseas teachers. 3) The teacher-directed and the child-directed approaches to teaching art represent two ex-tremes of opinion. Too many teacher-directed activities cannot be expected to effectively assist children in learning because of the rigid structure. On the other hand, too many child-directed activities may see a curriculum that is totally unstructured and out of con-trol. There are valid reasons to believe a teacher-guided approach would be a superior way to guide children's development. This approach combines some form of structure with the child leading the direction. II. Confusable Words 1. 1) continual 3) continual
V ocabulary Unit 1 1. My job varies between the extremely tedious and the annoyingly busy. On balance I think I’m happier during the really busy times; no time to think about how bored I am. 2. It is the nature of the wise to resist pleasures, but the foolish to be a slave to them. 3.I figure out a good team of dogs ,hitched to a light sled, can haul 1000 pounds of goods. 4. In the story, the little girl has a wicked stepmother, who makes her life a misery. 5. Nothing has become a real till it is experienced –even a proverb is no proverb to you till your life has illustrated it. 6. Nowadays almost all libraries are finding it increasingly difficult to remain within their budget. 7. You can increase a tyre’s grip in winter by slightly lowering its pressure. 8. Lake superior, Huron Erie and Ontario are shared by united states and Canada ,and from part of the boundary between the two countries. 9. The police are investigating the three men allegedly involved in organizing and carrying out the bank robbery. 10. I do not doubt in the least that inflation leads to economic decline. 11. A blizzard was blasting great drifts of snow across the lake. 12. Tim says just about everybody will be affected by the tax increases, but I am sure he’s exaggerating . 1. In an effort to feel better, I started to make small changes in my life and cut back / cut down from 20 cigarettes a day to a mere three or four. 2. If I wasted electricity as you do at home, my dad would make me pick up the bill. 3.We can get by with four computers at the moment, but we'll need a couple more when the new staff arrive. 4.It is impossible to get through this course just by working hard around exam times. 5.Unless they quickly face up to their mistakes, they will miss a unique opportunity to settle the problem once and for all. 6.The students were instructed to do the experiment carefully and to turn in their reports at the beginning of next week. 7. I didn't travel much when I was younger, but I'm certainly making up for lost time
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P31 第一章 习题答案 3. 一质点沿x 轴运动，其加速度a 与位置坐标x 的关系为 a ＝2＋6 x 2 (SI) 如果质点在原点处的速度为零，试求其在任意位置处的速度． 解：设质点在x 处的速度为v ， 62d d d d d d 2x t x x t a +=?== v v ()x x x d 62d 0 2 ?? += v v v () 2 2 1 3 x x +=v 4.有一质点沿x 轴作直线运动，t 时刻的坐标为x = 4.5 t 2 – 2 t 3 (SI) ．试求： (1) 第2秒内的平均速度； (2) 第2秒末的瞬时速度； (3) 第2秒内的路程． 解：(1) 5.0/-==??t x v m/s (2) v = d x /d t = 9t - 6t 2 v (2) =-6 m/s (3) S = |x (1.5)-x (1)| + |x (2)-x (1.5)| = 2.25 m 5. 一质点沿半径为R 的圆周运动．质点所经过的弧长与时间的关系为2 2 1ct bt S + = 其中b 、c 是大于零的常量，求从0=t 开始到切向加速度与法向加速度大小相等时所经历的时间． 解： ct b t S +==d /d v c t a t ==d /d v ()R ct b a n /2 += 根据题意： a t = a n 即 ()R ct b c /2 += 解得 c b c R t -= 6.由楼窗口以水平初速度0v 射出一发子弹，取枪口为原点，沿0v 方向为x 轴，竖直向下为y 轴，并取发射时刻t 为0，试求： (1) 子弹在任一时刻t 的位置坐标及轨迹方程； (2) 子弹在t 时刻的速度，切向加速度和法向加速度． 解：(1) 2 02 1gt y t x = = , v 202/2 1v g x y = (2) v x = v 0，v y = g t ，速度大小为： 2 22 02 2 t g y x +=+=v v v v 方向为：与x 轴夹角 θ = tg -1( gt /v 0) 222 02//d d t g t g t a t +==v v 与v 同向．
习题1 1.1选择题 (1) 一运动质点在某瞬时位于矢径),(y x r 的端点处，其速度大小为 (A)dt dr (B)dt r d (C)dt r d | | (D) 22)()(dt dy dt dx [答案：D] (2) 一质点作直线运动，某时刻的瞬时速度s m v /2 ，瞬时加速度2 /2s m a ，则一秒钟后质点的速度 (A)等于零 (B)等于-2m/s (C)等于2m/s (D)不能确定。 [答案：D] (3) 一质点沿半径为R 的圆周作匀速率运动，每t 秒转一圈，在2t 时间间隔中，其平均速度大小和平均速率大小分别为 (A) t R t R 2, 2 (B) t R 2,0 (C) 0,0 (D) 0,2t R [答案：B] 1.2填空题 (1) 一质点，以1 s m 的匀速率作半径为5m 的圆周运动，则该质点在5s 内，位移的大小 是 ；经过的路程是 。 [答案： 10m ； 5πm] (2) 一质点沿x 方向运动，其加速度随时间的变化关系为a=3+2t (SI)，如果初始时刻质点的速度v 0为5m·s -1，则当t 为3s 时，质点的速度v= 。 [答案： 23m·s -1 ] (3) 轮船在水上以相对于水的速度1V 航行，水流速度为2V ，一人相对于甲板以速度3V 行走。如人相对于岸静止，则1V 、2V 和3V 的关系是 。 [答案： 0321 V V V ]
1.3 一个物体能否被看作质点，你认为主要由以下三个因素中哪个因素决定： (1) 物体的大小和形状； (2) 物体的内部结构； (3) 所研究问题的性质。 解：只有当物体的尺寸远小于其运动范围时才可忽略其大小的影响，因此主要由所研究问题的性质决定。 1.4 下面几个质点运动学方程，哪个是匀变速直线运动？ （1）x=4t-3；（2）x=-4t 3+3t 2+6；（3）x=-2t 2+8t+4；（4）x=2/t 2-4/t 。 给出这个匀变速直线运动在t=3s 时的速度和加速度，并说明该时刻运动是加速的还是减速的。（x 单位为m ，t 单位为s ） 解：匀变速直线运动即加速度为不等于零的常数时的运动。加速度又是位移对时间的两阶导数。于是可得（3）为匀变速直线运动。 其速度和加速度表达式分别为 2 2484 dx v t dt d x a dt t=3s 时的速度和加速度分别为v =20m/s ，a =4m/s 2。因加速度为正所以是加速的。 1.5 在以下几种运动中，质点的切向加速度、法向加速度以及加速度哪些为零哪些不为零？ (1) 匀速直线运动；(2) 匀速曲线运动；(3) 变速直线运动；(4) 变速曲线运动。 解：(1) 质点作匀速直线运动时，其切向加速度、法向加速度及加速度均为零； (2) 质点作匀速曲线运动时，其切向加速度为零，法向加速度和加速度均不为零； (3) 质点作变速直线运动时，其法向加速度为零，切向加速度和加速度均不为零； (4) 质点作变速曲线运动时，其切向加速度、法向加速度及加速度均不为零。 1.6 ｜r ｜与r 有无不同?t d d r 和d d r t 有无不同? t d d v 和t d d v 有无不同?其不同在哪里?试举例说明． 解：（1）r 是位移的模， r 是位矢的模的增量，即r 12r r ，12r r r ； （2） t d d r 是速度的模，即t d d r v t s d d . t r d d 只是速度在径向上的分量. ∵有r r ?r （式中r ?叫做单位矢），则 t ?r ?t r t d d d d d d r r r 式中 t r d d 就是速度在径向上的分量，
新视野大学英语（第二版）读写教程2 1至7单元课后翻译答案总结 IA：她连水都不愿意喝一口，更别提留下来吃饭了。 She wouldn’t take a drink , much less would she stay for dinner. 他认为我在对他说谎，但实际上我讲的是实话。 He thought I was lying to him , whereas I was telling the truth. 这个星期你每天都迟到，对此你怎样解释? How do you account for the fact you have been late every day this week？ 他们利润增长的部分原因是采用了新的市场策略。 The increase in their profits is due to their new market strategy. 这样的措施很可能会带来工作效率得提高。 Such measures are likely to result in the improvement of work efficiency. 我们已经在这个项目上投入了大量时间和精力，所以我们只能继续。 We have already poured a lot of time and energy into the project , so we have to carry on. IIA: 尽管她是家里的独生女，他父母也从不溺爱她。 Despite the fact that she is the only child in the family , her parents never baby her .
一单元： 1.我们的计算机系统出了毛病，但我觉得问题比较小。 We have a problem with the computer system, but I think it’s fairly minor. 2.父亲去世时我还小，不能独立生活。在那时，家乡的父老接过了养育我的责任。My father died when I was too young to live on my own. The people of my hometown took over (responsibility for) my upbringing at that point. 3.这些玩具必得在达道严格的安全要求后才可出售给给儿童。 The toys have to meet strict/ tough safety requirements before they can be sold to children. 4.作为新闻和舆论的载体，广播和电视补充了而不是替代了报纸。 Radio and television have supplemented rather than replaced the newspaper as carriers of news and opinion. 5.至于这本杂志，它刊载世界各地许多报纸杂志上文章的摘要。 When it comes to this magazine, it is/ carries a digest of articles from many newspapers and magazines around the world. 二单元： 1.虽然受到全球金融危机后果的巨大影响，但是我们仍然相信我们能够面对挑战，克服危机。 Though greatly affected by the consequences of the global financial crisis, we are still confident that we can face up to the challenge and overcome the crisis. 2.在持续不断的沙尘暴威胁下，我们被迫离开我们喜爱的村庄，搬迁到新的地方Under threat of constant sand storms, we were compelled to leave our cherished village and move to the new settlement. 3.根据最近的网上调查，许多消费者说他们也许会有兴趣考虑购买电视广告中播放的产品。 According to a recent online survey, a lot of consumers say they may be motivated to consider buying products shown in TV commercials. 4.看到卡车司机把污染的废弃物倒在河边，老人马上向警方报告。 Having spotted a truck driver dumping contaminated waste alongside the river, the old man reported to the police at once. 5.一些科学家坚信人们总有一天会喜欢转基因农作物的，因为他们能够提高产量，帮助发展中国家战胜饥荒和疾病。 Some scientists hold to the firm conviction that people will come to like genetically modified crops someday since they can increase yields and help combat hunger and disease in the developing world.